Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Active Radio Frequency Seekers'

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada<br>The DoD has recently mandated new acquisition, or procurement strategies for the research and development community. The policy includes using Non-Developmental Items (NDI) whenever feasible, as well as avoiding the use of proprietary sources. Such practices lesson time from specification to operation, ease of extensibility and progressive maintainability. In this paper we discuss the NDI and in-house designed test assets developed and implemented for testing the pods. Our time from specification to test was less then one year.

<p>To develop and maintain a modern combat aircraft it is important to have simple, yet accurate, threat models to support early stages of functional development. Therefore this thesis develops and evaluates a model of an active radio frequency (RF) seeker for a missile with data-link capability. The highly parametrized MATLAB-model consists of a pulse level radar model, a tracker using either interacting multiple models (IMM) or particle filters, and a guidance law. </p><p>Monte Carlo simulations with the missile model indicate that, under the given conditions, the missile performs well (hit rate>99%) with both filter types, and the model is relatively insensitive to lost data-link transmissions. It is therefore under normal conditions not worthwhile to use the more computer intense particle filter today, however when the data-link degrades the particle filter performs considerably better than the IMM filter. Analysis also indicate that the measurements generated by the radar model are neither independent, white nor Gaussian. This contradicts the assumptions made in this, and many other radar applications. However, the performance of the model suggests that the assumptions are acceptable approximations of actual conditions, but further studies within this are recommended to verify this.</p>

Low frequency radio astronomy allows us to observe the fainter and older synchrotron emission from the relativistic plasma associated with active galactic nuclei (AGN) in galaxies and clusters. In this thesis, we use the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope to explore the impact that AGN have on their surroundings. We present deep, high quality, 150-610 MHz radio observations for a sample of fifteen predominantly cool-core galaxy clusters. For well-known clusters such as MS0735, our low noise images and multi-frequency data enable us to see in improved detail the radio lobes working against the intracluster medium, whilst deriving the energies and timescales of this event. Our excellent field of view allowed us to explore the point-source like radio AGN for a subsample of our clusters. We used additional optical and infra-red data to identify cluster members, remove radio contamination and investigate the energetics of the many cluster galaxies. We find that low mass radio-loud AGN can easily quench the star formation at their core and compare our observations with the results of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, to explore the mechanical and binding energy levels over a large range of galaxy masses. Comparing our sample to published X-ray cavity powers, we find an improved relation from our integrated radio luminosities, allowing a more accurate estimation of jet powers when X-ray or radio observations are unavailable. Our deepest low-frequency radio observations of these well-known clusters will yield valuable information about the nature of feedback when combined with X-ray observations of comparable depth.

The two SCUBA HAlf-Degree Extragalactic Survey (SHADES) fields are amongst the richest places in the sky in terms of multi-wavelength coverage. They comprise an eastern section of the Lockman Hole (LH) and the central portion of the Subaru- XMM/Newton Deep Field (SXDF). In this thesis, I have obtained extremely deep, multi-frequency radio imaging of the SHADES fields using the GiantMetre-wave Radio Telescope (GMRT) and the Very Large Array (VLA), at 610MHz and 1.4GHz, respectively. These data are used to analyse the nature of the sub-milliJansky (sub-mJy) radio population, which has been hotly debated in the last few years: are they powered by star-forming or nuclear activity? To tackle the problem, I employ different approaches making use of the large variety of multi-wavelength data in the SHADES fields. I begin by analysing the spectral index, α610MHz 1.4GHz , of radio sources detected in the LH, to explore the dominant emission mechanism. Based on a robust 10 σ detection criterion, I find a constantmedian spectral index of α610MHz 1.4GHz ≈ −0.6 to −0.7 for sources between S1.4GHz ≈ 200 μJy and 10mJy. This result suggests that the galaxy population in the sub-mJy regime is powered by optically-thin synchrotron emission – starforming galaxies or lobe-dominated active galactic nuclei (AGN). Making use of X-ray observations in the LH, I show that the fraction of radio sources detected in the hard X-ray band (between 2 and 10 keV) decreases from 50 to 15 per cent between S1.4GHz ≈ 1mJy and . 100 μJy, which strongly suggests a transition from AGN to star-forming galaxies. Based on the deep, multi-wavelength coverage of the SXDF, I explore the behaviour of the far-infrared (FIR)/radio correlation as a function of redshift. I combine the q24 factor – the logarithmic flux density ratio between Spitzer 24-μm and VLA 1.4- GHz flux densities – with available photometric redshifts and find strong evidence that the correlation holds out to z ≈ 3.5. Based on M82-like k-corrections and using a high-significance (S1.4GHz > 300 μJy) radio sub-sample, I find a mean and scatter of q24 = 0.71 ± 0.47. Monte-Carlo simulations based on these findings show that fewer sources deviate from the correlation at fainter flux densities (i.e. fewer radioloud AGN). I predict that the radio-loud fraction drops from 50 per cent at ∼ 1mJy to zero at . 100 μJy. The validity of the FIR/radio correlation out to very high redshifts adds credibility to identifications of sub-millimetre (submm) galaxies (SMGs) made at radio wavelengths. Based on a sample of 45 radio-identified SMGs in the LH, I find a median radio spectral index of α610MHz 1.4GHz = −0.72 ± 0.07, which suggests that optically-thin synchrotron is the dominant radio emission mechanism. Finally, as anAppendix I include a theoretical treatment that constrains the average geometry of the dusty, torus-like structures believed to obscure a large fraction of the AGN population. I use the distribution of column densities (NH) obtained from deep ∼ 1Msec X-ray observations in the Chandra Deep Field South. I find that to reproduce the wide observed range of NH, the best torus model is given by a classical “donut”- shaped distribution with an exponential angular dependency of the density profile.

Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2005.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-60).<br>The global village in which we live enables increased trade and commerce across regions but also brings a complicated new set of challenges such as terrorist activity, human and drug smuggling and theft in foreign or domestic locations. Containers travel the globe, across all seven continents. In the wake of intensified security concerns since the September 11, 2001 attacks, tracking containers and their contents presents an increasing concern for those institutions and personnel charged with ensuring their security. This thesis analyzes the risks associated with global container transport. The concept of an e-container is set forth as a risk mitigation technology that uses real-time monitoring of a container's physical status acquired from an array of embedded RFID-enabled sensors. A framework is suggested that relates sensor-identified signatures and phenomena to behaviors representing breaches in container security. A theoretical model suggests which sensors are required to identify the individual breaches in order to mitigate container security risk.<br>y Adam Ian Schlesinger.<br>M.Eng.in Logistics

Exploring RF models for an integrated power electronics module (IPEM) is crucial to analyzing and predicting its EMI performance. This thesis deals with the parasitics extraction approach for an active IPEM in a frequency range of 1MHz through 30MHz. Based on the classic electromagnetic field theory, the calculating equations of DC and AC parameters for a 3D conducting structure are derived. The influence of skin effect and proximity effect on AC resistances and inductances is also investigated at high frequencies. To investigate RF models and EMI performance of the IPEM, a 1kW 1MHz series resonant DC-DC converter (SRC) is designed and fabricated in this work. For extracting the stray parameters of the built IPEM, two main software simulation tools ¡ª Maxwell Quick 3D Parameter Extractor (Maxwell Q3D) and Maxwell 3D Field Simulator (Maxwell 3D), prevailing electromagnetic simulation products from Ansoft Corporation, are introduced in this study. By trading off between the numerical accuracy and computational economy (CPU time and consumption of memory size), Maxwell Q3D is chosen in this work to extract the parameters for the full bridge IPEM structure. The step-by-step procedure of using Maxwell Q3D is presented from pre-processing the 3D IPEM structure to post-processing the solutions, and exporting equivalent circuit for PSpice simulations as well. RF modeling of power MOSFETs is briefly introduced. In order to verify extracted parameters, in-circuit impedance measurements for the IPEM using Agilent 4294A Impedance Analyzer together with Agilent 42941A probe are then followed. Measured results basically verify the extracted data, while the discrepancy between measured results and simulated results is also analyzed.<br>Master of Science

Thesis: S.M. in Oceanographic Engineering, Joint Program in Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2017.<br>Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2017.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 885-86).<br>A newly discovered double ducted acoustic environment present throughout much of the Beaufort Sea in the Arctic has a major effect on active acoustic transmissions. This work performs an in depth analysis of how the lower duct impacts the propagation of various active signals used commonly for acoustic communications or active sonar. First, this thesis performs a thorough modal analysis of the effect of the double ducted environment on long range propagation of a 300 Hz and 3500 Hz pulse. Signal excess is determined for the two different source pulses to quantify the effect of the lower duct on noise and SNR. Finally, channel capacity is calculated for the two frequency bands to evaluate operational impacts of the lower duct on acoustic communication systems in the Arctic.<br>by Scott Adams Carper<br>S.M. in Oceanographic Engineering<br>S.M.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009.<br>Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed November 23, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.

This paper introduces a component of the Radio Frequency transceiver called the mixer. The mixer is a critical component in the RF systems, because of its ability for frequency conversion. This passage focuses on the design analysis and simulation of multiple topologies for the active down-conversion mixer. This mixer is characterized by its important design properties which consist of conversion gain, linearity, noise figure, and port isolation. The topologies that are given in this passage range from the most commonly known mixer design, to implemented design techniques that are used to increase the mixers important design properties as the demand of CMOS technology and the overall RF system rises. All mixer topologies were designed and simulated using TSMC 0.18 micrometer] CMOS technology in Advanced Design Systems, a simulator used specifically for RF designs.<br>ID: 030646192; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.E.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references.<br>M.S.E.E.<br>Masters<br>Electrical Engineering and Computing<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Electrical Engineering

Os requisitos de linearidade e ruído em aplicações multi-banda e multi-protocolo fazem que o projeto de misturadores RF seja uma tarefa muito desafiadora. Nesta dissertação dois misturadores com base na topologia célula de Gilbert são propostas. Linearidade e ruído foram as principais figuras de mérito consideradas para o misturadores propostos. Para aumento linearidade, foi utilizada uma técnica de cancelamento de harmônicas pós-distorção (PDHC). E, para redução de ruído, foi utilizado um circuito de redução dinâmica de corrente combinada com um filtro LC sintonizado na frequência do LO e cancelamento de ruído térmico. A análise por séries Volterra do estágio transcondutância do misturador proposto é reportada para mostrar a eficácia da técnica de cancelamento de harmônicos com pósdistorção. O circuito de linearização adicionado não aumenta o tamanho do misturador, nem degrada ganho de conversão, figura de ruído, ou consumo de potência. Simulações elétricas foram realizadas em nível de pós-layout para a primeira topologia e nível esquemático para a segunda topologia, usando processo CMOS de 0.13 mm da IBM. As melhorias em IIP2 e IIP3 são apresentadas em comparação com o misturador do tipo célula de Gilbert convencional. Para a primeira topologia, foi obtido um ganho de conversão de 10.2 dB com uma NF de 12 dB para o misturador projetado funcionando a 2 GHz, com uma frequência intermediária de 500 kHz. E um IIP2 e IIP3 de 55 dBm e 10.9 dBm, respectivamente, consumindo apenas 5.3 mW de uma fonte de 1.2 V. Para a segunda topologia, foram obtidos um ganho de conversão de [13.8 ~11] dB, um coeficiente de reflexão na entrada (S11) de [-18 ~-9.5] dB e um NF de [8.5 ~11] dB no intervalo de 1 a 6 GHz. Para as especificações de linearidade, um valor médio de IIP3 de 0 dBm foi alcançado para toda a faixa de frequência, consumindo 19.3 mW a partir de uma fonte de 1.2 V. Especificações adequadas para operação multi-banda e multi-protocolo.<br>The linearity and noise requirements in multi-band multi-standard applications make the design of RF CMOS mixers a very challenging task. In this dissertation two downconversion mixers based on the Gilbert-cell topology are proposed. Linearity and noise were the principal figures of merit for the proposed mixers. For linearity improvement, post distortion harmonic cancellation (PDHC) was employed. And, for noise reduction, dynamic current injection combined with an LC filter tuned at the LO frequency and thermal-noise cancellation were used. A Volterra series analysis of the transconductance stage is reported to show the effectiveness of the post-distortion harmonic cancellation technique. The added linearization circuitry does not increase the size of the mixer, nor does it degrade conversion gain, noise figure, or power consumption. Electrical simulations were performed on extracted layout level from the first topology and schematic level from the second topology. Using an IBM 0.13 mm CMOS process improvements on IIP3 and IIP2 in comparison to the conventional Gilbert-cell mixer are demonstrated. For the first topology, we achieved a conversion gain of 10.2 dB with a NF of 12 dB for the designed mixer working at 2 GHz, with a low-IF of 500 kHz and an IIP2 and IIP3 of 55 dBm and 10.9 dBm, respectively, while consuming only 5.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply. For the second topology, we achieved a conversion gain range of [13.8 ~11] dB, an input reflection coefficient (S11) of [-18 ~-9.5] dB and a NF of [8.5 ~11] dB in the frequency range of 1 to 6 GHz. For the linearity specs, an IIP3 of 0 dBm was achieved for the whole frequency range, while consuming 19.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply, making the second topology well suited for multi-band and multi-standard operation.

The research presented in this thesis leverages silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technology to develop microwave front-end electronics for active phased-array antennas. The highly integrated electronics will reduce costs and improve the feasibility of snow measurements from airborne and space-borne platforms. Chapter 1 presents the motivation of this research, focusing on the technological needs of snow measurement missions. The fundamentals and benefits of SiGe HBTs and phased-array antennas for these missions are discussed as well. Chapter 2 discusses SiGe power amplifier design considerations for radar systems. Basic power amplifier design concepts, power limitations in SiGe HBTs, and techniques for increasing the output power of SiGe HBT PAs are reviewed. Chapter 3 presents the design and characterization of a robust medium power X-band SiGe power amplifier for integration into a SiGe transmit/receive module. The PA design process applies the concepts presented in Chapter 2. A detailed investigation into measurement-to-simulation discrepancies is outlined as well. Chapter 4 discusses the development and characterization of a single-chip X-band SiGe T/R module for integration into a very thin, lightweight active phased array antenna panel. The system-on-package antenna combines the high performance and integration potential of SiGe technologies with advanced substrates and packaging techniques to develop a high performance scalable antenna panel using relatively low-cost materials and silicon-based electronics. The antenna panel presented in this chapter will enable airborne SCLP measurements and advance the technology towards an eventual space-based SCLP measurement instrument that will satisfy a critical Earth science need. Finally, Chapter 5 provides concluding remarks and discusses future research directions.

Donat el potencial de la tecnologia RFID activa, aquesta tesi contribueix al seu desenvolupament centrant-se en les capes més baixes de la pila de protocols, és a dir, la capa física i la capa d'enllaç de dades. Aquestes capes determinen l'abast de la comunicació entre l'interrogador i les etiquetes, el nombre d'etiquetes que un interrogador pot llegir per segon i el consum d'energia que utilitzen les etiquetes en el procés, que en són els paràmetres de rendiment clau. A la capa física la tesi avalua els aspectes de propagació de la banda 433 MHz en diferents entorns i els compara amb la banda 2.4 GHz. Els resultats demostren que, per a la mateixa potència de transmissió, els sistemes RFID actius que funcionen a la banda 433 MHz aconsegueixen un millor abast de comunicació gràcies a unes millors característiques de propagació. A la capa d'enllaç de dades la tesi proposa LPDQ (Low-Power Distributed Queuing), un nou protocol d'accés al medi, i el compara amb FSA (Frame Slotted ALOHA). LPDQ combina LPL (Low-Power Listening) per a la sincronització de xarxa i DQ (Distributed Queuing) per a la transmissió de dades. En comparació amb el cas òptim de FSA, LPDQ aconsegueix un rendiment proper al màxim teòric (99.5%) independentment del nombre d'etiquetes i redueix el consum d'energia de les etiquetes en més d'un 10%.<br>Dado el potencial de la tecnología RFID activa, esta tesis contribuye a su desarrollo centrándose en las capas más bajas de la pila de protocolos, es decir, la capa física y la capa de enlace de datos. Estas capas determinan el alcance de la comunicación entre el interrogador y las etiquetas, el número de etiquetas que un interrogador puede leer por segundo y el consumo de energía que utilizan las etiquetas en el proceso, que son los parámetros de rendimiento clave. En la capa física la tesis evalúa los aspectos de propagación de la banda 433 MHz en diferentes entornos y los compara con la banda 2.4 GHz. Los resultados demuestran que, para la misma potencia de transmisión, los sistemas RFID activos que funcionan en la banda 433 MHz consiguen un mejor alcance de comunicación gracias a unas mejores características de propagación. En la capa de enlace de datos la tesis propone LPDQ (Low-Power Distributed Queuing), un nuevo protocolo de acceso al medio, y lo compara con FSA (Frame Slotted ALOHA). LPDQ combina LPL (Low-Power Listening) para la sincronización de red y DQ (Distributed Queuing) para la transmisión de datos. En comparación con el caso óptimo de FSA, LPDQ consigue un rendimiento cercano al máximo teórico (99.5%) independientemente del número de etiquetas y reduce el consumo de energía de las etiquetas en más de un 10%.<br>Given the potential of active RFID technology, this thesis contributes to its development by focusing on the lowest layers of the stack, that is, the physical and data-link layers. These layers determine the tag communication range, packet throughput and energy consumption, which are key performance parameters. At the physical layer, the thesis studies propagation aspects of the 433 MHz band in different environments and compares it to the 2.4 GHz band, which is also used in active RFID systems. The results demonstrate that active RFID systems operating at the 433 MHz band can achieve a better communication range at the same transmit power due to better propagation characteristics. At the data-link layer, the thesis proposes LPDQ (Low-Power Distributed Queuing), a new MAC (media access control) protocol, and compares it to FSA (Frame Slotted ALOHA). LPDQ combines LPL (Low-Power Listening) for network synchronization and DQ (Distributed Queuing) for data transmission. Compared to the optimal FSA case, LPDQ can achieve a performance close to the theoretical maximum (99.5%), regardless of the number of tags, and reduces tag energy consumption by more than 10%.

The end game guidance and control of an interceptor for neutralization of a hypersonic vehicle or a maneuvering aerial target is a challenging problem. This problem can be addressed in two ways: through faster autopilot coupled with faster lateral error correction and through the use of better on-board homing sensor. The former demands not only sophisticated control and guidance algorithms, but also faster control mechanisms such as larger control surfaces driven through faster and bigger actuators, bulky reaction control systems or thrust vector control systems. All these options lead to increase in the weight of the system, which is not only undesirable with respect to weight penalty, but also makes the vehicle performance sluggish. The latter method helps to increase the homing duration via advances in sensor technology, which will lead to less dependence on heavier control systems. This transforms to a need of a seeker with larger lock-on and tracking range in order to cater to higher closing velocities. Active Radio Frequency Seekers are generally used as the homing sensor in long range interceptors, as they give all-weather applicability. For intercepting long range hypersonic targets, or highly manuvering aerial targets at longer ranges, Phased Array Seekers (PAS) are the promising homing sensor, as they give longer tracking ranges, even against targets with lower Radar Cross Section (RCS). Target tracking, and Line-Of-Sight (LOS) estimation through the PAS have poor efficacies, mainly due to the beam quantization, arising because of the phase angle digitization, resulting due to the use of Digital Phase Shifters (DPS). The limited space, as well as the constraint of weight, put a serious limit on the antenna aperture and the transmit power of the seeker. To achieve longer tracking ranges and better target parameter estimation, the seeker beam is required to position its boresight near to the target true LOS. This demands the placement of PAS beams in close vicinities, which is in contrast to the PAS capability, as the use of DPS limits the close placement of beams. A few papers in the existing literature propose the placement of beams in close vicinities through the use of truncated phase angles on to the PAS elements, incurring beam pointing errors. The pointing errors are proposed to be compensated through in-lab measurements and calibrations. This thesis proposes methods of high fidelity beamforming to reduce such calibration needs. We propose novel methods for reducing the beam pointing quantization in PAS, and derive their complete mathematical model. We also propose suitable strategies for effective target tracking through the PAS, which uses the proposed beamforming methods. In the first part of the thesis, we introduce novel methods for high fidelity beamforming with reduced beam quantization. In the first set of methods, named as Phase Angle Bunching (PAB) methods, we propose bunching of DPS digitized phase angles to be assigned to PAS elements. These methods are able to achieve error-free closely spaced beam pointing. Another set of methods, named as Phase Angle Round-Off (PARO) methods, has been proposed for the purpose, which gives lower beam pointing steps by using rounding-off of phase angles. An Optimal Rounding-Off realization has been derived to minimize beam pointing errors. Another novel method, named as Composite Beamforming (CB) method, has been proposed for partially reducing the step size by forming additional beams in-between the ideal feasible beams. The mathematical formulations for the beamforming, and the monopulse characterization for the CB method have also been derived. An Off-Axis scan philosophy over the composite beams has been proposed for the Line-Of-Sight (LOS) estimation, and the electronic beam steering. The CB method gives mathematically tractable partially reduced quantized beams, which makes the implementation of Off-Axis scan based on the mathematical model feasible, relaxing the need of extensive in-lab calibrations of the physical seeker. We have employed the proposed methods on Uniform Linear Arrays (ULA) to demonstrate their efficacies. We propose unique strategies, to assign the relative phase angles to the ULA elements, for each of the proposed methods and their realizations. The implementation aspects and approaches for the proposed methods, and when they are to be used for implementation on to the seeker, have also been discussed in the thesis. In the second part, we explore options for beam scanning and target tracking. First, the On-Axis scan method, which is in-general used in the on-board seeker, has been briefly discussed. Then, we have formalized an Off-Axis scan method based on the monopulse error characteristics of the PAS beams. We propose to use the Off-Axis scan, with the CB method, for the efficient tracking of target through the on-board PAS. The parametrization and characterization of the composite beams, for target Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) estimation, have been carried out in the thesis. We have proposed strategies, to be used for the Off-Axis scan, to suppress the estimation noise dependent jitters, and to activate LOS dynamics depended beam switchings. In addition, to demonstrate the target tracking efficacies, we have carried out the implementation of the proposed Composite Off-Axis scan philosophy, to engage the target during the homing phase. The Proportional Navigation (PN) guidance scheme has been used for the engagement. We have carried out extensive Monte-Carlo simulations, to demonstrate and compare the performances of the four proposed target tracking strategies, for target tracking during the homing phase and interception. To summarize, the thesis contributes by developing high fidelity beamforming methods for forming closely spaced beams for active RF phased array seekers, and also proposes strategies for beam selection and beam switching during the target tracking.

There has always been a drive by industry to add as much functionality and flexibility to electronic devices as possible. Tunable circuits are among useful sub-blocks that facilitate achieving these goals. This thesis presents a fully integrated radio-frequency filter whose centre frequency and bandwidth are tunable. Radio-frequency filters are essential components in transceivers. However, due to the poor quality factor and large area of on-chip passive inductors, these blocks are typically implemented off-chip. The filter presented in this work uses active inductors, i.e., transistor-based structures that emulate the response of a passive inductor. Not only is the quality factor of an active inductor superior to that of its passive counterpart, but also its size is a relatively smaller fraction of the chip area. It should be noted that passive inductors have better performance in terms of noise, linearity, and power consumption as compared to their active counterparts. Special care has been taken to minimize the power, noise, and nonlinear distortions of the proposed filter. The filter is designed and fabricated in a 0.18pμm CMOS technology. Its centre frequency is tunable over the range of 580MHz to 3.3GHz and its quality factor can also be tuned, making it suitable for a variety of applications requiring different bandwidths. The fully differential filter, including the biasing circuitry and output buffers required to drive the 50Ω impedance of high-frequency measurement equipment, consumes between 12 to 26mW from a 1.8V supply and occupies a chip area of 115pμm x 70pμm<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of<br>Graduate

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電信工程系所<br>96<br>In this thesis, we first focus on design and improvement of active inductor. And we applied the improved active inductor on PTAT Voltage-Controlled Oscillator circuit and Active Band-Notch Filter circuit to prove that using the active inductors in RF can have more advantages than using the planar spiral inductor. For example, the active inductor can have a higher quality factor and a higher inductance etc. On the other hand, in radio frequency circuit design, the size of the chip used in an active inductor will be much smaller than the one used in a planar spiral inductor.

碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>電機工程所<br>96<br>This thesis presents two kinds of circuits: one is active tunable filter and another is CMOS switch. In the first part, the active tunable filter was fabricated by TSMC 0.35um BiCMOS process. The center frequency of active tunable filter could be adjusted by using an active inductor, and then it behaves with low insertion loss. The operation frequency available is from 0.8 GHz to 2.1 GHz. At the same time, it will reduce chip area and effectively lower the fabrication cost. The chip area is 0.776×0.945 mm2. In the second part, a CMOS switch is designed and adopts series-shunt architecture. In order to achieve good isolation and increase power handling, the body-floating and stack-type architecture are used. The circuit was fabricated by TSMC 1P6M 0.18um CMOS process. The measured results show that power handling being greater than 20 dBm, insertion loss less than 1.61 dB and isolation 36dB more at 5.8 GHz. The chip area takes 0.745× 0.53 mm2.

碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>電子工程學系<br>88<br>The purpose of this thesis is to implement active inductor integrated circuits with a very high quality value and a tunable inductance. In general, spiral inductors occupy a quite large space and increase the fabrication costs. Besides, the Q-value of the spiral inductor is typically lower than 10. Such active inductor can offset these disadvantages and be extensively used in the applications for basic module of front-end transceiver in wireless communication system, such as LNA (Low Noise Amplifier), VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator), BPF (Band Pass Filter) … etc. In this study, three kinds of microwave devices including MESFETs, HBTs and HEMTs were adopted for comparison in designing RF active inductors. The circuit performances and the limitations for practical implementation will be discussed in details based on a Gyrator configuration. In order to achieve a high Q active inductor with large inductance and less DC power consumption, modified circuit topologies were proposed with following achievements. First, for the purpose of tuning inductance, the transistor gyrator was introduced with a feedback resistor. The characteristics of such simple circuit were analyzed completely, and the effects of device parameters and feedback resistance will be demonstrated. According to the measurement, the optimal Q value can be as high as 7.5 with an inductance of 4 nH. Second, a circuit based on Hara''s work was modified by a method of negative-resistance compensation. In order to implement a high-Q, tunable active inductor with low DC power dissipation, HBTs were investigated to estimate the possible performances. In accordance with the simulation results, it is found that at 2.4 GHz the inductance variation within 2.9-10 nH can be obtain, and the optimum Q value is always above 20. The DC power consumption is approximately as low as 2.8 mW. Finally, the compensation methods by a feedback resistor and a negative resistor were adopted in the circuit at the same time. Simply using this resistance-modulating technique, the performances of active inductor, which was implemented by various microwave transistors, can easily be improved. For the purpose of promoting operating frequency, such circuit was realized by HEMTs. According to simulation results, the optimal Q value can be as high as 110 with an inductance of 3 nH at 5 GHz.

碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>電機工程所<br>97<br>A study of RF tunable active filer and low voltage mixer was investigated. In the first part, a RF tunable active filter was fabricated by TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS process. The center frequency of RF tunable active filter could be adjusted by using an active inductor. The active inductor uses a current-injection and cascode topology to improve the quality factor and the applicable frequency so as to replace the conventional spiral inductor. The cascode input method is the first one applied in the design of active filter to improve the tuning range and applicable frequency. The tuning range of the center frequency is form 2.35 GHz to 3.66 GHz, a power gain of 7.9 dB. The chip area is only 0.57×0.71 mm2 and the power consumption is only 4.3 mW. In the second part, the 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz low voltage mixers fabricated by TSMC 0.18μm CMOS process are presented respectively. The 5.2 GHz one uses a folded PMOS architecture and CMOS inverter input stage to achieve high conversion gain even under 1.2V voltage supply. The 5.2 GHz mixer has conversion gain of 10.92 dB, DSB noise figure of 9.36dB, IIP3 of -2.2 dBm and the power consumption is only 2.1 mW. The 2.4 GHz low-voltage mixer was using folded PMOS architecture and LC tank to achieve good performance even under 0.6V voltage supply. The 2.4 GHz mixer has conversion gain of 6.5 dB, DSB noise figure of 7.8 dB, IIP3 of -3.2 dBm and the power consumption is only 0.6 mW.

博士<br>國立交通大學<br>電子工程系所<br>94<br>In this thesis, we will focus on the research illustration and design comparison on combing several different CMOS active inductor with negative conductance generator (NCG) applied in RF amplifier on different operating frequency. And we will apply various loss compensation techniques on several different active inductors to improve the characteristics of the inductors. Furthermore, we applied the improved active inductor on the wideband amplifier and the voltage-controlled oscillator to prove that using the active inductors in RF can have more advantages than using the planar spiral inductor. For example, the active inductor can have a higher quality factor, a higher operating frequency, and a higher inductance etc. On the other hand, in radio frequency circuit design, the size of the chip used in an active inductor will be much smaller than the one used in a planar spiral inductor. The design of the use of the planar spiral inductor applied on the radiofrequency amplifier will be described at the beginning of the thesis. Though the above design shows the result of performing good characteristics, some disadvantages of this design also exist. For example, the size of the chip of the circuits using planar spiral inductor too large, quality factor is too low, and the characteristics of the inductor cannot be controlled easily and accurately. We presented the use of the active inductor to improve the disadvantages mentioned above. We applied the techniques of the negative conductance generator, which combines the existing active inductor and the characteristics of the improved inductor, to work on the different bandwidth radio frequency. From the simulation results, we found that the output power gain is over 17dB, and the noise figure is lower than 6dB. The simulation also shows that the results are very close to those using the planar spiral inductor, and the size of circuit using the active inductor design is one forth of that using planar spiral inductor. Moreover, the power consumption decreases dramatically when using active inductor. So, we can conclude that using active inductor generates more benefits than using planar spiral inductor. For minimizing the complexity of the active inductor circuits, we present several simple compensated circuits for each different active inductor to reach the goals of performing higher performance and an easy design circuit. From the mathematical analysis, simulated results, and measured results, the improved active inductor can obtain a very high quality factor, which is above 104. Finally, we present the results of applying the improved active inductor in the circuits of wideband amplifier and voltage-controlled oscillator. From the wideband amplifier’s point of view, the amplifier can generate a flat gain, which is about 18dB, in the bandwidth from 0Hz to 1GHz. From the voltage-controlled oscillator’s point of view, the voltage-controlled oscillator can generate a wide tuning range from 1GHz to 3GHz, -98dBc/Hz phase noise and steady 10mW power consumption. As the result, we can conclude that using active inductor in the radio frequency is a workable solution via the approach mention above. This solution also saves us a lot of cost taken by the size of the chip during the design stage of the radio frequency.

M. Tech. Electrical Engineering.<br>This study is dedicated to the investigation of different methodologies used to determine the location of a beacon type active radio frequency identification device (RFID). Also included in the study is the hardware implementation of a system based on the angle of arrival location method, which makes use of array theory and angle of arrival techniques to identify the angle of the impinging tag transmission. In order to address the complex issues of array theory and linear array structures, a large part of the study is devoted to antennae, antenna arrays and the radiation patterns regarding the latter.

A 13.56 MHz, radio-frequency (RF) surface discharge is studied experimentally and developed as a means to increase the performance of plasma actuators foractive flow control. Research is undertaken at The Australian National University, GREMI Institute, CNRS-Universite d'Orleans, France and the Stanford University Plasma Physics Laboratory, USA. Experiments are first undertaken in atmospheric-pressure argon to study the fundamental physics of the discharge in an environment that has simpler chemistry than ambient air. The generation of a diffuse mode is achieved through the regulation of the peak pulse voltage subsequent to breakdown for continuous RF power. The presence of a "streamer-free" discharge is confirmed using fast imaging and measurements of the optical emission are applied in conjunction with a power balance to estimate its density. For increased power efficiency, the generation of the diffuse mode is also achieved with pulsed power and the transition between it and two distinct filamentary modes is investigated through the regulation of the peak pulse voltage and the time between pulses. It is found that there exists a critical pulse off-time for which the generation of the diffuse mode is attainable and potential physical mechanisms are discussed. The propagation of electrons with energy greater than 13.48 eV, which are of elevated temperature compared to the bulk discharge and hence key to ionization, are studied using phase-resolved emission spectroscopy for pulsed RF power. The formation of spatially periodic electron-impact excitation bands over the surface of the dielectric layer is investigated. These highly repeatable structures, which are not typically observed in lower frequency surface dielectric-barrier-discharges (DBDs), are explained through the deposition of electrons on the dielectric surface during the extension phase of the propagation cycle. In preparation for aerodynamic testing, the propagation of the discharge is characterised in atmospheric-pressure air with pulsed RF power. Particular interest is paid to its behaviour with respect to the formation of highly repeatable filamentary structures, its behaviour during breakdown and the "collective" formation of two distinct streamer modes throughout the phase of the voltage cycle. By correlating the phase-resolved emission of the discharge with perturbations in the RF current, the charge transferred per microdischarge is estimated to be in close agreement with previous findings. The performance of the RF surface discharge as a plasma actuator is investigated using 2D particle image velocimetry in ambient air under static flow conditions. Two actuator configurations are trialled: A pulsed RF discharge and a combined{u00AD}waveform prototype comprising RF pulses (5 {u03BC}s pulses at 5 kHz) and a 5 kHz sinusoidal bias voltage that is commonly applied to DBD plasma actuators. It is found that RF pulses alone may not be useful in generating energy-efficient flow actuation. However, the combined-waveform actuator is measured to increase the maximum stream-wise velocity compared to that powered by the 5 kHz bias voltage alone. Best results are achieved when the RF pulse is positioned at the bias minimum (one RF pulse per bias cycle) and the corresponding increase in the induced flow velocity is from 0.46 m/s to 0.62 m/s (35% increase). This suggests that a combined{u00AD}waveform actuator comprising a sinusoidal bias voltage and RF pulses may be useful in the further development of surface discharge plasma actuators for active flow control.

碩士<br>健行科技大學<br>資訊工程系碩士班<br>103<br>Conserving electricity has become crucial because of resource shortages and high power-generation costs. Traditionally, dormitory residents equally share their electricity bills. This method is unfair because each person does not pay for his or her actual electricity consumption; some people may waste electricity because their electricity expenses are shared by others. The purpose of this study is to record users’ duration of electricity use and calculate user electricity fees according to their actual electricity consumption. Using a student dormitory as an example, active radio frequency identification (RFID) cards are distributed to each dormitory resident. Each dormitory was equipped with one active RFID reader. Whenever each dormitory resident entered or exited the dormitory, the RFID reader read the active RFID card and recorded the time. Subsequently, according to the time records, the system developed in this study can accurately calculate the amount of time that a dormitory resident stays in the dormitory. According to the amount of time that each dormitory resident stayed in a dormitory, the electricity fee for that dormitory resident is calculated. The system developed in this study only requires users to carry a RFID card. No additional actions or equipment are required besides those used in the existent system. This system is innovative and practical. We hope that this study can promote energy saving.

碩士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>電機工程學系<br>99<br>The development in communication technology brings unprecedented convenience for our lives. The GSM/GPRS service is very popular and signals cover all over Taiwan. Therefore, the objective of the this thesis is to introduce a monitoring system which is established by integrating the GSM SMS/GPRS Radio Communication, Global Positioning System, and Active Radio Frequency Identification technologies. It uses an “ARM” micro- processor to consolidate the data of individual monitoring sub-system and send back the information to the remote monitoring center in real time. The monitoring system can be applied to various applications such as vehicle/personal/pet tracking application, monitoring, fleet management, electric power loading monitoring, home security, and remote medical monitoring services, etc. This thesis will be divided into 3 chapters: Control Center, Radio Frequency Identification Reader(RF-Tag Reader), and Radio Frequency Identification (RF-Tag). The main functions of the control center are receive date, data storage, and process the returning data from the RF-Tag Reader including the GPS coordinate and current status of the RF-Tag. We can achieve the purpose of remote monitoring by establishing the cooperation of every sub-system.

Wei Dacheng.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Table of Contents --- p.VIII<br>List of Tables --- p.XI<br>List of Figures --- p.XII<br>List of Abbreviations --- p.XV<br>Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction<br>Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction to RFID system --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.2 --- Why we choose Active RFID system --- p.4<br>Chapter 1.3 --- Objective of the research --- p.6<br>Chapter 1.3.1 --- Requirement analysis --- p.7<br>Chapter 1.3.2 --- Selection of RFID system and standard --- p.8<br>Chapter 1.4 --- Original contribution of this dissertation --- p.9<br>Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the dissertation --- p.9<br>Reference --- p.10<br>Chapter Chapter 2 --- Implementation of An Active RFID System<br>Chapter 2.1 --- RFID System hardware design and related protocol --- p.1<br>Chapter 2.2 --- Introduction to ISO 18000-7 --- p.7<br>Chapter 2.3 --- Microcontroller specification --- p.12<br>Chapter 2.4 --- RF model specifications --- p.14<br>Chapter 2.5 --- Communication between a PC and a Reader --- p.15<br>Chapter 2.6 --- Programming --- p.16<br>Chapter 2.6.1 --- Procedure sequences of Reader and Tag --- p.17<br>Chapter 2.6.2 --- Sequence of data transmission and reception --- p.24<br>Chapter 2.6.3 --- CRC implementation --- p.28<br>Chapter 2.7 --- Testing result --- p.31<br>Reference --- p.35<br>Chapter Chapter 3 --- Novel Power Saving Methods for an Active RFID System<br>Chapter 3.1 --- Some drawbacks of the existing Active RFID protocol --- p.1<br>Chapter 3.1.1 --- Power consumption problem --- p.1<br>Chapter 3.1.2 --- Multi-Reader problem --- p.9<br>Chapter 3.2 --- Solutions of the Multi-Reader problem and power saving problem --- p.10<br>Chapter 3.2.1 --- A solution to the power saving problem --- p.11<br>Chapter 3.2.2 --- A solution to the Multi-Reader problem --- p.16<br>Reference --- p.21<br>Chapter Chapter 4 --- A Probe-fed Compact Half-wave Length Dipole Antenna for Active RFID System<br>Chapter 4.1 --- Requirement of an antenna for Active RFID system --- p.1<br>Chapter 4.2 --- A probe-fed half-wave length dipole EE shape antenna for metallic object application --- p.2<br>Chapter 4.3 --- Electromagnetic simulation results --- p.5<br>Chapter 4.4 --- Operating principle analysis --- p.9<br>Chapter 4.5 --- Using V shape structure to increase the bandwidth --- p.19<br>Chapter 4.6 --- Prototyping and measurement results --- p.22<br>Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.28<br>Reference --- p.29<br>Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion

碩士<br>健行科技大學<br>資訊工程系碩士班<br>103<br>Passive radio frequency identification (RFID) technology or time recorders are often adopted to record work attendance. These systems require employees to clock in when arriving at work and clock out when leaving work. Information technology service employees are often required to leave the office and service customers during working hours. Therefore, these employees’ work attendance and activities cannot be assessed by time-recorder systems because they often work outside the office. To solve this kind of problem, an active RFID work attendance system was designed in this study. For this work attendance system, employees use an active RFID card to record their attendance. This active RFID card can continuously record employee work attendance and relay work attendance information to the back-end management system through the Internet. The back-end management system summarizes data regarding employee work attendance; accordingly, managers can easily ascertain whether the employee’s work attendance is reasonable. In addition, this system can be used to efficiently dispatch personnel.

碩士<br>明新科技大學<br>電子工程研究所<br>95<br>In this thesis, a study of a band-pass filter with a RF (Radio Frequency) CMOS active inductor using TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS process is presented. Use the characteristics of the CMOS active inductor to implement a RF band-pass filter. The band-pass filter can obtain the characteristics of lower power dissipation, higher linearity and lower signal loss. In this band-pass filter design, the filter can be applied in the wireless communication for the Industry-Science -Medicine (ISM) bands. In this CMOS active inductor design, a capacitor is used to decrease the loss of the active inductor. Hence, the high Q active inductor can be obtained. The performance of this high Q active inductor has 4.431×106 of maximum Q-value, 4.4nH to 11.56nH inductance, and 2.064×10-5Ω of minimum equivalent loss in the 1GHz to 5GHz frequency range. The band-pass filter using the improved CMOS active inductor exhibits the output gain (S21) of -0.266dB, the input return loss (S11) of -38.534dB, the output return loss (S22) of -37.953dB, , the noise figure (NF) of 10.481dB, the 1-dB compression point (P1dB) of 4dBm, the third-order intercept point (IIP3) of -3.15dBm, and the 1.872mW power dissipation under 1.8V power-supply. The dimension of this circuit occupies 500×500 μm2.

碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>設計運算研究所碩士班<br>100<br>This research is discussed the combination of passive and active radio frequency identification techniques into an interactive art interface. The choice of interface in interactive art is important as the choice of material to the artist. The development and application of wireless technology solved the problem of space and numbers of user in a multi-user scenario. Radio Frequency Identification has advantages on easily portable, auto-identify and wireless communication which that let users use it intuitively. The design of multi-user interface has to consider the groups’ architectures and movement. Keeping users behavior as simple as possible and reacting in time. The manipulation of RFID is simple and intuitive, so it’s suitable to use in a multi-user interactive work. This study primarily involved literatures analysis, prototyping, observation, and interviewing. First we ordered literatures which about RFID, multi-user interface design, and interactive art to conclude the design principles and interactive models of multi-user interface. From the literatures, we also conclude the features and interactive modes of RFID. According to these principles and modes, we developed a series prototype of RFID artworks, “Make A Wish” and “Infinite Wishes”. “Make A Wish” was made by many passive RFID readers to better the shortcoming that was the useless in multi-user cooperative interacting. “Infinite Wishes” designed for multi-user interacting which was made by the combination of active and passive RFID. We exhibited these two works in public, used observation to observe users’ behavior. Interviewing the audiences to understand what they thought about the interface. Finally, we analyzed the data of observation and interviewing to compare with design principles. The results of this research are as follows: 1. Imported the multi-user interactive modes in the interactive artworks, promoting the interaction’s performance when they were exhibited. 2. The different sensing distance of passive and active RFID affected the design of interaction process. 3. According to the analyzed results by observation and interviewing, "Make A Wish" is suitable for multi-user but ill at interacting synchronously. “Infinite Wishes” was suitable for multi-user interactive synchronously by combined the advantages of passive and active RFID. 4. The active RFID is suitable for multi-user interactive synchronously. 5. For the different environments’ requirement of single, couple or multiple users, the design of installation and media content has to consider the groups’ architectures. Let it have the same performance in different user scenario and the multi-user scenario.

近十年來，無線通訊技術、流動電話服務以及無線網絡的發展一日千里。不單止為社會帶來很多新的技術及先進的設備，更加帶來了許多新穎的應用構想。其中最被廣泛討論的要數室內無線實時定位系統。室內定位，顧名思義就是一種對一個或多個室內目標進行定位及追蹤的技術。這種技術的潛在應用非常多元化，例如倉庫管理、人力資源調配等等。透過這種技術可以使一些室內位置信息相關的服務更加自動化，從而提升服務效率。正因為市場狂熱的需求，近年來室內無線實時定位系統一直都是一個熱門的研究課題。<br>本論文的上半部主要是討論一種基於無線射頻識別技術的室內無線實時定位系統。這個系統的特點是在閱讀器的天線上應用了模擬一維綫相控陣列天線。系統的定位原理是基於三角測距法，透過相控陣的主波束掃描配合信號強度測量去估算出信號入射角。比較其他入射角測量的方法，應用這種方法的硬件成本更低而且能確保一定的精度。整個系統的開發包括有無線射頻標籤、閱讀器、模擬一維綫相控陣列天線、網絡控制器、數據庫、圖像應用界面及一種有效壓抑室內多徑問題的定位算法。這個系統的最大好處就是它不像其他一些現存的定位系統一樣，在安裝後需要進行大量的離線實地校準。我們進行了大量的實驗去客觀地驗證系統的定位性能，實驗的結果指出系統的定位誤差平均值小於一米。<br>為了控制系統的硬件成本，上述所提及到的模擬一維綫相控陣列天線會採用一種非常便宜的板材：FR4。但是FR4這種板材便宜的代價便是它相對較高的介質損耗。較高的介質損耗對模擬一維綫相控陣列天線的實現存在着一個重要的難題：模擬360º移相器的插入損耗相對電壓變化不平滑。有見及止，本論文的下半部會討論一種新穎而有效壓抑因高介質損耗而導致插入損耗不平滑的反射式移相器。新的移相器設計包含兩種壓抑插入損耗不平滑的技術。在仿真結果中，新的設計把傳統設計的插入損耗不平滑從1.4分貝大幅降低至0.3分貝。實驗的結果指出，在360o 的移相範圍內只存在着0.6分貝的插入損耗不平滑。<br>最後在此作一個總結。本論文主要是討論一種高效、低成本、基於無線射頻識別技術及模擬一維綫相控陣列天線技術的室內無線實時定位系統。大量的實驗數據證明了它良好的定位性能。而且系統的網絡設計使到它可以更彈性地應用到不同的場所。<br>In recent years, the rapid development in wireless communication technologies, mobile computing devices and wireless networks has stimulated a fast growing interest in various location-aware systems that can provide real time information of physical locations of objects or persons. In this thesis, an active radio frequency identification (RFID) indoor positioning system utilizing analog linear phased array antenna (PAA) technology has been proposed and demonstrated. By using beam steering of an analog linear PAA and measuring the corresponding received signal strength indicator (RSSI), one can determine the angle of arrival (AoA) of the transmitted signal from a tag. In this work, a complete locationing system has been built, which includes RFID tag, reader integrated PAA, network controller and database with event driven functions. Besides that, a novel positioning algorithm that can effectively overcome indoor multipath effect is also proposed. The major advantage of the proposed system is that it doesn’t require any on-site calibration. Therefore, the setup of the proposed system is scenario-independent. A large number of experiments and results have demonstrated that the probabilities of spatial errors of less than 1 meter and 1.5 meters of the proposed system are about 80% and 95% respectively.<br>In order to have a cost-effective system, those analog linear PAAs are fabricated in FR4 substrate, with which constant insertion loss under phase steering of a 360º analog phase shifter is difficult to realize due to the substrate loss. In order to overcome this difficulty, a novel loss-compensated microstrip 360º reflection-type diode phase shifter with constant insertion loss has been proposed and concept proven. In this regard, two techniques have been investigated to reduce the insertion loss variation which is caused by using lossy substrate. As compared with the conventional design, simulation results have shown a considerable improvement on the insertion loss variation from 1.4dB to 0.3dB. Measurement results have demonstrated a 0.6dB insertion loss variation over 360º phase steering range.<br>In conclusion, a low-cost but with moderate performance RFID indoor locationing system based on analog linear PAA technology has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The prototype system has shown its high accuracy, flexibility in network deployment, and scenario-independent operation.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Hung, Wing Hung.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-87).<br>Abstracts also in Chinese.<br>ABSTRACT --- p.I<br>論文摘要 --- p.III<br>ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.V<br>TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.VI<br>LIST OF FIGURES --- p.IX<br>LIST OF TABLES --- p.XIII<br>LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XIV<br>Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.1. --- RESEARCH MOTIVATION --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.2. --- OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS ORGANIZATION --- p.5<br>Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- FUNDAMENTALS IN LINEAR PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA AND REFLECTION-TYPE PHASE SHIFTER --- p.6<br>Chapter 2.1. --- LINEAR PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA --- p.6<br>Chapter 2.1.1. --- Operating Principle --- p.7<br>Chapter 2.1.2. --- Simulation Example --- p.9<br>Chapter 2.2. --- REFLECTION-TYPE PHASE SHIFTER --- p.10<br>Chapter 2.2.1. --- Operating Principle --- p.10<br>Chapter 2.2.2. --- Simulation Example --- p.12<br>Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- CONVENTIONAL INDOOR POSITIONING METHODOLOGIES --- p.15<br>Chapter 3.1. --- RSSI RANGING --- p.15<br>Chapter 3.1.1. --- Radio Fingerprint --- p.15<br>Chapter 3.1.2. --- Radio Propagation Model --- p.17<br>Chapter 3.1.3. --- Reference Tags --- p.18<br>Chapter 3.1.4. --- Ordered Signal Strength Sequence --- p.19<br>Chapter 3.2. --- UWB RANGING --- p.20<br>Chapter 3.3. --- NEAR FIELD ELECTROMAGNETIC RANGING (NFER) --- p.21<br>Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- CONVENTIONAL 360º REFLECTION-TYPE PHASE SHIFTER DESIGNS --- p.23<br>Chapter 4.1. --- PARALLELING TWO SERIES-RESONANT VARACTOR CIRCUIT --- p.23<br>Chapter 4.1.1. --- 360º Phase Shift --- p.24<br>Chapter 4.1.2. --- Constant Insertion Loss --- p.24<br>Chapter 4.1.3. --- Performance --- p.25<br>Chapter 4.2. --- PARALLELING TWO ARMS HAVING 180O PHASE CHANGE WITH 90º OUT OF PHASE --- p.27<br>Chapter 4.2.1. --- Linearity and 180º Phase Shift --- p.27<br>Chapter 4.2.2. --- Constant Insertion Loss --- p.29<br>Chapter 4.2.3. --- 360º Phase Shift --- p.29<br>Chapter 4.2.4. --- Performance --- p.30<br>Chapter 4.3. --- CONNECTING TWO ARMS HAVING 180O PHASE CHANGE WITH 90O OUT OF PHASE IN-SERIES --- p.31<br>Chapter 4.3.1. --- Constant Insertion Loss --- p.31<br>Chapter 4.3.2. --- 360º Phase Shift --- p.32<br>Chapter 4.3.3. --- Performance --- p.32<br>Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- AN ACTIVE RFID INDOOR POSITIONING SYSTEM UTILIZING ANALOG LINEAR PHASED ARRAY --- p.34<br>Chapter 5.1. --- POSITIONING METHODOLOGY --- p.35<br>Chapter 5.2. --- SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE --- p.37<br>Chapter 5.2.1. --- Analog Linear Phased Array Antenna --- p.39<br>Chapter 5.3. --- POSITIONING ALGORITHM --- p.51<br>Chapter 5.3.1. --- Zone Decision --- p.51<br>Chapter 5.3.2. --- Point Location --- p.52<br>Chapter 5.4. --- EXPERIMENTAL RESULT --- p.58<br>Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- NOVEL 360º REFLECTION-TYPE DIODE PHASE SHIFTER WITH CONSTANT INSERTION LOSS UNDER LOSSY SUBSTRATE --- p.65<br>Chapter 6.1. --- REVIEW --- p.66<br>Chapter 6.2. --- PROBLEMS --- p.68<br>Chapter 6.3. --- PROPOSED SOLUTIONS --- p.71<br>Chapter 6.3.1. --- Closed Reflection Coefficient Circle --- p.71<br>Chapter 6.3.2. --- Centered Reflection Coefficient Circle --- p.74<br>Chapter 6.4. --- SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT RESULT --- p.77<br>Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION --- p.83<br>REFERENCES --- p.85<br>AUTHOR’S PUBLICATIONS --- p.88<br>Chapter APPENDIX 1: --- DESIGN OF RFID TAG --- p.89<br>Chapter APPENDIX 2: --- DESIGN OF RFID READER --- p.98<br>Chapter APPENDIX 3: --- DESIGN OF RFID CONTROLLER --- p.100

Inductors are extensively used in the design of radio-frequency circuits. In the last decade, the integration of passive components, especially inductors on silicon chips, has led to the widespread development and implementation of Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFICs) in CMOS technologies. However, on-chip passive inductors occupy a large silicon chip area and hardly scale down with technology scaling. Therefore, on-chip passive inductors become formidable obstacles to the realization of highly dense RFICs to be integrated with other highly dense digital circuits on a single chip using a common fabrication process. In recent years, researchers have focused on replacing passive inductors with transistor-only active circuits, namely active inductors. Active inductors can be realized with only a few transistors, which scale down with technology scaling. Therefore, they occupy a fraction of the chip area of their passive counterparts, and can be implemented densely in CMOS processes. Unlike passive inductors, bias dependent operations of active inductors allow for the tuning of their inductance and quality factor Q, and in turn, tuning the performance parameters of RFICs. This thesis focuses on the design and development of passive inductorless CMOS RFICs for ultra-wideband (UWB) receiver front-ends using active inductors. A new Q-enhanced and a new bandwidth-extended tunable active inductors are designed. Using the Q-enhanced active inductor, two tunable UWB low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) (two-stage and three-stage UWB LNAs), a UWB mixer and a wideband local-oscillator (LO) driver are designed. Active inductors are utilized to develop a novel wideband active shunt-peaking technique that decreases high-frequency losses to yield a flat gain over a wide bandwidth. A tunable multiband-UWB front-end integrating a two-stage UWB LNA, and a pair of UWB mixers driven by a pair of wideband LO drivers, is fabricated in a 90nm digital CMOS process. The passive inductorless two-stage UWB LNA, three-stage UWB LNA and UWB front-end occupy chip areas of only 0.0114mm2, 0.0227mm2, and 0.1485mm2, respectively. The active CMOS UWB front-end exhibits a measured flat gain of 22.5dB over 2.5-8.8 GHz bandwidth, and its tunability allows for varying the gain and bandwidth.<br>Integrated Circuits and Systems