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1
R., ATIKO,, KWAJI , A., and MUSA , A. A. "CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF VOLATILE OIL FROM Solenostemon monostachyus (P Beauv.) Briq. AGAINST Anopheles gambiae." BIMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2536-6041) 6, no. 02 (August 30, 2022): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56892/bimajst.v6i02.360.
Abstract:
Synthetic larvicides have been used to control malarial vector. However, increasing resistance of mosquito larvae to the synthetic larvicides poses great problem in the vector control. Natural control with plant essential oil may serve as an alternative. This study investigates the chemical constituents and larvicidal activity of volatile oil obtained from Solenostemon monostachyusagainst the larvae of Anopheles gambiae. The volatile oils were extracted using hydro-distillation in a Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed using GC-MS. The larvicidal assay was carried out against Anopheles gambiae larvae at concentration range of 12.5- 400 μg/mL. The analysis of the volatile oil showed that the major constituents of the oil were Caryophyllene oxide (21.6%), β-Caryophyllene (19.6%), β-Pinene (9.8%) and Germacrene D (7.3%). Results showed that larval mortality increases with increasing exposure period to the volatile oils from S. monostachyus. The larvicidal activity demonstrated that the mosquito larvae were susceptible to the volatile oil with LC50 of 23.44 μg/mL. The results suggest that S. monostachyus essential oil has potentials for the control of Anopheles gambiae. Therefore the plant may serve as a potential source of raw material for a new and eco-friendly larvicide.
2
Manzano, Patricia, Oscar Valmaña García, Jessica Malusín, Jenny Villamar, María Quijano, Rafael Viteri, Ana Barragán, and Andrea Orellana-Manzano. "Larvicidal activity of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica against Aedes aegypti larvae." Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 73, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 9315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.80501.
Abstract:
Aedes aegypti is a mosquito that carries dengue virus, yellow fever and other diseases transmitted to humans. Organophosphorus larvicides are used to control the proliferation of this mosquito, which has generated a high degree of resistance; hence, new alternatives such as bio-larvicides formulated with plant extracts are of great interest. The aims of this study were to evaluate the ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica leaves as a larvicide against Aedes aegypti and to determine the main compounds present in it by GC-MS. In the assay, three concentrations of ethanolic extract were used (10 mg L-1, 20 mg L-1, and 50 mg L-1). This was performed thrice against a positive control (commercial larvicide: spores and endotoxic crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Serotype H-14) and negative control (water). After 72 h of incubation, it was observed higher larval mortality (93%) in the ethanolic extract at a concentration of 50 mg L-1; the extracts at 10 mg L-1 and 20 mg L-1 shown larval mortality of 47% and 70%, respectively. The majority compound determined by the GC-MS analysis was phytol (14.4% area). The results obtained in this study demonstrated the larvicidal potential of the ethanolic extract of A. indica against larvae of A. aegypti.
3
Widodo, Muhammad Noer Perdana Sakti, Indria Augustina, Elsa Trinovita, Ratna Widayati, and Arif Rahman Jabal. "Studi Literatur: Potensi Daya Bunuh Tanaman Keluarga Asteraceae Terhadap Larva Aedes Aegypti." Jurnal Surya Medika 9, no. 2 (August 27, 2023): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v9i2.3837.
Abstract:
Aedes aegypti is the main transmitter of dengue hemorrhagic fever which is an important health problem in Indonesia and the world. The main vector of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is the Aedes aegypti mosquito which originated from Africa and discovered in Indonesia in 1968 in Surabaya. DHF continues to spread to all 472 districts or cities in 34 provinces in Indonesia. Data on dengue cases recorded until the 49th week of 2020 were 95,893 cases and 661 cases of death. Biological control using natural ingredients which is Asteraceae family plants that have larvicidal activity is one of the methode to prevent transmission and reproduction of the main vector. The object of this study is to know the potential of Asteraceae family plants as larvicides against Aedes aegypti. The method of this study is systematic review. The data sources used are secondary data obtained from Google Scholar. The keywords are Asteraceae, Aedes aegypti and larvicide. There are 17 literatures which fulfill the criteria. Synthesis of data is using SPIDER. The result of this study is, from 17 international and national journals reviewed, there were 9 (52,95%) journals shows that Asteraceae family plants have low potential to become Aedes aegypti larvicides and 8 (47,05%) journals shows that Asteraceae family plant have the potential to become Aedes aegypti larvicides, this is based on the LC50 value >1000ppm which indicates that the larvicidal activity is low. Asteraceae family plants have low potential to become Aedes aegypti larvicides.
4
Chan, Chee Aun, Lai Yee Ho, and Nam Weng Sit. "Larvicidal Activity and Phytochemical Profiling of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Leaf Extract against Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus)." Horticulturae 8, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8050443.
Abstract:
Applying larvicides to interrupt a mosquito’s life cycle is an important strategy for vector control. This study was conducted to evaluate the larvicidal properties of the hexane extract of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.; family Lamiaceae) leaves against the wild strain of Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Third instar larvae (20 larvae/replicate, n = 3) were exposed to different concentrations of the extract (6.25–200 µg/mL), and the mortality rate was recorded. Probit analysis showed that the median lethal concentration and 95% lethal concentration of the extract were 16.0 (10.9–22.1) and 53.0 (34.6–136.8) µg/mL, respectively, after 24 h exposure. Only the fractions F3, F4, and F5 from the column chromatography displayed high mortality rates of 91.7–100% at 25.0 µg/mL after 24 h exposure. Subsequent column chromatography from the pooled fraction yielded two active subfractions, H-F345-S2 and H-F345-S3, with mortality rates of 100% and 98.3 ± 2.9%, respectively, at 12.5 µg/mL. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis unveiled that methyl chavicol, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol, cedrelanol, methyl eugenol, 2,4,di-tert-butylphenol, and phytol were the major components in both subfractions with some of them being reported as larvicidal compounds. The results suggest that sweet basil has substantial larvicidal activity against Ae. albopictus mosquito and is a potential source of naturally derived larvicide.
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Wijaya, Made Dharmesti, Anak Agung Gede Indraningrat, and I. Gede Yoga Ayuning Kirtanayasa. "Phytochemicals and Larvicidal Activity of Sonneratia alba Root Extracts from Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest, Denpasar-Bali." Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 12, no. 2 (September 9, 2023): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.499-505.
Abstract:
Dengue is an endemic disease with a high incidence in almost all Southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia. This infectious disease is caused by a virus transmitted by the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito as the main vector. Effective mosquito vector control is a crucial step in stopping the spread of this virus. Of the several methods available, the use of larvicides is considered one of the most successful treatments in reducing the number of mosquito vectors. However, widely used synthetic larvicides can have undesirable side effects on the environment and non-target organisms including human health. The aim of this study was to discover a new biolarvicide from natural materials that is relatively safer. In this study, the biolarvicidal activity of mangrove plant species that are commonly found in Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest Bali was tested, namely Sonneratia alba. Mangrove root simplicia was extracted by reflux method using three different solvents namely methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. The content of compounds in the extract were analyzed using GC/MS method. The larvicidal activity of the extracts were tested on A. aegypti instar III/IV larvae with concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm for 24 hours. Subsequently, the average value of larval mortality was used to calculate the LC50 of each extract. The results showed that S. alba methanol extract provided the best larvicidal activity compared to chloroform and n-hexane extracts, with mortality of 69.33% at a concentration of 1000 ppm and LC50 of 1265 ppm. GC-MS analysis showed that the methanol extract of S. alba contained five dominant compounds namely Methyl 2-hydroxy-eicosanoate (19.55%); 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 3,5-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy (16.48%); 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol (10.06%); Benzamide, N-[4-(2-naphtyl)-2-thiazolyl]- (9.40%); and 2,3-Dihydro-3,5-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-inden-1-one (6.52%). The results of this study provide a preliminary result on larvicide activity from mangrove S. alba in order to develop bio larvicides from nature which is safer for human health and environment.
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Nadio, Nafadjara Abouwaliou, Bigala Gmasson, Essolakina Magnim Bokobana, Pikassalé Akantetou Kantetou, Wiyao Poutaouli, Koffi Koba, and Komla Sanda. "Effet Larvicide de l’Huile Essentielle d’Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) sur Pectinophora gossypiella S. et Thaumatotibia leucotreta M. (Lepidoptera), Ravageurs Carpophages du Cotonnier au Togo." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, no. 30 (October 31, 2023): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n30p181.
Abstract:
L’usage massif des pesticides chimiques en protection phytosanitaire présente un danger énorme sur la santé publique et sur l’environnement. Il s’impose de trouver des moyens de protection écologique respectueux de l’environnement. Dans cette étude, l’activité insecticide de l’huile essentielle d’Eucalyptus globulus a été évaluée au laboratoire et en milieu réel contre deux ravageurs importants du cotonnier, Pectinophora gossypiella et Thaumatotibia leucotreta. Les larves de ces ravageurs ont été exposées d’abord à l’effet toxique des différentes concentrations de l’huile essentielle par test de contact et par ingestion au laboratoire. Les taux de mortalité enregistrés ont été comparés aux témoins absolus et de référence. Les résultats ont montré que l’huile essentielle d’E. globulus a exercé une activité insecticide importante sur les larves. En effet, l’huile essentielle a entrainé un taux de mortalité de 100 et 99% à la dose 1µl/ml respectivement sur P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta après 24 heures d’exposition au test de contact. Avec le test d’ingestion, les taux de mortalité ont été 36 et 30,78% respectivement sur P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta. En milieu réel, les résultats des traitements à base des formulations d’huile essentielle d’E. globulus en comparaison avec l’insecticide de référence ont montré que les infestations des populations de P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta ont été plus faibles dans les modalités de traitement à base d’huile essentielle de E. globulus à 1µl/ml (TE3). L’analyse sanitaire des capsules vertes a montré une réduction du nombre de ravageurs de 6,25±1,29 T. leucotreta par plant dans les parcelles témoins absolus à 3,29±0,52 dans les parcelles à traitement TE3. Il a été observé également une réduction du nombre de 9,04±1,38 P. gossypiella par plant (témoin absolu) à 4,13±0,39 (TE3). Les rendements moyens élevés en coton graine ont été de 1933,10±0,29Kg et 1927,08±0,12Kg/ha respectivement avec le témoin référence TV et TE3. Il a été faible dans les parcelles témoins absolus avec 1197,92±0,33Kg/ha. L’extrait d’E. globulus possède une activité insecticide potentielle au laboratoire comme au champ.
The massive use of chemical pesticides in plant protection poses an enormous threat to public health and the environment. We need to find ecological protection methods that respect the environment. In this study, the insecticidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil was evaluated in the laboratory and in the field against two major cotton pests, Pectinophora gossypiella and Thaumatotibia leucotreta. The larvae of these pests were first exposed to the toxic effect of different concentrations of the essential oil by contact test and by ingestion in the laboratory. The mortality rates recorded were compared with absolute and reference controls. The results showed that the essential oil of E. globulus exerted significant insecticidal activity on the larvae. Indeed, the essential oil caused a mortality rate of 100 and 99% at the dose of 1µl/ml respectively on P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta after 24 hours of exposure to the contact test. With the ingestion test, the mortality rates were 36 and 30.78% respectively on P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta. In the real environment, the results of treatments based on formulations of essential oil of E. globulus in comparison with the reference insecticide showed that infestations of P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta populations were lower in treatment modalities based on essential oil of E. globulus at 1µl/ml (TE3). Health analysis of the green bolls showed a reduction in the number of pests from 6.25±1.29 T. leucotreta per plant in the absolute control plots to 3.29±0.52 in the TE3 treatment plots. There was also a reduction in the number of P. gossypiella from 9.04±1.38 per plant (absolute control) to 4.13±0.39 (TE3). High average yields of seed cotton were 1933.10±0.29Kg and 1927.08±0.12Kg/ha respectively with the TV and TE3 reference controls. It was low in the absolute control plots with 1197.92±0.33Kg/ha. E. globulus extract has potential insecticidal activity both in the laboratory and in the field.
7
Banne, Yos, Olfie Sahelangi, Steven Soenjono, Elisabeth Natalia Barung, Selfie Ulaen, Rivolta G. M. Walalangi, and Zulfiayu Sapiun. "Silver Nanoparticle of Acalypha indica Linn. Leaf As Bio-larvicide against Anopheles sp. Larvae." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, A (September 17, 2021): 760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6628.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Acalypha indica Linn. has been used as traditional medicine, it contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, and essential oils. AIM: This study aimed to determine the bio-larvicide effects of A. indica Linn. leaf stew and the silver nanoparticles against Anopheles sp. larvae. METHODS: The fresh leaves of A. indica Linn. extracted using distilled water at 100°C for 30 min. The silver nanoparticles were made by mixing a solution of silver nitrate with the stew, which acts as a reducing agent. The resulting silver nanoparticles were characterized by particle size analyzer and UV-vis spectrophotometer. The bio-larvicide effects against Anopheles sp. larvae performed using a completely randomized design. There were eight groups consisted of ten larvae and three replications. Treatment groups of stew and silver nanoparticle for concentrations 0.05%, 0.5%, and 5%, respectively. The negative control group was distilled water and the positive control group was the 0.01% abate solution. Assessment of larvicide activity was carried out every hour for 6 h and continued if there were larvae that live up to 24 h. The LC50 value was calculated based on Probit analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that the A. indica Linn. leaf stew can be made into silver nanoparticles preparations, optimal results were obtained from a mixture of 1% stew and 3 mM AgNO3. The result of bio-larvicides effect test against Anopheles sp. larvae showed that the LC50 value of the A. indica Linn. leaf stew was 727,3 ppm and the LC50 value of silver nanoparticles was 3.366 ppm. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that A. indica Linn. is a promising larvicidal plant and can be made into silver nanoparticle preparations.
8
Silva, Raquel L., Daniel P. Demarque, Renata G. Dusi, João Paulo B. Sousa, Lorena C. Albernaz, and Laila S. Espindola. "Residual Larvicidal Activity of Quinones against Aedes aegypti." Molecules 25, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 3978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173978.
Abstract:
The number of documented dengue cases has increased dramatically in recent years due to transmission through the Aedes aegypti mosquito bite. Vector control remains the most effective measure to protect against this and other arboviral diseases including Zika, chikungunya and (urban) yellow fever, with an established vaccine only available for yellow fever. Although the quinone class shows potential as leading compounds for larvicide development, limited information restricts the development of optimized structures and/or formulations. Thus, in this contribution we investigated the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of three quinone compounds isolated from a Connarus suberosus root wood ethyl acetate extract together with 28 quinones from other sources. Eight quinones demonstrated larvicidal activity, of which tectoquinone (4) proved to be the most active (LC50 1.1 µg/mL). The essential residual effect parameter of four of these quinones was evaluated in laboratory trials, with tectoquinone (4) and 2-ethylanthraquinone (7) presenting the most prolonged activity. In small-scale field residual tests, tectoquinone (4) caused 100% larvae mortality over 5 days, supporting its selection for formulation trials to develop a prototype larvicide to control Ae. aegypti.
9
Jorge, Márcia Ramos, Felipe Mendes Merey, Bruno do Amaral Crispim, Fábio Kummrow, Alexeia Barufatti, Fabiana Gomes da Silva Dantas, Kelly Mari Pires de Oliveira, and Eduardo José de Arruda. "Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Products Obtained from Technical Cashew Nutshell Liquid (tCNSL) Proposed as Larvicide to Control Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)." Ecologies 3, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecologies3020013.
Abstract:
The development of new insecticides for vector control that are toxicologically safe and eco-friendly (such as those obtained from industrial by-products) is an important public health concern. Previous research has shown that the obtained tCNSL (technical cashew nutshell liquid) + NatCNSLS (sodium tCNSL sulfonate mixture) emulsion displayed both surfactant properties and larvicidal activity (LC50-24 h 110.6 mg/L). Thus, the emulsion is considered a promising alternative product for the control of Aedes aegypti. The goal of this study was an ecotoxicological evaluation of the tCNSL + NatCNSLS mixture emulsion and its components. In addition, we compared the toxicity of the tCNSL + NatCNSLS mixture emulsion with toxicity data from larvicide currently recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Ecotoxicological tests were performed to assess acute toxicity, phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity using Daphnia similis, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Oreochromis niloticus, Allium cepa, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Regarding acute toxicity, D. similis was the most sensitive test organism for the three evaluated products, followed by P. subcapitata and O. niloticus. The highest acute toxicity product was tCNSL. The tCNSL + NatCNSLS mixture emulsion did not show cytotoxic, genotoxic, or mutagenic effects, and showed low acute toxicity to D. similis. In addition, the tCNSL + NatCNSLS mixture emulsion presented a lower or similar toxicological classification to the larvicides recommended by the WHO. Therefore, ecotoxicological tests suggest that the tCNSL + NatCNSLS mixture emulsion can be considered a larvicide environmentally safe way to control Ae. aegypti.
10
Ikhsanudin, Azis, Lolita Lolita, and Zayyana Septya Ramadani. "Larvicidal activity of granulated pharmaceutical products using Indonesian holy basil leaf extract." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v10i4.21004.
Abstract:
<em>Ocimum sanctum</em> Linn, known as holy basil, is a larvicide, which is relatively safe compared to synthetic insecticides. This study investigates the larvicidal activity of a granule formulation of Indonesian holy basil leaf extract against third larval instar of <em>Aedes aegypti</em>. The extract of holy basil leaves was obtained by a maceration process with 96% ethanol. The granule was formulated with various concentrations of holy basil leaf extract, including F1 (2000 ppm), F2 (4000 ppm), and F3 (6000 ppm). The extract contained terpenoid, alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, and polyphenol compounds. The extract granules had a moisture content of 3.01%, flowability of 1.51 seconds, and dispersion time of 1.09 seconds. The mortality rates of mosquitos treated with the different formulation groups were significantly different from positive control with values of 25.33% (F1), 50.67% (F2), and 90.67% (F3). In conclusion, the granulated formulation of holy basil leaf extract has a larvicidal LC<sub>50</sub> of 4405.803 ppm and LC<sub>90</sub> of 6080.714 ppm. Therefore, a granulated pharmaceutical product derived from holy basil leaf extract could be developed as a potent larvicide to control dengue fever.
11
Su, Tianyun, Jennifer L. Thieme, and Min-Lee Cheng. "Impact of Storage and Handling Temperatures On the Activities of Mosquito Larvicides." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/18-6770.1.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT Larvicides based on Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, Lysinibacilus sphaericus (formerly Bacillus sphaericus), Saccharopolyspora spinosa and insect growth regulators such as methoprene, and a few others are the most commonly used mosquito control products in the United States and elsewhere because of their relative specificity and high effectiveness against target organisms, safety to nontarget species, and compatibility with the environment. Using standard laboratory bioassay, we have evaluated the loss of larvicidal activities of various formulations after being exposed to different storage and handling temperatures. Transportation of products under outdoor conditions for an extended period of time caused more activity loss compared with other conditions. Results are discussed based on their active ingredients as well as physico-chemical properties of the formulations reported. Recommendations are made for proper inventory control, storage, and handling of larvicides to minimize loss of larvicidal activity.
12
Ua, Agatha Sada, Julianty Almet, and Meity Marviana Laut. "AKTIVITAS LARVA Culex sp TERHADAP EKSTRAK SERAI DAPUR (Cymbopogon citratus) DI KECAMATAN MAULAFA KOTA KUPANG." JURNAL KAJIAN VETERINER 9, no. 1 (March 28, 2021): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jkv.v9i1.3957.
Abstract:
Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DBD) is still a health problem in Kota Kupang.DBD controls have been continuously performed to reduce the population of Culex sp. However, the modern larvicide has caused an environmental problem, toxic to species non-target and found to be resistance. The present study aimed to investigate the larvicidal activity of Cymbopogon citratuson Culex sp. The extract of C. citratus was used for larvicidal activity at concentration of 0%; 0.2%; 0.4%; 0.6%; 0.8% and 1%. The mortality rate was calculated after 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours. The results showed that the mortality of larvae was 5.3% (0%); 45.3% (0.2%); 70.6% 0.4%; 96% (0.6%); 100% (0.8% and 1%). The present investigation suggests the possible use of C. citratus as an ideal ecofriendly, larvicidal agent for the control of Culex sp.
13
Radeghieri, P., F. Santi, and S. Maini. "Assessment of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Strain AM65-52 aqueous suspension for the control of black fly populations, (Simulium spp.) in northern Italy." Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 45, no. 3 (December 20, 2013): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jear.2013.e18.
Abstract:
Four field trials were conducted in Mantua province in northern Italy to evaluate the effect of the <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> subsp. israelensis Strain AM65-52 based VectoBac® 12 AS larvicide on black flies. Our objective was to examine and compare the efficacy of different concentrations of this microbial larvicide in small plain streams. Larvicidal activity was exhibited in all trials. VectoBac® 12 AS at 2.5 ppm/min rate generated larval mortality from the treatment point to 500 meters downstream. Larvae mortality (over 80%) was observed for 3500 meters downstream of the application site when a concentration of 40 ppm/min was applied.
14
Senarath, Paba, Vijitha Paheerathan, Sivakanesan Ramiah, and Piratheepkumar Rajadurai. "Evaluation of Larvicidal Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Leaves, Root, Stem of Plumbago zeylanica Plant on Aedes aegypti." Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2023.9102.
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine the larvicidal effect of aqueous extracts of different parts of the Plumbago zeylanica plant on the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. This research assessed P. zeylanica for its larvicide activity against A. aegypti larvae. Five different concentrations of hot and cold aqueous extracts of root, leaf, and stem powders of P. zeylanica were separately prepared. The larvicidal effect of these extracts was assessed against early 1st, 3rd, and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. Mosquito larvae were sampled, larval populations were monitored before and after application of aqueous extracts, and larval mortality was monitored after 12, 24, and 48 hours. Three trials were carried out under the same conditions. The percentage mortality of larvae in the sample was calculated, and the mean mortality was obtained for the 3 trials. Then the LC50 value was calculated according to the mean mortality with the SPSS package. The lowest LC50 values were obtained for the hot aqueous extracts on 1st instar larvae: root 122.74 mg/l, leaf 274.95 mg/l and stem 275.92 mg/l, 3rd instar larvae: root 129.37 mg/l, leaf 205.74 mg/l and stem 286.21 mg/l, 4th instar larvae: root 165.52 mg/l, leaf 216.89 mg/l and stem 329.94 mg/l and the root was found to have the highest larvicide activity. Finally, it was identified that by using 165.52 mg/l all three larval instar stages could be killed up to 50% and 90% with 280.921 mg/l. The present study reports that Plumbago zeylanica could serve as a potential larvicidal agent.
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Pramodini, G. N., Parwez Alam, Mohd Rafiq, and Shaik mohd Khasim. "Evaluation of Mosquito Larvicidal Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Grewia flavescens Juss. Whole Plant (Family: Tiliaceae) Against Culex quinquefasciatus." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 4-A (August 30, 2019): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4-a.3467.
Abstract:
To evaluate the mosquito larvicidal activity on the ethanolic extract of Grewia flavescens juss (EEGF). Whole plant against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The larval mortality of 4th instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus after 24h and 48h of treatment which were tested separately in control and five test concentrations of 125 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm,750 ppm, 1000 ppm concentration. The plant extract was screened to identify phytochemical bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and glycosides. Different concentration of crude ethanolic extract of Grewia flavescensjuss. whole plant effectively showed larvicidal activity on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Based on the probit analysis values for 24h and 48h ethanolic extract of Grewia flavescens shows pronounced larvicidal activity. The LC50 and LC90 values of EEGF against mosquito 4th instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus was found 223.87 ppm and 724.43 ppm at 24hrs and for 48hrs the LC50 and LC90 values was found to be 181.97ppm and 374.76 ppm respectively. The preliminary phytochemical was performed in search of plants secondary metabolites which might be responsible for the larvicidal activity. The bioactive phytochemical classes which were identified and confirmed as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and glycosides. The ethanolic extract of this plant showed potent larvicidal activity and can be considered for further investigation. This experimental study was a pioneer attempt to establish Grewia flavescens juss. as a valuable resource of effective target specific natural mosquito larvicide.
Keywords: Culex quinquefasciatus, larvicidal activity, ethanolic ext., phytochemical.
16
Siswidiasari, Arifani, and Dewa Putu Agus Wahyu Erawan. "AKTIVITAS LARVASIDA EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KEMUNING (Murraya paniculata JACK) TERHADAP LARVA Aedes aegypti." MIDWINERSLION : Jurnal Kesehatan STIKes Buleleng 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.52073/midwinerslion.v5i2.220.
Abstract:
Introduction: A research had been carried out to analyze the larvicidal activity of the ethanol extract of kemuning leaves (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack.) against Aedes aegypti L. larvae. Method: The research began with extracting yellow leaves (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack.) With a modified maceration method using 80% ethanol solvent until a thick extract is obtained, then a preliminary test is carried out to obtain LC5 and LC95 so that 5 concentrations of yellow leaf extract (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack.) can be obtained which can be used as a real larvicide test. The actual larvicide test was carried out with 7 treatments, namely 1 negative control using Tween 80, 5 test treatments namely 1000 bpj yellow leaf extract, 3000 bpj, 5000 ppm, 7000 ppm and 9000 ppm and 1 positive control using Temephos 2 bpj. Observation of the test results was carried out after 24 hours by counting the number of larvae deaths in each treatment group. Result: The data obtained were analyzed by using probit analysis and obtained LC90 of yellow leaf extract (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack.) which is 8330,291 bpj. The results showed that the yellow leaf extract (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack.) was effective as a larvicidal activity with LC5 of 1000 bpj and LC95 of 9000 bpj.
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Shofiyanta, Muhammad, Kiki Mukliya Yuliawati, and Esti Rachmawati Sadiyah. "Penelusuran Pustaka Senyawa yang Berpotensi Aktivitas Larvasida dari Tanaman Suku Rutaceae terhadap Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti." Jurnal Riset Farmasi 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/jrf.v1i1.196.
Abstract:
Abstract. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector for the spread of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, and the use of natural larvicides is needed as an alternative to synthetic larvicides to control its growth. The plant family that is widely used in the development of larvicidal active ingredients is Rutaceae. This literature review was conducted with the aim of collecting and analyzing research results related to the content of compounds that have the potential to produce larvicidal activity in the Rutaceae plant family. There are 11 plant species from the Rutaceae family that have larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae based on a literature review, with the plant part commonly used in testing larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, namely the leaf part, and chemical content with high potency of larvacide is essential oils with various components.
Abstrak.Nyamuk Aedes aegypti merupakan vektor penyebaran penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue, dan penggunaan larvasida alami dibutuhkan sebagai alternatif larvasida sintetis untuk mengendalikan pertumbuhannya. Suku tumbuhan yang banyak dimanfaatkan dalam pengembangan bahan aktif larvasida adalah Rutaceae. Penelusuran pustaka yang di lakukan bertujuan untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis hasil-hasil penelitian terkait kandungan senyawa yang berpotensi menghasilkan aktivitas larvasida pada keluarga tanaman Rutaceae. Terdapat 11 spesies tanaman dari keluarga Rutaceae yang memiliki aktivitas larvasida terhadap larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti berdasarkan penelaahan literatur, dengan bagian tanaman yang umum digunakan pada pengujian aktivitas larvasida terhadap larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti yaitu bagian daun, dan kandungan senyawa kimia yang berpotensi kuat sebagai larvasida adalah minyak atsiri dengan komponen yang beragam.
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He, Qing, Xin Chao Liu, Rui Qi Sun, Zhi Wei Deng, Shu Shan Du, and Zhi Long Liu. "Mosquito Larvicidal Constituents from the Ethanol Extract ofInula racemosaHook. f. Roots againstAedes albopictus." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/738796.
Abstract:
The aim of this research was to determine larvicidal activity of the ethanol extract ofInula racemosaHook. f. (Compositae) roots against the larvae of the Culicidae mosquitoAedes albopictusand to isolate any larvicidal constituents from the extract. Based on bioactivity-guided fractionation, 11,13-dihydroisoalantolactone (1), macrophyllilactone E (2), 5α-epoxyalantolactone (3), and epoxyisoalantolactone (4) were isolated and identified as the active constituents. Compounds1and2exhibited strong larvicidal activity against the early fourth-instar larvae ofA. albopictuswith LC50values of 21.86 μg/mL and 18.65 μg/mL, respectively, while the ethanol extract had a LC50value of 25.23 μg/mL. Compounds3and4also possessed larvicidal activity against the Asian tiger mosquitoes with LC50values of 29.37 μg/mL and 35.13 μg/mL, respectively. The results indicated that the ethanol extract ofI. racemosaand the four isolated constituents have potential for use in the control ofA. albopictuslarvae and could be useful in the search of newer, safer, and more effective natural compounds as larvicides.
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Araújo, Marianna O., Yunierkis Pérez-Castillo, Louise H. G. Oliveira, Fabíola C. Nunes, and Damião P. de Sousa. "Larvicidal Activity of Cinnamic Acid Derivatives: Investigating Alternative Products for Aedes aegypti L. Control." Molecules 26, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010061.
Abstract:
The mosquito Aedes aegypti transmits the virus that causes dengue, yellow fever, Zika and Chikungunya viruses, and in several regions of the planet represents a vector of great clinical importance. In terms of mortality and morbidity, infections caused by Ae. aegypti are among the most serious arthropod transmitted viral diseases. The present study investigated the larvicidal potential of seventeen cinnamic acid derivatives against fourth stage Ae. aegypti larvae. The larvicide assays were performed using larval mortality rates to determine lethal concentration (LC50). Compounds containing the medium alkyl chains butyl cinnamate (7) and pentyl cinnamate (8) presented excellent larvicidal activity with LC50 values of around 0.21–0.17 mM, respectively. While among the derivatives with aryl substituents, the best LC50 result was 0.55 mM for benzyl cinnamate (13). The tested derivatives were natural compounds and in pharmacology and antiparasitic studies, many have been evaluated using biological models for environmental and toxicological safety. Molecular modeling analyses suggest that the larvicidal activity of these compounds might be due to a multi-target mechanism of action involving inhibition of a carbonic anhydrase (CA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC2), and two sodium-dependent cation-chloride co-transporters (CCC2 e CCC3).
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Anju, S., E. M. Aneesh, and R. K. Radha. "Larvicidal activity of essential oil of Etlingera fenzlii (Kurz) Skronick. & M. Sabu (Zingiberaceae) - The honey bee repellent endemic plant species of the Andaman Nicobar Islands." Plant Science Today 5, no. 3 (July 17, 2018): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2018.5.3.397.
Abstract:
Etlingera fenzlii (Kurz) Skronick. & M. Sabu (Zingiberaceae), is an endemic species of the Andaman Nicobar Islands which is exclusively used by the Shompens as a bee repellent for honey collection. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of leaves of E. fenzlii and the volatile constituents of leaves have proved to be effective eco-friendly and possess varying degrees of insect/ pest controlling properties. The present study was focussed on the role of larvicidal activities of the essential oil of E. fenzlii against Aedes aegypti. Larvicidal study was carried out employing WHO standard method and the mortality was observed after 24 h exposure. Larvicidal tests were carried out with the essential oil concentration ranges from 5-50 ppm. Essential oil treatment had higher mortality as compared to control with LC50 value of 11.22 ppm. From the results, it is evident that E. fenzlii can be considered as effective larvicide, signifying an ecofriendly method for the control of mosquito vectors.
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Santos, Brenda Freire dos, Kryssia Jarina Tavares Monteiro, Jonathan Lopes de Matos, Fábio Rodrigues de Oliveira, Inana Fauro de Araújo, Lethicia Barreto Brandão, Allan Kardec Ribeiro Galardo, and Alex Bruno Lobato Rodrigues. "Evaluation of larvicidal activity of Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil on Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti L." Caderno Pedagógico 21, no. 5 (May 8, 2024): e3885. http://dx.doi.org/10.54033/cadpedv21n5-041.
Abstract:
Aedes aegypti is a mosquito species of significant importance to public health because of its role in the spread of infections in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Chemical control measures are crucial for insect management. However, the widespread use of commercial insecticides has led to the development of resistance to Ae. aegypti. Therefore, alternative control measures must be explored. This study aimed to investigate the larvicidal activity and mechanism of action of Ocimum basilicum essential oil against Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti L. The phytochemical components of the oil were identified using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis, which revealed that oxygenated monoterpenes, primarily Linalool and Estragole, were the major components. The essential oil demonstrated concentration-dependent larvicidal activity, with increased mortality rates at higher concentrations. The larvicidal activity of the essential oil may be enhanced, as shown by molecular docking of its phytochemical components, either individually or in combination with juvenile hormones. These findings suggest that the essential oil has the potential to be used as a larvicide for the management of Ae. aegypti populations and that the mechanism of action may involve interactions between the phytochemical components and juvenile hormones.
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Liu, Xin Chao, Qiyong Liu, Xu Bo Chen, Qi Zhi Liu, and Zhi Long Liu. "Larvicidal activity of the essential oil of Youngia japonica aerial parts and its constituents against Aedes albopictus." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 70, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2014-4074.
Abstract:
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of the essential oil of Youngia japonica aerial parts against the larvae of Aedes albopictus and to isolate any active compounds from the oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses revealed the presence of 31 compounds, with menthol (23.53%), α-asarone (21.54%), 1,8-cineole (5.36%), and caryophyllene (4.45%) as the major constituents. Bioactivity-directed chromatographic separation of the oil led to the isolation of menthol and α-asarone as active compounds. The essential oil of Y. japonica exhibited larvicidal activity against the fourth instar larvae of A. albopictus with an LC50 value of 32.45 μg/mL. α-Asarone and menthol possessed larvicidal activity against the fourth instar larvae of A. albopictus with LC50 values of 24.56 μg/mL and 77.97 μg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that the essential oil of Y. japonica aerial parts and the two constituents can be potential sources of natural larvicides.
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VINA LIDYA SETJAPUTRA, STEVEN CHRISTIAN SUSIANTO, and RISMA. "Efek Pemberian Infusa Daun Carica papaya Terhadap Perkembangan Vektor Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti." Hang Tuah Medical Journal 20, no. 1 (November 30, 2022): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/htmj.v20i1.183.
Abstract:
Background: Vector eradication is the most effective strategy to prevent Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, particularly larvae elimination by larvicide. The papaya leaf (Carica papaya) contains several chemicals used as a larvicidal agent. This study aimed to determine the larvicidal activity of papaya leaf (Carica papaya) infusion against third instar Aedes aegypti larvae as dengue hemorrhagic fever prevention.
Method: This was an experimental laboratory study with a post-test-only control group design. We used the third instar of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, divided into seven treatment groups, one positive control group, and one negative control group, containing 25 larvae each. The treatment groups were given papaya leaf infusion with concentration of 4%, 4,5%, 5%, 5,5%, 6%, 6,5%, 7%, respectively. The negative control group did not receive any treatment, and the positive control group received Temephos with 1 ppm dose. Larvae mortality was recorded after 24 hours, and we replicated the experiment 3 times. The mortality data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test for normally distributed and Kruskal Wallis for not normally distributed.
Results: There were no significant differences between treatment groups and negative control group, except in concentration of 6,5% (p=0,034) and 7% (p=0,037) group, and significant differences between all treatment groups compared to the positive control group (p<0,05).
Conclusion: Papaya leaf infusion as Aedes aegypti larvicide in concentrations of 6,5% and 7% showed a significant effect on larvae mortality after 24-hour. However, compared to Temephos, it was a less larvicidal effect.
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K, Rathnasagar, and Thiyagaraj Anand. "LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF LANTANA INDICA AND VITEX NEGUNDO ON CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i5.25040.
Abstract:
Objectives: The activity of two different leaf extracts of Lantana indica and Vitex negundo is tested against the 3rd and 4th instar Culex quinquefasciatus larvae to evaluate the potency of the extracts as a larvicide and to find an ecologically sustainable alternative to chemical insecticides. A bioinformatics screening approach was performed to evaluate the in vivo results.Methods: The obtained larvae’s from nearby water sources were tested with N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) as the positive control which is the commercial chemical mosquito repellent and the solvents used for the respective plant extracts act as the negative control. Petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA) and an aqueous (AQ) extract were prepared for both L. indica and V. negundo extracts, and its larvicidal activity was tested. A docking based approach was used to study the inhibitory effect of known active compounds from L. indica and V. negundo against acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and sterol binding protein as targets.Results: On comparing the results between three plants extract for its larvicidal activity, the EA extract of V. negundo and L. indica is found to be potent with a low LC50 value. Further, the docking studies between active compounds of L. indica and V. negundo with AChE and Sterol binding protein as targets showed that the compound tangeritin-1 had a good docking score compared to DEET and could be a natural alternative for larvicidal activity in the mosquito.Conclusion: Individual activity of tangeritin-1 could be further studied with mosquito mortality studies and molecular simulations and develop tangeritin-1 as a potential larvicidal compound for commercial use.
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Lavor, Patrícia L., Gilvandete M. P. Santiago, Roberto W. da Silva Gois, Leôncio M. de Sousa, Gabrieli da P. Bezerra, Nirla R. Romero, Ângela M. C. Arriaga, Telma L. G. Lemos, Péricles B. Alves, and Paulo C. S. Gomes. "Larvicidal Activity against Aedes Aegypti of Essential Oils from Northeast Brazil." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 10 (October 2012): 1934578X1200701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200701038.
Abstract:
The larvicidal activities of essential oils from the leaves of Artemisia vulgaris L., Cymbopogon flexuosus(Nees ex Steud.) Wats. and Piper tuberculatum Jacq. were evaluated using third-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The essential oil of P. tuberculqatum had the lowest LC50 value (106.3 ± 2.2 μg/mL), followed by that of A. vulgaris(114.1 ± 1.7 μg/mL) and C. flexuosus(121.6 ± 0.8 μg/mL). The results show that these essential oils may be potent sources of natural larvicides.
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Osanloo, Mahmoud, Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat, Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi, and Amir Amani. "Plant-Derived Essential Oils; Their Larvicidal Properties and Potential Application for Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases." Galen Medical Journal 8 (August 16, 2019): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1532.
Abstract:
Mosquito-borne diseases are currently considered as important threats to human health in subtropical and tropical regions. Resistance to synthetic larvicides in different species of mosquitoes, as well as environmental pollution, are the most common adverse effects of excessive use of such agents. Plant-derived essential oils (EOs) with various chemical entities have a lower chance of developing resistance. So far, no proper classification based on lethal concentration at 50% (LC50) has been made for the larvicidal activity of EOs against different species of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes. To better understand the problem, a summary of the most common mosquito-borne diseases have been made. Related articles were gathered, and required information such as scientific name, used part(s) of plant, target species and LC50 values were extracted. 411 LC50 values were found about the larvicidal activity of EOs against different species of mosquitoes. Depending on the obtained results in each species, LC50 values were summarized as follows: 24 EOs with LC50 < 10 µg/mL, 149 EOs with LC50 in range of 10- 50 µg/mL, 143 EOs having LC50 within 50- 100 µg/mL and 95 EOs showing LC50 > 100 µg/mL. EOs of Callitris glaucophylla and Piper betle against Ae. aegypti, Tagetes minuta against An. gambiae, and Cananga odorata against Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. dirus having LC50 of ~ 1 µg/mL were potentially comparable to synthetic larvicides. It appears that these plants could be considered as candidates for botanical larvicides. [GMJ.2019;8:e1532]
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Akinnibosun, H. A., J. Rotimi, and O. C. Igbinidu. "Larvicidal activity of two <i>Ocimum</i> species (Lamiaceae) crude leaf extracts against the larvae of <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> Say (Diptera: Culicidae)." Biological and Environmental Sciences Journal for the Tropics 20, no. 2 (September 18, 2023): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bestj.v20i2.9.
Abstract:
This study was conducted to evaluate the larvicidal activity of Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum gratissimum aqueous leaf extracts against the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito. The leaf extracts were hydrodistilled in the laboratory to obtain various concentration dosage of 500 ppm, 1500 ppm, 2500 ppm and 5000 ppm which were used in running the bioassay under laboratory conditions. The results obtained showed that the leaf extracts of the two plants exhibited larvicidal activity against the mosquito larvae. About 100 % larval mortality occurred at leaf concentrations of between 2500 ppm and 5000 ppm within 24 hr of the bioassay tests. O. gratissimum leaf extract which gave LC50 value of 920.0 ppm was more potent than O. basilicum leaf extract which produced LC50 of 1000 ppm. The results from this study suggest that aqueous leaf extract of O. basilicum and O. gratissimum are promising as larvicides against C. quinquefasciatus and could be useful as biodegradable larvicidal natural resource for the control of mosquitoes.
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Brandão, Lethicia B., Lizandra L. Santos, Rosany L. Martins, Alex B. L. Rodrigues, Erica de M. Rabelo, Allan K. R. Galardo, and Sheylla S. M. da S. de Almeida. "Larvicidal Evaluation against Aedes aegypti and Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential of the Essential Oil of Tridax procumbens L. Leaves." Scientific World Journal 2021 (January 12, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2172919.
Abstract:
The present study evaluated the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and larvicidal potential of the essential oil of Tridax procumbens leaves, as well as identified the compounds present in the essential oil. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the sequestration method of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, the cytotoxic activity was evaluated using Artemia salina, the larvicidal bioassay was performed with larvae in the third stage of development of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, and the identification of the metabolites was performed by gas chromatography coupled to the mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The phytochemical oil analysis showed the presence of 20 compounds, with thymol and γ-terpinene being the main ones. It presented antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 194.51 μg mL−1, demonstrating antioxidant activity in the highest concentrations tested. It presented low cytotoxic activity against A. salina, with an LC50 of 1238.67 μg mL−1, demonstrating atoxicity in the concentrations tested. The essential oil presented good larvicidal activity when compared to the literature, with an LC50 = 79.0 μg mL−1 in 24 hours and LC50 of 69.15 μg mL−1 in 48 hours. In this way, it was possible to identify that the essential oil of the leaves of T. procumbens presented potential for the development of a natural larvicide, as well as antioxidant activity satisfactory to the radical DPPH and low toxicity to A. salina.
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Fernandes, Diégina, Maria Souza, Yanna Teles, Louise Oliveira, Jéssica Lima, Adilva Conceição, Fabíola Nunes, Tania Silva, and Maria Souza. "New Sulphated Flavonoids and Larvicidal Activity of Helicteres velutina K. Schum (Sterculiaceae)." Molecules 23, no. 11 (October 27, 2018): 2784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112784.
Abstract:
Helicteres velutina K. Schum (Sterculiaceae), commonly known in Brazil as ‘pitó’, is traditionally used by indigenous peoples as insecticides and repellents. The present work reports on the the phytoconstituents from aerial parts of H. velutina and evaluation of the larvicidal potential of its extract. The compounds were isolated using chromatographic techniques and identified by NMR, IR and LC-HRMS. This study led to the isolation of a fatty acid, one aliphatic alcohol, four chlorophyll derivatives, one steroid, triterpenes, a lignan, and flavonoids, highlighting the new compounds in the literature, 5,4′-di-hydroxy-7-methoxy-8-O-sulphate flavone (mariahine) (15a) and 5,3′-di-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxy-8-O-sulphate flavone (condadine) (15b). The work presented here contributes to the chemotaxonomic knowledge of the Sterculiaceae family by describing the occurrence of sulphated flavonoids in this family for the first time. The crude ethanolic extract of H. velutina featured robust larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae, showing that the extract can be useful as a domestic larvicide, just as indicated by traditional use, to combat A. aegypti, a vector insect of severe viral diseases, such as dengue and Zika.
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Matura, JudyAnn, Michael Walekhwa, and Filex Otieno. "LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Warbugia ugadensis SEED OIL ON Aedes aegypti." Journal of Science, Innovation and Creativity 1, no. 1 (June 19, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.58721/jsic.v1i1.52.
Abstract:
Mosquito is a vector implicated with Vector-borne diseases such as malaria (Anopheles’ species) dengue (Aedes species) and west Nile fever (Culex species). Kenya experiences mosquito-borne disease outbreaks with the recent ones being the dengue virus and chikungunya disease outbreak that occurred along the coast of Kenya. Medicinal plants such as Warburgia ugandensis that possess larvicidal activity, have major importance in the control of mosquitoes. This study investigated the larvicidal activity and phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract from the seed’s oil of Warburgia ugandensis. Quasi-experimental research design was used as the study design. The plant was identified and authenticated by a taxonomist. Mature fruits of Warburgia ugandensis were obtained from the school of pharmacy’s botanical garden and seeds were separated and washed. Seeds were air-dried, and crushed. Half of the GSP was used to extract seed oil while the other half was subjected to various phytochemical screening. The larvicidal activity of the plant extracts was evaluated according to the World Health Organization guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. The activity of the methanol plant extract was evaluated at 25, 50, 100, and 125 ppm to determine the LC50 value. Permethrin was used as a positive control. About 8.06% of the seed oil was extracted. The seed oil and the leaves had a characteristic odour, a bitter taste, and pale yellow in color. Alkaloids, fixed oils, tannins, and phytosterols were abundantly present in the seed. Proteins and carbohydrates were moderately present while saponins were slightly present. Bioassays on mosquito larvae indicated larvicidal activity of methanolic seed oil extract of Warburgia ugandensis against Aedes aegypti at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, and 200 ppm. Seed oil of Warbugia ugandensis contains phytochemicals that possess larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito species. Keywords: Larvicidal Activity, Lethal Concentration, Lethal Dose, Warburgia Ugandensis
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Araújo, José Rafael Silva, Maria Wlly Da Silva Costa, Wallace Baldez Oliveira, Reginaldo Roris Cavalcante, Pedro Marcos Almeida, and Francielle Alline Martins. "Larvicidal, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous leaf extract of Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 40, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 34501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v40i1.34501.
Abstract:
The present study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal effect of aqueous leaf extract from Jatropha mollissima on the larvae of Aedes aegypti and analyze its cytotoxic and genotoxic activity in the Allium cepa test. Larvae of the mosquito were exposed to the negative and positive controls (distilled water and diflubenzuron, 0.003 mg mL-1, respectively) and to leaf extract concentrations of 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.1 mg mL-1. The mortality rate was evaluated every 24 hours over five days. For the cytotoxic and genotoxic analyses, roots of A. cepa were exposed to the negative (distilled water) and positive control (trifluralin, 0.84 ppm) and to different leaf extract concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg mL-1) for 24 hours. The statistical analyses were performed by Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05). The leaf extract presented promising larvicidal activity at the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.1 mg mL-1, and none of the concentrations evaluated in A. cepa exhibited cytotoxic or genotoxic effect. Since the larvicidal action of J. mollissima and the absence of cellular toxicity have been demonstrated, further studies are recommended to determine the mechanism of action of the extract as a possible natural larvicide.
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Juhan, Siti Fadilah, Siti Mariam Mohd Nor, Mohd Shukri Mat Ali, and Siti Zulaika Md Nor. "LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THE SYNTHESISED LIGNANS, NEOLIGNANS, AND COUMARIN AGAINST Crocidolimia binotalis 2nd INSTAR LARVAE." Malaysian Journal of Science 42, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjs.vol42no1.2.
Abstract:
Five compounds comprising 8-O-4’-neolignan (7), two arylnaphthalene lignans (5, 8), aryldihydrobenzofuran neolignan (4), and lignan (6) were synthesised by enzymatic coupling reaction using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) between vanillin (1) with methyl ferulate (2) or methyl sinapate (3). All of these compounds, as well as previously synthesised palladium-catalysed coupling products of neolignan (9), 8-O-4'-neolignan (10), arylcoumarin (11), and lignan (12), were examined for larvicidal activity against Crocidolomia binotalis 2nd instar larvae. It revealed that seven out of nine synthesised compounds had a mortality rate of more than 90% after 24 hours of exposure. Neolignan (10) and lignan (6) demonstrated the strongest larvicidal activity with LD50 = 2.218 mg/L and LD50 = 1.678 mg/L, respectively compared to the standard azadirachtin (LD50 =2.818 mg/L). The results showed that the synthesised compounds have a high potential for use in the control of C. binotalis larvae and could be used in the development of new and more effective compounds as larvicides.
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Sutthanont, Nataya, Siriluck Attrapadung, and Surang Nuchprayoon. "Larvicidal Activity of Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Curcuma zedoaria Essential Oil against Culex quinquefasciatus." Insects 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10010027.
Abstract:
Culex quinquefasciatus is the major vector of the bancroftian filarial parasite which causes human lymphatic filariasis and St. Louis encephalitis. The simple way to stop the transmission is to control the vector by using synthetic chemicals. However, herbal essential oils have biological properties, such as a larvicidal effect and are ecofriendly to use. In this study, we investigated the larvicidal activity of Curcuma zedoaria essential oil (ZEO) and biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using this essential oil (ZEO-AgNPs). The larvicidal activity against both insecticide-susceptible and -resistant strains of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae of ZEO were investigated and compared with ZEO-AgNPs. The ZEO-AgNPs showed the utmost toxicity against both strains of Cx. quinquefasciatus. After 24 h of exposure, LC50 and LC99 of ZEO against susceptible strain were 36.32 and 85.11 ppm, respectively. While LC50 and LC99 of ZEO against the resistant strain were 37.29 and 76.79 ppm, respectively. Whereas ZEO-AgNPs offered complete larval mortality within 24 h of exposure, LC50 and LC99 of ZEO-AgNPs against the susceptible strain, were 0.57 and 8.54 ppm, respectively. For the resistant strain, LC50 and LC99 values were 0.64 and 8.88 ppm, respectively. The potency in killing Cx. quinquefasciatus and stability of ZEO-AgNPs have made this product a good candidate for the development of novel natural larvicides.
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Intirach, Jitrawadee, Anuluck Junkum, Benjawan Tuetun, Wej Choochote, Udom Chaithong, Atchariya Jitpakdi, Doungrat Riyong, Daruna Champakaew, and Benjawan Pitasawat. "Chemical Constituents and Combined Larvicidal Effects of Selected Essential Oils againstAnopheles cracens(Diptera: Culicidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/591616.
Abstract:
A preliminary study on larvicidal activity against laboratory-colonizedAnopheles cracensmosquitos revealed that five of ten plant oils at concentration of 100 ppm showed 95–100% larval mortality. The essential oils of five plants, includingPiper sarmentosum, Foeniculum vulgare, Curcuma longa, Myristica fragrans, andZanthoxylum piperitum,were then selected for chemical analysis, dose-response larvicidal experiments, and combination-based bioassays. Chemical compositions analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry demonstrated that the main component in the oil derived fromP. sarmentosum, F. vulgare, C. longa, M. fragrans, and Z. piperitumwas croweacin (71.01%), anethole (63.00%), ar-turmerone (30.19%), safrole (46.60%), and 1,8-cineole (21.27%), respectively. For larvicidal bioassay, all five essential oils exerted promising efficacy in a dose-dependent manner and different performances onA. cracensafter 24 hours of exposure. The strongest larvicidal potential was established fromP. sarmentosum, followed byF. vulgare, C. longa, M. fragrans, andZ. piperitum, with LC50values of 16.03, 32.77, 33.61, 40.00, and 63.17 ppm, respectively. Binary mixtures betweenP. sarmentosum, the most effective oil, and the others at the highest ratio were proved to be highly efficacious with a cotoxicity coefficient value greater than 100, indicating synergistic activity. Results of mixed formulations of different essential oils generating synergistic effects may prove helpful in developing effective, economical, and ecofriendly larvicides, as favorable alternatives for mosquito management.
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Gupta, Meenakshi, and Diptee Gupta. "Essential oils: As Potential Larvicides." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 3 (May 15, 2022): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i3.5313.
Abstract:
Multiple synthetic products are used against mosquitoes to kill them and inhibit the transmission of these vector-borne diseases. The continuous use of these products produces detrimental effects on the environment and non-target organisms, which also develops resistance in the mosquito. In the last few decades, there has been a continuous exploration of herbal extract-based insecticides. These plants extract essential oils that have emerged as a potential eco-friendly alternative for the killing of larvae, the immature form of adult mosquitoes. In this review article, we focused on the larvicidal activity (LC50 values) of plant extracts obtained from various parts of plants. We evaluated results obtained from numerous essential oil larvicidal activities against prominent vectors belonging to the genera Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex, among others, that had been reported in various scientific data bases. The mode of action of these plant extracts are also discussed with reference to insecticidal activity. The major limitation of essential oils with their overcome solutions through formulation development is also highlighted. This review article reported that essential oils are potential substitutes for the development of larvicides, which may be employed in vector-borne illness control programmes. Overall, this remarkable summary and organization of data may be used to design, develop, and optimise herbal-based formulations with potential larvicidal efficacy.
Keywords: Essential oils; Larvicidal Activity; Herbal extract; Vector born-diseases.
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Eberechi Okolie, Oghenekevwe Ikpan, and Ozadheoghene Eriarie Afieroho. "Phytochemical and larvicidal evaluation of stem bark of Vernonia amygdalina." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 9, no. 1 (May 30, 2023): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.9.1.0360.
Abstract:
The Aedes aegypti mosquito is responsible for the transmission of yellow fever, and several arboviruses, which has led to an increasing disease burden. The development of resistance in mosquitoes has prompted researchers to investigate on biological larvicides that are biodegradable and ecofriendly. This study is aimed at evaluating the larvicidal activity of the stem bark of Vernonia amygdalina using the activity–guided fractionation approach. The powdered stem-bark (300g) was extracted by successive cold maceration first in dichloromethane and then in 70% aqueous ethanol for 72 hours with fresh replacement of solvent after every 24 hours. The extracts were separately concentrated using a rotary evaporator to obtain the dichloromethane extract (DCM) and 70% aqueous ethanol extract (AQE) respectively. The more active AQE was further partitioned with ethyl acetate to obtain the aqueous phase (AQP) and the organic phase (EAP). Larvicidal assay was done following the World Health Organisation protocol with modifications. Dichlorvos (2,3-dichlorovinyldimethylphosphate) was used as a reference larvicidal agent. Phytochemical screening was done using standard phytochemical screening reagents. The result from Larvicidal assay showed that the 70% ethanol extract gave a percentage mortality of 86.5%, at its highest concentration (10mg/ml) and an LC50 of 6.5mg/ml, while the highest percentage mortality recorded from the dichloromethane extract, was found to be 58%, at 10mg/ml. The EAP demonstrated a percentage mortality of 100%, at a concentration of 1mg/ml, while the AQP yielded a percentage mortality of 100% at concentration of 6.5mg/ml. With repect to phytochemical constituents, the crude plant sample contained deoxy sugars, triterpenoids, carbohydyrates, saponin and phenolics. The DCM lacked flavonoids and phenolics, but contained carbohydrates, triterpenoids and deoxy sugars. The AQE lacked free anthraquinones. The AQP contained carbohydrates, saponins, phenolics, whereas the EAP contained deoxy sugars, triterpenoids and flavonoids in addition. In conclusion, the 70% aqueous ethanol extract, as well as its organic and aqueous phases can be developed as bio-larvicides, for vector control of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
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Gómez-Rincón, Carlota, Elisa Langa, Paula Murillo, Marta Sofía Valero, César Berzosa, and Víctor López. "Activity of Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Essential Oil against L3 Larvae ofAnisakis simplex." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/549510.
Abstract:
Nematicidal activity ofMelaleuca alternifoliaessential oil, commonly known as tea tree oil (TTO), was assayedin vitroagainst L3 larvae ofAnisakis simplex. The results showed a mortality of 100% for concentrations between 7 and 10 μL/mL after 48 h of incubation, obtaining an LD50 value of 4.53 μL/mL after 24 hours and 4.27 μL/mL after 48 hours. Concentration-dependent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was observed for tea tree essential oil showing inhibition values of 100% at 100 μL/mL. This fact suggests that TTO may act as an AChE inhibitor. Terpinen-4-ol was discarded as main larvicide compound as it did not show larvicidal or anticholinesterase activity. The data obtained suggest that the essential oil ofMelaleuca alternifoliamay have a great therapeutic potential for the treatment of human anisakiasis.
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Dey, Piyali, Santa Mandal, Danswrang Goyary, and Anurag Verma. "Larvicidal property and active compound profiling of Annona squamosa leaf extracts against two species of diptera, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi." Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 60, no. 4 (2023): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-9062.383647.
Abstract:
Background & objectives: Vector control measures are important in lowering the spread of infections spread by mosquito. Synthetic pesticides used to suppress vector populations during the larval stage have had adverse impacts on people and the environment. The early III instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi were the targets of the current experiment, which assessed the larvicidal ability of petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and aqueous extracts of Annona squamosa leaves. Methods: Using the standard World Health Organization (WHO) larval bioassay test, leaf extracts were evaluated for their activity against Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi to determine lethal doses. Phytochemical analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were carried out to identify larvicidal components in the extract. Further analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was done to check the extracts toxicity for both mosquito larvae. Results: The larvicidal active components were identified by GC-MS as tetradecanoic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol etc. Methanol leaf extracts of A. squamosa (ASME) exhibited strong larvicidal activity against the early 3rd instar larvae of Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi with Lethal concentration (LC50) values of 51.450 ppm and 107.121 ppm. Cell damages to the larva post exposure to ASME were examined. Interpretation & conclusion: This finding showed that the ASME has better larvicidal activity and its components that may be used to kill larvae as larvicides. The extracts toxicity towards damage of midgut of larva further suggests that this plant methanol leaf extracts could be effective in larval growth control approaches.
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Larson, L. L. "Laboratory Activity of Spinosad on Codling Moth 1994." Arthropod Management Tests 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.399a.
Abstract:
Abstract Tests evaluating spinosad, the first example of the naturalyte insect control class, on the codling moth were done utilizing drenches of red delicious apple. The methods used were as follows: In the ovicide test, the waxed paper egg sheet was drenched and pinned to an untreated apple. In the ovicide-larvicide test, the egg sheet was pinned to the apple and the egg sheet and the apple thoroughly drenched with the material. Finally in residual larvicidal testing, just the apple was drenched and the egg sheets pinned to the apple after drying, and after 7 days of ageing in a UV chamber. All the tests consisted of 2 replicates and had 6 rates with Guthion as the standard. All treatments were evaluated by counting established penetrations of the larvae approximately 10-14 days after infestation. Percent control was determined by comparing the numbers of penetrations in the treatment to the untreated check.
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Rantina, Popi, Dwi Fitri Yani, Suci Permata Sari, and Dany Raihan. "Phytochemical Screening and Larvicidal Activity of Kebiul (Caesalpinia Bonduc. L) Seed Kernel Against Aedes Aegypti Mosquito." Walisongo Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 1 (July 15, 2022): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/wjc.v5i1.9476.
Abstract:
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is caused by an infected A. aegypti mosquito, which can cause serious bleeding, a sudden drop in blood pressure and even death. Kebiul seed kernel extract is thought to contain flavonoid compounds, terpenoids, saponins and steroids that can be used as larvicides. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicity of the extract, n-hexane fraction, and ethanol fraction of kernel seed (C. bonduc. L) against A. aegypti mosquito larvae. This study used the methods of extraction, phytochemical screening, and toxicity tests by calculating larval mortality. Based on the results of phytochemical screening, extract of kernel seed (C. bonduc. L) contains tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroidal saponins and terpenoids. Toxicity test (LC50 values) of extract, n-hexane fraction, and ethanol fraction of kernel seed (C. bonduc. L) are 368,566 g/mL, 483,010 g/mL, 338,361 g/mL. The LC50 value 1000 ppm has a toxic effect, so the kernel seed has the potential to be used as a larvicide.
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Bharathithasan, Madhuri, Darvin R. Ravindran, Dinesh Rajendran, Sim Ka Chun, S. A. Abbas, Sandheep Sugathan, Zary Shariman Yahaya, et al. "Analysis of chemical compositions and larvicidal activity of nut extracts from Areca catechu Linn against Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 29, 2021): e0260281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260281.
Abstract:
Background There is a growing need to use green alternative larvicidal control for Aedes larvae compared to chemical insecticides. Substantial reliance on chemical insecticides caused insecticide resistance in mosquito populations. Thus, research for alternate chemical compounds from natural products is necessary to control Aedes larvae. This study explores the analysis of chemical compositions from Areca catechu nut as a potential larvicide for Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae). Methods The Areca catechu nut collected from Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia was grounded into powder and used for Soxhlet extraction. The chemical analysis of the extracts and their structures were identified using the GCMS-QP2010 Ultra (Shimadzu) system. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Chemistry WebBook, Standard Reference Database 69 (https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/) and PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), the two databases used to retrieve the synonyms, molecular formula, molecular weight, and 2-dimensional (2D) structure of chemical compounds. Next, following WHO procedures for larval bioassays, the extracts were used to asses larvicidal activity against early 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Results The larvicidal activities were observed against early 4th stage larvae with different concentrations in the range from 200 mg/L to 1600 mg/L. The LC50 and LC95 of Aedes aegypti were 621 mg/L and 2264 mg/L respectively; whereas the LC50 and LC95 of Aedes albopictus were 636 mg/L and 2268 mg/L respectively. Mortality was not observed in the non-target organism test. The analysis using gas chromatography and mass spectrometer recovered several chemical compounds such as Arecaidine, Dodecanoic acid, Methyl tetradecanoate, Tetradecanoic acid <n->, and n-Hexadecanoic acid bioactive components. These chemical constituents were used as additive formulations in pesticides, pest control, insect repellent, and insecticidal agents. Conclusions Our study showed significant outcomes from the extract of Areca catechu nut and it deserves further investigation in relation to chemical components and larvicidal actions between different species of Aedes mosquitoes. Even though all these findings are fundamental, it may have some interesting potentials to be developed as natural bio-larvicidal products.
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DeMilo, Albert B., Richard W. Miller, Barna Bordás, Robert E. Redfern, and Giles Mills. "Larvicidal Effects of Benzoylphenylureas Against the Lesser Mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships2." Journal of Entomological Science 30, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-30.3.324.
Abstract:
Larvicidal activity of a congeneric set of N-2-halo- (and 2,6-dihalo) benzoyl-N-phenylureas were determined in in vivo tests against the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). Substituent modifications were made in both the benzoyl and anilide portions of the molecule. Linear regression analysis was used to derive quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) from LC50 and LC99 values and a series of physicochemical substituent parameters. The analysis resulted in two significant single parameter regression equations selecting Hammett σp constant as the only relevant chemical descriptor and rejecting the other descriptors as insignificant. Penfluron and 2,6-difluoro-N-[[[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl]amino]carbonyl]benzamide were potent larvicides in these tests and exceeded the effectiveness of diflubenzuron and triflumuron.
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da Silva Ramos, Ryan, Alex Bruno Lobato Rodrigues, Ana Luzia Ferreira Farias, Ranggel Carvalho Simões, Mayara Tânia Pinheiro, Ricardo Marcelo dos Anjos Ferreira, Ledayane Mayana Costa Barbosa, et al. "Chemical Composition andIn VitroAntioxidant, Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial, and Larvicidal Activities of the Essential Oil ofMentha piperitaL. (Lamiaceae)." Scientific World Journal 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4927214.
Abstract:
The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and the identification and quantification of components were achieved with the use of GC-MS analysis. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the method of sequestration of DPPH. Essential oils were used for study the cytotoxic front larvae ofArtemia salina. In the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of essential oils, we employed the disk-diffusion method. The potential larvicide in mosquito larvae of the third stage of development ofAedes aegyptito different concentrations of essential oils was evaluated. The major compounds found in the essential oils ofM. piperitawere linalool (51.8%) and epoxyocimene (19.3%). The percentage of antioxidant activity was79.9±1.6%. The essential oil showed LC50= 414.6 μg/mL front ofA. salineand is considered highly toxic. It shows sensitivity and halos significant inhibition againstE. coli. The essential possessed partial larvicidal efficiency againstA. aegypti.
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Pavela, Roman, Lucia Pavoni, Giulia Bonacucina, Marco Cespi, Loredana Cappellacci, Riccardo Petrelli, Eleonora Spinozzi, et al. "Encapsulation of Carlina acaulis essential oil and carlina oxide to develop long-lasting mosquito larvicides: microemulsions versus nanoemulsions." Journal of Pest Science 94, no. 3 (February 5, 2021): 899–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-020-01327-2.
Abstract:
AbstractCarlina acaulis root essential oil (EO) is one of the most potent mosquito larvicides (LC50 < 2 ppm). This EO is mainly composed of carlina oxide (> 90%). Poor water solubility and rapid degradation from UV light and oxygen in the environment limit the real-world use of this EO. Herein, we developed nanocarrier-based formulations, namely micro- and nanoemulsions (ME and NE, respectively) containing C. acaulis EO or carlina oxide (both at 0.5%) as active ingredients (a.i.). The larvicidal activity of ME and NE was evaluated against Culex quinquefasciatus. The highest larvicidal activity was achieved by the ME containing 0.5% of the EO (M1); its LC50(90) was 579.1 (791.3) µL L−1. Sublethal effects of this ME and its a.i. were assessed testing both at the LC16, LC30, LC50 and LC90 on mosquito larvae exposed to each product for 1–7 h, and then monitoring mortality for 18 days. At variance with the EO, ME application, even at LC16, led to 100% mortality at 18 days. The EO and its encapsulated form were scarcely toxic to human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human fibroblast (NHF A12) cell lines. The acute toxicity of C. acaulis EO and its ME (M1) was also evaluated in Wistar rats through oral administration; EO LD50 was 1098 mg kg−1 bw, whereas its ME, even at 5000 mg kg−1 bw (considered the upper testing limit to establish safety to mammals), was not toxic. This study highlights the outstanding efficacy of C. acaulis EO ME for developing long-lasting and safe larvicides against Cx. quinquefasciatus.
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Osawota, V. E., V. O. Imieje, and B. N. Iloba. "Phytochemical Screening and Comparative Larvicidal Activity of Albizia lebbeck and Tamarindus indica Leaf Extracts against Culexquinquefasciatus and Aedesaegypti." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 26, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 2015–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i12.15.
Abstract:
Different species of mosquitoes have been implicated in the transmission of various diseases to humans and livestock, including malaria, filariasis, dengue fever, encephalitis, etc. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro larvicidal potentials of Albizia lebbeck and Tamarindus indica against the third instar larvae of two mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Fresh leaves of the plants were collected, dried, grounded, and extracted separately with petroleum ether in a soxhlet apparatus. The powdered samples were screened for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The larvicidal potential of both extracts was evaluated using the WHO protocols. Results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. The extracts of both plants exhibited significant and dose-dependent mortality of C. quinquefasciatus larvae at 97.33% with LC50 of 0.3092 for A. lebbeck and 98.67%, with LC50 of 0.1729 mL/L for T. indica at extracts concentration of 1.6 mL/L. Also, the extracts showed significant and dose-dependent mortality of A. aegypti larvae with 25-92% mortality and LC50 = 0.2735 mL/L for A. lebbeck and 32-92% for T. indica leaf extracts with LC50 = 0.2889 µg/mL (p≤ 0.006621). We conclude that the extracts of these plants possess larvicidal potentials and could be developed into natural larvicides for mosquito control programs.
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Matos, Rosanna Lorrane Francisco dos Reis, Núbia Nunes de Souza, Sandro Morais dos Santos, Aline Ferreira Rafael, Eduardo Robson Duarte, Katchuce Brito Amarante Oliveira, Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu, et al. "Larvicidal Activity of Leaf Extract From Mauritiella armata (Aceraceae) on Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Culicidae)." Journal of Agricultural Science 14, no. 2 (January 15, 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v14n2p63.
Abstract:
The mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) are important vectors of several arboviruses, and are relevant public health problems. Conventional control, using chemical larvicides have selected resistant Culicidae populations and caused negative effects on the environment and human health. However, the use of plant extracts has represented a sustainable alternative for insect control. Popularly known as Xiriri, Mauritiella armata (Mart.) Burret (Aceraceae) is an abundant palm tree in Vereda ecosystems and has economic and social importance. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of the aqueous extract (AE) leaves of this plant on Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. The mortalities of larvae were analyzed after treatment with four concentrations of the extract, comparing with a negative control using mineral water. The AE promoted 100% efficacy against Ae. aegypti larvae at 7.9 mg/mL. The lethal concentration to promote 90% mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae was estimated at 30.57 mg/mL. After chromatographic analyses, flavonoids, catechin and carbohydrates were detected. AE from M. armata leaves presented high larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, and represents a promising alternative to be used in vector control.
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Eka Sulistianingsih, Misbahul Huda, Dan Endah Setyaningrum, and Mohammad Kanedi. "Phytochemical and toxicity test of secondary metabolites extracted from Streptomyces bacteria against Anopheles larvae in Lampung, Indonesia." Open Access Research Journal of Biology and Pharmacy 6, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjbp.2022.6.2.0084.
Abstract:
This research carried out to determine the chemical composition of Streptomyces sp extract and the toxicity activity of the secondary metabolite against mosquito larvae of Anopheles sundaicus. By using a completely randomized design (CRD), the study was conducted from June to November 2021. The results of the chemical test showed that the isolate of Streptomyces bacteria contains alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids. The results of the larvicidal test of the extracts against Anopheles larvae were significantly different (p<0.05) in the number of mortalities between concentrations. The maximum mortality was shown by the extract at a concentration of 500 ppm with an exposing time of 48 hours. In conclusion, the secondary metabolite of Streptomyces bacteria is potential as a larvicide candidate for Anopheline mosquitoes.
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Valtierra-de-Luis, Daniel, Maite Villanueva, Liliana Lai, Trevor Williams, and Primitivo Caballero. "Potential of Cry10Aa and Cyt2Ba, Two Minority δ-endotoxins Produced by Bacillus thuringiensis ser. israelensis, for the Control of Aedes aegypti Larvae." Toxins 12, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060355.
Abstract:
Bacillus thuringiensis ser. israelensis (Bti) has been widely used as microbial larvicide for the control of many species of mosquitoes and blackflies. The larvicidal activity of Bti resides in Cry and Cyt δ-endotoxins present in the parasporal crystal of this pathogen. The insecticidal activity of the crystal is higher than the activities of the individual toxins, which is likely due to synergistic interactions among the crystal component proteins, particularly those involving Cyt1Aa. In the present study, Cry10Aa and Cyt2Ba were cloned from the commercial larvicide VectoBac-12AS® and expressed in the acrystalliferous Bt strain BMB171 under the cyt1Aa strong promoter of the pSTAB vector. The LC50 values for Aedes aegypti second instar larvae estimated at 24 hpi for these two recombinant proteins (Cry10Aa and Cyt2Ba) were 299.62 and 279.37 ng/mL, respectively. Remarkable synergistic mosquitocidal activity was observed between Cry10Aa and Cyt2Ba (synergistic potentiation of 68.6-fold) when spore + crystal preparations, comprising a mixture of both recombinant strains in equal relative concentrations, were ingested by A. aegypti larvae. This synergistic activity is among the most powerful described so far with Bt toxins and is comparable to that reported for Cyt1A when interacting with Cry4Aa, Cry4Ba or Cry11Aa. Synergistic mosquitocidal activity was also observed between the recombinant proteins Cyt2Ba and Cry4Aa, but in this case, the synergistic potentiation was 4.6-fold. In conclusion, although Cry10Aa and Cyt2Ba are rarely detectable or appear as minor components in the crystals of Bti strains, they represent toxicity factors with a high potential for the control of mosquito populations.
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Aly, Shaza H., Ahmed M. Elissawy, Dina Salah, Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid, Ola H. Zyaan, Hany I. Mohamed, Abdel Nasser B. Singab, and Shaimaa M. Farag. "Phytochemical Investigation of Three Cystoseira Species and Their Larvicidal Activity Supported with In Silico Studies." Marine Drugs 21, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21020117.
Abstract:
Culex pipiens mosquitoes are transmitters of many viruses and are associated with the transmission of many diseases, such as filariasis and avian malaria, that have a high rate of mortality. The current study draws attention to the larvicidal efficacy of three methanolic algal extracts, Cystoseira myrica, C. trinodis, and C. tamariscifolia, against the third larval instar of Cx. pipiens. The UPLC-ESI-MS analysis of three methanol fractions of algal samples led to the tentative characterization of twelve compounds with different percentages among the three samples belonging to phenolics and terpenoids. Probit analysis was used to calculate the lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90). The highest level of toxicity was attained after treatment with C. myrica extract using a lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of 105.06 ppm, followed by C. trinodis (135.08 ppm), and the lowest level of toxicity was achieved by C. tamariscifolia (138.71 ppm) after 24 h. The elevation of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduction of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) enzymes confirm the larvicidal activity of the three algal extracts. When compared to untreated larvae, all evaluated extracts revealed a significant reduction in protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents, verifying their larvicidal effectiveness. To further support the observed activity, an in silico study for the identified compounds was carried out on the two tested enzymes. Results showed that the identified compounds and the tested enzymes had excellent binding affinities for each other. Overall, the current work suggests that the three algal extractions are a prospective source for the development of innovative, environmentally friendly larvicides.
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Faisal, Ahmad Purnawarman, Adhisty Nurpermatasari, and Pratiwi Rukmana Nasution. "EFEK LARVASIDA EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BINTANGUR (Chalophyllum inophyllum L.) TERHADAP MORTALITAS LARVA NYAMUK AIR KOTOR (Culex sp.)." Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia 5, no. 2 (May 20, 2023): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v5i2.350.
Abstract:
The Bintangur plant is a plant that can often be found around the house, its existence as a plant makes its properties less known to the public, all parts of this plant are known to be very useful for various pharmacological effects. Various efforts to prevent diseases transmitted by Culex sp. one of them uses larvicides, so an alternative larvicide from natural ingredients is needed, namely Bintangur. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of the ethanol extract of Bintangur leaves in killing Culex sp larvae with the control being the larvae that were not given the ethanol extract of Bintangur leaves. The type of research on the activity test of the Bintangur leaf ethanol extract used an experimental research type with a true experiment design with a posttest only control group design. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Bintangur leaves (Chalophyllum Inophyllum L.) was active in killing Culex sp. larvae. with the results of the Reed and Muench test with an LC50 value of 281.84 ppm