Relevant bibliographies by topics / Active shooter mitigation

Academic literature on the topic 'Active shooter mitigation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Active shooter mitigation"

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Bott, PhD, Robert, Braiden Frantz, PhD, and J. Eric Dietz, PhD, PE. "Active shooter mitigation techniques." Journal of Emergency Management 20, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.0639.

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This paper looks at current active shooter mitigation techniques employed by schools throughout the country in an attempt to mitigate casualties during an active shooter event. The researchers modified an existing Columbine High School agent-based model created by Jae Lee, MS, to examine if the introduction of a school resource officer (SRO), concealed carry weapon (CCW) holder, or both would change the outcome of the previous research. RUN.HIDE.FIGHT® scenarios were modeled with the same parameters of the previous work, but now included armed first responders during the incident to assess whether their presence decreased casualties through a reduction in response time. The researchers determined that the addition of either an SRO, CCW holder, or both significantly reduced casualty rates during an active shooter scenario.
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Tzvetanov, MS, Krassimir, Travis Cline, PhD, Grant Thomas, MEd LCAS, Caleb Wood, and J. Eric Dietz, PhD, PE. "Active shooter mitigation strategies in small rural churches." Journal of Emergency Management 20, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.0540.

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Gun violence in places of worship (POW) has long been an issue and has been addressed repeatedly in the literature. Contextually, most of the research has been pertinent to relatively large POW, situated in an urban setting. However, rural churches have not been addressed, and they appear to have a far less defensive posture, mainly because of their remote location and the extended time required for first responders to arrive, which in turn requires a higher level of independent operation in terms of defense and medical response. Having retained an off-duty officer is a strong deterrent and provides the ability to handle any issues that may arise, including lower violence level events. If retaining an officer is not an option, having a well-trained volunteer armed team and a clear plan of action is vital to surviving such an event. Furthermore, due to the extended response and transport time, it is critical to have proper medical training, such as Stop the Bleed® and cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. This article’s focus is not only on response but preparedness, which reinforces the response, as well as prevention and deterrence. An exhaustive best practices review has informed the solutions offered, supplemented by experience and recommendations of a highly experienced physical security expert and a police officer member of a Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) team.
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Anklam III, PhD, Charles, Adam Kirby, MS, Filipo Sharevski, MS, and J. Eric Dietz, PhD, PE. "Mitigating active shooter impact: Analysis for policy options based on agent/computer-based modeling." Journal of Emergency Management 13, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2015.0234.

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Active shooting violence at confined settings, such as educational institutions, poses serious security concerns to public safety. In studying the effects of active shooter scenarios, the common denominator associated with all events, regardless of reason/intent for shooter motives, or type of weapons used, was the location chosen and time expended between the beginning of the event and its culmination. This in turn directly correlates to number of casualties incurred in any given event. The longer the event protracts, the more casualties are incurred until law enforcement or another barrier can react and culminate the situation.Objective: Using AnyLogic technology, devise modeling scenarios to test multiple hypotheses against free-agent modeling simulation to determine the best method to reduce casualties associated with active shooter scenarios.Design, setting, subjects: Test four possible scenarios of responding to active shooter in a public school setting using agent-based computer modeling techniques—scenario 1: basic scenario where no access control or any type of security is used within the school; scenario 2, scenario assumes that concealed carry individual(s) (5-10 percent of the work force) are present in the school; scenario 3, scenario assumes that the school has assigned resource officer; scenario 4, scenario assumes that the school has assigned resource officer and concealed carry individual(s) (5-10 percent) present in the school.Main outcomes measured: Statistical data from modeling scenarios indicating which tested hypothesis resulted in fewer casualties and quicker culmination of event.Results: The use of AnyLogic proved the initial hypothesis that a decrease on response time to an active shooter scenario directly reduced victim casualties.Conclusions: Modeling tests show statistically significant fewer casualties in scenarios where on-scene armed responders such as resource officers and concealed carry personnel were present.
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Upadhyaya, Chandrama Prakash, Deepak Singh Bagri, and Devanshi Chandel Upadhyay. "Ascorbic Acid and/or 24-Epibrassinolide Trigger Physiological and Biochemical Responses for the Salt Stress Mitigation in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 655–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i4.13975.

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In the present study, we examined the role of ascorbic acid (AsA, vitamin C) and/or 24-epibrassinolide (EBL, an active BR) in mitigation of salt-induced stress in potato (Solanum tuberousum L). The 10-d-old plants were exposed to 150 mM NaCl and they were subsequently treated by ASA and/or EBL. The salt stress reduced significantly the plant growth, tuber yield, total chlorophyll and increased proline content and electrolyte leakage in the leaves. Toxic effects induced by salt stress were completely overcome by the combined exogenous application of AsA and EBL. The AsA and/or EBL treatments improved the growth parameters of the salt treated plants, such as shoot length, tuber number and size, fresh and dry mass and other physiological parameters. Our data also indicated that applications of AsA and EBL up-regulated the stress regulating plant hormone such as IAA, IBA and activities of the antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and under salt stress. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(4): 655-667
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Rasul, Fiaz, Saurabh Gupta, Justyna Jadwiga Olas, Tsanko Gechev, Neerakkal Sujeeth, and Bernd Mueller-Roeber. "Priming with a Seaweed Extract Strongly Improves Drought Tolerance in Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031469.

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Drought represents a major threat to plants in natural ecosystems and agricultural settings. The biostimulant Super Fifty (SF), produced from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum, enables ecologically friendly stress mitigation. We investigated the physiological and whole-genome transcriptome responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to drought stress after a treatment with SF. SF strongly decreased drought-induced damage. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which typically stifle plant growth during drought, was reduced in SF-primed plants. Relative water content remained high in SF-treated plants, whilst ion leakage, a measure of cell damage, was reduced compared to controls. Plant growth requires a functional shoot apical meristem (SAM). Expression of a stress-responsive negative growth regulator, RESPONSIVE TO DESICCATION 26 (RD26), was repressed by SF treatment at the SAM, consistent with the model that SF priming maintains the function of the SAM during drought stress. Accordingly, expression of the cell cycle marker gene HISTONE H4 (HIS4) was maintained at the SAMs of SF-primed plants, revealing active cell cycle progression after SF priming during drought. In accordance with this, CYCP2;1, which promotes meristem cell division, was repressed by drought but enhanced by SF. SF also positively affected stomatal behavior to support the tolerance to drought stress. Collectively, our data show that SF priming mitigates multiple cellular processes that otherwise impair plant growth under drought stress, thereby providing a knowledge basis for future research on crops.
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Khan, Masudulla, Zaki A. Siddiqui, Aiman Parveen, Azmat Ali Khan, Il Soo Moon, and Mahboob Alam. "Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1606–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0097.

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Abstract Nanoparticles (NPs) have a critical function in mitigating the disease of fruits and vegetables. In the present investigation, the effects of three levels of concentrations (0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/mL) of titanium dioxide NPs (TiO2-NPs) and silicon dioxide NPs (SiO2-NPs) were investigated against fungus Phomopsis vexans, bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, and Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode). The present investigation’s findings found that the application of SiO2-NPs was more efficient against test pathogens in comparison to TiO2-NPs. The best result produced by SiO2-NPs against pathogenic strain was used in the molecular docking investigation with the protein of R. solanacearum to better understand the interaction of active amino acids with SiO2-NPs. The obtained results revealed that the administration of 0.20 mg/mL foliar spray of SiO2-NPs in plants with M. incognita improves up to 37.92% of shoot dry weight and increases 70.42% of chlorophyll content. P. vexans growth was suppressed by 41.2% with 0.62 mm of inhibition zone when SiO2-NPs were given at a dosage of 0.20 mg/mL. The reductions in egg hatching and M. incognita (J2) mortality were greater in SiO2-NPs than in TiO2-NPs. The results of scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the application of both NPs harmed test pathogens. The confocal study also showed the penetration of NPs among test pathogens.
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Marino, Michael. "Defining Fire as a Weapon (FaaW): Clarity, Implications, and Opportunity for the Homeland Security Enterprise." Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, December 6, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2022-0014.

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Abstract Fire as a weapon (FaaW) is discussed within the first responder community but still vaguely defined. This ambiguity, coupled with absent reporting mechanisms, leads to an inability to estimate the size of the problem correctly. This research offers a comprehensive definition of FaaW and argues for its inclusion as a high-threat response. It evaluates fire as a weapon as a homeland security issue requiring additional attention and leadership by offering new data and analysis that demonstrates the severity of the problem, especially compared to other high-threat events such as active shooter incidents. It clarifies which incident types should receive the most focus and argues for strategic shifts in how we currently perceive this threat. It also elucidates the potential to apply established national standards and tactics for active shooter response to fire as a weapon mitigation strategy.
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Patel, Ranjeeta, and Anup Kumar Panda. "Real Time Harmonic Mitigation Using Fuzzy Based Highly Reliable Three Dual-Buck Full-Bridge APF for Dynamic Unbalanced Load." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 19, no. 3 (March 20, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2017-0167.

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Abstract This study presents a highly reliable 3-phase 4-wire, three dual-buck full-bridge shunt active power filter (3 DB FB APF) for distribution system. The proposed topology uses three single phase dual buck full bridge inverter sharing the same dc-link capacitor with high utilization of dc-bus voltage. The dual buck inverter circuit composed of one power switch and one diode leg instead of two power switches conventional inverter leg effectually eliminate the undesirable “shoot-through” phenomenon occurs in conventional inverter circuit. The fuzzy and adaptive hysteresis current controller based id-iq control strategy has been adopted to generate optimized switching frequency. For validation, the proposed topology is implemented in the OPAL-RT LAB using OP5142-Spartan 3 FPGA. The dynamic performance of the proposed 3 DB FB APF is assessed for sinusoidal, unbalanced and non-sinusoidal voltage source condition with unbalanced non-linear load that is when both three-phase and single-phase loads are present in the system. Besides, the results with proportional-integral (PI) controller are compared with FLC in terms of harmonic compensation. Furthermore, a comparison has been made between split capacitor dual buck half bridge active power filter (2C DB HB APF) and proposed 3 DB FB APF based on switch power rating.
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Hayyat, Muhammad Umar, Zafar Siddiq, Rashid Mahmood, Amin U. Khan, and Kun-Fang Cao. "Limestone Quarry Waste Promotes the Growth of Two Native Woody Angiosperms." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9 (April 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.637833.

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Limestone quarrying is an active mining practices generating bulk of solid remains and altering the habitat by the removal of plants; however, the utilization of such waste for the growth of plants has not been investigated much. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of limestone quarry waste on the growth of two native plants by analyzing its physicochemical properties and utility for plantation purposes, while determining whether mitigation measures would be required for the habitat restoration of quarry site. Two species, Acacia modesta and Adhatoda vasica were selected from the quarry site habitat. These plants were grown in different proportions of quarry waste, and garden soil was used as a control. Growth was assessed by recording plant height, number of branches per plant, root and shoot length, and total biomass. We also analyzed the N, P, K, Na, Ca, and Mg contents of the root and shoot tissues of both species. We found a significant increase in plant height (1.24- and 1.19-fold greater than controls for A. modesta and A. vasica, respectively). Differences in the number branches, root, shoot length, and biomass were also found. A significant and positive relationship was found between the mineral content in roots and the total plant biomass across both species. We conclude that (1) the mining solid waste contained the necessary minerals for the studied plant species and no amelioration would be required for restoration of such sites with the selected indigenous plants; and (2) the quarry waste promoted the growth of the two selected species. The results of the present study can be used to plan habitat restoration in limestone mining areas that have lost plant cover.
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Costello, M. Christina Schilling, and Linda S. Lee. "Sources, Fate, and Plant Uptake in Agricultural Systems of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances." Current Pollution Reports, December 15, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40726-020-00168-y.

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Abstract Purpose of Review Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of > 4700 recalcitrant compounds, many of which are ubiquitous in the environment. This review aims to (1) identify PFAS sources and fate processes relevant to agricultural systems and (2) expand on plant uptake mechanisms and plant responses to PFAS. Recent Findings The number of PFAS being quantified in studies involving soil, water, and plants is increasing. Transformation of precursors that tend to stay in the rhizosphere can lead to long-term PFAS reservoir to plants. Some PFAS are readily taken up, particularly the shorter-chain PFAS, and can evoke metabolic responses and phytotoxic effects at high concentrations. PFAS translocation from roots to shoots occurs through both active and passive transport mechanisms. Both PFAS uptake and effects vary between and within species. Summary As new PFAS emerge, it will be necessary to continue expanding the list of PFAS quantified in land-applied media and assessing their accumulation potential in plants. While controlled laboratory or greenhouse studies have merit, comprehensive field studies are needed to provide clarity on PFAS fate and their relative risk in agricultural systems. Field studies should include identifying site-specific PFAS sources, quantifying a broader suite of PFAS and identifying potential precursors, evaluating plant uptake of replacement PFAS, reporting of soil properties and climatic conditions, and assessing risk of impacts to source and irrigation waters. This information can be utilized to inform future studies towards evaluating and mitigating risks to our food chain associated with PFAS in agricultural systems.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Active shooter mitigation"

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(8072417), Braiden M. Frantz. "Active Shooter Mitigation for Open-Air Venues." Thesis, 2021.

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This dissertation examines the impact of active shooters upon patrons attending large outdoor events. There has been a spike in shooters targeting densely populated spaces in recent years, to include open-air venues. The 2019 Gilroy Garlic Festival was selected for modeling replication using AnyLogic software to test various experiments designed to reduce casualties in the event of an active shooter situation. Through achievement of validation to produce identical outcomes of the real-world Gilroy Garlic Festival shooting, the researcher established a reliable foundational model for experimental purposes. This active shooter research project identifies the need for rapid response efforts to neutralize the shooter(s) as quickly as possible to minimize casualties. Key findings include the importance of armed officers patrolling event grounds to reduce response time, the need for adequate exits during emergency evacuations, incorporation of modern technology to identify the shooter’s location, and applicability of a 1:548 police to patron ratio.

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Books on the topic "Active shooter mitigation"

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Little, Malene, and Kris P. Moloney. Active Shooter Mitigation: A Training Guide for Houses of Worship. Independently Published, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Active shooter mitigation"

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Gage, William. "Site Threat Mitigation and Response Planning." In Active Shooter Response Training, 207–15. Second edition. | New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429282188-14.

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O’Donnell, Kenneth W. "Workplace Violence: Preparing, Mitigating, Responding, and Recovering from Active Shooter/Terrorist Threats." In Encyclopedia of Security and Emergency Management, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69891-5_102-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Active shooter mitigation"

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Kirby, Adam, Charles E. Anklam, and J. Eric Dietz. "Active shooter mitigation for gun-free zones." In 2016 IEEE Symposium on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ths.2016.7568957.

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