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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Active mechanism

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Academic literature on the topic 'Active mechanism'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Active mechanism"

1

Dubey, Bidhyut Kumar, Mohini Chaurasia, and Jyoti Yadav. "ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS AND MECHANISM OF ACTION AS ANTIPARKINSONIAN." Era's Journal of Medical Research 7, no. 1 (June 2020): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24041/ejmr2019.120.

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Dubey, Bidhyut Kumar, Mohini Chaurasia, and Jyoti Yadav. "ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS AND MECHANISM OF ACTION AS ANTIPARKINSONIAN." Era's Journal of Medical Research 7, no. 1 (June 2020): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24041/ejmr2020.20.

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Teus, S. M., B. D. Shanina, A. A. Konchits, G. S. Mogilny, and V. G. Gavriljuk. "Mechanism of Embrittlement of Metals by Surface-Active Elements." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 40, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.40.02.0201.

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Ohno, Hidetaka, and Shigeru Hirose. "A Study of Active Cord Mechanisms -Basic Design of Pneumatically Driven Active Cord Mechanism-." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 15, no. 4 (August 20, 2003): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2003.p0416.

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This paper describes mobile robotic systems known as Active Cord Mechanisms (ACMs). The systems have articulated bodies composed of serially connected units that can actively bend and stretch. One such example of a mobile ACM is the Slim Slime-I. It is composed of a series of interconnected pneumatic 3D modules. The 3D module is thus termed because of its three degrees of freedom: pitch, yaw and stretch. Furthermore, each module contains a variety of features: an air pressure distribution mechanism to reduce the amount of tubes contained, a pneumatic drive system with a pair of solenoid valves to save energy, a bellows drive system with buckling prevention, a shell mechanism with a displacement limit, and a photo sensor to record displacement and generate a restoring force.

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McMullen, Richard J., and Bijan Mohraz. "An active thermoelastic rift mechanism." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 94, B10 (October 10, 1989): 13951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb094ib10p13951.

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Ren, Tianying, and Peter G. Gillespie. "A mechanism for active hearing." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 17, no. 4 (August 2007): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.07.013.

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Choe, Gi-Hyeon, Gyeong-Su Jang, Ho-Jin Sin, and Dong-Ryeol Sin. "Active Congestion Control Using Active Router′s Feedback Mechanism." KIPS Transactions:PartC 9C, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3745/kipstc.2002.9c.4.513.

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Litvinov, Egor, Henry Llumiguano, Maria J. Santofimia, Xavier del Toro, Felix J. Villanueva, and Pedro Rocha. "Code Integrity and Confidentiality: An Active Data Approach for Active and Healthy Ageing." Sensors 23, no. 10 (May 16, 2023): 4794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104794.

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Internet of Things cybersecurity is gaining attention as the number of devices installed in IoT environments is exponentially increasing while the number of attacks successfully addressed to these devices are also proliferating. Security concerns have, however, been mainly addressed to service availability and information integrity and confidentiality. Code integrity, on the other hand, is not receiving proper attention, mainly because of the limited resources of these devices, thus preventing the implementation of advanced protection mechanisms. This situation calls for further research on how traditional mechanisms for code integrity can be adapted to IoT devices. This work presents a mechanism for code integrity in IoT devices based on a virtual-machine approach. A proof-of-concept virtual machine is presented, specially designed for providing code integrity during firmware updates. The proposed approach has been experimentally validated in terms of resource consumption among the most-widespread micro-controller units. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of this robust mechanism for code integrity.

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SATO, Kaiji, Akira SHIMOKOHBE, Yukio CHIDA, and Shin-ichi WADA. "An Active Parallel Leaf Spring Mechanism." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 58, no. 8 (1992): 1381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.58.1381.

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Fujita, Masahiro, Eri Takane, Akito Nomura, Hirone Komatsu, Kenjiro Tadakuma, Masashi Konyo, and Satoshi Tadokoro. "Active deformable jamming membrane gripper mechanism." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2017 (2017): 1P2—P08. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2017.1p2-p08.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Active mechanism"

1

Lu, Qi Charles. "Active tamper-detector hardware mechanism and FPGA implementation /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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2

George, Lynnane E. "Active vibration control of a flexible base manipulator." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17115.

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3

Lee, Kam-fat Jonathan. "Design and control of a robotic manipulator with an active pneumatic balancing system /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13194367.

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Rivera-Rivera, Izarys. "Mechanism of active substrate delivery by the AAA+ protease adaptor CIpS." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101352.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
AAA+ molecular machines power myriad cellular processes including protein degradation, microtubule severing, membrane fusion, and initiation of DNA replication. Protein quality control in all organisms involves deployment of ATP-dependent proteases, consisting of hexameric AAA+ rings that unfold and translocate specific substrates into an associated peptidase barrel. Adaptor proteins assist in recognition and degradation of certain substrates, but how enzyme-adaptor pairs ensure proper substrate selection is incompletely understood. In this thesis I focus on the delivery mechanism employed by the bacterial adaptor protein CIpS. The CIpS adaptor collaborates with the AAA+ CIpAP protease to recognize and degrade N-end rule substrates. CIpS binds the substrate's N-degron and assembles into a high-affinity CIpS-substrate-CIpA complex, but how the N-degron is transferred from CIpS to the axial pore of the AAA+ CIpA unfoldase to initiate degradation is not known. Here, we demonstrate that the unstructured N-terminal extension (NTE) of CIpS enters the CIpA processing pore in the active ternary complex and that CIpA engagement of the CIpS NTE is crucial for CIpS-mediated substrate delivery. In addition, I report evidence that CIpA engagement of the CIpS NTE drives structural rearrangements in CIpS important for N-end rule substrate delivery. Furthermore, our preliminary experiments suggest that CIpS is able to resist degradation by CIpAP due to a combination of a high local stability and a challenging translocation sequence at the junction of the NTE and folded core domain. I propose a model in which CIpA remodels CIpS by translocating the NTE, triggering delivery of the N-end rule substrate. Similar mechanisms may be employed by other AAA+ enzymes that collaborate with adaptor proteins to remodel/disassemble substrates without destroying them by degradation.
by Izarys Rivera-Rivera.
Ph. D.

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Schaedler, Theresia Anna. "Molecular mechanism of transport by the secondary-active multidrug transporter LmrP." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609036.

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Gómez, Jon Freire. "Active gurney flap mechanism for a full scale helicopter rotor blade." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.690378.

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Amongst the objectives of the EU's Green Rotorcraft programme is the development of a functional and airworthy Active Gurney Flap (AGF) for a full-scale helicopter rotor blade. Interest in the development of this 'smart adaptive rotor blade' technology lies in its potential to provide a number of aerodynamic benefits, which would in turn translate into a reduction in fuel consumption and noise levels. With a technical specification informed by helicopter manufacturer Agusta Westland as a starting point, the AGF concept developed emerged from the application of a design methodology consisting of an initial concept generation phase and a subsequent selection process based on a series of problem-specific qualitative and quantitative performance criteria. This methodology resulted in a novel AGF concept design where the use of flexural pivots was favoured over bearing-type joints. As a first step towards full validation of both the concept design and the theoretical aerodynamic benefits of the AGF, a baseline design of the mechanism was successfully tested both in a fatigue rig and in a 2D wind tunnel environment at flight-representative deployment schedules. This baseline design was then reengineered with a view to making it fit for flight test. However, analysis of the flight test baseline design under full in-flight loading and blade deformations revealed that the stresses arising in the flexures exceeded the allowable limits. In order to overcome this problem, two complementary alternatives were investigated. Initially, a generic 2D and 3D shape optimisation of leaf-type crossed flexure pivot springs was carried out considering the pivots as individual isolated elements. This route produced important novel results in the field of crossed flexure pivots and proved that there is great scope for stress reduction through shape optimisation. Furthermore, a parametric optimisation of the AGF mechanism as a whole was performed, where the effect of a range of topological parameters was investigated. This second approach resulted in very significant stress reductions" sufficient so as to conclude that the proposed AGF concept has potential to become an airworthy design, although further work is needed to achieve a sufficiently mature technology readiness level.

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李錦發 and Kam-fat Jonathan Lee. "Design and control of a robotic manipulator with an active pneumatic balancing system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31210429.

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Unsal, Memet. "Semi-active vibration control of a parallel platform mechanism utilizing magnetorheological damping." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013824.

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Moon, Suk-Min. "Active damping control of a compliant base manipulator." Ohio : Ohio University, 1999. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175797025.

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Witter, Jeffrey Bruce. "Convection of magma in volcanic conduits as a degassing mechanism at active volcanoes /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6721.

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Books on the topic "Active mechanism"

1

Wu, Bing. An approach to integrate declarative conceptual integrity rules into database systems with an active mechanism. Manchester: UMIST, 1996.

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2

François, Malburet, ed. Mechanical vibrations: Active and passive control. London: ISTE, 2006.

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3

G, Scandalios John, ed. Oxidative stress and the molecular biology of antioxidant defenses. Plainview, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1997.

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1961-, Timofeev Igor, ed. Mechanisms of spontaneous active states in the neocortex, 2007. Trivandrum, Kerala, India: Research Signpost, 2007.

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5

Vibration control of active structures: An introduction. 3rd ed. Berlin: Springer, 2011.

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6

Kozlowski, Angela C. Biologically active ingredients: Demonstrating their mechanisms and proof of efficacy. Carol Stream, IL: Allured Pub Corp, 2009.

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7

T, Soong T., and Constantinou M. C, eds. Passive and active structural vibration control in civil engineering. Wien: Springer-Verlag, 1994.

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8

R, Fozard John, and Saxena Pramod R, eds. Serotonin--molecular biology, receptors, and functional effects. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1991.

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9

Preumont, André. Vibration control of active structures: An introduction. 2nd ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

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10

Tammi, Kari. Active vibration control of rotor in desktop test environment. Espoo [Finland]: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Active mechanism"

1

Luo, Zhixun, and Shiv N. Khanna. "Cooperative Active-Sites Mechanism." In Metal Clusters and Their Reactivity, 81–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9704-6_6.

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2

Nelson, Mark J., and Steven P. Seitz. "The Mechanism of Lipoxygenases." In Active Oxygen in Biochemistry, 276–312. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0609-2_6.

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Zhang, Hao Lan, Jiming Liu, Chaoyi Pang, and Xingsen Li. "An Enhanced Mechanism for Agent Capability Reuse." In Active Media Technology, 115–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35236-2_12.

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Chen, Eric Y. "AEGIS: An Active-Network-Powered Defense Mechanism against DDoS Attacks." In Active Networks, 1–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45451-9_1.

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Imabuchi, Shohei, and Takashi Ogata. "Methods for Generalizing the Propp-Based Story Generation Mechanism." In Active Media Technology, 333–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02750-0_36.

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Antonucci, R., R. Barvainis, D. Alloin, and P. Coleman. "Testing the Emission Mechanism of the Quasar Infrared Component." In Active Galactic Nuclei, 410–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0963-2_128.

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Ho, Luis C., and Alexei V. Filippenko. "The Photoionization Mechanism of Liners: Stellar and Nonstellar." In The Nearest Active Galaxies, 19–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1930-6_4.

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Prabhavalkar, Niraj, Manish Parashar, and Prathima Agrawal. "LGC: An Active Congestion Control Mechanism." In The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, 177–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8648-1_15.

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Yin, Ying, Tiancheng Zhang, Bin Zhang, Gang Sheng, Yuhai Zhao, and Ming Li. "An Active Service Reselection Triggering Mechanism." In Web Technologies and Applications, 621–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37401-2_60.

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Petkovšek, Ana, Matej Maček, Matjaž Mikoš, and Bojan Majes. "Mechanism of Active Landslides in Flysch." In Landslides: Global Risk Preparedness, 149–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22087-6_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Active mechanism"

1

Penke, Botond, Zsolt Datki, Katalin Soós, and Márta Zarándi. "Mechanism of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection." In VIIIth Conference Biologically Active Peptides. Prague: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css200306081.

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Dini Colatto, João Victor, Rafael Pellicci, Mateus Fellin de Macedo, Fernando Teixeira Monteiro, and Fernando Malvezzi. "Design of Active Suspension Mechanism." In 24th ABCM International Congress of Mechanical Engineering. ABCM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.cobem2017.cob17-1243.

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Saravia, Walter, and Bogdan Udrea. "Highly compliant active clinging mechanism." In 2016 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero.2016.7500742.

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Enaleev, A. K. "Optimal Mechanism at Network Active Systems." In 2018 Eleventh International Conference "Management of large-scale system development" (MLSD 2018). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsd.2018.8551780.

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Liu, Xusheng, Wei Li, Zhenying Tang, and Lei Wang. "Queue Schedule Mechanism for 95598 Core Business Active-Active System." In 2018 IEEE 9th International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsess.2018.8663913.

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Ye, Rong-hua, Wei Feng, and Xue-tang Zhao. "Automatic mechanism design for active service environment." In 2011 International Conference on Computer Science and Network Technology (ICCSNT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsnt.2011.6182385.

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KOGANEZAWA, KOICHI, MASAHIRO TAKAHASHI, and HIROSHI OCHI. "ACTIVE/PASSIVE HYBRID MECHANISM FOR BIPED WALKING." In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814329927_0060.

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de Best, Jeroen, and Rene van de Molengraft. "An active ball handling mechanism for RoboCup." In 2008 10th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icarcv.2008.4795848.

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Choi, Seung-Bok, Seong-Hwan Kim, Gi-Woo Kim, Yujin Park, Tae Hoon Lee, and Ae-Ri Cha. "Design analysis of a magnetorheological elastomer based bush mechanism." In Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems XII, edited by Alper Erturk. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2318795.

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Crivaro, Adrienne, Rob Sheridan, Mary Frecker, Timothy W. Simpson, and Paris von Lockette. "Bistable Compliant Mechanism Using Magneto Active Elastomer Actuation." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35007.

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In the emerging field of origami engineering, it is important to investigate ways to achieve large deformations to enable significant shape transformations. One way to achieve this is through the use of bistable mechanisms. The goal in this research is to investigate the feasibility and design of a compliant bistable mechanism that is actuated by magneto active elastomer (MAE) material. The MAE material has magnetic particles embedded in the material that are aligned during the curing process. When exposed to an external field, the material deforms to align the embedded particles with the field. We investigate actuation of the MAE material through the development of finite element analysis (FEA) models to predict the magnetic field required to snap the device from its first stable position to its second for various geometries and field strengths. The FEA model also predicts the displacement of the center of the mechanism as it moves from one position to the other to determine if the device is in fact bistable. These results help show the relationship between the substrate properties and the bistability of the device. Experimental results validate the FEA models and demonstrate the functionality of active materials to be used as actuators for such devices and applications of origami engineering.

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Reports on the topic "Active mechanism"

1

Pollagi, T. P., M. B. Sinclair, and S. J. Jacobs. Final report: Photochromism as a switching mechanism for electronically active organic materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/505264.

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Pedemonte, Mathieu O., Hiroshi Toma, and Esteban Verdugo. Aggregate implications of heterogeneous inflation expectations: the role of individual experience. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202304.

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We show that inflation expectations are heterogeneous and depend on past individual experiences. We propose a diagnostic expectations-augmented Kalman filter to represent consumers’ heterogeneous inflation expectations-formation process, where heterogeneity comes from an anchoring-to-the-past mechanism. We estimate the diagnosticity parameter that governs the inflation expectations-formation process and show that the model can replicate systematic differences in inflation expectations across cohorts in the US. We introduce this mechanism into a New Keynesian model and find that heterogeneous expectations anchor aggregate responses to the agents’ memory, making shocks more persistent. Central banks should be more active to prevent agents from remembering current shocks far into the future.

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Bent, A. L., and P. Voss. Seismicity in the Labrador-Baffin Seaway and surrounding onshore regions. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321857.

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Studying earthquakes in Baffin Bay and the surrounding regions is challenging. There is no knowledge of earthquake activity in this region prior to 1933 when a moment magnitude (MW) 7.4 earthquake occurred in Baffin Bay. With improved instrumentation, increased seismograph coverage in the north, and modern analysis techniques, knowledge and understanding of earthquakes in the Baffin region is improving. Active seismic zones include Baffin Bay, the east coast of Baffin Island, and the Labrador Sea, separated by areas of low seismicity. Focal-mechanism solutions show a mix of faulting styles, predominantly strike-slip and thrust. Regional stress-axes orientations show more consistency, which suggests that activity is occurring on previously existing structures in response to the current stress field. There is little correlation between earthquake epicentres in Baffin Bay and mapped structures. Glacial isostatic adjustment may be a triggering mechanism for earthquakes in the Baffin region, but modelling efforts have yielded equivocal results.

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El Halawani, Mohamed, and Israel Rozenboim. Temperature Stress and Turkey Reproduction. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7570546.bard.

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High temperature stress is of major concern to turkey producers in Israel and the United States. The decline in the rate of egg production at high environmental temperature is well recognized, but the neuroendocrinological basis is not understood. Our objectives were: 1) to characterize the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis involvement in the mechanism(s) underlying the detrimental effect of heat stress on reproduction, and 2) to establish procedures that alleviate the damaging effect of heat stress on reproduction. Heat stress (40oC, Israel; 32oC, U.S.) caused significant reduction in egg production, which was restored by VIP immunoneutralization. The decline in egg production did not appear to be entirely related to the expression of incubation behavior due to the rise in circulating PRL in stressed birds. Heat stress was found to increase circulating PRL in ovariectomized turkeys independent of the reproductive stage. Active immunization against VIP was shown for the first time to up-regulate LHb and FSHb subunit mRNA contents. These findings taken together with the results that the heat stress-induced decline in egg production may not be dependent upon the reproductive stage, lead to the suggestion that the detrimental effect of heat stress on reproductive performance may be in part mediated by VIP acting directly on the GnRH/gonadotropin system. Inhibin (INH) immunoneutralization has been shown to enhance FSH secretion and induces ovulation in mammals. It is hypothesized that immunization of heat-stressed turkeys against INH will increase levels of circulating FSH and the number of preovulating follicles which leads to improved reproductive performance. We have cloned and expressed turkey INH-a and INH-bA. Active immunization of turkey hens with rtINH-a increased pituitary FSH-b subunit mRNA and the number of non-graded preovulatory yellow follicles, but no significant increase in egg production was observed.

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Roberts, Jr, and Charles T. A Novel Mechanism of Androgen Receptor Action. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada489364.

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Roberts, Jr, and Charles T. A Novel Mechanism of Androgen Receptor Action. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada503252.

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Bates, Paula J. Mechanism of Action of Novel Antiproliferative Oligonucleotides. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406133.

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Roberts, Jr, and Charles T. A Novel Mechanism of Androgen Receptor Action. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada466168.

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Hudson, James G. CCN Spectra Measurements as an Active Tracer of Stratocumulus Mechanisms. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada255678.

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Tzfira, Tzvi, Michael Elbaum, and Sharon Wolf. DNA transfer by Agrobacterium: a cooperative interaction of ssDNA, virulence proteins, and plant host factors. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7695881.bard.

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Agrobacteriumtumefaciensmediates genetic transformation of plants. The possibility of exchanging the natural genes for other DNA has led to Agrobacterium’s emergence as the primary vector for genetic modification of plants. The similarity among eukaryotic mechanisms of nuclear import also suggests use of its active elements as media for non-viral genetic therapy in animals. These considerations motivate the present study of the process that carries DNA of bacterial origin into the host nucleus. The infective pathway of Agrobacterium involves excision of a single-stranded DNA molecule (T-strand) from the bacterial tumor-inducing plasmid. This transferred DNA (T-DNA) travels to the host cell cytoplasm along with two virulence proteins, VirD2 and VirE2, through a specific bacteriumplant channel(s). Little is known about the precise structure and composition of the resulting complex within the host cell and even less is known about the mechanism of its nuclear import and integration into the host cell genome. In the present proposal we combined the expertise of the US and Israeli labs and revealed many of the biophysical and biological properties of the genetic transformation process, thus enhancing our understanding of the processes leading to nuclear import and integration of the Agrobacterium T-DNA. Specifically, we sought to: I. Elucidate the interaction of the T-strand with its chaperones. II. Analyzing the three-dimensional structure of the T-complex and its chaperones in vitro. III. Analyze kinetics of T-complex formation and T-complex nuclear import. During the past three years we accomplished our goals and made the following major discoveries: (1) Resolved the VirE2-ssDNA three-dimensional structure. (2) Characterized VirE2-ssDNA assembly and aggregation, along with regulation by VirE1. (3) Studied VirE2-ssDNA nuclear import by electron tomography. (4) Showed that T-DNA integrates via double-stranded (ds) intermediates. (5) Identified that Arabidopsis Ku80 interacts with dsT-DNA intermediates and is essential for T-DNA integration. (6) Found a role of targeted proteolysis in T-DNA uncoating. Our research provide significant physical, molecular, and structural insights into the Tcomplex structure and composition, the effect of host receptors on its nuclear import, the mechanism of T-DNA nuclear import, proteolysis and integration in host cells. Understanding the mechanical and molecular basis for T-DNA nuclear import and integration is an essential key for the development of new strategies for genetic transformation of recalcitrant plant species. Thus, the knowledge gained in this study can potentially be applied to enhance the transformation process by interfering with key steps of the transformation process (i.e. nuclear import, proteolysis and integration). Finally, in addition to the study of Agrobacterium-host interaction, our research also revealed some fundamental insights into basic cellular mechanisms of nuclear import, targeted proteolysis, protein-DNA interactions and DNA repair.

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