Journal articles: 'Active Buildings'

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Elliott, Tom, Joachim Geske, and Richard Green. "Business Models for Active Buildings." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 8, 2022): 7389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197389.

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Active Buildings that allow users to adjust their demands on the grid to the needs of the energy system could greatly assist the transition to net zero, but will not be widely adopted unless the businesses involved can make money from doing so. We describe the construction, flexibility and information supply chains of activities needed to make these buildings work. Drawing on the results of an expert workshop, we set out four possible business models deserving further investigation. Developers may find it profitable to build or upgrade energy-efficient buildings with the monitoring and control equipment needed to adjust demand and energy storage as required, selling them soon after completion. Aggregators monitor the state of the building and communicate with the energy system to adjust the building’s demand while maintaining comfort levels, in return for suitable payments. Energy service companies may sell energy-as-a-service and own the equipment instead of a consumer who wishes to minimize their upfront costs, and the idea of an active, energy-efficient, building may be attractive to the tenants of the new group of all-inclusive rental companies, and hence to those companies. Our discussion shows that each is an evolution of an existing (successful) business model, but that further work will be needed to evaluate their profitability when applied to Active Buildings.

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Seto, Kazuto. "Active Damping Buildings." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 96, no. 900 (1993): 954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.96.900_954.

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Sundling, Rikard, Stefan Olander, Petter Wallentén, Stephen Burke, Ricardo Bernardo, and Åke Blomsterberg. "Lifecycle profit analysis of prefabricated multi-active façades." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 37, no. 5 (October 14, 2019): 565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-12-2018-0109.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify appropriate concepts of multi-active façades for the renovation of multifamily buildings in Sweden and to determine which, if any, are financially viable. Design/methodology/approach A lifecycle profit (LCP) analysis was used to examine financial viability through a ten-step process, which included identifying concepts, assessing costs and prices, calculating the LCP and performing sensitivity analysis. Two existing buildings – one low rise and the other high rise – were used as reference models. Findings The findings were contradictory. Implementing any of the multi-active façade concepts on the high-rise building would be financially beneficial. The opposite was, however, the case for the low-rise building. Two factors causing this contradiction have been identified: the façade material before renovation and the size of the building. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to two case buildings situated in Sweden; however, similar buildings represent a significant amount of the existing building stock. Part of the purpose of the study is also to investigate the merits of LCP analysis to evaluate energy-efficient retrofitting. The study implicates the benefits and pitfalls of LCP analysis needed to be considered by researchers and practitioners alike. Originality/value The research findings contribute to the understanding of energy-efficient retrofitting of existing multifamily buildings based on prefabricated multi-active façade concepts.

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Zhou, Guo, Moncef Krarti, and Gregor P. Henze. "Parametric Analysis of Active and Passive Building Thermal Storage Utilization*." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 127, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1824110.

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Cooling of commercial buildings contributes significantly to the peak demand placed on an electrical utility grid. Time-of-use electricity rates encourage shifting of electrical loads to off-peak periods at night and on weekends. Buildings can respond to these pricing signals by shifting cooling-related thermal loads either by precooling the building’s massive structure or by using active thermal energy storage systems such as ice storage. While these two thermal batteries have been engaged separately in the past, this paper investigates the merits of harnessing both storage media concurrently in the context of optimal control for a range of selected parameters. A parametric analysis was conducted utilizing an EnergyPlus-based simulation environment to assess the effects of building mass, electrical utility rates, season and location, economizer operation, central plant size, and thermal comfort. The findings reveal that the cooling-related on-peak electrical demand and utility cost of commercial buildings can be substantially reduced by harnessing both thermal storage inventories using optimal control for a wide range of conditions.

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Usta, Pinar, and Özgür Bozdağ. "A New Approximate Method for Earthquake Behaviour of Worship Buildings." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 2665–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091440.

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Turkey is in seismically active region, so many earthquakes occur in this country in the last decades. Ancient worship buildings are vulnerable to seismic activity, as many historical buildings. So, it is important to understand that building’s behavior under seismic actions. In this paper, fifteen masonry worship building has been selected which are located and built-in different region in Antalya. The main reason for the paper is to assess the seismic vulnerability of worship building by using a new approximate method. The method which is proposed in this paper aims at a simple and fast procedure based on a simplified geometric approach for immediate screening of masonry buildings at risk.

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Teixeira, G. P. L., A. S. Guimarães, and J. M. P. Q. Delgado. "Active and Passive Solutions for an Energy Efficient Building." Diffusion Foundations and Materials Applications 30 (August 19, 2022): 125–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-09fygx.

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In addition, the majority of electricity consumed in buildings (58%) should come from renewable sources. Together with solar thermal, modern biomass, and district heating, overall renewables could ramp up to 81%, from 36% today’s contribution for the sector. Nonetheless, to materialize these predictions, a global investment of around USD 32 trillion (28 trillion euros) is expected between now and 2050. In the European Union, the nearly zero-energy building standard (nZEB) will be obligatory for all new buildings by 2021. Although the increase in energy demand will be reduced with this measure, it does not really affect the energy consumption at present. It is imperative to design energy efficiency retrofit and renovation financing schemes. For many years to come, only measures taken in existing buildings will have a significant effect on the total energy demand in the building stock. Firstly, this work presents a brief analysis of active and passive solutions for an energy-efficient building. Secondly, in this work it identified a set of active and passive solutions, which, in a combined way, develop the thermal performance of a residential building, allowing it to become energetically autonomous. The program EnergyPlus was used to execute the thermo-energetic simulations for the diverse scenarios considered, in the study case. The numerical results showed that the implementation of passive solutions improves the energy performance of the buildings, and the use simultaneously of an active solution, a renewable energy source, allows the reach of the energy-autonomous of the building.

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Sung, Uk-Joo, and Seok-Hyun Kim. "Development of a Passive and Active Technology Package Standard and Database for Application to Zero Energy Buildings in South Korea." Energies 12, no. 9 (May 5, 2019): 1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091700.

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There is much research on zero energy buildings. In this paper, technologies and policies to improve the building energy efficiency of zero energy buildings are presented. The zero energy building certification system in Korea is introduced, and the evaluation is carried out based on the energy self-reliance rate that enables zero energy buildings. Zero energy buildings are able to minimize energy consumption due to the application of highly efficient building materials and equipment technology. In this research, to increase the prevalence of zero energy buildings in Korea, the authors propose a zero energy building technology package. Using a passive and active technology package, we confirmed the necessity and detailed requirements of each technology parameter. We analyze and classify Korean building material testing methods and performance standards, and propose passive and active technology packages, modules, material performance testing methods and minimum requirement performance standards. Finally, this study proposed a table presenting the test methods, standard and minimum value of performance. By these results, the authors confirmed the effectiveness and availability of passive and active technical packages.

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Henze, Gregor P. "Energy and Cost Minimal Control of Active and Passive Building Thermal Storage Inventory." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 127, no. 3 (January 21, 2005): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1877513.

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In contrast to building energy conversion equipment, less improvement has been achieved in thermal energy distribution, storage and control systems in terms of energy efficiency and peak load reduction potential. Cooling of commercial buildings contributes significantly to the peak demand placed on an electrical utility grid and time-of-use electricity rates are designed to encourage shifting of electrical loads to off-peak periods at night and on weekends. Buildings can respond to these pricing signals by shifting cooling-related thermal loads either by precooling the building’s massive structure (passive storage) or by using active thermal energy storage systems such as ice storage. Recent theoretical and experimental work showed that the simultaneous utilization of active and passive building thermal storage inventory can save significant amounts of utility costs to the building operator, yet increased electrical energy consumption may result. The article investigates the relationship between cost savings and energy consumption associated with conventional control, minimal cost and minimal energy control, while accounting for variations in fan power consumption, chiller capacity, chiller coefficient-of-performance, and part-load performance. The model-based predictive building controller is employed to either minimize electricity cost including a target demand charge or electrical energy consumption. This work shows that buildings can be operated in a demand-responsive fashion to substantially reduce utility costs with marginal increases in overall energy consumption. In the case of energy optimal control, the reference control was replicated, i.e., if only energy consumption is of concern, neither active nor passive building thermal storage should be utilized. On the other hand, cost optimal control suggests strongly utilizing both thermal storage inventories.

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Chiu, Chien Kuo, and Heui Yung Chang. "A Risk-Based Approach to Determine the Optimal Service Life of Steel Buildings in Seismically Active Zones." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1446.

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The object of this study is to propose, develop and apply a risk-based approach to determine the optimal service life for steel framed buildings in seismically active zones. The proposed framework uses models for seismic hazards, structural fragility and loss functions to estimate the system-wide costs owing to earthquake retrofitting and recovery. With the seismic risk curves (i.e. the expected seismic loss and probability of exceeding the loss), the optimal service life can be determined according to the probable maximum loss (PML) defined by the building’s owner. The risk-based approach is further illustrated by examples of 6- and 20-story steel framed buildings. The buildings have three kinds of different lateral load resisting systems, including moment resisting frames, eccentrically braced frames and buckling restrained braced frames. The results show that for the considered PML (i.e. 40% initial construction cost) and risk acceptance (e.g. 90% reliability), steel braced frames can effectively improve seismic fragility and lengthen service life for a low-rise building. However, the same effects cannot be expected in a high-rise building.

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Nikolaidou, Elli, Ian Walker, David Coley, Stephen Allen, Daniel Fosas, and Matthew Roberts. "Towards Active Buildings: Stakeholder Perceptions of the Next Generation of Buildings." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 5706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155706.

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Several regulations and standards have been developed to reduce the carbon footprint of buildings, but these have failed to provide a clear pathway to a net zero future. Hence, we recently introduced the Active Building Code (ABCode). This provides guidance on reducing the environmental impact of the next generation of buildings, termed Active Buildings (ABs), through their synergy with the grid. This paper aims to illuminate the regulatory landscape, justify our initial proposal for the ABCode, and reveal opportunities and challenges to the popularisation of ABs. Twelve online focus group discussions were conducted, with thirty stakeholders in total, all selected on the basis of their expertise. A grounded theory approach identified five core themes in such discussions. These strongly overlap with what is incorporated in the ABCode, suggesting the code successfully captures issues important to experts. Stakeholders defined ABs as responsive buildings and proposed both energy and carbon are considered in their assessment. They hence aligned with the definition and evaluation framework proposed by the ABCode. Finally, stakeholders considered people’s tendency to prioritise capital cost as the greatest challenge to the popularisation of ABs, and the increasing demand for healthy environments as its greatest opportunity.

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IKEDA, Yoshiki. "ACTIVE AND SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL OF BUILDINGS IN JAPAN." Journal of JAEE 4, no. 3 (2004): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5610/jaee.4.3_278.

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Jangsten, Maria, Torbjörn Lindholm, and Jan-Olof Dalenbäck. "Field test of active night cooling supplied by district cooling in three commercial buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 11004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124611004.

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Several previous studies have investigated active night cooling strategies to reduce the peak cooling load in buildings, primarily by precooling the building by the ventilation air during the night. In this study, active night cooling is supplied by the use of district cooling, mainly for cooling buildings by hydronic cooling systems, such as chilled beam or fan coil systems, but potentially also to cool the ventilation air if the outdoor air temperature is above the supply air temperature setpoint. A field test with active night cooling by district cooling was conducted during the summer of 2020 in three commercial buildings located in Gothenburg, Sweden. The active night cooling strategy was implemented by changing the time schedule operation of the buildings’ chilled beam systems to twenty-four hours per day for the first half of the summer and changing back to regular time schedules for the second half. The results showed that active night cooling failed to reduce the hourly maximum cooling power. However, the peak cooling load, corresponding to the 100 hours with the highest cooling power, was reduced with 6.5% for one of the buildings. Active night cooling also reduced the daytime energy usage between 0.7 and 4.6%. The field test demonstrated that some buildings and associated cooling systems are more compatible for active night cooling than others. The test also showed it was possible to achieve some cooling power and energy reductions with simple measures. However, providing active night cooling supplied by district cooling will cause additional costs for the building owners unless it is incentivized by the district cooling provider.

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Liu, Mengjia, Peng Liu, Bingze Song, Yuwei Zhang, and Luo Zhang. "Active Contour Building Segmentation Model based on Convolution Neural Network." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1004, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1004/1/012015.

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Abstract In high-resolution remote sensing images, artificial features on the surface account for a large proportion. In artificial features, buildings, as special artificial features, buildings have different shapes. They are easily affected by light, so it takes a long time to extract using traditional image segmentation methods. It can't effectively design feature engineering to depict the high-dimensional features of the target building. We propose an active contour model based on a convolution neural network, which integrates the prior knowledge and constraints of active contour model, such as continuity of boundary, smooth edge, and geometric characteristics of buildings, into the learning process of convolution neural network to realize the close unity of ACM and CNN. According to our work, a fundamental end-to-end trainable image segmentation framework which is composed of convolution neural network (CNN) and ACM with learnable parameters is implemented, the problem of semantic segmentation of buildings in aerial images was dealt with, the model was evaluated on the publicly available dataset called Vaihingen, and some parameters were explained. In building semantics, the active contour model based on a convolution neural network has good performance.

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Kupzog, Friederich, and Klaus Pollhammer. "Automated Buildings as Active Energy Consumers." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42, no. 3 (2009): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20090520-3-kr-3006.00031.

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Samali, B., J. N. Yang, and S. C. Liu. "Active Control of Seismic‐Excited Buildings." Journal of Structural Engineering 111, no. 10 (October 1985): 2165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1985)111:10(2165).

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Ward, J. K., J. Wall, and C. Perfumo. "Environmentally active buildings: the controls challenge." Architectural Science Review 55, no. 1 (February 2012): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2011.641735.

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Vignati, Giulia, Gianluca Pozzi, Leopoldo Sdino, Marta Dell'Ovo, and Elisabetta Ginelli. "The regenerative project for hybrid evolutionary buildings’ Active Resilience Convertibility Enhancement." TECHNE - Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment, no. 24 (July 26, 2022): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/techne-12870.

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This paper deals with the enhancement of the project for the intervention on existing disused buildings with three sequential objectives: converting tertiary buildings to the hybrid housing function; regenerating buildings, providing them with continuous transformative capacity and making them functionally convertible; providing a housing model of temporary uage duration, according to the principle of House as a Service. Considering the temporal variable, the proposal defines criteria that guide the reconversion of buildings in relation to the dynamic needs of the different categories of users and stakeholders who are involved in the decision-making process and, through the hedonic price method, investigates the influence that the qualities attributed to the performance of the building have on the formation of their value, highlighting the perception of value and the acceptance of green performances.

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Koshevaya, Victoria, Oleksandr Koshevyi, and Oleksandr Trobiuk. "SYSTEMATIC GRAPHICALLY-INTERPRETED MODELS OF CREATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS." APPLIED GEOMETRY AND ENGINEERING GRAPHICS, no. 100 (May 24, 2021): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/0131-579x.2021.100.172-181.

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The article considers the creation of systematic graphically-interpreted models for matrix analysis of energy saving measures in the design of residential energy efficient and passive buildings, reconstruction of residential and historical buildings and the creation of energy-active architectural objects using alternative energy sources. Energy-efficient design of new buildings and modernization of old ones remains an urgent task. Ukraine's construction organizations are increasingly interested in reducing energy consumption and introducing energy-saving technologies. Scientists are trying to make housing more energy efficient, namely, consuming less energy compared to ordinary buildings and not polluting the environment. Increasing the level of energy supply and reducing the individual costs of servicing the house will allow solving the problem of creating graphically interpreted models of energy efficiency of the building and energy costs. The analysis is based on a combination of active and passive energy conservation measures and takes into account possible limitations based on a system approach in the construction of an integrated model of an energy active building. The analysis is based on a combination of active and passive energy saving measures and takes into account possible limitations based on a systematic approach by creation a comprehensive model of an energy-active building.

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Bielek, Milan, Boris Bielek, and Juraj Híreš. "New Physical-Energy Quantification of Buildings in the Development of the Technology in Architecture for a Sustainable Society." Advanced Materials Research 855 (December 2013): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.855.35.

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Renewable energy sources as a conditioning factor of fundamental concept changes of energy quantification of buildings. 1st generation of low energy buildings. 2nd generation of low energy buildings. Green buildings with zero heat balance of the network - buildings with nearly zero energy balance of the network. Sustainable buildings with zero energy balance of the network. Sustainable building with an active energy balance in relation to distribution networks.

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Kowal, Z., M. Siedlecka, R. Piotrowski, K. Brzezińska, K. Otwinowska, and A. Szychowski. "Shapes Of Energy-Active Segments Of Steel Buildings." Archives of Civil Engineering 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0029.

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AbstractThe study presents the summary of the knowledge of energy-active segments of steel buildings adapted to obtain electrical energy (EE) and thermal energy (TE) from solar radiation, and to transport and store TE. The study shows a general concept of the design of energy-active segments, which are separated from conventional segments in the way that allows the equipment installation and replacement. Exemplary solutions for the design of energy-active segments, optimised with respect to the principle of minimum thermal strain and maximum structural capacity and reliability were given [34]. The following options of the building covers were considered: 1) regular structure, 2) reduced structure, 3) basket structure, 4) structure with a tie, high-pitched to allow snow sliding down the roof to enhance TE and EE obtainment. The essential task described in the study is the optimal adaptation of energy-active segments in large-volume buildings for extraction, transportation and storage of energy from solar radiation.

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Kalús, Daniel, Zuzana Straková, and Matej Kubica. "Energy Balance of a Low Energy House with Building Structures with Active Heat Transfer Control." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 65, no. 3 (July 14, 2021): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.17462.

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A qualitatively new dimension has been introduced to the issue of building structures for energy-efficient buildings by the system of Active Thermal Insulation (ATI), which is already applied in the construction of such buildings. ATI are embedded pipe systems in the envelope structures of buildings, into which we supply a heat-carrying medium with adjusted temperature, so this constitutes a combined building-energy system. This introduces the concept of an internal energy source understood as an energy system integrated into the zone between the static part and the thermal insulation part of the building structure envelope. Under certain conditions, the ATI can serve as a heat recuperator or as an energy collector for a heat pump application. ATI consists of pipe systems embedded in building structures, in which the medium circulates heated by energy from any heat source. The function of the system is to reduce or eliminate heat losses through non-transparent structures in the winter and at the same time to reduce or eliminate heat gains in the summer. It is especially recommended to apply heat sources using renewable energy sources due to the required low temperatures of the heating medium and thus shorten the heating period in the building. Also recommended is to apply ATI for the use of waste heat. Buildings with a given system show low energy consumption and therefore meet the requirements of Directive no. 2018/844/EU, according to which, from 01.01.2021, all new buildings for housing and civic amenities should have energy needs close to zero.

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Sick, Friedrich, and Ralph Füger. "BUILDINGS AS ACTIVE COMPONENTS FOR GRID STABILITY." Journal of Green Building 12, no. 4 (November 2017): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.12.4.21.

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A successful energy transition depends on storage options in order to ensure power supply stability under a fluctuating generation of a growing share of renewable energies (RE). Battery storage is expensive and raw material intensive and therefore not suitable as a sole solution. Surplus electricity may easily be converted to heat, which can be stored inexpensively for a short term. With such simple Power-to-Heat or P2H solutions, lack of electric power cannot be offset by conventional heat storage. However, if a building or an urban quarter is heated by means of cogeneration, so-called Combined Heat and Power (CHP), or heat pumps (HP), the operation can be adjusted in such a way, that the building itself, i.e. its massive structure, serves as heat storage. Electricity generation and consumption is adjusted to the requirements of the grid (reactive power control). For the supply of a Berlin quarter, built in the 1950s and equipped with a district heating network and a CHP plant, the feasibility of the concept could be proved using dynamic building simulation as the analysis tool. Sixteen percent of the total heating consumption may useably be stored and extracted from the building structure. In absolute numbers: 73 MWh/a heat can be buffered corresponding to 34 MWh/a balancing electricity. For each square meter of living area, 3.7 kWh electrical balancing energy can be buffered in the building's thermal storage capacity. Nothing else is required than a re-programming of heating and possibly cooling controls. No capital investment is needed. Well insulated and more massive structures could show a proportion of 27% of such shifted heat.

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Fernandes, Joana, Maria Catarina Santos, and Rui Castro. "Introductory Review of Energy Efficiency in Buildings Retrofits." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 8100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238100.

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Energy-efficient building retrofits must be approached from three perspectives: law regulation approach, financial incentives approach, and practice approach. The concepts of zero energy building and life cycle energy building are presented as the basis for energy retrofits. Multi-criteria boards to assess the decision-making process are reviewed, analysed, and categorised under an architectonic perspective. Some examples are presented, with different packages of measures, from deep to non-invasive energy retrofits. Passive and active energy generation systems, together with control and management strategies, are the physical elements identified with the potential to improve buildings’ energy efficiency. From a practice approach, this literature review identifies the concept of performance-based architectural design to optimise the planning and design of buildings’ energy retrofits. In addition, tools such as Building Information Modelling are described as part of optimisation processes, as they enable designers to rapidly analyse and simulate a building’s performance at the design stage.

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Ezure, Katsuhiko, Kazuto Seto, Sinji Mitsuta, and Katsumi Sawatari. "Active Vibration Control of Flexible Structures Arranged in Parallel." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 6, no. 3 (June 20, 1994): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1994.p0243.

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This paper proposes a vibration control method for flexible structures arranged in parallel. In recent years, tall buildings equipped with active dynamic absorbers have been popularized to maintain living comfort by reducing the vibration of higher floors by strong winds. The higher a tall building the lower its natural frequency. It will be difficult to control the vibration of ultra-tall buildings using active dynamic absorbers because of difficulties in obtaining enough control force under the lower frequency. According to the proposed method, a pair of flexible buildings are controlled actively by controlling each other by means of actuators placed between them. Therefore, it is able to obtain enough control force under the low frequency. In this paper, a reduced-order model expressed by 2DOF systems is proposed for preventing spillover instability. The LQ control theory is applied to the design of the control system. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated theoretically as well as experimentally.

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Vassiliades, Constantinos, Soteris Kalogirou, Aimilios Michael, and Andreas Savvides. "A Roadmap for the Integration of Active Solar Systems into Buildings." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 17, 2019): 2462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122462.

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This paper aims to simplify the interdisciplinary design process that will be used as a design tool for the viable integration of active solar energy systems into buildings, i.e., Building-Integrated Solar Thermal Systems—BISTSs; Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Systems—BIPVSs, through the creation of a roadmap. The research also aims supplement the work of researchers who have dealt with the creation of design tools that aim to optimise a specific aspect of a building design, or their geometric forms, in order to shape energy-efficient and sustainable architectural solutions. More specifically, a prescriptive design strategy is derived from the proposed design tool. This is based on five design steps, each of which is analysed and which lead to the creation of a comprehensive design tool for siting buildings so as to optimise the integration of solar systems. The originality of this tool is based on the fact that it makes an important step in the standardisation of these studies.

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Saaly, Maryam, Pooneh Maghoul, and Hartmut Holländer. "Investigation of the effects of heat loss through below-grade envelope of buildings in urban areas on thermo-mechanical behaviour of geothermal piles." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 05010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020505010.

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Harvesting geothermal energy through the use of thermo-active pile systems is an eco-friendly technique to provide HVAC energy demand of buildings. Mechanical behaviour of thermo-active piles is impacted by thermal cycles. Moreover, in urban areas, the temperature of the ground is higher than non-constructed areas due to the heat loss through the below-grade enclosure of buildings. This heat dissipation increases the thermal capacity of the soil and affects the mechanical response of the geothermal pile foundation subjected to thermo-mechanical loading. To investigate the effect of buildings heat loss on thermo-active piles, a numerical thermo-mechanical (TM) analysis was carried out on a proposed energy foundation system for an institutional building, the Stanley Pauley Engineering Building (SPEB) in the campus of the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. The mechanical response of the geothermal piles to the thermal cycles with and without considering heat leakage through the basement of the SPEB is compared. Results showed that the cooling loads induced a maximum vertical pile head displacement of -1.18 mm. After 5 years operation of the system, the maximum vertical pile head displacement decreased to -1.05 mm for the case in which heat loss through the basement in considered in the models. In addition, the maximum axial load effective along the pile axis was 6% higher for the case that considers heat loss through the basement compared to the case without considering heat leakage through the building’s below-grade envelope.

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Nguyen, T. H., S. Daniel, D. Guériot, C. Sintès, and J. M. Le Caillec. "UNSUPERVISED AUTOMATIC BUILDING EXTRACTION USING ACTIVE CONTOUR MODEL ON UNREGISTERED OPTICAL IMAGERY AND AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W16 (September 17, 2019): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w16-181-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Automatic extraction of buildings in urban scenes has become a subject of growing interest in the domain of photogrammetry and remote sensing, particularly with the emergence of LiDAR systems since mid-1990s. However, in reality, this task is still very challenging due to the complexity of building size and shape, as well as its surrounding environment. Active contour model, colloquially called snake model, which has been extensively used in many applications in computer vision and image processing, has also been applied to extract buildings from aerial/satellite imagery. Motivated by the limitations of existing snake models dedicated to the building extraction, this paper presents an unsupervised and automatic snake model to extract buildings using optical imagery and an unregistered airborne LiDAR dataset, without manual initial points or training data. The proposed method is shown to be capable of extracting buildings with varying color from complex environments, and yielding high overall accuracy.</p>

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El Ouni, Mohamed, Mohamed Laissy, Mohammed Ismaeil, and Nabil Ben Kahla. "Effect of Shear Walls on the Active Vibration Control of Buildings." Buildings 8, no. 11 (November 20, 2018): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8110164.

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The study aims to assess the impact of shear walls on active vibration control of the buildings. It has evaluated the design of a smart 20-story building equipped with an Active Mass Damper to mitigate earthquakes. The design has combined shear walls with an Active Mass Damper (AMD) added on the top floor. The control configuration used a force actuator combined with a displacement sensor and was examined with Direct Velocity Feedback. The effect of the presence of wall braces in the design of tall buildings on the performances as well as the control effort has been studied. The results have stated that the shear walls designed for mitigating earthquake loads are capable of reducing the displacement of the tall building somewhat but failed to reduce the acceleration of the top floor. The combination between shear walls and AMD has incredible damping capability on the displacement and acceleration of the building. However, the shear walls tend to increase the control cost since they require more control energy.

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Raphael, B. "Active Control of Daylighting Features in Buildings." Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 26, no. 5 (November 15, 2010): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2010.00692.x.

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Koretskaya, Natalia, and Nikolay Grib. "Buildings Stability Revaluation in Seismically Active Regions." MATEC Web of Conferences 106 (2017): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710602009.

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Barbat, A. H., J. Rodellar, E. P. Ryan, and N. Molinares. "Active Control of Nonlinear Base-Isolated Buildings." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 121, no. 6 (June 1995): 676–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1995)121:6(676).

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Casini, Marco. "Active dynamic windows for buildings: A review." Renewable Energy 119 (April 2018): 923–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.12.049.

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Zhou, Xing-de, and Dao-zheng Chen. "Active vibration control of nonlinear benchmark buildings." Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 28, no. 4 (April 2007): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10483-007-0409-x.

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Pozo, Francesc, Yolanda Vidal, Guillem Garcia, Leonardo Acho, and José Rodellar. "Hysteretic active control of base-isolated buildings." Structural Control and Health Monitoring 25, no. 8 (June 1, 2018): e2206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stc.2206.

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Tzovaras, Damousis, Papanikolaou, Pitsiladis, and Barbagelata. "DRIMPAC—Unified Demand Response Interoperability Framework Enabling Market Participation of Active Energy Consumers." Proceedings 20, no. 1 (July 24, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019020015.

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Residential and tertiary buildings are responsible for 44% of final energy consumption in Europe. However, they are currently not engaged in Demand Response (DR) activities due to technology-related and consumer-related roadblocks. One of the main technological roadblocks is the extreme fragmentation of protocols, data models and standards for Building Energy Management (BEM) systems and Building to Grid (B2G) communications. DRIMPAC is an EU-funded Innovation Action that aims to address the interoperability gaps and standards fragmentation in the residential and commercial buildings Demand Response domain aiming to reduce costs for all involved actors and make DR more attractive for the end prosumer.

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Namai, Toshiki, Jun Shinoda, Ryoya Furukawa, Shin-ichi Tanabe, Kosuke Sato, Eri Kataoka, and Kosuke Yoshida. "Measurement and Operational Improvement in an Office with Thermo Active Building System." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102065.

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Thermo Active Building System (TABS) is applied in office buildings in many European countries as a promising energy-efficient solution with a comfortable thermal environment. However, TABS is rarely applied in Japanese buildings because of the risk of dew condensation during the hot and humid summer season. In this study, the indoor environment and thermal sensation in an office building equipped with TABS was investigated; the building is located in an urban area in Tokyo, Japan. Soon after occupancy, field measurements and questionnaire surveys were conducted during the summer and winter seasons for two consecutive years. The operation of TABS was improved based on first-year measurement results. As a result, the ceiling surface setpoint temperature was relaxed, maintaining high satisfaction in summer. In winter, it was confirmed that the operation of TABS was not necessary, and, as a result, satisfaction improved.

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Aziz, Nursyazwani Abdul, Nasrul Amri Mohd Amin, Mohd Shukry Abd Majid, and Izzudin Zaman. "Thermal energy storage (TES) technology for active and passive cooling in buildings: A Review." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 03022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822503022.

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Thermal energy storage (TES) system is one of the outstanding technologies available contributes for achieving sustainable energy demand. The energy storage system has been proven capable of narrowing down the energy mismatch between energy supply and demand. The thermal energy storage (TES) - buildings integration is expected to minimize the energy demand shortage and also offers for better energy management in building sector. This paper presents a state of art of the active and passive TES technologies integrated in the building sector. The integration method, advantages and disadvantages of both techniques were discussed. The TES for low energy building is inevitably needed. This study prescribes that the integration of TES system for both active and passive cooling techniques are proven to be beneficial towards a better energy management in buildings.

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Kwag, Byung C., and Moncef Krarti. "Development of design guidelines for thermo-active foundations." Indoor and Built Environment 27, no. 6 (February 1, 2017): 805–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17690018.

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Ground medium can be utilized as a direct energy source to heat and cool buildings. In particular, ground source heat pump systems take advantage of the year-round mild deep earth temperature without a significant reliance on any external energy sources. However, the high installation cost of ground source heat pumps associated with high drilling cost of vertical boreholes often make these systems less cost-effective compared to conventional heating and cooling systems. Thermo-active foundations can be a viable solution to reduce ground source heat pump high installation costs by embedding heat exchangers within building foundation structures. Compared to ground source heat pumps, only limited analyses and research studies have been reported for thermo-active foundations especially for the US climates. In particular, no specific design guidelines have been reported for thermo-active foundations especially for US climates. In this paper, a simplified design approach was developed and applied for specifying geothermal heat pump size and heat exchanger loop length to meet all or part of building heat and cooling thermal loads. The developed guidelines would thus provide a proper design guide for installation of thermo-active foundations for heating and cooling of both US residential and commercial buildings.

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Khansefid, A., and A. Bakhshi. "Advanced two-step integrated optimization of actively controlled nonlinear structure under mainshock–aftershock sequences." Journal of Vibration and Control 25, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 748–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546318795533.

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In this paper, an attempt is made to examine a new method for designing and applying the active vibration control system to improve building performance under mainshock–aftershock sequences. In this regard, three different structures are considered; 5-, 10-, and 15-story buildings. Seven mainshock–aftershock sequences are selected from the Iranian accelerogram database for analyzing the structures. By implementing an advanced two-step optimization method, buildings equipped with the active vibration control system (linear–quadratic regulator (LQR) algorithm) are designed to withstand all events of mainshock–aftershock sequences. In the first optimization step, a multi-objective optimization with the genetic algorithm is performed and a set of optimal Pareto front results is obtained. In the next step, the life-cycle cost of each optimal design sample of the Pareto front is calculated by considering the cumulative damage and the design sample with the minimum cost is selected as a final optimal property. The results prove that the active vibration control system is capable of reducing structural responses, including acceleration, drift, and residual drift under mainshock–aftershock sequences, and consequently the life-cycle cost of buildings, especially the taller ones. In addition, obtaining the building design variables (story stiffness and yielding force) and active LQR algorithm properties simultaneously leads to a slightly softer final building model than the conventional structure designed by the common building design code. Moreover, it is revealed that, by considering the aftershocks, the building life-cycle cost increases significantly.

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Li, Zhichao, Shuai Zhang, and Jinwei Dong. "Suggestive Data Annotation for CNN-Based Building Footprint Mapping Based on Deep Active Learning and Landscape Metrics." Remote Sensing 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 3147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14133147.

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Convolutional neural network (CNN)-based very high-resolution (VHR) image segmentation has become a common way of extracting building footprints. Despite publicly available building datasets and pre-trained CNN models, it is still necessary to prepare sufficient labeled image tiles to train CNN models from scratch or update the parameters of pre-trained CNN models to extract buildings accurately in real-world applications, especially the large-scale building extraction, due to differences in landscapes and data sources. Deep active learning is an effective technique for resolving this issue. This study proposes a framework integrating two state-of-the-art (SOTA) models, U-Net and DeeplabV3+, three commonly used active learning strategies, (i.e., margin sampling, entropy, and vote entropy), and landscape characterization to illustrate the performance of active learning in reducing the effort of data annotation, and then understand what kind of image tiles are more advantageous for CNN-based building extraction. The framework enables iteratively selecting the most informative image tiles from the unlabeled dataset for data annotation, training the CNN models, and analyzing the changes in model performance. It also helps us to understand the landscape features of iteratively selected image tiles via active learning by considering building as the focal class and computing the percent, the number of patches, edge density, and landscape shape index of buildings based on labeled tiles in each selection. The proposed method was evaluated on two benchmark building datasets, WHU satellite dataset II and WHU aerial dataset. Models in each iteration were trained from scratch on all labeled tiles. Experimental results based on the two datasets indicate that, for both U-Net and DeeplabV3+, the three active learning strategies can reduce the number of image tiles to be annotated and achieve good model performance with fewer labeled image tiles. Moreover, image tiles with more building patches, larger areas of buildings, longer edges of buildings, and more dispersed building distribution patterns were more effective for model training. The study not only provides a framework to reduce the data annotation efforts in CNN-based building extraction but also summarizes the preliminary suggestions for data annotation, which could facilitate and guide data annotators in real-world applications.

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Bhandari, Avinash, Rajan Suwal, and Aakarsha Khawas. "Seismic Fragility Assessment of Irregular High Rise Buildings using Incremental Dynamic Analysis." Advances in Engineering and Technology: An International Journal 2, no. 01 (December 31, 2022): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aet.v2i01.50446.

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The construction of high rise buildings is common in city areas. These buildings may be irregular because of aesthetics or other requirements. As Nepal lies in a seismically active region these irregular high rise buildings may not perform well during earthquakes. Two existing irregular high rise buildings are taken as case study buildings that had pre-existing torsion. Shear walls are added to the building at the required location to minimize torsion in the buildings. The objective of the study is to determine the performance of building with and without torsional irregularity. The seismic performance of all the buildings is carried out by taking seven pairs of ground motions using nonlinear time history analysis. These ground motions are scaled to the required intensity to develop incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) curve. These IDA curves are used to develop fragility curves to access the performance in the buildings. The result from the analysis showed that performance in one building improved by 35% and in another by 70% at the peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.35g.

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Sun, Jingjing. "Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block Prefabricated Multi-Storey Building Technology." Journal of World Architecture 6, no. 2 (March 4, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jwa.v6i2.3703.

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In active response to the national requirements of promoting green building materials and developing prefabricated buildings, it is necessary to continuously optimize and reasonably employ relevant technologies. Autoclaved aerated concrete block prefabricated multi-storey building technology is a new technology, which will not only effectively realize green environmental protection in construction engineering, but also promote the further development of prefabricated buildings. Therefore, this paper analyzes the autoclaved aerated concrete block prefabricated multi-storey building technology for future references.

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Chhetri, Subhash, and Sailesh Adhikari. "Seismic performance of step back, step back set back and set back buildings in sloping ground base." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 17, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 538–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2021-17-5-538-547.

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This paper presents the structural behavior of buildings located in the sloping ground level subjected to seismic load. Three different categories of building from three to five storey are considered for the numerical modelling namely set back building (SB), step back building (SBB) and step back set back building (SBSB). The dynamic response of different buildings are analyzed and compared to assess the seismic vulnerability associated with each buildings. The seismic vulnerability is accessed by comparing the base shear, drift, displacement and torsion factor values. Linear static method is used for the calculation of earthquake load using ETABS. It is observed that SBB and SBSB are highly affected by torsion compared to the SB building. It is desirable to use shear wall in periphery of the bottom storey to improve seismic performance of building. The results in this paper can be employed for construction of buildings with seismically active sloping ground.

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Azizi, Nurul Sakina Mokhtar, Suzanne Wilkinson, and Elizabeth Fassman. "DO OCCUPANTS IN GREEN BUILDINGS PRACTICE BETTER ENERGY SAVING BEHAVIOUR IN COMPUTER USAGE THAN OCCUPANTS IN CONVENTIONAL BUILDINGS?" Journal of Green Building 10, no. 4 (November 2015): 178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.10.4.178.

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Green buildings are not entirely successful in achieving energy saving targets. One way of improving energy targets is to encourage occupants to adopt energy saving behaviour. To date, energy saving behaviour has been given less focus in improving green building performance than other energy saving initiatives, such as retrofitting buildings for green features. This study uses comparison case studies between green buildings and conventional buildings in New Zealand to better understand the energy saving behaviour of occupants. Questionnaires were distributed to occupants in green and conventional buildings to evaluate the extent of energy saving behaviour practiced and to identify potential strategies to encourage energy saving behaviour. The objective of this paper is to investigate the level of energy saving behaviour between green and conventional office buildings to see if people in green buildings perform better energy saving behaviour than people in conventional buildings in computer usage. The findings do show better energy saving behaviour from occupants in green buildings than occupants in conventional buildings. The paper shows why this is the case. The recommended strategies to encourage energy saving behaviour used by different buildings are also discussed. Strategies include raising education awareness on energy efficiency among the building occupants, energy saving commitments, and to have an active building manager assigned for energy related matters.

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Sirmacek, Beril, and Roderik Lindenbergh. "Active Shapes for Automatic 3D Modeling of Buildings." Journal of Imaging 1, no. 1 (November 20, 2015): 156–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging1010156.

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Lee-Glauser, Gina J., Goodarz Ahmadi, and Lucas G. Horta. "Integrated Passive/Active Vibration Absorber for Multistory Buildings." Journal of Structural Engineering 123, no. 4 (April 1997): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1997)123:4(499).

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Chang, C. C., and Henry T. Y. Yang. "Control of Buildings Using Active Tuned Mass Dampers." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 121, no. 3 (March 1995): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1995)121:3(355).

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48

Shiba, Keiji, Shinji Mase, Yoshitaka Yabe, and Kazuo Tamura. "Active/passive vibration control systems for tall buildings." Smart Materials and Structures 7, no. 5 (October 1, 1998): 588–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/7/5/003.

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Arfiadi, Yoyong, and Muhammad N. S. Hadi. "Passive and active control of three-dimensional buildings." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 29, no. 3 (March 2000): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9845(200003)29:3<377::aid-eqe911>3.0.co;2-c.

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Kwag, Byung Chang, and Moncef Krarti. "Analysis of thermo-active foundations for office buildings." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 30 (December 2018): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2018.10.014.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Active Buildings'

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