Journal articles: 'Active voluntary euthanasia'

1

Brock, Dan W. "Voluntary Active Euthanasia." Hastings Center Report 22, no. 2 (March 1992): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562560.

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2

Barry, Fr Robert. "The Case against Active Voluntary Euthanasia." Law, Medicine and Health Care 15, no. 3 (September 1987): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1987.tb01023.x.

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Browne, Alister. "Assisted Suicide and Active Voluntary Euthanasia." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 2, no. 1 (January 1989): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900000953.

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Modern medicine has been enormously successful in saving and extending lives. No one can reasonably regret this, but it exacerbates a problem which has always been with us, namely, how to treat those who are alive, but not living lives they think worthwhile, and have no prospects for anything better. Under current Canadian law, one who wants to die can either commit suicide, or, if he is competent, refuse all treatment necessary for life. But one does not always have the ability and opportunity to do the former, and the latter does not always bring about a gentle and easy death for either the patient or his loved ones. The question thus arises as to whether we should make legal provision for assisted suicide - providing the means of suicide - and active voluntary euthanasia - killing the patient on request. The Canadian Law Reform Commission1 has recently taken up this question, and answered with a clear “No.” I shall argue in what follows that the answer should be “Yes.”

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4

OTLOWSKI, MARGARET. "ACTIVE VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA: OPTIONS FOR REFORM." Medical Law Review 2, no. 2 (1994): 161–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/2.2.161.

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5

Watts, David T., and Timothy Howell. "Assisted Suicide is Not Voluntary Active Euthanasia." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 40, no. 10 (October 1992): 1043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb04484.x.

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Onwuteaka-Philipsen, Bregje D., Martien T. Muller, Gerrit van der Wal, Jacques Th M. van Eijk, and Miel W. Ribbe. "Active Voluntary Euthanasia or Physician-Assisted Suicide?" Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 45, no. 10 (October 1997): 1208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb03771.x.

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7

Kuhse, Helga. "2. The Case for Active Voluntary Euthanasia." Law, Medicine and Health Care 14, no. 3-4 (September 1986): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1986.tb00969.x.

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8

Guo, Fenglin. "A Concept Analysis of Voluntary Active Euthanasia." Nursing Forum 41, no. 4 (October 2006): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.2006.00056.x.

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9

Wooddell, Victor, and Kalman J. Kaplan. "An Expanded Typology of Suicide, Assisted Suicide, and Euthanasia." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 36, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/4u0v-9r10-4txm-d0jn.

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The present article proposes an expanded typology of suicide, assisted suicide, and euthanasia in doctor-patient relations. Three dimensions are distinguished: the active-passive nature of the act, the degree of doctor involvement, and the reaction of the doctor to the patient's wishes. Thirteen distinct categories emerge, each of which may be active or passive. Among these categories are: solitary suicide, disapproved suicide, observed suicide, assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, non-voluntary euthanasia, and involuntary euthanasia. Within the observed suicide, assisted suicide, and voluntary euthanasia categories, the patient's wish to die can either be discussed, accepted, or encouraged. This article provides clinical examples of many of these categories and discusses their legal status and implications.

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10

Beech, Ian. "Suicide and Voluntary Active Euthanasia: Why the Difference in Attitude?" Nursing Ethics 2, no. 2 (June 1995): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309500200208.

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It appears that the attitudes of health professionals differ towards suicide and voluntary active euthanasia. An acceptance of, if not an agreement with, voluntary active eutha nasia exists, while there is a general consensus that suicide should be prevented. This paper searches for a working definition of suicide, to discover ethical reasons for the negative value that suicide assumes, and also to provide a term of reference when comparing suicide with euthanasia. On arriving at a working definition of suicide, it is compared with voluntary active euthanasia. An analysis of utilitarian and deontological considerations is provided and proves to be inconclusive with respect to the ethical principles informing the attitudes of professionals. Therefore, a search for other influences is attempted; this indicates that psychological influences inform attitudes to a greater degree than ethical principles.

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11

Helme, Tim. "Stances towards euthanasia." Psychiatric Bulletin 15, no. 1 (January 1991): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.15.1.1.

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Active voluntary euthanasia may be defined as the deliberate taking of a patient's life, or the facilitation of his or her suicide, with the informed consent and at the express request of the patient. It may therefore be distinguished from passive euthanasia, when no positive step is taken to hasten death but when potentially life-saving measures are intentionally withheld, and also from non-voluntary euthanasia, when the patient is unable to participate in the decision, or is incapable of providing an adequately informed consent.

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12

Clark, W. Royce. "The example of Christ and voluntary active euthanasia." Journal of Religion & Health 25, no. 4 (December 1986): 264–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01534065.

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13

Cummins Gauthier, Candace. "Active Voluntary Euthanasia, Terminal Sedation, and Assisted Suicide." Journal of Clinical Ethics 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jce200112106.

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14

CeloCruz, Maria T. "Aid-in-Dying: Should We Decriminalize Physician-Assisted Suicide and Physician-Committed Euthanasia?" American Journal of Law & Medicine 18, no. 4 (1992): 369–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800007346.

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Recent news stories, medical journal articles, and two state voter referenda have publicized physicians’ providing their patients with aid-in-dying. This Note distinguishes two components of aid-in-dying: physician-assisted suicide and physiciancommitted voluntary active euthanasia. The Note traces these components’ distinct historical and legal treatments and critically examines arguments for and against both types of action. This Note concludes that aid-in-dying measures should limit legalization initiatives to physician-assisted suicide and should not embrace physician-committed voluntary active euthanasia.

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15

Chan, David K. "Active Voluntary Euthanasia and the Problem of Intending Death." Journal of Philosophical Research 30, no. 9999 (2005): 379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jpr_2005_21.

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16

Teno, Joan, and Joanne Lynn. "Voluntary Active Euthanasia: The Individual Case and Public Policy." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 39, no. 8 (August 1991): 827–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb02707.x.

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17

Humphry, Derek. "April 3, 1987 Lecture: Legislating for Active Voluntary Euthanasia." Bioethics News 6, no. 4 (July 1987): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03351149.

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18

Zimmermann, Mirjam, and Ruben Zimmermann. "Die Grundsätze der Bundesärztekammer zur ärztlichen Sterbebegleitung." Zeitschrift für Evangelische Ethik 43, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14315/zee-1999-0115.

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Abstract The guidelines of the >German Medical Association< for doctors treating the dying passed on 11. Sept. 1998 are trying to provide an ethically justified frame for medical decisions conceming the end of life. In certain justified cases they allow non-treatment decisions and allevation of pain and symptoms that might cause the patient's death while they strictly reject voluntary active euthanasia, non-voluntary euthanasia or assisted suicide

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19

Ryan, Christopher. "Australasian Psychiatry and Euthanasia." Australasian Psychiatry 4, no. 6 (December 1996): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10398569609082072.

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In May 1995, the Northern Territory of Australia became the first legislative jurisdiction in the world to introduce legislation specifically sanctioning active voluntary euthanasia. Shortly after the introduction of the legislation many of Australia's political leaders announced that they would support similar legislation in their jurisdictions and there nave already been attempts to pass such legislation elsewhere in Australia and in New Zealand.

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20

Ryan, Christopher James. "Velcro on the Slippery Slope: The Role of Psychiatry in Active Voluntary Euthanasia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 29, no. 4 (December 1995): 580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679509064970.

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Objective: The aim of the paper is to determine the role that psychiatrists should play in legislation that establishes a right to active voluntary euthanasia (AVE). Method: One version of the “slippery slope” argument, usually invoked against the legalisation of AVE, is recast as an argument for the introduction of strong safeguards in any future AVE legislation. The literature surrounding the prevalence of psychiatric illnesses in the terminally ill, physicians' ability to identify such illnesses and the aetiology of suicide in the terminally ill is examined. Results: The strength of the slippery slope argument, combined with the poor ability of general physicians to diagnose psychiatric illness in the terminally ill, demands that any legislation allowing AVE should require a mandatory psychiatric review of the patient requesting euthanasia. Conclusions: Any legislation adopted that establishes a right to active voluntary euthanasia should include a mandatory psychiatric review of the person requesting euthanasia and a cooling off period before the request is acceded to. In addition, the discovery of a serious mental illness ought to disqualify the affected person from the right to AVE until that illness resolves.

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21

Begley, Ann-Marie. "Beneficent Voluntary Active Euthanasia: a challenge to professionals caring for terminally ill patients." Nursing Ethics 5, no. 4 (July 1998): 294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309800500403.

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Euthanasia has once again become headline news in the UK, with the announcement by Dr Michael Irwin, a former medical director of the United Nations, that he has helped at least 50 people to die, including two between February and July 1997. He has been quoted as saying that his ‘conscience is clear’ and that the time has come to confront the issue of euthanasia. For the purposes of this article, the term ‘beneficent voluntary active euthanasia’ (BVAE) will be used: beneficent from the prima facie principle of beneficence, to do good, and voluntary to indicate that this must be carried out at the request of a competent client. This implies adherence to another prima facie principle, that of respect for autonomy. Active implies that something is done or given with the intention of hastening death. The word euthanasia itself simply means ‘good death’. This article examines the moral positions of two nurses and one junior doctor towards the subject of BVAE and an attempt is made to represent the main conflicting moral positions. The central arguments against BVAE and counterarguments are presented. The conclusion reached is that consenting adults should not be prevented from availing themselves of BVAE if another consenting adult (a medical doctor) is available and capable of carrying out their wishes. This being the case, it is suggested that BVAE should be available as an option in hospices and in the community. The aims of this article are: to generate debate among professionals; to present a three-way discussion that might be useful as a focus for educational purposes, particularly at undergraduate level; to challenge professionals to confront the issue of euthanasia; and to plead the case of those who request assistance in exercising autonomy by gaining control over their own deaths.

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22

Hiscox, WendyE. "Euthanasia, Death with Dignity and the Law. By Hazel Biggs. [Oxford: Hart Publishing. 2001. xvi, 174 and (Index) 5 pp. Hardback £25.00 net. ISBN 1–84113–091–5.]." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 2 (June 24, 2002): 463–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302431698.

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The voluntary euthanasia debate in the United Kingdom has a lengthy history, and the public continues to grapple with the possible legalisation of the practice. Hazel Biggs enters into this debate with Euthanasia, Death with Dignity and the Law, a timely contribution that has as its focus the question of whether legal reform to accommodate active voluntary euthanasia is an appropriate response to a perceived need for the option of “death with dignity”. The book’s seven discrete chapters explore aspects of the overall theme of achieving dignity in dying through the mechanism of euthanasia, from the perspectives of clinicians, patients and others who are indirectly affected. Emphasis on “autonomy”, “self-determination” and “human dignity” permeates the text and underpins the author’s stated position in favour of legal reform.

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23

Tanida, Noritoshi, Atsushi Asai, Motoki Ohnishi, Shizuko K. Nagata, Tsuguya Fukui, Yasuji Yamazaki, and Helga Kuhse. "Voluntary Active Euthanasia and the Nurse: a comparison of Japanese and Australian nurses." Nursing Ethics 9, no. 3 (May 2002): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0969733002ne513oa.

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Although euthanasia has been a pressing ethical and public issue, empirical data are lacking in Japan. We aimed to explore Japanese nurses’ attitudes to patients’ requests for euthanasia and to estimate the proportion of nurses who have taken active steps to hasten death. A postal survey was conducted between October and December 1999 among all nurse members of the Japanese Association of Palliative Medicine, using a self-administered questionnaire based on the one used in a previous survey with Australian nurses in 1991. The response rate was 68%. A total of 53% of the respondents had been asked by patients to hasten their death, but none had taken active steps to bring about death. Only 23% regarded voluntary active euthanasia as something ethically right and 14% would practice it if it were legal. A comparison with empirical data from the previous Australian study suggests a significantly more conservative attitude among Japanese nurses.

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24

COONS, CHRISTIAN, and NOAH LEVIN. "THE DEAD DONOR RULE, VOLUNTARY ACTIVE EUTHANASIA, AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT." Bioethics 25, no. 5 (October 26, 2009): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2009.01767.x.

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25

Dickinson, George E., Carol J. Lancaster, David Clark, Sam H. Ahmedzai, and William Noble. "U.K. PHYSICIANS'ATTITUDES TOWARD ACTIVE VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA AND PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE." Death Studies 26, no. 6 (June 2002): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/074811802760139003.

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26

Poli, Stefano. "Attitudes Toward Active Voluntary Euthanasia Among Community-Dwelling Older Subjects." SAGE Open 8, no. 1 (January 2018): 215824401775386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244017753868.

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27

Hayry, Heta. "Bioethics and Political Ideology: The Case of Active Voluntary Euthanasia." Bioethics 11, no. 3-4 (July 1997): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8519.00066.

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28

Richardson, Deborah Scudder. "Oncology nurses?? attitudes toward the legalization of voluntary active euthanasia." Cancer Nursing 17, no. 4 (August 1994): 348???354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002820-199408000-00008.

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29

Begley, Ann Marie. "Guilty But Good: Defending Voluntary Active Euthanasia From a Virtue Perspective." Nursing Ethics 15, no. 4 (July 2008): 434–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733008090514.

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This article is presented as a defence of voluntary active euthanasia from a virtue perspective and it is written with the objective of generating debate and challenging the assumption that killing is necessarily vicious in all circumstances. Practitioners are often torn between acting from virtue and acting from duty. In the case presented the physician was governed by compassion and this illustrates how good people may have the courage to sacrifice their own security in the interests of virtue. The doctor's action created huge tensions for the nurse, who was governed by the code of conduct and relevant laws. Appraising active euthanasia from a virtue perspective can offer a more compassionate approach to the predicament of practitioners and clients. The tensions arising from the virtue versus rules debate generates irreconcilable difficulties for nurses. A shift towards virtue would help to resolve this problem and support the call for a change in the law. The controversial nature of this position is acknowledged. The argument is put forward on the understanding that many practitioners will not agree with the conclusions reached.

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30

Kelleher †, Michael J., Derek Chambers, Paul Corcoran, Helen S. Keeley, and Eileen Williamson. "Euthanasia and Related Practices Worldwide." Crisis 19, no. 3 (May 1998): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.19.3.109.

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The present paper examines the occurrence of matters relating to the ending of life, including active euthanasia, which is, technically speaking, illegal worldwide. Interest in this most controversial area is drawn from many varied sources, from legal and medical practitioners to religious and moral ethicists. In some countries, public interest has been mobilized into organizations that attempt to influence legislation relating to euthanasia. Despite the obvious international importance of euthanasia, very little is known about the extent of its practice, whether passive or active, voluntary or involuntary. This examination is based on questionnaires completed by 49 national representatives of the International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP), dealing with legal and religious aspects of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, as well as suicide. A dichotomy between the law and medical practices relating to the end of life was uncovered by the results of the survey. In 12 of the 49 countries active euthanasia is said to occur while a general acceptance of passive euthanasia was reported to be widespread. Clearly, definition is crucial in making the distinction between active and passive euthanasia; otherwise, the entire concept may become distorted, and legal acceptance may become more widespread with the effect of broadening the category of individuals to whom euthanasia becomes an available option. The “slippery slope” argument is briefly considered.

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31

Mettyear, Bill. "Moral endorsement of passive voluntary euthanasia must also apply to active." Medical Journal of Australia 153, no. 10 (November 1990): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb126297.x.

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32

Pollard, Brian J. "Moral endorsement of passive voluntary euthanasia must also apply to active." Medical Journal of Australia 154, no. 8 (April 1991): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb119469.x.

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33

Kitchener, Betty A. "Nurses' attitudes to active voluntary euthanasia: a survey in the ACT." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 22, no. 2 (April 1998): 276–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.1998.tb01190.x.

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34

Jotkowitz, Alan, S. Glick, and B. Gesundheit. "A Case Against Justified Non-Voluntary Active Euthanasia (The Groningen Protocol)." American Journal of Bioethics 8, no. 11 (December 11, 2008): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265160802513085.

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35

Graber, Glenn C., and Jennifer Chassman. "Assisted Suicide Is Not Voluntary Active Euthanasia, but It's Awfully Close." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 41, no. 1 (January 1993): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb05954.x.

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36

Michlowski, S. "LEGALISING ACTIVE VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA THROUGH THE COURTS: SOME LESSONS FROM COLOMBIA." Medical Law Review 17, no. 2 (April 29, 2009): 183–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwp006.

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37

Michalowski, S. "LEGALISING ACTIVE VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA THROUGH THE COURTS: SOME LESSONS FROM COLOMBIA." Medical Law Review 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwp012.

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38

Clark, D. "UK geriatricians' attitudes to active voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted death." Age and Ageing 30, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/30.5.395.

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39

Parker, Malcom. "Active voluntary euthanasia and physician assisted suicide: A morally irrelevant distinction." Monash Bioethics Review 13, no. 4 (October 1994): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03351189.

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40

Van der Haak, Donovan. "Death Anxiety, Immortality Projects and Happiness: A Utilitarian Argument Against the Legalization of Euthanasia." Conatus 6, no. 1 (September 19, 2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/cjp.24316.

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The current, utilitarian debate on the relation between euthanasia and happiness focusses primarily on the subject of dying patients. Where some utilitarians stress how euthanasia may relieve suffering in the process of dying, others emphasize the importance of respecting the autonomy of others to make decisions like these themselves. However, less attention has been paid to how legalizing euthanasia may impact the human decision-making processes of those still in a healthy and mentally sound state. This paper aims to shed light on this relatively underdeveloped subject within utilitarian theory. In particular, I focus on euthanasia’s most contested form: active, voluntary euthanasia. I draw on Ernst Becker, who argues that moderate death anxiety stimulates people to work on ‘immortality projects,’ decisions that help them cope with the concept of death. Subsequently, I draw on several studies to defend the notion that immortality projects are indirectly conducive to happiness because they stimulate healthy decisions and long-term, human progress. Additionally, immortality projects counterbalance decisions that are based on an excessive drive for short-term pleasure. As euthanasia can make dying less painful, I argue it may diminish death anxiety to significant degree, and thereby also an incentive to work on immortality projects. This brings me to the conclusion that legalizing euthanasia is problematic from a utilitarian point of view, considering the observation that immortality projects are indirectly conducive to happiness.

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41

Ogunbanjo, GA, and D. Knapp van Bogaert. "Is there a place for voluntary active euthanasia in modern-day medicine?" South African Family Practice 55, no. 1 (January 2013): S10—S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20786204.2013.10874314.

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42

Klein, Martin. "Voluntary Active Euthanasia and the Doctrine of Double Effect: A View from Germany." Health Care Analysis 12, no. 3 (September 2004): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:hcan.0000044929.45563.4f.

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43

Ogunbanjo, GA, and D. Knapp van Bogaert. "Voluntary active euthanasia: Is there a place for it in modern day medicine?" South African Family Practice 50, no. 3 (May 2008): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20786204.2008.10873714.

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44

Mavroforou and Michalodimitrakis. "Euthanasia in Greece, Hippocrates' birthplace." European Journal of Health Law 8, no. 2 (2001): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718090120523475.

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AbstractEuthanasia is a controversial issue that has attracted heated debate over the last two decades. Cultural, traditional and religious considerations contribute in the forming of individual and social attitudes. Active, voluntary euthanasia is not legally accepted except in Netherlands and Australia. However even in these countries several ethical and legal issues have emerged from the application of euthanasia. In fact medical physicians stand in the frontline of the debate as they are those who should decide to act or not to act when euthanasia is requested by a patient. In Greece the vast majority of people are against euthanasia as a result of tradition and religion The influence of the Hippocratic philosophy and the humanistic teaching of the Christian Orthodox Church have made that doctors and people look at the issue of euthanasia with aversion. In addition, the law considers any such action as homicide and therefore as punishable.However, in Greece as in any democratic country, individual variations exist and the issue attracts increasing debate. This article aims to discuss the legal ramifications of euthanasia within the context of the Greek legal order and to present the religious and ethical considerations that influence the social attitude concerning to euthanasia in Greece.

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45

Jordaan, D. W. "Human dignity and the future of the voluntary active euthanasia debate in South Africa." South African Medical Journal 107, no. 12 (November 27, 2017): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.2017.v107i12.12932.

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46

Jordaan, Donrich W. "Human dignity and the future of the voluntary active euthanasia debate in South Africa." South African Medical Journal 107, no. 5 (April 25, 2017): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.2017.v107i5.12339.

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47

Donkin, Allan. "Human dignity and the future of the voluntary active euthanasia debate in South Africa." South African Medical Journal 107, no. 8 (July 28, 2017): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.2017.v107i8.12599.

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48

Muller, M. T., B. D. Onwuteaka-Philipsen, D. M. W. Kriegsman, and G. Wal. "Voluntary active euthanasia and doctor-assisted suicide: knowledge and attitudes of Dutch medical students." Medical Education 30, no. 6 (November 1996): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1996.tb00863.x.

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49

Drane, James F. "Physician assisted suicide & voluntary active euthanasia: Social ethics and the role of hospice." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 12, no. 6 (November 1995): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104990919501200602.

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50

Van der Wal, G., M. T. Muller, L. M. Christ, M. W. Ribbe, and J. Th M. van Eijk. "Voluntary Active Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide in Dutch Nursing Homes: Requests and Administration." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 42, no. 6 (June 1994): 620–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06860.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Active voluntary euthanasia'

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