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Books on the topic 'Active particle'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

A, Miller James. Final report for particle acceleration in active galactic nuclei: NASA grant NAG5-2871, period of performance: 1 Feb 1995 to 31 Jan 1996. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Bellomo, Nicola, José Antonio Carrillo, and Eitan Tadmor, eds. Active Particles, Volume 3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93302-9.

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3

Bellomo, Nicola, Pierre Degond, and Eitan Tadmor, eds. Active Particles, Volume 1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49996-3.

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Bellomo, Nicola, Pierre Degond, and Eitan Tadmor, eds. Active Particles, Volume 2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20297-2.

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5

Colloidal Robotics: Autonomous propulsion and navigation of active particles. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2020.

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6

Hult, Arne. On the development of the present active participle in Bulgarian. Göteborg: Institutum Slavicum Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 1991.

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7

Brownian Agents and Active Particles: Collective dynamics in the natural and social sciences. Berlin: Springer, 2003.

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8

Browning [sic] agents and active particles: Collective dynamics in the natural and social sciences. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 2007.

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9

Browning [sic] agents and active particles: Collective dynamics in the natural and social sciences. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 2007.

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10

Krugli͡akov, P. M. Hydrophile-lipophile balance of surfactants and solid particles: Physicochemical aspects and applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B. V., 2000.

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11

Center, Langley Research, ed. Proper orthogonal decomposition in optimal control of fluids. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1999.

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12

Lippi, Donatella, ed. Medicina, Chirurgia e Sanità in Toscana tra '700 e '800. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-788-1.

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Three Tuscan doctors, and three intriguing professional histories. The inventory of the papers of Pietro Betti, Carlo Burci and Vincenzio Chiarugi has made available an important archive heritage, which goes to supplement the partial knowledge deriving from the biographies and works of these figures who represented the bridge between the enlightened and revolutionary eighteenth century and the following century, taut between the claims of science and political and social influences. A great season for Medicine and Surgery is revisited through the voices of three important exponents of this period of knowledge and action, of a commitment – that is also contemporary – to care, to teaching and to research.

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13

McGugan, Libby. The eidolon. Oxford: Solaris, 2013.

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14

David, Barkol, and Vavilala Rama Krishna, eds. ASP.NET ajax in action. Greenwich, CT: Manning, 2008.

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15

Furst, Eric M., and Todd M. Squires. Particle motion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.003.0002.

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The movement of colloidal particles in simple and complex fluids and viscoelastic solids is central to the microrheology endeavor. All microrheology experiments measure the resistance of a probe particle forced to move within a material, whether that probe is forced externally or simply allowed to fluctuate thermally. This chapter lays a foundation of the fundamental mechanics of micrometer-dimension particles in fluids and soft solids. In an active microrheology experiment, a colloid of radius a is driven externally with a specifed force F (e.g.magnetic, optical, or gravitational), and moves with a velocity V that is measured. Of particular importance is the role of the Correspondence Principle, but other key concepts, including mobility and resistance, hydrodynamic interactions, and both fluid and particle inertia, are discussed. In passive microrheology experiments, on the other hand, the position of a thermally-uctuating probe is tracked and analyzed to determine its diffusivity.

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16

Baik, Seung-Hyuk. Determination of ⁹⁰Sr/⁹⁰Y contamination using beta-particle spectroscopy with active gamma-ray discrimination. 1991.

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17

Browning Agents and Active Particles. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73845-9.

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18

Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Dynamics of a point particle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0024.

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This chapter attributes an inertial ‘mass–energy’ to particles. It also distinguishes between the action of an external field and of long-range and short-range internal forces, which is useful for establishing the laws of dynamics of an interacting body—that is, the equations determining its world line. The chapter also presents the 4-momentum conservation law for massive particles and light particles in inertial reference frames. It then gives some examples which illustrate the role played by this law in collisions. Finally, the chapter illustrates the conservation law by the Compton experiment, that is, the collision of a light corpuscle with a particle, and the concept of the quantum of action that can be derived from it.

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19

Wigmans, Richard. The Energy Response of Calorimeters. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786351.003.0003.

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This chapter deals with the signals produced by particles that are being absorbed in a calorimeter. The calorimeter response is defined as the average signal produced per unit energy deposited in this absorption process, for example in terms of picoCoulombs per GeV. Defined in this way, a linear calorimeter has a constant response. Typically, the response of the calorimeter depends on the type of particle absorbed in it. Also, most calorimeters are non-linear for hadronic shower detection. This is the essence of the so-called non-compensation problem, which has in practice major consequences for the performance of calorimeters. The origins of this problem, and its possible solutions are described. The roles of the sampling fraction, the sampling frequency, the signal integration time and the choice of the absorber and active materials are examined in detail. Important parameters, such as the e/mip and e/h values, are defined and methods to determine their value are described.

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20

Tadmor, Eitan, Nicola Bellomo, and José Antonio Carrillo. Active Particles, Volume 3: Advances in Theory, Models, and Applications. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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21

Tadmor, Eitan, Nicola Bellomo, and Pierre Degond. Active Particles, Volume 1: Advances in Theory, Models, and Applications. Birkhäuser, 2017.

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22

Tadmor, Eitan, Nicola Bellomo, and Pierre Degond. Active Particles, Volume 1: Advances in Theory, Models, and Applications. Birkhäuser, 2018.

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23

Tadmor, Eitan, Nicola Bellomo, and Pierre Degond. Active Particles, Volume 2: Advances in Theory, Models, and Applications. Birkhäuser, 2019.

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24

Tadmor, Eitan, Nicola Bellomo, and Pierre Degond. Active Particles, Volume 2: Advances in Theory, Models, and Applications. Springer International Publishing AG, 2020.

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25

Furst, Eric M., and Todd M. Squires. Microrheology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.001.0001.

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We present a comprehensive overview of microrheology, emphasizing the underlying theory, practical aspects of its implementation, and current applications to rheological studies in academic and industrial laboratories. Key methods and techniques are examined, including important considerations to be made with respect to the materials most amenable to microrheological characterization and pitfalls to avoid in measurements and analysis. The fundamental principles of all microrheology experiments are presented, including the nature of colloidal probes and their movement in fluids, soft solids, and viscoelastic materials. Microrheology is divided into two general areas, depending on whether the probe is driven into motion by thermal forces (passive), or by an external force (active). We present the theory and practice of passive microrheology, including an in-depth examination of the Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation (GSER). We carefully treat the assumptions that must be made for these techniques to work, and what happens when the underlying assumptions are violated. Experimental methods covered in detail include particle tracking microrheology, tracer particle microrheology using dynamic light scattering and diffusing wave spectroscopy, and laser tracking microrheology. Second, we discuss the theory and practice of active microrheology, focusing specifically on the potential and limitations of extending microrheology to measurements of non-linear rheological properties, like yielding and shear-thinning. Practical aspects of magnetic and optical tweezer measurements are preseted. Finally, we highlight important applications of microrheology, including measurements of gelation, degradation, high-throughput rheology, protein solution viscosities, and polymer dynamics.

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26

Bartolomeo, Jerry. Uniform stabilization of the Euler-Bernoulli equation with active Dirichlet and non-active Neumann boundary feedback controls. 1988.

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27

Farmer, J. D., and Frank Schweitzer. Brownian Agents and Active Particles: Collective Dynamics in the Natural and Social Sciences. Springer London, Limited, 2007.

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28

Blundell, Katherine. 8. Black holes and spin-offs. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199602667.003.0008.

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Black holes influence and interact with their surroundings. Plasma lobes exhibited by some active galaxies are created by jets that are squirted out from the immediate surroundings of a black hole, outside the event horizon. When the jets impinge on the intergalactic medium, shock waves form within which spectacular particle acceleration occurs, and the energized plasma which originated from near the black hole, billows up and flows out of the immediate shock region. As the plasma expands, it imparts enormous quantities of energy to the intergalactic medium. ‘Black holes and spin-offs’ describes the powerful luminosity of quasars, their synchrotron radiation, and the much smaller microquasars.

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29

Ellam, Rob. 8. Scratching the surface with cosmogenic isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.003.0008.

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‘Scratching the surface with cosmogenic isotopes’ explains spallation—when a high energy cosmic ray particle removes several nucleons from an atom. Spallation produces 10Be from 16O in the atmosphere and rock surfaces, while spallation of silicon produces another cosmogenic isotope, 26Al. Cosmogenic isotope production is about four times greater at the poles than at the equator and is also greater at higher altitudes. To calculate a cosmogenic isotope exposure age, the latitude and altitude at which the sample was exposed needs to be known. Using ‘exposure’ and ‘burial’ methodologies, cosmogenic isotopes can be used to address various scientific problems such as recreating the seismic histories of tectonically active areas.

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30

Pismen, Len. Active Matter Within and Around Us: From Self-Propelled Particles to Flocks and Living Forms. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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31

Pismen, Len. Active Matter Within and Around Us: From Self-Propelled Particles to Flocks and Living Forms. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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32

Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Schwinger Action Principle and Variational Calculus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 introduces the Schwinger Action Principle, along with associated particle and potential sources. While the methods described here originally arose in the relativistic quantum field theory of elementary particle physics, they have also profoundly advanced our understanding of non-relativistic many-particle physics. The Schwinger Action Principle is a quantum-mechanical variational principle that closely parallels the Hamilton Principle of Least Action of classical mechanics, generalizing it to include the role of quantum operators as generalized coordinates and momenta. As such, it unifies all aspects of quantum theory, incorporating Hamilton equations of motion for those operators and the Heisenberg equation, as well as producing the canonical equal-time commutation/anticommutation relations. It yields dynamical coupled field equations for the creation and annihilation operators of the interacting many-body system by variational differentiation of the Hamiltonian with respect to the field operators. Also, equations for the development of matrix elements (underlying Green’s functions) are derived using variations with respect to particle and potential “sources” (and coupling strength). Variational calculus, involving impressed potentials, c-number coordinates and fields, also quantum operator coordinates and fields, is discussed in full detail. Attention is given to the introduction of fermion and boson particle sources and their use in variational calculus.

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33

Schweitzer, Frank. Brownian Agents and Active Particles: Collective Dynamics in the Natural and Social Sciences (Springer Series in Synergetics). Springer, 2007.

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34

Kachelriess, Michael. Classical mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802877.003.0001.

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This chapter reviews those concepts of classical mechanics which are essential for progressing towards quantum theory. The Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulation of classical mechanics are derived from action principles. The Green function method is illustrated and the action of a relativistic point particle recalled.

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35

Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Lagrangian mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0008.

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This chapter shows how the Newtonian law of motion of a particle subject to a gradient force derived from a ‘potential energy’ can always be obtained from an extremal principle, or ‘principle of least action’. According to Newton’s first law, the trajectory representing the motion of a free particle between two points p1 and p2 is a straight line. In other words, out of all the possible paths between p1 and p2, the trajectory effectively followed by a free particle is the one that minimizes the length. However, even though the use of the principle of extremal length of the paths between two points gives the straight line joining the points, this does not mean that the straight-line path is traced with constant velocity in an inertial frame. Moreover, the trajectory describing the motion of a particle subject to a force is not uniform and rectilinear.

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36

Timmins, Bryan. Intravenous drug use. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0084.

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Intravenous drug use (IVDU) is the unlawful self-administration of a psychopharmacologically active substance by the intravenous route. Opioids such as heroin (diamorphine), buprenorphine (especially in France), and morphine (usually medicinal morphine sulphate ground into powder and suspended in partial solution) are the drugs most commonly taken intravenously. Amphetamine sulphate, cocaine, and increasingly crack cocaine (especially in Latin America) and short-acting benzodiazepines such as temazepam and lorazepam are also frequently injected. Single drug use is rare and many users will experiment with different compounds and may have comorbid alcohol abuse or dependency and major psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

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37

Nolte, David D. On the Quantum Footpath. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805847.003.0008.

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This chapter shows how the concept of the trajectory of a quantum particle almost vanished in the battle between Werner Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics and Erwin Schrödinger’s wave mechanics. It took Niels Bohr and his complementarity principle of wave-particle duality to cede back some reality to quantum trajectories. However, Schrödinger and Einstein were not convinced and conceived of quantum entanglement to refute the growing acceptance of the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum physics. Schrödinger’s cat was meant to be an absurdity, but ironically it has become a central paradigm of practical quantum computers. Quantum trajectories took on new meaning when Richard Feynman constructed quantum theory based on the principle of least action, inventing his famous Feynman Diagrams to help explain quantum electrodynamics.

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38

Mann, Peter. Coordinates & Constraints. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0006.

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This short chapter introduces constraints, generalised coordinates and the various spaces of Lagrangian mechanics. Analytical mechanics concerns itself with scalar quantities of a dynamic system, namely the potential and kinetic energies of the particle; this approach is in opposition to Newton’s method of vectorial mechanics, which relies upon defining the position of the particle in three-dimensional space, and the forces acting upon it. The chapter serves as an informal, non-mathematical introduction to differential geometry concepts that describe the configuration space and velocity phase space as a manifold and a tangent, respectively. The distinction between holonomic and non-holonomic constraints is discussed, as are isoperimetric constraints, configuration manifolds, generalised velocity and tangent bundles. The chapter also introduces constraint submanifolds, in an intuitive, graphic format.

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39

Laplume, Jesuis. You Matter in This Information Universe Which May Contain No Matter Particles; Just 'in-Formed' Energy. Jurnal Press, 2021.

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40

Laplume, Jesuis. You Matter in This Information Universe Which May Contain No Matter Particles; Just 'in-Formed' Energy. Jurnal Press, 2021.

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41

Mann, Peter. Partial Differentiation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0032.

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This short chapter discusses the Legendre transform, which is used in mechanics to convert between the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian formulations. The Legendre transform is a mathematical tool that can be used to convert the variables of a function through the methods of partial differentiation in a one-to-one fashion. Developed by Adrien-Marie Legendre in the nineteenth century, it is also central to converting between action principles, generating functions and thermodynamic potentials. By using the Legendre transform, two variables can be expressed in four different ways, via the idea of conjugate pairs; it just depends on what differential quantity is subtracted. Variables that are not considered in the transformation are called passive variables, whiles the important ones are the active variables. The information in this chapter provides the background for many of the other chapters in this book.

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42

Medová, Lucie Taraldsen, and Bartosz Wiland. Functional Sequence Zones and Slavic L>T>N Participles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0012.

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This chapter makes a case for morphemes as zones of functional sequence (fseq zones) in nanosyntax. Under such an approach, morphemes that compete for insertion with each other form the same fseq zone, whereas morphemes that co-occur together form different fseq zones. We illustrate this on the basis of the participle zone that is projected on top of verb stems in Slavic languages. We argue that in Polish and Czech, this participle zone spells out as L, T, or N, depending on its size and internal constituent structure. The constituent structure of this zone provides a direct solution to a long-standing puzzle in Polish and Czech morphology, namely why only unaccusative verbs build adjectival L-passives whereas all types of verbs build active L-participles.

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43

Close, Frank. 8. Applied nuclear physics. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198718635.003.0008.

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Nuclear physics is a rich and active field. The large amounts of latent energy within the nuclei of atoms can be liberated in nuclear reactors. Together with nuclear weapons, this is the most familiar application of nuclear physics, but ‘Applied nuclear physics’ provides a summary of other applications to industry, medical science, and human health. The phenomenon of natural radioactivity provides beams of particles, which may be used to initiate other nuclear reactions, or to attack tumours in cancer treatment. Forensics via induced radioactivity, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are also described.

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44

Furst, Eric M., and Todd M. Squires. Magnetic bead microrheology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.003.0008.

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Magnetism is a convenient force for actively pulling colloidal particles in a material. Many materials of interest in a microrheology experiment have a negligible magnetic susceptibility, and so embedded magnetic particles can be subject to relatively strong forces by fields imposed from outside of the sample. These are usually generated by electromagnets, but can also include the use of permanent magnets, or a combination of both. Such “magnetic tweezers” are used as sensitive force probes, capable of generating forces ranging from femtonewtons to nanonewtons. Magnetic forces and magnetic materials are reviewed and magnetic tweezer designs discussed. Linear and non-linear measurements using magnetic tweezers are presented, including studies yield stress and shear thinning. The operating regime of magnetic tweezer microrheology is presented, which enables microrheology experiments to access stiffer materials.

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45

Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Quantum Statistical Field Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.001.0001.

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The methods of coupled quantum field theory, which had great initial success in relativistic elementary particle physics and have subsequently played a major role in the extensive development of non-relativistic quantum many-particle theory and condensed matter physics, are at the core of this book. As an introduction to the subject, this presentation is intended to facilitate delivery of the material in an easily digestible form to students at a relatively early stage of their scientific development, specifically advanced undergraduates (rather than second or third year graduate students), who are mathematically strong physics majors. The mechanism to accomplish this is the early introduction of variational calculus with particle sources and the Schwinger Action Principle, accompanied by Green’s functions, and, in addition, a brief derivation of quantum mechanical ensemble theory introducing statistical thermodynamics. Important achievements of the theory in condensed matter and quantum statistical physics are reviewed in detail to help develop research capability. These include the derivation of coupled field Green’s function equations of motion for a model electron-hole-phonon system, extensive discussions of retarded, thermodynamic and non-equilibrium Green’s functions, and their associated spectral representations and approximation procedures. Phenomenology emerging in these discussions includes quantum plasma dynamic, nonlocal screening, plasmons, polaritons, linear electromagnetic response, excitons, polarons, phonons, magnetic Landau quantization, van der Waals interactions, chemisorption, etc. Considerable attention is also given to low-dimensional and nanostructured systems, including quantum wells, wires, dots and superlattices, as well as materials having exceptional conduction properties such as superconductors, superfluids and graphene.

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46

Alanen, Lilli. Affects and Ideas in Spinoza’s Therapy of Passions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766858.003.0005.

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The emancipation and control of passions proposed in Spinoza’s Ethics (1677) is based on true knowledge. We are unable to remove the causes of a passion, say of sadness, affected as we are by forces infinitely surpassing our own, yet we can change it from a passive state of confusion into an active emotion of joy by understanding its causes. This raises questions about the identity both of the mind that is striving to free itself from the passions, and of particular passions themselves, which are defined as confused and inadequate, partial ideas, and whose very form or being seems to depend on their confusion and inadequacy. This chapter focuses on Spinoza’s account of the mechanisms of ideas and passive affects and the difficulties this account poses for the arguments developed in the Ethics Part 5 in support for a therapy of passions through self-generated active affects.

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47

Anderson, James A. Brain Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0013.

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The elementary particles of cognition are concepts. Simple, accurate association alone can be misleading. Cognitive concepts work as valuable cognitive data compression, for example, giving a set of related items the same class name: tables, chairs, birds. Cognitive concepts also contain internal structure with good and bad examples and have fuzzy edges. Concepts can be associatively linked in semantic networks to store and retrieve information. Cognition using networks is an active search process and need not require further learning to be useful. Low-level concepts can lead to the formation of higher level abstractions. An experiment by Deidre Gentner involves perception of identity in pairs of items; some pairs the same and some not. Seeing many identical pairs allows the abstraction of “identity.” The abstract relationship “identity” can then become more powerful than the details of any single example pair.

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48

Schäfer, Florian. Romance and Greek medio-passives and the typology of Voice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0006.

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The chapter develops a typology of Voice heads as they are involved in the formation of different types of passives in the Romance languages and in Greek. The chapter first explains how Romance languages can have two morphologically different passives: a canonical periphrastic passive formed with the verbal participle and an auxiliary, and an analytic medio-passive which involves the active verb and a reflexive SE-morpheme. Next, the chapter provides an explanation as to why medio-passives are morphologically syncretic with so-called marked anticausatives both in Romance as well as in Greek. Finally, it develops an explanation as to why Romance medio-passives differ from canonical passives in that only the latter license by-phrases and why the Greek medio-passive does not show this restriction.

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49

Tretkoff, Paula. Appell Hypergeometric Functions. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691144771.003.0008.

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This chapter discusses the complete quadrilateral line arrangement, and especially its relationship with the space of regular points of the system of partial differential equations defining the Appell hypergeometric function. Appell introduced four series F1, F2, F3, F4 in two complex variables, each of which generalizes the classical Gauss hypergeometric series and satisfies its own system of two linear second order partial differential equations. The solution spaces of the systems corresponding to the series F2, F3, F4 all have dimension 4, whereas that of the system corresponding to the series F1 has dimension 3. This chapter focuses on the F1-system whose monodromy group, under certain conditions, acts on the complex 2-ball. It first considers the action of S5 on the blown-up projective plane before turning to Appell hypergeometric functions, arithmetic monodromy groups, and an invariant known as the signature.

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50

Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Matter in curved spacetime. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0043.

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This chapter is concerned with the laws of motion of matter—particles, fluids, or fields—in the presence of an external gravitational field. In accordance with the equivalence principle, this motion will be ‘free’. That is, it is constrained only by the geometry of the spacetime whose curvature represents the gravitation. The concepts of energy, momentum, and angular momentum follow from the invariance of the solutions of the equations of motion under spatio-temporal translations or rotations. The chapter shows how the action is transformed, no longer under a modification of the field configuration, but instead under a displacement or, in the ‘passive’ version, under a translation of the coordinate grid in the opposite direction.

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