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Journal articles on the topic 'Active probes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 March 2025

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1

Birring, Anmol. "Optimizing Probe Active Aperture for Phased Array Weld Inspections." Materials Evaluation 79, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.32548/2021.me-04220.

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Phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) has become a popular nondestructive technique for weld inspections in piping, pressure vessels, and other components such as turbines. This technique can be used both in manual and automated modes. PAUT is more attractive than conventional angle-beam ultrasonic testing (UT), as it sweeps the beam through a range of angles and presents a cross-sectional image of the area of interest. Other displays are also available depending on the software. Unlike traditional A-scan instruments, which require the reconstruction of B- and C-scan images from raster scanning, a phased array image is much simpler to produce from line scans and easier to interpret. Engineering codes have incorporated phased array technology and provide steps for standardization, scanning, and alternate acceptance criteria based on fracture mechanics. The basis of fracture mechanics is accurate defect sizing. There is, however, no guidance in codes and standards on the selection and setup of phased array probes for accurate sizing. Just like conventional probes, phased array probes have a beam spread that depends on the probe’s active aperture and frequency. Smaller phased array probes, when used for thicker sections, result in poor focusing, large beam spread, and poor discontinuity definition. This means low resolution and oversizing. Accurate sizing for fracture mechanics acceptance criteria requires probes with high resolution. In this paper, guidance is provided for the selection of phased array probes and setup parameters to improve resolution, definition, and sizing of discontinuities.

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2

Anson, Christopher E., Tina J. Baldwin, Colin S. Creaser, Mark A. Fey, and G. Richard Stephenson. "IR-Active Organometallic pH Probes." Organometallics 15, no. 5 (January 1996): 1451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om950589o.

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3

Tschirret-Guth, Richard A., Katalin F. Medzihradszky, and Paul R. Ortiz de Montellano. "Trifluoromethyldiazirinylphenyldiazenes: New Hemoprotein Active-Site Probes." Journal of the American Chemical Society 121, no. 20 (May 1999): 4731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja990351h.

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4

Glasmachers, A. "Active miniature radio frequency field probe." Advances in Radio Science 1 (May 5, 2003): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-1-161-2003.

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Abstract. For the measuring of the electromagnetic interference (e.g. on men) of RF fields produced by mobile communication equipment field probes are required with high spatial resolution and high sensitivity. Available passive probes show good results with respect to bandwidth and low field distortion, but do not provide the required sensitivity and dynamic range. A significant limitation for active miniature probes is the power supply problem, because batteries cannot be used. Therefore the effect of high impedance connection lines is examined by a numerical field simulation. Different approaches for the design of an active probe are discussed, a favourable solution with a logarithmic demodulator is implemented and measuring results are presented.

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5

Szalkowski, Marcin, Karolina Sulowska, Martin Jönsson-Niedziółka, Kamil Wiwatowski, Joanna Niedziółka-Jönsson, Sebastian Maćkowski, and Dawid Piątkowski. "Photochemical Printing of Plasmonically Active Silver Nanostructures." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062006.

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In this paper, we demonstrate plasmonic substrates prepared on demand, using a straightforward technique, based on laser-induced photochemical reduction of silver compounds on a glass substrate. Importantly, the presented technique does not impose any restrictions regarding the shape and length of the metallic pattern. Plasmonic interactions have been probed using both Stokes and anti-Stokes types of emitters that served as photoluminescence probes. For both cases, we observed a pronounced increase of the photoluminescence intensity for emitters deposited on silver patterns. By studying the absorption and emission dynamics, we identified the mechanisms responsible for emission enhancement and the position of the plasmonic resonance.

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6

Devanesan, Prabhakar D., and Albert M. Bobst. "Spin probes as mechanistic inhibitors and active site probes of thymidylate synthetase." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 29, no. 7 (July 1986): 1237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00157a021.

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7

Sandoghdar, V., and J. Mlynek. "Prospects of apertureless SNOM with active probes." Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 1, no. 4 (January 1, 1999): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/1/4/319.

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8

Kovalev, Yuri A. "Some active galactic nuclei as cosmological probes." Space Science Reviews 74, no. 3-4 (November 1995): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00751436.

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9

Tong, Jiaqi, Ting Hu, Anjun Qin, Jing Zhi Sun, and Ben Zhong Tang. "Deciphering the binding behaviours of BSA using ionic AIE-active fluorescent probes." Faraday Discussions 196 (2017): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00165c.

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The binding behaviours of a transport protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), in its native, unfolding and refolding states have been probed by monitoring the emission changes of two exogenous AIE-active fluorescent probes, M2 and M3, which are designed to be anionic and cationic, respectively. Due to their AIE properties, both M2 and M3 display emission enhancement when bound to the hydrophobic cavity of BSA. The binding site of M2 and M3 is found to be subdomain IIA. Then, the BSA + M2 and BSA + M3 systems are utilized to fluorescently signal the conformation changes of BSA caused by various external stimuli, including thermally or chemically induced denaturation. The data confirmed the multi-step unfolding process and the existence of a molten-globule intermediate state. The unfolding process consists of the rearrangement of subdomain IIA, the exposure of a negatively charged binding site in domain I that prefers interacting with cationic species, and the transformation of the molten-globule intermediate into the final random coil. The anionic and cationic modifications of the probes enable us to observe that electrostatic interactions play a role in the folding and unfolding of BSA.

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10

Chen, Xinqi, Ming Sun, and Huimin Ma. "Progress in Spectroscopic Probes with Cleavable Active Bonds." Current Organic Chemistry 10, no. 4 (March 1, 2006): 477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138527206776055312.

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11

Salehi-Khojin, Amin, Saeid Bashash, Nader Jalili, Maren Müller, and Rüdiger Berger. "Nanomechanical cantilever active probes for ultrasmall mass detection." Journal of Applied Physics 105, no. 1 (January 2009): 013506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3054371.

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12

Liu, Jiaan, Yanfeng Li, Kirandeep K. Deol, and Eric R. Strieter. "Synthesis of Branched Triubiquitin Active-Site Directed Probes." Organic Letters 21, no. 17 (August 9, 2019): 6790–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02406.

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13

La, Duong Duc, Sidhanath V. Bhosale, Lathe A. Jones, and Sheshanath V. Bhosale. "Tetraphenylethylene-Based AIE-Active Probes for Sensing Applications." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 15 (October 18, 2017): 12189–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b12320.

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14

Macheroux, Peter, and Vincent Massey. "8-Thiocyanatoflavins as active-site probes for flavoproteins." Biochemistry 30, no. 2 (January 15, 1991): 456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00216a022.

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15

Tang, Benzhong, Xianchao Du, Anjun Qin, and Jia Wang. "Application of AIE-active probes in fluorescence sensing." Chinese Science Bulletin 65, no. 15 (February 9, 2020): 1428–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/tb-2019-0708.

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16

McStay, G. P., and D. R. Green. "Identification of Active Caspases Using Affinity-Based Probes." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2014, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): pdb.prot080309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot080309.

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17

ATKINSON, EVAN M., and NATALIA A. TRAYANOVA. "CONTACT PROBES FOR MAP RECORDING: A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY." Journal of Biological Systems 11, no. 02 (June 2003): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339003000804.

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In this computational study, we investigate the effects of a contact probe's design on the monophasic action potential (MAP) it records. Particularly, we focus on tip size and electrode geometry. A MAP is recorded when the tip of the contact probe is pressed against myocardial tissue and an action potential propagates through the tissue. Our 2-dimensional tissue model incorporates Luo–Rudy I membrane kinetics to simulate the transmembrane action potential (TAP), and the tissue injury induced by the contact probe is modeled after ischemic conditions. We compare our simulated MAPs to the TAPs in the model. Our results show that the correlation between MAP and TAP signals is affected by both the shape of the contact probe's active electrode and the size of the probe's tip. We found that an asymmetrical active electrode which records MAPs from the downstream region of injury (e.g., right side of injury for a wave propagating across the tissue from left to right) very accurately reflects the TAP of the healthy tissue. Further, our findings suggest that the optimal size for a contact probe's tip is between 0.64 and 1 mm 2. If the tip is very small (0.04 mm 2), the resulting region of injury is too small to maintain a stable transmembrane potential, and the recorded MAPs are distorted. On the other hand, very large probe tips (>1 mm 2) covered with standard active electrodes focus their measurements too much on the interior of the injury and thus do not accurately describe the behavior of the injury currents. The results of our study could have implications on the design of contact probes used for recording MAPs in vivo.

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18

Torenholt, Rikke, Gitte Engelund, and Ingrid Willaing. "Bringing person-centeredness and active involvement into reality." Health Education 115, no. 6 (October 5, 2015): 518–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-05-2014-0064.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the use and applicability of cultural probes – an explorative participatory method to gain insights into a person’s life and thoughts – to achieve person-centeredness and active involvement in self-management education for people with chronic illness. Design/methodology/approach – An education toolkit inspired by the ideas of cultural probes was developed and feasibility tested in 49 education settings in Denmark. Questionnaires, interviews, and observations were used to collect data, which were analysed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and systematic text condensation. Findings – Educators emphasized the applicability of the toolkit, and between 69 and 82 per cent of educators reported that the toolkit supported them in facilitating person-centred education and active involvement to a high or very high degree. Most educators (81 per cent) reported that they would like to apply the toolkit again in future education to a high or very high degree. Five categories of educator experiences were identified: interaction and activity; person-centeredness; group dynamics and synergy; openness; and light and cheerful atmosphere. Educators talked significantly less in situations where the toolkit was applied. This indicates the ability of the toolkit to facilitate talk among participants and thereby let participants become the focal point of education. Applying cultural probes in patient education targeting people with chronic illness seems to be a useful method to achieve patient-centeredness and active involvement in patient education and to support educators in facilitating this process. Originality/value – Introducing fully flexible education toolkits inspired by cultural probes may, in the future, lead to improved self-management patient education among people with chronic illness.

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19

Brau, Agustín, Margarita Valenzuela, Jorge Santolaria, and Juan José Aguilar. "Evaluation Of Different Probing Systems Used In Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines." Metrology and Measurement Systems 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2014-0020.

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Abstract This paper presents a comparison of different techniques to capture nominal data for its use in later verification and kinematic parameter identification procedures for articulated arm coordinate measuring machines (AACMM). By using four different probing systems (passive spherical probe, active spherical probe, self-centering passive probe and self-centering active probe) the accuracy and repeatability of captured points has been evaluated by comparing these points to nominal points materialized by a ball-bar gauge distributed in several positions of the measurement volume. Then, by comparing these systems it is possible to characterize the influence of the force over the final results for each of the gauge and probing system configurations. The results with each of the systems studied show the advantages and original accuracy obtained by active probes, and thus their suitability in verification (active probes) and kinematic parameter identification (self-centering active probes) procedures.

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20

Zhou, Wen, Po-Hung Hsieh, Yongmei Xu, Timothy R. O’Leary, Xuefei Huang, and Jian Liu. "Design and synthesis of active heparan sulfate-based probes." Chemical Communications 51, no. 55 (2015): 11019–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc02008e.

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21

Chow, S. F., and P. M. Horowitz. "Tetracyanonickelate probes the active site of sulfur-free rhodanese." Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, no. 29 (December 1985): 15516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36285-3.

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22

Sahli, Rihab, Noureddine Raouafi, Khaled Boujlel, Emmanuel Maisonhaute, Bernd Schöllhorn, and Christian Amatore. "Electrochemically active phenylenediamine probes for transition metal cation detection." New Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 3 (2011): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0nj00638f.

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23

Afonso, Joao, and Pedro Veiga. "Improving DNS Security Using Active Firewalling with Network Probes." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 8, no. 5 (January 2012): 684180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/684180.

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24

AMOSCATO, ANDREW A., GEORGE F. BABCOCK, R. MICHAEL SRAMKOSKI, BARBARA A. HYND, and J. WESLEY ALEXANDER. "Synthesis of two biologically active fluorescent probes of thymopentin." International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 29, no. 2 (January 12, 2009): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3011.1987.tb02244.x.

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25

Wohlgemuth, O., M. J. W. Rodwell, R. Reuter, J. Braunstein, and M. Schlechtweg. "Active probes for network analysis within 70-230 GHz." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 47, no. 12 (1999): 2591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.809011.

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26

Sahli, Rihab, Noureddine Raouafi, Emmanuel Maisonhaute, Khaled Boujlel, and Bernd Schöllhorn. "Thiophene-based electrochemically active probes for selective calcium detection." Electrochimica Acta 63 (February 2012): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.12.108.

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27

Simon, Roman P., Tobias Rumpf, Vaida Linkuviene, Daumantas Matulis, Asifa Akhtar, and Manfred Jung. "Cofactor Analogues as Active Site Probes in Lysine Acetyltransferases." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 62, no. 5 (February 20, 2019): 2582–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01887.

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28

McGouran, Joanna F., Holger B. Kramer, Mukram M. Mackeen, Katalin di Gleria, Mikael Altun, and Benedikt M. Kessler. "Fluorescence-based active site probes for profiling deubiquitinating enzymes." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 10, no. 17 (2012): 3379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ob25258a.

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29

Aoki, Kazuhiro, Etsuko Kiyokawa, Takeshi Nakamura, and Michiyuki Matsuda. "Visualization of growth signal transduction cascades in living cells with genetically encoded probes based on Förster resonance energy transfer." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1500 (March 14, 2008): 2143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.2267.

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Fluorescence probes based on the principle of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) have shed new light on our understanding of signal transduction cascades. Among them, unimolecular FRET probes containing fluorescence proteins are rapidly increasing in number because these genetically encoded probes can be easily loaded into living cells and allow simple acquisition of FRET images. We have developed probes for small GTPases, tyrosine kinases, serine–threonine kinases and phosphoinositides. Images obtained with these probes have revealed that membrane protrusions such as nascent lamellipodia or neurites provide an active signalling platform in the growth factor-stimulated cells.

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30

Lund, Alicia, Ming-Feng Hsieh, Ting-Ann Siaw, and Song-I. Han. "Direct dynamic nuclear polarization targeting catalytically active 27Al sites." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 38 (2015): 25449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp03396a.

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31

Yao, Yongkang, Yutao Zhang, Chenxu Yan, Wei-Hong Zhu, and Zhiqian Guo. "Enzyme-activatable fluorescent probes for β-galactosidase: from design to biological applications." Chemical Science 12, no. 29 (2021): 9885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc02069b.

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This review highlights the molecular design strategy of β-galactosidase-activatable probes from turn-on mode to ratiometric mode, from ACQ to AIE-active probes, from NIR-I to NIR-II imaging and dual-mode of chemo-fluoro-luminescence imaging.

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32

Coman, Anca G., Codruta C. Paraschivescu, Anca Paun, Andreea Diac, Niculina D. Hădade, Laurent Jouffret, Arnaud Gautier, Mihaela Matache, and Petre Ionita. "Synthesis of novel profluorescent nitroxides as dual luminescent-paramagnetic active probes." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 15 (2017): 7472–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj01698k.

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33

Jiang, Jianbing, Wouter W. Kallemeijn, Daniel W. Wright, Adrianus M. C. H. van den Nieuwendijk, Veronica Coco Rohde, Elisa Colomina Folch, Hans van den Elst, et al. "In vitro and in vivo comparative and competitive activity-based protein profiling of GH29 α-l-fucosidases." Chemical Science 6, no. 5 (2015): 2782–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sc03739a.

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34

Akhtar, Nasim, Oindrila Biswas, and Debasis Manna. "Stimuli-responsive transmembrane anion transport by AIE-active fluorescent probes." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 19, no. 34 (2021): 7446–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ob00584g.

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Anticancer drug resistance implicates multifunctional mechanisms, and hypoxia is one of the key factors in therapeutic resistance. Herein, we report the development of AIE-active Cl− ion transporter which get activated under hypoxic environment.

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35

Xu, Dan, Jiangjiang Gu, Weina Wang, Xuehai Yu, Kai Xi, and Xudong Jia. "Development of chitosan-coated gold nanoflowers as SERS-active probes." Nanotechnology 21, no. 37 (August 19, 2010): 375101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/21/37/375101.

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36

Alien, Nicholas D., David G. Cran, Sheila C. Barton, Simon Hettle, Wolf Reik, and M. Azim Surani. "Transgenes as probes for active chromosomal domains in mouse development." Nature 333, no. 6176 (June 1988): 852–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/333852a0.

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37

Sutherland, Andrew, and Christine L. Willis. "Synthesis of probes for the active site of leucine dehydrogenase." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 9, no. 14 (July 1999): 1941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00297-8.

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38

Smirnov, Andrey S., Dmitriy N. Nikolaev, Vlad V. Gurzhiy, Sergey N. Smirnov, Vitaliy S. Suslonov, Alexander V. Garabadzhiu, and Pavel B. Davidovich. "Conformational stabilization of isatin Schiff bases – biologically active chemical probes." RSC Advances 7, no. 17 (2017): 10070–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra26779c.

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Two ways of conformation stabilization for isatin Schiff bases (group of biologically active compounds) are reported here: complexation with metals that stabilize E-conformer and substitution in the 4^th position of isatin core stabilizing Z-form.

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39

Contakes, Stephen M., Alex R. Dunn, Nelson Morales, Jay R. Winkler, and Harry B. Gray. "Substrate-tethered probes for investigating the active site of myeloperoxidase." Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 96, no. 1 (July 2003): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0162-0134(03)80595-0.

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40

Manieri, Wanda, Molly E. Moore, Matthew B. Soellner, Pearl Tsang, and Carol A. Caperelli. "Human Glycinamide Ribonucleotide Transformylase: Active Site Mutants as Mechanistic Probes†." Biochemistry 46, no. 1 (January 2007): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi0619270.

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41

Knözinger, Erich, Karl-Heinz Jacob, Surjit Singh, and Peter Hofmann. "Hydroxyl groups as IR active surface probes on MgO crystallites." Surface Science Letters 290, no. 3 (June 1993): A540—A541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2584(93)90947-h.

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42

Janus, Paweł, Andrzej Sierakowski, Piotr Grabiec, Maciej Rudek, Wojciech Majstrzyk, and Teodor Gotszalk. "Micromachined active test structure for scanning thermal microscopy probes characterization." Microelectronic Engineering 174 (April 2017): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2017.02.010.

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43

Knözinger, Erich, Karl-Heinz Jacob, Surjit Singh, and Peter Hofmann. "Hydroxyl groups as IR active surface probes on MgO crystallites." Surface Science 290, no. 3 (June 1993): 388–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(93)90721-u.

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44

Salehi-Khojin, Amin, Saeid Bashash, and Nader Jalili. "Modeling and experimental vibration analysis of nanomechanical cantilever active probes." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 18, no. 8 (July 4, 2008): 085008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/18/8/085008.

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45

Ueda, Masashi, and Hideo Saji. "Radiolabeled Probes Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1-Active Tumor Microenvironments." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/165461.

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Because tumor cells grow rapidly and randomly, hypoxic regions arise from the lack of oxygen supply in solid tumors. Hypoxic regions in tumors are known to be resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) expressed in hypoxic regions regulates the expression of genes related to tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Thus, imaging of HIF-1-active regions in tumors is of great interest. HIF-1 activity is regulated by the expression and degradation of itsαsubunit (HIF-1α), which is degraded in the proteasome under normoxic conditions, but escapes degradation under hypoxic conditions, allowing it to activate transcription of HIF-1-target genes. Therefore, to image HIF-1-active regions, HIF-1-dependent reporter systems and injectable probes that are degraded in a manner similar to HIF-1αhave been recently developed and used in preclinical studies. However, no probe currently used in clinical practice directly assesses HIF-1 activity. Whether the accumulation of18F-FDG or18F-FMISO can be utilized as an index of HIF-1 activity has been investigated in clinical studies. In this review, the current status of HIF-1 imaging in preclinical and clinical studies is discussed.

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46

Herber, R. H. "Hyperfine interactions and nuclear probes in chemistry: The active interface." Hyperfine Interactions 62, no. 1-2 (August 1990): vii—viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02407658.

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47

Alam, Parvej, Wei He, Nelson L. C. Leung, Chao Ma, Ryan T. K. Kwok, Jacky W. Y. Lam, Herman H. Y. Sung, Ian D. Williams, Kam Sing Wong, and Ben Zhong Tang. "Red AIE‐Active Fluorescent Probes with Tunable Organelle‐Specific Targeting." Advanced Functional Materials 30, no. 10 (January 20, 2020): 1909268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201909268.

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48

N. N., Khoshimov, Azizov V.G., Abduboqiyev A. R., and Rakhimov R.N. "Study Of The Neuroprotective Properties Of Biologically Active Compounds." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 03, no. 05 (May 19, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume03issue05-01.

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The works show that, using fluorescent probes, it was used to study the effect of PC-8 on changes in the dynamics of the intracellular Ca2+ content in synaptosomes of the rat brain, depending on the site of the binding of glutamate on calcium channels by a specific mediator with glutamate. To measure the amount of cytosolic Ca2+ synaptosomes, we calculated using the Grinkevich equation. It has been shown that polyphenol PC-8 binds to the glutamate-binding site of NMDA receptors, so that the conductance for Ca2+ ions is reduced through a channel blocking the effect of polyphenol PC-8 can be explained. due to its binding to the competing action of the site, the binding of glutamate to NMDA receptors.

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49

Yin, Caixia, Jiawei Li, and Fangjun Huo. "Cu2+ Biological Imaging Probes Based on Different Sensing Mechanisms." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 21 (September 19, 2019): 3958–4002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170428110724.

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In recent years, fluorescent probes have recently attracted attention from researchers. As a vital trace metal element, Cu2+ has an important role in the human body and environment. Therefore, the development and design of Cu2+ small-molecular fluorescent probes has been an active research area. This review focuses on the developments in the area of small-molecular fluorescent probes for Cu2+ in biological applications according to different sensing mechanisms including charge transfer (CT), electron transfer, energy transfer, excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT).

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50

Hainfeld, James F., and Richard D. Powell. "New Frontiers in Gold Labeling." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 48, no. 4 (April 2000): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540004800404.

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Abstract:

Recent advances in gold technology have led to probes with improved properties and performance for cell biologists: higher labeling density, better sensitivity, and greater penetration into tissues. Gold clusters, such as the 1.4-nm Nanogold, are gold compounds that can be covalently linked to Fab′ antibody fragments, making small and stable probes. Silver enhancement then makes these small gold particles easily visible by EM, LM, and directly by eye. Another advance is the combination of fluorescent and gold probes for correlative microscopy. Chemical crosslinking of gold particles to many biologically active molecules has made possible many novel probes, such as gold-lipids, gold-Ni-NTA, and gold-ATP.

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