Journal articles: 'Active sonar tracking'

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Varadarajan, V., and J. Krolik. "Array shape estimation and tracking using active sonar reverberation." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 40, no. 3 (July 2004): 1073–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2004.1337475.

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Yao, Yu, Junhui Zhao, and Lenan Wu. "Doppler Data Association Scheme for Multi-Target Tracking in an Active Sonar System." Sensors 19, no. 9 (April 29, 2019): 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092003.

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In many wireless sensors, the target kinematic states include location and Doppler information that can be observed from a time series of range and velocity measurements. In this work, we present a tracking strategy for comprising target velocity components as part of the measurement supplement procedure and evaluate the advantages of the proposed scheme. Data association capability can be considered as the key performance for multi-target tracking in an active sonar system. Then, we proposed an enhanced Doppler data association (DDA) scheme which exploits target range and target velocity components for linear multi-target tracking. If the target velocity measurements are not incorporated into target kinematic state tracking, the linear filter bank for the combination of target velocity components can be implemented. Finally, a significant enhancement in the multi-target tracking capability provided by the proposed DDA scheme with the linear multi-target combined probabilistic data association method is demonstrated in a sonar underwater scenario.

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Chen, Xiao, Yaan Li, Yuxing Li, and Jing Yu. "Active Sonar Target Tracking Based on the GM-CPHD Filter Algorithm." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 36, no. 4 (August 2018): 656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20183640656.

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The estimation of underwater multi-target state has always been the difficult problem of active sonar target tracking.In order to get the variable number of target and their state, the random finite set theory is applied to multi-target tracking system.This theory not only effectively avoids the problem of multi-target tracking data association, and also realizes the estimation of time-varying number of targets and their states.Due to Probability Hypothesis Density(PHD) recursion propagates cardnality distribution with only a single parameter, a new generalization of the PHD recursion called Cardinalized Probability Hypothesis Density(CPHD) recursion, which jointly propagates the intensity function and the cardnality distribution, while have a big computation than PHD.Also there did not have closed-form solution for PHD recursion and CPHD recursion, so for linear Gaussian multi-target tracking system, the Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density and Gaussian Mixture Cardinalized Probability Hypothesis Density(GM-CPHD) filter algorithm is put forward.GM-CPHD is more accurate than GM-PHD in estimation of the time-varying number of targets.In this paper, we use the ellipse gate tracking strategy to reduce computation in GM-CPHD filtering algorithm.At the same time, according to the characteristics of underwater target tracking, using active sonar equation, we get the relationship between detection probability, distance and false alarm, when fixed false alarm, analytic formula of the relationship between adaptive detection probability and distance is obtained, we puts forward the adaptive detection probability GM-CPHD filtering algorithm.Simulation shows that the combination of ellipse tracking gate strategy and adaptive detection probability GM-CPHD filtering algorithm can realize the estimation of the time-varying number of targets and their state more accuracy in dense clutter environment.

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Rouseff, Daniel, Scott Schecklman, and Jorge Quijano. "Lisa Zurk’s contributions to striation-based signal processing for active sonar." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016145.

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Strong multipath propagation adds considerable complication to acoustic signal processing in the ocean. When mapped in range-frequency space, the acoustic field exhibits striations, alternating bands of high and low intensity due to constructive and destructive interference between the paths. Nearly forty years ago, Russian scientists showed how this striation pattern could be described by a single scalar parameter, the so-called waveguide invariant that subsequently became a staple of their passive sonar signal processing methods. Lisa Zurk’s contribution was to show how a striation-based approach could be adapted to active sonar processing. Together with her students, she did tank experiments and analysis for monostatic and bistatic configurations. For a horizontal array, she developed a beamformer featuring a linear frequency shift across the array designed to align with high-intensity striations. The result was improved performance in noisy environments. She showed how the waveguide invariant can improve tracking accuracy by providing a constraint on possible tracks. She and her students demonstrated the improved tracking with continuous active sonar data. Lisa Zurk’s innovative work on these topics continues to inspire present day research.

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Mellema, Garfield R. "Improved Active Sonar Tracking in Clutter Using Integrated Feature Data." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 45, no. 1 (January 2020): 304–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2018.2870234.

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Blanding, W. R., P. K. Willett, Y. Bar-Shalom, and R. Lynch. "Directed subspace search ML-PDA with application to active sonar tracking." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 44, no. 1 (January 2008): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2008.4516999.

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Hedgepeth, John B., and Gary E. Johnson. "An active fish tracking split‐beam sonar to study salmon smolt behavior." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108, no. 5 (November 2000): 2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4743060.

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Wijesinghe, Lakshitha P., Melville J. Wohlgemuth, Richard H. Y. So, Jochen Triesch, Cynthia F. Moss, and Bertram E. Shi. "Active head rolls enhance sonar-based auditory localization performance." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): e1008973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008973.

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Animals utilize a variety of active sensing mechanisms to perceive the world around them. Echolocating bats are an excellent model for the study of active auditory localization. The big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), for instance, employs active head roll movements during sonar prey tracking. The function of head rolls in sound source localization is not well understood. Here, we propose an echolocation model with multi-axis head rotation to investigate the effect of active head roll movements on sound localization performance. The model autonomously learns to align the bat’s head direction towards the target. We show that a model with active head roll movements better localizes targets than a model without head rolls. Furthermore, we demonstrate that active head rolls also reduce the time required for localization in elevation. Finally, our model offers key insights to sound localization cues used by echolocating bats employing active head movements during echolocation.

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Michalopoulou, Zoi-Heleni. "Tracking in ocean acoustics: Insights from the work of Lisa Zurk." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016148.

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Tracking is of paramount importance in ocean acoustics. One of the goals is the continuous location estimation of moving sources. Tracking needs also arise in identifying the structure of dispersion curves for long-range sound propagation and multipath arrival time identification across vertically separated hydrophones. Zurk’s work has shown that tracking can play a significant role in invariance estimation from striation patterns in spectrograms. We investigated ideas from tracking across the spectrum of ocean acoustics and looked into this latter problem. We found novel approaches for the estimation of the passive and active waveguide invariants, building on a seminal contribution of Lisa Zurk in the field of sonar signal processing.

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Wang, Maofa, Baochun Qiu, Zeifei Zhu, Huanhuan Xue, and Chuanping Zhou. "Study on Active Tracking of Underwater Acoustic Target Based on Deep Convolution Neural Network." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 7530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167530.

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The active tracking technology of underwater acoustic targets is an important research direction in the field of underwater acoustic signal processing and sonar, and it has always been issued that draws researchers’ attention. The commonly used Kalman filter active tracking (KFAT) method is an effective tracking method, however, it is difficult to detect weak SNR signals, and it is easy to lose the target after the azimuth of different targets overlaps. This paper proposes a KFAT based on deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) method, which can effectively solve the problem of target loss. First, we use Kalman filtering to predict the azimuth and distance of the target, and then use the trained model to identify the azimuth-weighted time-frequency image to obtain the azimuth and label of the target and obtain the target distance by the time the target appears in the time-frequency image. Finally, we associate the data according to the target category, and update the target azimuth and distance information for this cycle. In this paper, two methods, KFAT and DCNN-KFAT, are simulated and tested, and the results are obtained for two cases of tracking weak signal-to-noise signals and tracking different targets with overlapping azimuths. The simulation results show that the DCNN-KFAT method can solve the problem that the KFAT method is difficult to track the target under the weak SNR and the problem that the target is easily lost when two different targets overlap in azimuth. It reduces the deviation range of the active tracking to within 200 m, which is 500~700 m less than the KFAT method.

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Kim. "Hough Transform Clutter Reduction Algorithm for Piecewise Linear Path Active Sonar Target Detection and Tracking Improvement." JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF KOREA 32, no. 4 (2013): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.7776/ask.2013.32.4.354.

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Wang, Zirui, Jing Wu, Haitao Wang, Yukun Hao, and Huiyuan Wang. "A Torpedo Target Recognition Method Based on the Correlation between Echo Broadening and Apparent Angle." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 12345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312345.

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As acoustic decoys can simulate the scale of the target through orderly control of the echo delay, simulated acoustic decoys have scale characteristics similar to those of the scaled target. Consequently, simulated acoustic decoys make it difficult for active acoustic homing torpedoes to recognize acoustic decoys through traditional echo broadening or apparent angle. This will lead to a decrease in the anti-interference capability of torpedoes. In combat, acoustic decoys deceive torpedoes and deviate from the tracking course so that torpedoes cannot find the real target, or waste the range, eventually failing to strike the target and failing in combat. The accurate underwater target scale recognition of active acoustic homing torpedoes is considered a difficult technique. In this paper, we propose a target recognition method based on the correlation between target echo broadening and apparent angle. This specific simulation example shows that conventional target scale recognition methods cannot distinguish between suspended and homing acoustic decoys with virtual scale. By contrast, the target scale recognition method proposed in this paper can accurately distinguish between suspended and homing acoustic decoys with virtual scale at close range, under non-positive transverse port angle conditions. This method improves the anti-interference capability of torpedoes. In addition, it can improve the accuracy of active sonar recognition scale targets of ships, which guide active sonar target recognition.

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Suman, Jami Venkata, Mamidipaka Hema, and Bandi Jagadeesh. "Linear frequency modulated reverberation suppression using time series models." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 26, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v26.i3.pp1395-1401.

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When active radar and sonar systems are used for target detection and tracking, boosting target detection, and tracking efficiency is the most important challenge in real-time reverberation. To eliminate reverberation when transmitting linear frequency modulated (LFM) signals, this study employs time series techniques such as autoregressive (AR), moving average (MA), and autoregressive moving average (ARMA). The primary purpose of this research is to whiten LFM reverberation by transforming it to a fractional domain using the fractional Fourier transform (FrFT). The LFM reverberation is a highly coloured noise whose frequency fluctuates according to the stationary hitting frequency. As a reference signal, the proposed methods make use of the adjacent signal block. The effectiveness of FrFT-based AR, MA, and ARMA pre-whitening for LFM reverberation reduction was assessed, and the results were presented.

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Lo, K. W., and B. G. Ferguson. "Automatic detection and tracking of a small surface watercraft in shallow water using a high-frequency active sonar." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 40, no. 4 (October 2004): 1377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2004.1386890.

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Testolin, Alberto, and Roee Diamant. "Combining Denoising Autoencoders and Dynamic Programming for Acoustic Detection and Tracking of Underwater Moving Targets." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 2945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102945.

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Accurate detection and tracking of moving targets in underwater environments pose significant challenges, because noise in acoustic measurements (e.g., SONAR) makes the signal highly stochastic. In continuous marine monitoring a further challenge is related to the computational complexity of the signal processing pipeline—due to energy constraints, in off-shore monitoring platforms algorithms should operate in real time with limited power consumption. In this paper, we present an innovative method that allows to accurately detect and track underwater moving targets from the reflections of an active acoustic emitter. Our system is based on a computationally- and energy-efficient pre-processing stage carried out using a deep convolutional denoising autoencoder (CDA), whose output is then fed to a probabilistic tracking method based on the Viterbi algorithm. The CDA is trained on a large database of more than 20,000 reflection patterns collected during 50 designated sea experiments. System performance is then evaluated on a controlled dataset, for which ground truth information is known, as well as on recordings collected during different sea experiments. Results show that, compared to the benchmark, our method achieves a favorable trade-off between detection and false alarm rate, as well as improved tracking accuracy.

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Melvin, Gary D. "Observations of in situ Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) with 500-kHz multibeam sonar." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 8 (May 20, 2016): 1975–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw077.

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Abstract Field studies to investigate the survey capability of a 500-kHz multibeam sonar to monitor and quantify Atlantic bluefin tuna were undertaken at several fishing locations (commercial and recreational) off Prince Edward Island and at a grow-out pen in Nova Scotia. The results demonstrate that individual bluefin can be detected, enumerated, and tracked acoustically within the swathe of the sonar. Bluefin were observed individually, and in groups ranging from 2 to 16 fish. Schooling tuna, assumed to be foraging, were observed moving in a soldier formation. Estimates of in situ swimming speeds (0.5–11.0 m s−1) were made by tracking individual fish within the swathe. The mean interspatial distance between fish when swimming in a group of two or more tuna was estimated to be 8.94 m with a range of 2.68–22.63 m. Groups of up to 48 bluefin were observed aggregating around active herring gillnet vessels. Dorsal aspect target strength estimates of bluefin, obtained from an accompanying 120-kHz echosounder (Simrad EK60), ranged from −33 to −14 dB for fish from 220 to 313 cm (size estimated from commercial catches). Sonar detection ranges were dependent upon sea state and water depth. In rough seas, the surface layer became too turbulent, and air bubble attenuation too high, to consistently separate reverberation from fish-like targets. In shallow water (20–30 m), a range setting of >50 m could not be utilized due to seabed reflections. In water depths >50–60 m, a tilt angle of 7.5o below the horizontal allowed the sonar's range of up to 150 m to be utilized with minimal reverberation from the surface and seabed. The results indicate there is potential for using a 500-kHz multibeam sonar in fishery-independent surveys to monitor and to quantify bluefin in shallow water (<100 m).

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Yue, Wenrong, Feng Xu, Xiongwei Xiao, and Juan Yang. "Track-before-Detect Algorithm for Underwater Diver Based on Knowledge-Aided Particle Filter." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 9649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249649.

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This work studies the underwater detection and tracking of diver targets under a low signal-to-reverberation ratio (SRR) in active sonar systems. In particular, a particle filter track-before-detect based on a knowledge-aided (KA-PF-TBD) algorithm is proposed. Specifically, the original echo data is directly used as the input of the algorithm, which avoids the information loss caused by threshold detection. Considering the prior motion knowledge of the underwater diver target, we established a multi-directional motion model as the state transition model. An efficient method for calculating the statistical characteristics of echo data about the extended target is proposed based on the non-parametric kernel density estimation theory. The multi-directional movement model set and the statistical characteristics of the echo data are used as the knowledge-aided information of the particle filter process: this is used to calculate the particle weight with the sub-area instead of the whole area, and then the particles with the highest weight are used to estimate the target state. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is proved by simulation and sea-level experimental data analysis through joint evaluation of detection and tracking performance.

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Andrews, Samuel N., Antóin M. O’Sullivan, Jani Helminen, Daniel F. Arluison, Kurt M. Samways, Tommi Linnansaari, and R. Allen Curry. "Development of Active Numerating Side-scan for a High-Density Overwintering Location for Endemic Shortnose Sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) in the Saint John River, New Brunswick." Diversity 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12010023.

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In 1979, the Shortnose Sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) population of the Saint John River, New Brunswick, was estimated at 18,000 ± 5400 individuals. More recently, an estimate of 4836 ± 69 individuals in 2005, and between 3852 and 5222 individuals in 2009 and 2011, was made based on a single Shortnose Sturgeon winter aggregation in the Kennebecasis Bay of the Saint John River, a location thought to contain a large proportion of the population. These data, in combination with the Saint John River serving as the sole spawning location for Shortnose Sturgeon in Canada prompted a species designation of “Special Concern” in 2015 under Canada’s Species at Risk Act (SARA). A three-decade span of scientific observations amplified by the traditional knowledge and concerns of local indigenous groups have pointed to a declining population. However, the endemic Shortnose Sturgeon population of the Saint John River has not been comprehensively assessed in recent years. To help update the population estimate, we tested a rapid, low-cost side-scan sonar mapping method coupled with supervised image classification to enumerate individual Sturgeon in a previously undescribed critical winter location in the Saint John River. We then conducted an underwater video camera survey of the area, in which we did not identify any fish species other than Shortnose Sturgeon. These data were then synchronized with four years of continuous acoustic tracking of 18 Shortnose Sturgeon to produce a population estimate in each of the five identified winter habitats and the Saint John River as a whole. Using a side-scan sonar, we identified > 12,000 Shortnose Sturgeon in a single key winter location and estimated the full river population as > 20,000 individuals > ~40 cm fork length. We conclude that the combined sonar/image processing method presented herein provides an effective and rapid assessment of large fish such as Sturgeon when occurring in winter aggregation. Our results also indicate that the Shortnose Sturgeon population of the Saint John River could be similar to the last survey estimate conducted in the late 1970s, but more comprehensive and regular surveys are needed to more accurately assess the state of the population.

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Wynn, Jeff, Mike Williamson, and Jeff Frank. "Sequestered oil pollution mapping, and tracking active oil breakouts in sensitive rivers, bays, and estuaries." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 879–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.879.

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ABSTRACT Oil on the water surface represents just the American Petroleum Institute API > 10 gravity component of any crude oil spill or well blowout, and is identified and tracked by conventional remote sensing means. However, the API ≤ 10 components of the hydrocarbons are not readily accessible by these means. UV sensors on underwater vehicles can sample just a few cubic centimeters at a time and are subject to fouling. Side-scan sonar, under certain conditions, can “see” gas bubbles on the near outer shell of a subsurface plume if they exist early on during a blowout, but cannot assess the entire volume. Oil sequestered in bed sediments in oceans or rivers is not visible to UV sensors, nor is it visible to divers. It is apparent that this sensing gap problem needed to be addressed. A new technology developed by the US Geological Survey, working closely with Williamson & Associates of Seattle, holds promise for rapid mapping and characterization of below-surface hydrocarbons. Crude oil drifting in the deep ocean water column, oil blanketing the seafloor, and oil sequestered in seafloor and river bottom sediments can now be quickly mapped in 3D. If drifting in the seawater column, dispersed oil can be tracked as its distribution evolves over time. This technology also is potentially useful for mapping combined storm-water overflow (CSO, or sewage) deposits, as well as Superfund sites in Puget Sound and other sensitive rivers, bays, and estuaries close to cities that pose serious hazards to both humans and wildlife. The technology is based on a surface-sensitive electro-physical property known as induced polarization (IP). This surface-sensitivity means that highly dispersed IP-reactive materials have more surface area exposed to surrounding water, and are thus more responsive than undispersed materials of the same mass. IP technology has been used successfully for many decades to map disseminated porphyry sulfide deposits on land, but has only been applied commercially at sea since 2007. Recent laboratory and Puget Sound experiments have verified that the IP response of oil dispersed in water and sequestered in sediments is unusually strong: at least 20 times greater than a strong “hit” in an IP survey for sulfide minerals on land. The marine IP system has been towed behind a small boat in as little as 1–2 meters water depth, while one version has been tested (using a towed sled) to 3,500 meters depth. Depending on the cable-streamer design, the depth of detection of chargeable materials in sediments can be greater than 20 meters. It can be used to monitor active drill platforms for leaks. Finally, IP is also strongly reactive to buried pipelines; in the Gulf of Mexico there are over 43,000 miles of poorly-located, often hidden, corroding pipe. We can now map it precisely.

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Fernandez, Vicente I., Audrey Maertens, Frank M. Yaul, Jason Dahl, Jeffrey H. Lang, and Michael S. Triantafyllou. "Lateral-Line-Inspired Sensor Arrays for Navigation and Object Identification." Marine Technology Society Journal 45, no. 4 (July 1, 2011): 130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.4.20.

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AbstractThe lateral line is a critical component of fish sensory systems, found to affect numerous aspects of behavior, including maneuvering in complex fluid environments with poor visibility. This sensory organ has no analog in modern ocean vehicles, despite its utility and ubiquity in nature, and could fill the gap left by sonar and vision systems in turbid, cluttered environments.To emulate the lateral line and characterize its object-tracking and shape recognition capabilities, a linear array of pressure sensors is used along with analytic models of the fluid in order to determine position, shape, and size of various objects in both passive and active sensing schemes. We find that based on pressure information, tracking a moving cylinder can be effectively achieved via a particle filter. Using principal component analysis, we are also able to reliably distinguish between cylinders of different cross section and identify the critical flow signature information that leads to the shape identification. In a second application, we employ pressure measurements on an artificial fish and an unscented Kalman filter to successfully identify the shape of an arbitrary static cylinder.Based on the experiments, we conclude that a linear pressure sensor array for identifying small objects should have a sensor-to-sensor spacing of less than 0.03 (relative to the length of the sensing body) and resolve pressure differences of at least 10 Pa. These criteria are used in the development of an artificial lateral line adaptable to the curved hull of an underwater vehicle, employing conductive polymer technologies to form a flexible array of small pressure sensors.

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Barros, Abner C., and Paul J. Gendron. "A computational Bayesian processor for inference regarding range, depth, and velocity of a mobile scatterer under limited aperture." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016139.

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A computational Bayesian framework for inference regarding the range, depth and velocity of a submerged mobile localized body in an ocean waveguide is constructed. The approach incorporates the various mixed mode Doppler-frequency dispersion effects associated with the reverberant body’s vertical angle scattering. Such coupled eigen returns present angle-frequency modes of intermediate Doppler residing between that of the two coupled specular eigen path Doppler frequencies. It is exactly these modes which present a severe limitation to exploiting closely spaced arrivals in coherence and aperture limited environments. Conditional densities of arrival angle-Doppler are solved via a fast inverse quantile sampler. All other conditionals offer closed form representations in the Gaussian-inverse gamma family. The joint posterior probability density (PPD) of the arrivals are numerically solved and the implied PPD of the object's range, depth, and speed is inferred through acoustic ray interpolation. Case studies are presented with various refractive ocean waveguide environments as well as iso-velocity cases. The framework offers a means of incorporating spatio-temporal arrival structure for recursive tracking in an active sonar system. [Work is funded by the Office of Naval Research.]

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Ericson Rajagukguk. "Perbaikan Sistem Pelacakan Panel Surya Menggunakan Penyesuaian Posisi Massa Tambahan." JURNAL TEKNIK MESIN, INDUSTRI, ELEKTRO DAN INFORMATIKA 1, no. 1 (March 12, 2022): 07–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jtmei.v1i1.463.

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This study aims to obtain an effective solar panel tracking mechanism using energy-efficient electric actuators. Furthermore, we designed and implemented a semi-active solar tracking system. A tracking system is proposed to control solar panel orientation using a moving mass, a spring system, and an actuator. The weight of the moving mass and the spring constant are optimized to reduce actuator size. A stepper motor was used for this case. This electric drive is not the prime mover of the solar tracker; hence, it works against mass elements lighter than solar panel weight as used in the active solar tracker. Experimental results suggest that the average power required by the stepper motor is 0.21% of the energy generated by the solar tracking system. The results indicate that the proposed solar panel tracker works satisfactorily to control solar panel orientation.

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Zharkova, V., A. Benkhalil, S. Zharkov, S. Ipson, and R. D. Bentley. "Active region AR484 tracking with Solar Feature Catalogue." Advances in Space Research 37, no. 6 (January 2006): 1152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.141.

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Abadi, Imam, Qurrotul Uyuniyah, Dwi Nur Fitriyanah, Yahya Jani, and Kamaruddin Abdullah. "Performance Study of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Based on Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller on Active Dual Axis Solar Tracker." E3S Web of Conferences 190 (2020): 00016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019000016.

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World energy consumption increases with time, so that occur an energy imbalance. Many breakthroughs have developed to utilize renewable energy. The photovoltaic system is one of the easy-to-use renewable energies. The power conversion from PV fixed is still low, so the PV system is designed using the active dual-axis solar tracker. The PV tracker position can be adjusted to change the sun position to get maximum efficiency. The active dual-axis solar tracker system is integrated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to keep PV operating at a maximum power point even though input variations change. The active dual-axis solar tracker system integrated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to keep PV operating at a maximum power point even though input variations change. Tracking test simulation had done by comparing the output power of a fixed PV system with the active dual-axis solar tracker. Type-2 fuzzy logic based MPPT successfully increased the average output power by 10.48 % with the highest increase of 17.48 % obtained at 15:00 West Indonesia Time (GMT+7). The difference in power from a fixed PV system with the active dual-axis solar tracker of 36.08 W is from the output power worth 206.3 to 242.4 W.

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Imron, Chairul, Imam Abadi, Nurika Brillianti, Muhammad Khamim Asy’ari, Yusilawati Ahmad Nor, and Aep Saepul Uyun. "Fuzzy Logic Controller Application for an Active Two-Axis Solar Tracking System." E3S Web of Conferences 190 (2020): 00004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019000004.

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The changes in the intensity of solar radiation cause the electrical power produced by solar panels to be not optimal. The solar panel position control system to the position of the solar is an effort to overcome this problem. There are four Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensors placed on the sides of the four cardinal directions. The difference in the intensity of solar radiation received by each sensor causes the position of the solar panel to turn perpendicular to the position of the solar. The control method used is fuzzy logic control with three membership functions. The controlled variables are pitch angle and yaw angle in an active two-axis solar tracking system. Input fuzzy logic control is an error, and output is PWM. The results of the performance of the pitch angle control system produce settling time for 10 s and error steady-state obtained by 0.080 %, while for the yaw angle control system produces settling time for 13 s and steady-state error is obtained at 0.038 %. The existence of a control system resulted in an increase in the percentage of power above 30 % with a power difference of 7.49 W to a fixed panel.

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Siaw, Fei Lu, Tzer Hwai Gilbert Thio, and Suhail Hassan Elyas. "Development of A Single-Axis Solar Tracker in Malaysia." Journal of Engineering & Technological Advances 4, no. 2 (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35934/segi.v4i2.1.

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The performance of solar photovoltaic systems can be improved if solar modules are kept perpendicular to the direction of solar radiation. Therefore, an accurate solar tracker system is important to continuously orientate solar modules to be always perpendicular to the solar radiation throughout the day. This paper presents the development and testing of a selfadjusting single-axis solar tracking system using two photovoltaic cells as photosensors. A prototype of the single-axis solar tracking system is built and tested based on continuous tracking method to the sun’s position throughout the day. An Arduino UNO microcontroller, a servo motor, and photovoltaic cells are selected as the components of the prototype. As this is an active tracking system, the orientation of the tracker receiver surface depends on the feedback received from the photosensors. Outdoor tests were carried out under clear skies at Kota Damansara, Malaysia (3.1467512 N, 101.5740615 E). The tracking inaccuracy is less than 5% with the maximum being 4.12%.

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Singh Chawda, Gajendra, Om Prakash Mahela, Neeraj Gupta, Mahdi Khosravy, and Tomonobu Senjyu. "Incremental Conductance Based Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Global Maximum Power Tracking of Solar-PV under Nonuniform Operating Conditions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 4575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134575.

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In practical operating conditions, the Solar-Photo Voltaic (SPV) system experiences multifarious irradiation and temperature levels, which generate power with multiple peaks. This is considered as the nonuniform operating condition (NUOC). This requires accurate tracking of global power peaks to achieve maximum power from SPV, which is a challenging task. Hence, this paper presents an incremental Conductance based Particle Swarm Optimization (ICPSO) algorithm for accurate tracking of maximum global power from active power multiple peaks generated by the SPV. The proposed algorithm continuously adjusts the individual particle’s weight component, which depends on its distance from the global best position during the tracking process. The proposed algorithm has the merit of continuous adjustment of weight components which reduces active power oscillations at the optimal global position area. Proposed ICPSO algorithm has been successfully designed and implemented for Solar-photo voltaic (PV) under nonuniform operating condition. It is established that the proposed algorithm enhances the output power of the Solar-PV up to 7% with the maximum power tracking of 0.1 s compared to other maximum power point tracking algorithms.

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Palomino-Resendiz, Sergio Isai, Norma Beatriz Lozada-Castillo, Diego Alonso Flores-Hernández, Oscar Octavio Gutiérrez-Frías, and Alberto Luviano-Juárez. "Adaptive Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Solar Tracking Systems with Partially Known Model." Mathematics 9, no. 22 (November 11, 2021): 2871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9222871.

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In this article, the trajectory tracking control of a solar tracking system is tackled by means of an adaptive active disturbance rejection control scheme. The state and disturbance estimation system is based on the combination of a time varying identification system and an adaptive observer. The stability and robustness of the controller is mathematically tested by means of the second method of Lyapunov, and its effectiveness is experimentally tested in a robotic test bed, achieving both lower energy consumption and better tracking results with respect to a PID-based controller.

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Baumgartner, Dietmar J., Werner Pötzi, Heinrich Freislich, Heinz Strutzmann, Astrid M. Veronig, and Harald E. Rieder. "An automated method for the evaluation of the pointing accuracy of Sun-tracking devices." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 3 (March 22, 2017): 1181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1181-2017.

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Abstract. The accuracy of solar radiation measurements, for direct (DIR) and diffuse (DIF) radiation, depends significantly on the precision of the operational Sun-tracking device. Thus, rigid targets for instrument performance and operation have been specified for international monitoring networks, e.g., the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) operating under the auspices of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP). Sun-tracking devices that fulfill these accuracy requirements are available from various instrument manufacturers; however, none of the commercially available systems comprise an automatic accuracy control system allowing platform operators to independently validate the pointing accuracy of Sun-tracking sensors during operation. Here we present KSO-STREAMS (KSO-SunTRackEr Accuracy Monitoring System), a fully automated, system-independent, and cost-effective system for evaluating the pointing accuracy of Sun-tracking devices. We detail the monitoring system setup, its design and specifications, and the results from its application to the Sun-tracking system operated at the Kanzelhöhe Observatory (KSO) Austrian radiation monitoring network (ARAD) site. The results from an evaluation campaign from March to June 2015 show that the tracking accuracy of the device operated at KSO lies within BSRN specifications (i.e., 0.1° tracking accuracy) for the vast majority of observations (99.8 %). The evaluation of manufacturer-specified active-tracking accuracies (0.02°), during periods with direct solar radiation exceeding 300 W m−2, shows that these are satisfied in 72.9 % of observations. Tracking accuracies are highest during clear-sky conditions and on days where prevailing clear-sky conditions are interrupted by frontal movement; in these cases, we obtain the complete fulfillment of BSRN requirements and 76.4 % of observations within manufacturer-specified active-tracking accuracies. Limitations to tracking surveillance arise during overcast conditions and periods of partial solar-limb coverage by clouds. On days with variable cloud cover, 78.1 % (99.9 %) of observations meet active-tracking (BSRN) accuracy requirements while for days with prevailing overcast conditions these numbers reduce to 64.3 % (99.5 %).

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Kassim, Murizah, and Fadila Lazim. "Adaptive photovoltaic solar module based on internet of things and web-based monitoring system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp924-935.

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This paper presents an intelligent of single axis automatic adaptive photovoltaic solar module. A static solar panel has an issue of efficiency on shading effects, irradiance of sunlight absorbed, and less power generates. This aims to design an effective algorithm tracking system and a prototype automatic adaptive solar photovoltaic (PV) module connected through internet of things (IoT). The system has successfully designated on solving efficiency optimization. A tracking system by using active method orientation and allows more power and energy are captured. The solar rotation angle facing aligned to the light-dependent resistor (LDR) voltage captured and high solar panel voltage measured by using Arduino microcontroller. Real-time data is collected from the dynamic solar panel, published on Node-Red webpage, and running interactive via android device. The system has significantly reduced time. Data captured by the solar panel then analyzed based on irradiance, voltage, current, power generated and efficiency. Successful results present a live data analytic platform with active tracking system that achieved larger power generated and efficiency of solar panel compared to a fixed mounted array. This research is significant that can help the user to monitor parameters collected by the solar panel thus able to increase 51.82% efficiency of the PV module.

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Schneider, F. P., C. E. C. Nogueira, Fernando Toniazzo, S. N. M. Souza, J. A. C. Siqueira, I. L. Nogueira, and D. R. Santos. "Characterization of a Water Heating System Using Solar Collector With Conical Concentrator." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 12 (November 15, 2018): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n12p405.

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This study aimed to evaluate a solar water heating system for using on residences, using a solar collector with conical concentrator. The principle of light concentration in a solar collector with conical concentrator is the capture and reflection of solar radiation in the center of a tapered concentrator with internal reflective faces. The area of concentration of solar energy is occupied by a receiver with material of high thermal conductivity, properly isolated by transparent surfaces, to form the greenhouse effect, where the thermal energy is transferred to a working fluid. The characterization of the system was done through field tests to determine the efficiency in the water heating. The tests were performed considering different scenarios, which varied according to the heating system (passive and active with different water flow) and solar tracking (manual adjustment and stationary). The results showed that the scenarios with solar tracking presented an average efficiency of 12.63%, which was more efficient than those presented by the fixed orientation, which was 11.44%. Besides that, it was verified that the active solar heating systems were more efficient than the passive ones.

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Fuentes-Morales, Rosa F., Arturo Diaz-Ponce, Manuel I. Peña-Cruz, Pedro M. Rodrigo, Luis M. Valentín-Coronado, Fernando Martell-Chavez, and Carlos A. Pineda-Arellano. "Control algorithms applied to active solar tracking systems: A review." Solar Energy 212 (December 2020): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.10.071.

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Yantidewi, Meta, Brilliyan Hadid, and Dzulkiflih. "Arduino-based Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Prototype." MATEC Web of Conferences 372 (2022): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237204013.

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Since solar energy is an infinite source of energy, it can be used as a suitable alternative energy source. One of the technological attempts to utilize solar energy is the use of solar panels. A solar panel is a device consisting of a series of solar cells that can convert sunlight energy into electrical energy. The generated electrical energy adjusts the intensity of the received sunlight. However, in its application, most solar cells are statically placed (not following the movement of the sun), where the position of the solar panels only leads to one specific preventing optimal absorption of the intensity of sunlight and resulting electrical energy generation. Therefore, we need a solar tracking system that can automatically control the solar panels to track the movement of the sunlight so that they can absorb the sunlight optimally. The solar tracker created in this research consists of monocrystalline solar panels, LDRs, INA219 sensor, Arduino board, and servo motors. Data collection was carried out for six hours on three consecutive days. According to this study, the greatest difference in power generated by solar panels occurs between 12:00 and 13:00 WIB, with an average value of active solar tracker power of 0.5 W and static solar tracker value of 0.34 W.

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Chowdhury, Muhammad E. H., Amith Khandakar, Belayat Hossain, and Rayaan Abouhasera. "A Low-Cost Closed-Loop Solar Tracking System Based on the Sun Position Algorithm." Journal of Sensors 2019 (February 27, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3681031.

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Sun position and the optimum inclination of a solar panel to the sun vary over time throughout the day. A simple but accurate solar position measurement system is essential for maximizing the output power from a solar panel in order to increase the panel efficiency while minimizing the system cost. Solar position can be measured either by a sensor (active/passive) or through the sun position monitoring algorithm. Sensor-based sun position measuring systems fail to measure the solar position in a cloudy or intermittent day, and they require precise installation and periodic calibrations. In contrast, the sun position algorithms use mathematical formula or astronomical data to obtain the station of the sun at a particular geographical location and time. A standalone low-cost but high-precision dual-axis closed-loop sun-tracking system using the sun position algorithm was implemented in an 8-bit microcontroller platform. The Astronomical Almanac’s (AA) algorithm was used for its simplicity, reliability, and fast computation capability of the solar position. Results revealed that incorporation of the sun position algorithm into a solar tracking system helps in outperforming the fixed system and optical tracking system by 13.9% and 2.1%, respectively. In summary, even for a small-scale solar tracking system, the algorithm-based closed-loop dual-axis tracking system can increase overall system efficiency.

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Caballero, C., and M. C. Aranda. "Automatic Tracking of Active Regions and Detection of Solar Flares in Solar EUV Images." Solar Physics 289, no. 5 (November 1, 2013): 1643–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11207-013-0415-4.

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Löptien, B., A. C. Birch, T. L. Duvall, L. Gizon, B. Proxauf, and J. Schou. "Measuring solar active region inflows with local correlation tracking of granulation." Astronomy & Astrophysics 606 (October 2017): A28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731064.

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Zsiborács, Henrik, Gábor Pintér, András Vincze, and Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai. "A Control Process for Active Solar-Tracking Systems for Photovoltaic Technology and the Circuit Layout Necessary for the Implementation of the Method." Sensors 22, no. 7 (March 27, 2022): 2564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072564.

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What basically determines how much energy is generated by a photovoltaic (PV) system is the amount of solar irradiation that is absorbed by its PV modules. One of the technical solutions to boost this quantity, and thusly also maximize the return on PV investments, is solar tracking, which makes the following of the sun on its daily and annual journey in the sky possible and also takes changes in cloud conditions into consideration. The solar-tracking solutions that PV systems are most frequently equipped with deploy active sensor technologies, while passive ones are less common in present-day practice. However, even the popular solutions of today have their limitations. Their active sensor-tracking algorithms leave room for improvement for at least three major reasons, as they do not prevent the unnecessary operation of the motors in cloudy weather, they do not make the modules assume an appropriate position after nightfall, and they do not make sure that the structure and the electronics of the PV systems are protected from rain and the strong winds in the event of storms. This paper introduces a new active sensor-tracking algorithm, which has not only been tested but it is also in the process of patenting (patent ID: p2100209). By their contribution, the authors endeavor to propose a solution that can solve all three of the issues mentioned above. The concept is based on two fundamental findings. According to the first one, periodic movement can not only considerably decrease motor movement but also increase system lifetime, while the second one simply suggests that moving the modules into an almost horizontal position facing the equator at low light levels is conducive to the prevention of damages caused by storms and fast reaction to the increase in the amount of light at daybreak. A positive feature of the new system for PV power plant operators is that it performs the tracking of the sun practically without any decrease in power compared to the focal point position, since it works with an average inaccuracy of 1.9°.

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Burbano-Benavides, Donovan Steven, Oscar David Ortiz-Sotelo, Javier Revelo-Fuelagán, and John E. Candelo-Becerra. "Design of an On-Grid Microinverter Control Technique for Managing Active and Reactive Power in a Microgrid." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 22, 2021): 4765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114765.

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This paper presents the design and implementation of an on-grid microinverter control technique for managing active and reactive power based on a dq transformation. The system was implemented in a solar microinverter development kit (Texas Instruments—TMDSSOLARUINVKIT). This microinverter has two stages: DC-DC and DC-AC. The DC-DC stage contains an active clamp flyback converter, where the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the solar panel is obtained with a current-based incremental conductance algorithm. The DC-AC stage comprises a dual-buck inverter in which voltage-, current-, and phase-tracking control loops are implemented to control the active and reactive power. These techniques were simulated in MATLAB using the proposed mathematical model and experimentally validated in the solar development kit. The results show that the simulated model behaved similarly to the real system, and the control techniques presented good performance. The maximum power point (MPP) of the solar panel was monitored in the DC-DC stage using a current reference provided by the incremental conductance MPPT algorithm and was regulated by a 2P2Z control. The algorithm is robust against continuous changes in irradiance, as it quickly follows the ideal power and continually operates at a point close to the MPP. In addition, the active and reactive power control in the DC-AC stage enables the microinverter to supply the maximum active power. Moreover, the microinverter supplies reactive power according to a defined reference and within the established limits. The proposed mathematical model of the microinverter can be used to design new control techniques and other microinverter topologies. In addition, this active and reactive power-control technique can be implemented in low-power and low-cost microinverters to successfully maintain power quality in small microgrids.

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Ruppel, Carolyn D., Thomas C. Weber, Erica R. Staaterman, Stanley J. Labak, and Patrick E. Hart. "Categorizing Active Marine Acoustic Sources Based on Their Potential to Affect Marine Animals." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091278.

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Marine acoustic sources are widely used for geophysical imaging, oceanographic sensing, and communicating with and tracking objects or robotic vehicles in the water column. Under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act and similar regulations in several other countries, the impact of controlled acoustic sources is assessed based on whether the sound levels received by marine mammals meet the criteria for harassment that causes certain behavioral responses. This study describes quantitative factors beyond received sound levels that could be used to assess how marine species are affected by many commonly deployed marine acoustic sources, including airguns, high-resolution geophysical sources (e.g., multibeam echosounders, sidescan sonars, subbottom profilers, boomers, and sparkers), oceanographic instrumentation (e.g., acoustic doppler current profilers, split-beam fisheries sonars), and communication/tracking sources (e.g., acoustic releases and locators, navigational transponders). Using physical criteria about the sources, such as source level, transmission frequency, directionality, beamwidth, and pulse repetition rate, we divide marine acoustic sources into four tiers that could inform regulatory evaluation. Tier 1 refers to high-energy airgun surveys with a total volume larger than 1500 in3 (24.5 L) or arrays with more than 12 airguns, while Tier 2 covers the remaining low/intermediate energy airgun surveys. Tier 4 includes most high-resolution geophysical, oceanographic, and communication/tracking sources, which are considered unlikely to result in incidental take of marine mammals and therefore termed de minimis. Tier 3 covers most non-airgun seismic sources, which either have characteristics that do not meet the de minimis category (e.g., some sparkers) or could not be fully evaluated here (e.g., bubble guns, some boomers). We also consider the simultaneous use of multiple acoustic sources, discuss marine mammal field observations that are consistent with the de minimis designation for some acoustic sources, and suggest how to evaluate acoustic sources that are not explicitly considered here.

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Gondoin, P., M. Fridlund, D. Gandolfi, and E. Güenter. "Differential rotation on active late-type stars observed with Corot." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S264 (August 2009): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921309992365.

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AbstractOne major topic in studying stellar activity is to explain how phenomena seen on the Sun and stars, and specially magnetic phenomena, depend on stellar properties such as rotation and age. Differential rotation is an important physical process in theories of stellar magnetic field generation. The solar surface differential rotation was initially discovered via the simple method of tracking the rotation rates of individual starspots at different latitudes. Adopting a similar principle, high accuracy light curves of active stars observed with the CoRoT satellite are analyzed using a model based on the rotational modulation of the visibility of active regions.

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Aprilia, Bandiyah Sri, Muhammad Zakiyullah Romdlony, Jangkung Raharjo, and Yogi Ghifari Sidik. "Fuzzy based sensorless tracking controller on the dual-axis PV panel for optimizing the power production." JURNAL INFOTEL 13, no. 4 (December 9, 2021): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v13i4.738.

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In general active sun trackers move because they respond to light sensors that measure the intensity of sunlight. However, sensor based trackers are usually more expensive than sensor less trackers. In addition, based on several studies, a comparison between sensor and sensorless based tracker only reports lower tracking error and higher power generation for sensor based than sensorless tracker but does not include an analysis of energy use on the sensor. Therefore, this study aims to design a sensorless closed loop tracking system for solar panels with two degrees of freedom. The tracking controller in this study is based on the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) method. In this study, a dual-axis PV can increase power output by 20.2% compared to a fixed PV (0 ° axis position). This is because, in comparison to a fixed PV, dual axis PV adjusts the solar panel perpendicular to the sun's position to optimize electrical conversion.

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Reddy, E. Sarath Chandra, and Ch Chengaiah. "Flexible Active Power Control Strategy for Photovoltaic System Based on Current Limiting Control Method." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 11, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.b9668.1211221.

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India is country with abundant solar energy availability. The annual solar energy output exceeds the total energy output of India's non renewable energy sources. As increasing installation of renewable energy sources into the grid. The fluctuations of power based on operating climate conditions like solar insulation and temperature is highly depends as it is not possible to limit such installations with time the penetration level of renewable sources will increase to meet demand with green energy. This paper proposed a flexibly power point tracking (FPPT) control of active power in photovoltaic system to achieve reserve capacity with Power Limiting Control (PLC) which will provide high stability to existing system without overloading it thus a proper integration to the grid and to mitigate adverse negative effects of high level integrations are possible with modified grid codes in stand of replacement of existing grid . Matlab/Simulink software package is used to make the model and effectiveness of the propose system is tested with Simulink environment..

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Birch, A. C., H. Schunker, D. C. Braun, and L. Gizon. "Average surface flows before the formation of solar active regions and their relationship to the supergranulation pattern." Astronomy & Astrophysics 628 (August 2019): A37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935591.

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Context. The emergence of solar active regions is an important but poorly understood aspect of the solar dynamo. Aims. Knowledge of the flows associated with the rise of active-region-forming magnetic concentrations through the near-surface layers will help determine the mechanisms of active region formation. Methods. We used helioseismic holography and granulation tracking to measure the horizontal flows at the surface that precede the emergence of active regions. We then averaged these flows over about sixty emerging active regions to reduce the noise, selecting active regions that emerge into relatively quiet Sun. To help interpret the results, we constructed a simple model flow field by generating synthetic “emergence locations” that are probabilistically related to the locations of supergranulation-scale convergence regions in the quiet Sun. Results. The flow maps obtained from helioseismology and granulation tracking are very similar (correlation coefficients for single maps around 0.96). We find that active region emergence is, on average, preceded by converging horizontal flows of amplitude about 40 m s−1. The convergence region extends over about 40 Mm in the east-west direction and about 20 Mm in the north-south direction and is centered in the retrograde direction relative to the emergence location. This flow pattern is largely reproduced by a model in which active region emergence occurs preferentially in the prograde direction relative to supergranulation inflows. Conclusions. Averaging over many active regions reveals a statistically significant pattern of near-surface flows prior to emergence. The qualitative success of our simple model suggests that rising flux concentrations and supergranule-scale flows interact during the emergence process.

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Geng, Wenbao, and Min Lei. "Improving thermal control efficiency of solar energy utilization based on at series single-chip microcomputer." Thermal Science 25, no. 4 Part B (2021): 2845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2104845g.

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The thesis researched and designed a solar air heating automatic control system. The system is based on the AT89C52 single-chip microcomputer. The system has automatic tracking function control of the blade heat collector, winter and summer function conversion, and active and passive function conversion functions. The advantage of this system is that it can set the operating parameters of the system as required and can typically work following the set mode under complicated weather changes. Through experimental research, it is found that the solar air heating automatic control system can effectively improve the utilization efficiency of solar energy.

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Fisher, F. J. F., D. L. Ehret, G. R. Lister, and J. Hollingdale. "Light quality and sun tracking in Malva neglecta." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-072.

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Two distinct spectral components were found to be necessary to produce solar-tracking movements of the leaves of Malva neglecta: a small blue vectorial component with a quantum flux as low as 10 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 was found to be sufficient to determine the direction of movement, but responses do not take place unless additional radiation (regardless of spectral quality or direction) raise the total photosynthetically active component above the current light compensation point (70 μmol∙m−2∙s−1). This additional radiation could be given simultaneously or in an immediately preceding light treatment.

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Stefenon, Stéfano Frizzo, Christopher Kasburg, Roberto Zanetti Freire, Fernanda Cristina Silva Ferreira, Douglas Wildgrube Bertol, and Ademir Nied. "Photovoltaic power forecasting using wavelet Neuro-Fuzzy for active solar trackers." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 40, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 1083–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-201279.

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The generation of electric energy by photovoltaic (PV) panels depends on many parameters, one of them is the sun’s angle of incidence. By using solar active trackers, it is possible to maximize generation capacity through real-time positioning. However, if the engines that update the position of the panels use more energy than the difference in efficiency, the solar tracker system becomes ineffective. In this way, a time series forecasting method can be assumed to determine the generation capacity in a pre-established horizon prediction to evaluate if a position update would provide efficient results. Among a wide range of algorithms that can be used in forecasting, this work considered a Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System due to its combined advantages such as smoothness property from Fuzzy systems and adaptability property from neural networks structures. Focusing on time series forecasting, this article presents a model and evaluates the solar prediction capacity using the Wavelet Neuro-Fuzzy algorithm, where Wavelets were included in the model for feature extraction. In this sense, this paper aims to evaluate whether it is possible to obtain reasonable accuracy using a hybrid model for electric power generation forecasting considering solar trackers. The main contributions of this work are related to the efficiency improvement of PV panels. By assuming a hybrid computational model, it is possible to make a forecast and determine if the use of solar tracking is interesting during certain periods. Finally, the proposed model showed promising results when compared to traditional Nonlinear autoregressive model structures.

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Alsaidan, Ibrahim, Priyanka Chaudhary, Muhannad Alaraj, and Mohammad Rizwan. "An Intelligent Approach to Active and Reactive Power Control in a Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic System." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 4219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084219.

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The increasing demand of electrical energy and environmental concerns are invigorating the use of renewable energy resources for power generation. Renewable energy resources can provide an attractive solution for present and future energy requirements. In this scenario, solar photovoltaic systems are becoming prominent and sustainable solutions with numerous advantages. However, the utilization of solar photovoltaic systems in distribution generation makes it mandatory to deploy efficient and organized control measures for integrating solar photovoltaic plants with the grid. In this paper, the control of grid-tied solar photovoltaic systems using a Kalman filter-based generalized neural network is presented with a variable step size perturb and observe-based maximum power point tracking controller to extract the maximum power from a solar photovoltaic plant. The presented system provides power-quality enhancement and supports a three-phase AC grid. The proposed approach extracts the load currents’ primary components for efficient harmonics elimination, synchronizes the system with the grid and provides a fast response during rapidly changing conditions. The results of the proposed control technique are also compared with the artificial neural network-based control technique for validation purposes. The proposed algorithm is found more suitable for using a smaller number of unknown weights and training patterns with reduced computational time.

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M, Kalarathi, and Gnanavadivel J. "DC-DC Converter with Active Switched LC Network for PV System Along with MPPT." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 1071–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.100451.

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To get maximum power from Photo Voltaic (PV) panel, a DC-DC converter is operated with an active switched LC-network and a fuzzy controller, which boosts the output voltage by utilizing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). In areas where solar energy is abundant, PV systems offer a low-cost source of electricity. Non-Polluting and low maintenance are two advantages of a PV system. There are several factors that can reduce the output of solar energy, including irradiance, temperature, and partial shading in the cells. A DC-DC converter with active switched LC networks can be used to provide constant output voltage. As the power outcome of the PV system is variable, Perturb and Observe (P and O) MPPT procedure obtains maximum output power. The output of P and O MPPT is compared with Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) MPPT and the results are presented.

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Ishaan Singh Chauhan, Ishaan Singh Chauhan, Praveen Kumara Praveen Kumara, Shams Ahmad Shams Ahmad, and Devendra Mohan Devendra Mohan. "Development of a Hybrid Active-Passive Solar Tracker Using GPS Tracking and Image Processing." Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 7, no. 4 (2018): 09–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.13074/jent.2018.12.184327.

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Gill, C. D., L. Fletcher, and S. Marshall. "Using Active Contours for Semi-Automated Tracking of UV and EUV Solar Flare Ribbons." Solar Physics 262, no. 2 (January 21, 2010): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11207-010-9508-5.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Active sonar tracking'

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