Journal articles: 'Activation of reflection'

1

Modinos, Gemma, Johan Ormel, and André Aleman. "Activation of Anterior Insula during Self-Reflection." PLoS ONE 4, no. 2 (February 26, 2009): e4618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004618.

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Király, B., and J. Csikai. "Investigations on thermal neutron reflection by activation method." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 52, no. 1 (January 2000): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(99)00088-3.

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Kiyatkin, Eugene A., P. Leon Brown, and Roy A. Wise. "Brain temperature fluctuation: a reflection of functional neural activation." European Journal of Neuroscience 16, no. 1 (July 2002): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02066.x.

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Gunn, J. M. F., and K. N. Trohidou. "Critical reflection activation analysis-a new near-surface probe." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 22, no. 7 (July 14, 1989): 1001–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/22/7/023.

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Vartanian, Oshin, Erin L. Beatty, Ingrid Smith, Kristen Blackler, Quan Lam, Sarah Forbes, and Wim De Neys. "The Reflective Mind: Examining Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Base Rate Neglect with fMRI." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 7 (July 2018): 1011–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01264.

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Performance on heuristics and bias tasks has been shown to be susceptible to bias. In turn, susceptibility to bias varies as a function of individual differences in cognitive abilities (e.g., intelligence) and thinking styles (e.g., propensity for reflection). Using a classic task (i.e., lawyer–engineer problem), we conducted two experiments to examine the differential contributions of cognitive abilities versus thinking styles to performance. The results of Experiment 1 demonstrated that the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT)—a well-established measure of reflective thinking—predicted performance on conflict problems (where base rates and intuition point in opposite directions), whereas STM predicted performance on nonconflict problems. Experiment 2 conducted in the fMRI scanner replicated this behavioral dissociation and enabled us to probe their neural correlates. As predicted, conflict problems were associated with greater activation in the ACC—a key region for conflict detection—even in cases when participants responded stereotypically. In participants with higher CRT scores, conflict problems were associated with greater activation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and activation in PCC covaried in relation to CRT scores during conflict problems. Also, CRT scores predicted activation in PCC in conflict problems (over and above nonconflict problems). Our results suggest that individual differences in reflective thinking as measured by CRT are related to brain activation in PCC—a region involved in regulating attention between external and internal foci. We discuss the implications of our findings in terms of PCC's possible involvement in switching from intuitive to analytic mode of thought.

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Ciorciari, Joseph, John Gountas, Patrick Johnston, David Crewther, and Matthew Hughes. "A Neuroimaging Study of Personality Traits and Self-Reflection." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9110112.

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This study examines the blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation of the brain associated with the four distinctive thinking styles associated with the four personality orientations of the Gountas Personality Orientations (GPO) survey: Emotion/Feeling-Action, Material/Pragmatic, Intuitive/Imaginative, and Thinking/Logical. The theoretical postulation is that each of the four personality orientations has a dominant (primary) thinking style and a shadow (secondary) thinking style/trait. The participants (N = 40) were initially surveyed to determine their dominant (primary) and secondary thinking styles. Based on participant responses, equal numbers of each dominant thinking style were selected for neuroimaging using a unique fMRI cognitive activation paradigm. The neuroimaging data support the general theoretical hypothesis of the existence of four different BOLD activation patterns, associated with each of the four thinking styles. The fMRI data analysis suggests that each thinking style may have its own cognitive activation system, involving the frontal ventromedial, posterior medial, parietal, motor, and orbitofrontal cortex. The data also suggest that there is a left hemisphere relationship for the Material/Pragmatic and Thinking/Logical styles and a right activation relationship for Emotional/Feeling and Intuitive/Imaginative styles. Additionally, the unique self-reflection paradigm demonstrated that perception of self or self-image, may be influenced by personality type; a finding of potentially far-reaching implications.

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Kuiken, Don, and Jan Mathews. "EEG and Facial EMG Changes during Self-Reflection with Affective Imagery." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 6, no. 1 (September 1986): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/933r-0qv9-kh9y-mq4n.

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Intensive self-reflection with affective imagery was expected to increase relative right hemispheric activation and intensify facial expressions of negative affect. Six individuals were encouraged to reflect on personal problems or concerns in two different ways. In one condition, they attended to feelings related to a personal problem and characterized their feelings using imagery. In a second condition, they explained a personal problem and characterized their thoughts using words. In the feeling-imagery condition, participants' parietal EEG indicated greater relative right hemispheric activation, resulting in a pattern of bilateral hemispheric activation. There were no differences between conditions in corrugator or zygomatic EMG. The increased involvement of the right hemisphere during intensive self-reflection may facilitate discrimination of affect-related physiological events and, thus, affective insight.

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White, Daniel R., and Robert L. White. "Isoconversion Effective Activation Energy Profiles by Variable Temperature Diffuse Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 62, no. 1 (January 2008): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370208783412672.

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Thermal process characterization based on calculating effective activation energies from variable temperature diffuse reflection infrared spectroscopy (VT-DRIFTS) measurements is demonstrated. Experimental factors that affect the accuracies of activation energy values are outlined. Infrared radiation scattering efficiency, thermal conductivity, and inertness towards chemical reactions are factors that should be considered when selecting an appropriate diluent for preparing samples. The Kubelka–Munk representation is superior to apparent absorbance when baseline variations in spectra measured at different temperatures can be minimized. Variable-temperature infrared spectral features, such as integrated absorption band area, can be used to compute isoconversion effective activation energies, provided that measured quantities are proportional to species concentrations.

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Yang, Mingzhu, and Muchun Jin. "Photoemission of reflection-mode InGaAs photocathodes after Cs,O activation and recaesiations." Optical Materials 62 (December 2016): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2016.10.027.

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Dodd, Alyson L., and Matthew Haigh. "Do Non-Reflective Thinkers Apply Extreme Personal Meanings to their Activated Moods?" Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 45, no. 5 (April 26, 2017): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465817000248.

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Background: The integrative cognitive model of mood swings proposes that mood symptoms are driven by extreme, self-referent appraisals. For example, if activated mood is appraised positively, this prompts selection of mood regulation strategies that act to up-regulate mood. Appraisals are driven by fast and automatic Type 1 cognitive processes, which, left unchecked, can cause activated mood to escalate. Aims: It was hypothesized that greater propensity to override these automatic processes by engaging in reflective (Type 2) thinking would be negatively associated with extreme appraisals of activation and activation. Method: Study 1 (n = 150) was a cross-sectional survey consisting of measures of activation, extreme appraisals, and an objective performance-based measure of the propensity to engage in reflective thought (cognitive reflection test; CRT). In Study 2 (n = 241) participants completed these measures plus three alternative measures of effortful cognitive engagement (CRT-2, Need for Cognition and Actively Open-Minded Thinking). Results: In Study 1, propensity to engage in reflective thought (higher CRT scores) was not significantly associated with activated mood or extreme appraisals, but activated mood and extreme appraisals were positively correlated. In study 2, the association between activation and extreme appraisals was replicated. Predicted associations between alternative measures of reflective thinking, activated mood, and extreme appraisals were not found. Conclusions: Extreme appraisals of internal states may be a psychological mechanism underlying activated mood. Propensity to reflect on and override default cognitions was unrelated to these extreme appraisals and activated mood. Further research in a clinical sample using mood-relevant measures of reflective thinking is warranted.

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Yetri, Yuli, Mursida, Dahyunir Dahlan, Erman Taer, Agustino, and Muldarisnur. "Identification of Cacao Peels Potential as a Basic of Electrodes Environmental Friendly Supercapacitors." Key Engineering Materials 846 (June 2020): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.846.274.

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Identification of the potential of cacao peel as the basic material of environmentally friendly supercapacitor electrodes had been identified. This identification was carried out through analysis of specific dimensions, densities, and capacitances. Activated carbon electrodes were made by a combination of chemical and physics activation methods. The technique of preparing carbon electrodes started from pre-carbonization, milling, chemical activation, pellet making, carbonization, and completed it with physics activation. In addition, the chemical activation applied 0.3 M KOH activator, whereas the physical activation used CO2 gas at a temperature of 700°C. The physical properties were tested by density and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dipersive X-Ray (EDX). While the electrochemical properties were tested using the Ciclic Voltammetric (CV) method. The results showed that the mass, diameter, thickness, and density of the electrode decreased after passing the carbonization-activation process. A value of 2θ in the range of 23,569o for the reflection fields 002 and 44,781o for the reflection field 100 was obtained in the XRD measurements . The X-ray diffraction curve pointed out that the surface area of C 0,3 M sample was sizeable with the Lc value and lattice distance d002 around 20,01669 Å and 3,771705 Å. SEM analysis indicated the presence of pores between particles spread almost evenly on the surface of the sample, with an irregular and elongated shape. EDX testing showed carbon element of 87.05% while atomic percentage of 91.02%, and correspondently, electrochemical test showed the value of specific capacitance obtained at a concentration of 0.3 M was 90.2 F/gr with a density of 0.850gr/cm3. From the results of the tests obtained, it was shown that cacao peels was very potential to be used as electrodes for supercapacitors.

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Mokritskaya, T. P., and D. A. Dovganenko. "Forecast landslide activity in the zones of technogenic geochemical anomalies of urban areas based on remote sensing data." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 27, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111834.

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The analysis and forecast of landslide activity on the territories of cities is an actual task. Remote sensing methods are successfully used to solve a whole range of tasks: from classification to modeling. The possibilities of interpreting data are expanding. The processing involves standard methods of statistical research, methods of theories of fuzzy sets, pattern recognition, and others. This paper describes the experience of involving the method of grouping arguments into a prediction model. Firstly, an irregular time series of values of reflection coefficient on areas of active development of the landslide process is investigated. According to the results of the prognosis, it is proved that in the nearest future changes in solar activity (11 - year cycle) will not lead to activation of the process. Secondly, the forecast of the activation of the landslide process under the influence of man-made factors was fulfilled. The connection between the content of readily soluble salts in the pores of forest soils of the aeration zone and the values of the coefficient of reflection and. The model extends the possibilities of using the method of group consideration of arguments for mapping zones of landslide activity in sections of man-made geochemical anomalies. The analysis of the model shows that the connection is. In the future it is possible to determine certain values of salt content and values of reflection coefficients, which will be indicators of the probability of activating the landslide process in other conditions.

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Serfling, Edgar, Andris Avots, and Manfred Neumann. "The architecture of the interleukin-2 promoter: a reflection of T lymphocyte activation." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression 1263, no. 3 (September 1995): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4781(95)00112-t.

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Humpston, Clara S., Anthony S. David, and Ian Ellison-Wright. "Poster #S37 SELF-REFLECTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: A PRELIMINARY ACTIVATION-LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION META-ANALYSIS." Schizophrenia Research 153 (April 2014): S101—S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70316-0.

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Zhang, Li Wen, Esther Opmeer, Henricus Ruhe, Willem Nolen, André Aleman, and Lisette van der Meer. "Poster #S47 BRAIN ACTIVATION DURING SELF-REFLECTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA COMPARED TO BIPOLAR DISORDER." Schizophrenia Research 153 (April 2014): S105—S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70326-3.

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Sondag, A. H. M., and M. C. Raas. "Infrared Multiple Specular Reflectance of Mono- and Submonomolecular Layers of p-Bromobenzoic Acid on Oxidized Metals." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 1 (January 1989): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894201833.

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The advantages of Multiple Specular Reflection (MSR) over single reflection grazing incidence infrared spectroscopy are discussed in this paper. A calculation which incorporates the experimental constraints for a multiple reflection setup is performed. The results concerning the angular dependence are confirmed by experiment. The main advantages are a wide angular acceptance and a release of the grazing angle of incidence geometry. Approximately the same sensitivity can be obtained as is theoretically possible with a single reflection at grazing incidence. However, in practice a somewhat higher sensitivity can be obtained with multiple specular reflectance spectroscopy. The sensitivity is illustrated by the measurement of submonolayers of p-bromobenzoic acid chemi-sorbed on an oxidized aluminium flat surface. Comparison with neutron activation analysis data shows that the reflection-absorption intensities are proportional to the surface coverage. A dependence of spectral features on surface coverage can be observed.

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Humble, Mats B., and Susanne Bejerot. "Inflammasome activation in psychosis – Consequence of peripheral dyslipidaemia or reflection of an inflammatory pathogenesis?" Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 101 (March 2022): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.018.

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Farman, Gerrie P., David Gore, Edward Allen, Kelly Schoenfelt, Thomas C. Irving, and Pieter P. de Tombe. "Myosin head orientation: a structural determinant for the Frank-Starling relationship." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 300, no. 6 (June 2011): H2155—H2160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01221.2010.

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The cellular mechanism underlying the Frank-Starling law of the heart is myofilament length-dependent activation. The mechanism(s) whereby sarcomeres detect changes in length and translate this into increased sensitivity to activating calcium has been elusive. Small-angle X-ray diffraction studies have revealed that the intact myofilament lattice undergoes numerous structural changes upon an increase in sarcomere length (SL): lattice spacing and the I1,1/I1,0 intensity ratio decreases, whereas the M3 meridional reflection intensity (IM3) increases, concomitant with increases in diastolic and systolic force. Using a short (∼10 ms) X-ray exposure just before electrical stimulation, we were able to obtain detailed structural information regarding the effects of external osmotic compression (with mannitol) and obtain SL on thin intact electrically stimulated isolated rat right ventricular trabeculae. We show that over the same incremental increases in SL, the relative changes in systolic force track more closely to the relative changes in myosin head orientation (as reported by IM3) than to the relative changes in lattice spacing. We conclude that myosin head orientation before activation determines myocardial sarcomere activation levels and that this may be the dominant mechanism for length-dependent activation.

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Jensen, Louise J. N., Allan Flyvbjerg, and Mette Bjerre. "Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product: A Biomarker for Acute Coronary Syndrome." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/815942.

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The receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its ligands are linked to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD), and circulating soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), reflecting the RAGE activity, is suggested as a potential biomarker. Elevated sRAGE levels are reported in relation to acute ischemia and this review focuses on the role of sRAGE as a biomarker for the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The current studies demonstrated that sRAGE levels are elevated in relation to ACS, however during a very narrow time period, indicating that the time of sampling needs attention. Interestingly, activation of RAGE may influence the pathogenesis and reflection in sRAGE levels in acute and stable CAD differently.

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Göbel, Silke M., Heidi Johansen-Berg, Tim Behrens, and Matthew F. S. Rushworth. "Response-Selection-Related Parietal Activation during Number Comparison." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 9 (November 2004): 1536–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929042568442.

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Neuroimaging studies of number comparison have consistently found activation in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Recently, it has been suggested that activations in the IPS vary with the distance between the numbers being compared. In number comparison, the smaller the distance between a number and the reference the longer the reaction time (RT). Activations in the right or left IPS, however, have also been related to attentional and intentional selection. It is possible, therefore, that activity in this region is a reflection of the more basic stimulus and response-selection processes associated with changes in RT. This fMRI experiment investigated the effect of numerical distance independently from RT. In addition, activations during number comparison of single-digit and double-digit stimuli were compared. During number comparison blocks, subjects had to indicate whether digits were greater or smaller than a reference (5 or 65). In control blocks, they were asked to perform a perceptual task (vertical line present/absent) on either numerical or nonnumerical stimuli. Number comparison versus rest yielded a large bilateral parietal-posterior frontal network. However, no areas showed more activation during number comparison than during the control tasks. Furthermore, no areas were more active during comparison of numbers separated by a small distance than comparisons of those separated by a large distance or vice versa. A left-lateralized parietal-posterior frontal network varied significantly with RT. Our findings suggest that magnitude and numerical-distance-related IPS activations might be difficult to separate from fundamental stimulus and response-selection processes associated with RT changes. As is the case with other parameters, such as space, magnitude may be represented in the context of response selection in the parietal cortex. In this respect, the representation of magnitude in the human IPS may be similar to the representation of magnitude in other nonhuman primates.

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Erman, Britt. "Cognitive processes as evidence of the idiom principle." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 12, no. 1 (March 16, 2007): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.12.1.04erm.

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The study seeks to establish whether pause frequency and pause duration could inform us about the size of linguistic units stored in the mental lexicon. Pauses are seen as a reflection of cognitive effort in lexical retrieval. The basic assumption is that a particular concept starts activating related concepts in a conceptual network via spreading activation. Pausing is assumed to be rare when spreading activation is at work, i.e. in the recall of multiword, or prefabricated, structures. The results show that pausing was significantly more frequent in connection with lexical search in computed as compared to prefabricated structures, thus indicating that prefabricated structures are stored and retrieved as wholes. The most important implication of the study is that the results give further support to John Sinclair’s proposed ‘idiom principle’, according to which strings that would appear to be analyzable into segments nevertheless constitute single choices.

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Dell, Gary S. "Cascading and feedback in interactive models of production: A reflection of forward modeling?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36, no. 4 (June 24, 2013): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12002531.

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AbstractInteractive theories of lexical retrieval in language production assume that activation cascades from earlier to later processing levels, and feeds back in the reverse direction. This commentary invites Pickering & Garrod (P&G) to consider whether cascading and feedback can be seen as a form of forwarding modeling within a hierarchical production system.

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Bertolino, F., J. P. Valentin, M. Maffre, A. M. Bessac, and G. W. John. "TxA2 receptor activation elicits organ-specific increases in microvascular permeability in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 268, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): R366—R374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.2.r366.

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We investigated whether the stable thromboxane A2 (TxA2) analogue U-46619 had any direct effect on extracellular fluid partition. In anesthetized open-chest rats, U-46619 (1.25 and 20 micrograms/kg iv) dose dependently increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure and hematocrit, whereas mean systemic arterial pressure was raised only at the low dose of agonist. The increase in hematocrit (13.2 +/- 2.9% at 20 micrograms/kg; P < 0.05) still occurred in bilaterally nephrectomized rats and in binephrectomized plus splenectomized rats (11.6 +/- 2.7 and 12.2 +/- 4.6%, respectively; both P = NS vs. U-46619 in control rats), corresponding to a calculated decrease in plasma volume of 22.1 +/- 4.5, 19.6 +/- 4.0, and 19.2 +/- 5.8%, respectively. Plasma protein concentration increased less than hematocrit, and the coefficient of reflection was significantly lower in these groups, suggesting protein extravasation. Additional experiments showed that U-46619 (1.25 and 10 micrograms/kg iv) dose dependently increased the vascular leak of albumin mainly in lung, kidneys, and spleen but not in brain, liver, mesentery, and cardiac and skeletal muscles. Pretreatment with the TxA2 receptor antagonist SQ-29,548 (2.5 mg/kg iv bolus plus 2.5 mg.kg-1.h-1 as maintenance) abolished all effects of U-46619, including the increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, hematocrit, plasma protein concentration, and albumin extravasation and the decrease in mean systemic arterial pressure, plasma volume, and coefficient of reflection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Getmanenko, O. V., D. R. Belov, I. E. Kanunikov, N. Yu Smit, and D. A. Sibarov. "Reflection of the pattern of cortical activation in the phase structure of the human EEG." Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 37, no. 9 (November 2007): 875–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11055-007-0094-4.

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Narita, Minoru, Naoko Kuzumaki, Takashige Kondo, and Yusuke Hamada. "Modification of tumor aggravation via the tumor microenvironment by the reflection/activation of sensory nerves." Proceedings for Annual Meeting of The Japanese Pharmacological Society 92 (2019): 1—S05–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/jpssuppl.92.0_1-s05-2.

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YOKOMIZO, Ken, Mitsuo NATSUSAKA, Yasushi HARADA, Taori SATO, and Chizuko AKAZAWA. "The Influence That Real-Time Reflection RTR Gives in Co-Creative Activation of the Learner." Journal of JSEE 64, no. 4 (2016): 4_22–4_28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4307/jsee.64.4_22.

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Ohimor, E. O., D. O. Temisa, and P. I. Ononiwu. "Production of Activated Carbon from Carbonaceous Agricultural Waste Material: Coconut Fibres." Nigerian Journal of Technology 40, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v40i1.4.

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Activated carbon was produced from Cocos nucifera (coconut) fibers by carbonization and activation processes. The sample was first pretreated before carbonization and activation processes at 450°C and 700°C respectively in an electric furnace. Chemical activation using Potassium hydroxide (KOH) 4:1 (weight basis) was carried out to increase the activated carbon adsorption properties. The element contained in the sample was analyzed using the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) while the surface morphological composition was determined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the chemical bonds present in the sample was characterized using Fourier transform infrared reflection (FT-IR). From the research carried out, the results show that activated carbon produced from coconut fibers would be useful and effective for adsorbent purposes, considering its large pores.

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Makinde, V. A., G. Senaldi, A. S. Jawad, H. Berry, and D. Vergani. "Reflection of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis by indices of activation of the classical complement pathway." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 48, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.48.4.302.

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Titus, Jitto, Chadi Filfili, Julia K. Hilliard, John A. Ward, and A. G. Unil Perera. "Early detection of cell activation events by means of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy." Applied Physics Letters 104, no. 24 (June 16, 2014): 243705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4885081.

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Tominaga, Wataru, Jun Matsubayashi, Makiko Furuya, Masao Matsuhashi, Tatsuya Mima, Hidenao Fukuyama, and Akira Mitani. "Asymmetric Activation of the Primary Motor Cortex during Observation of a Mirror Reflection of a Hand." PLoS ONE 6, no. 11 (November 29, 2011): e28226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028226.

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Onat, Altan, Tuğba Akbaş, and Hüsniye Yüksel. "An inverse-to-anticipated relationship of Lp-PLA2 activity in diabetes: Reflection of underlying autoimmune activation." European Journal of Internal Medicine 26, no. 1 (January 2015): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2014.10.010.

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Robert, Philippe, Laurent Limozin, P. Anton van der Merwe, and Pierre Bongrand. "CD8 Co-Receptor Enhances T-Cell Activation without Any Effect on Initial Attachment." Cells 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020429.

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The scanning of surrounding tissues by T lymphocytes to detect cognate antigens requires high speed, sensitivity and specificity. T-cell receptor (TCR) co-receptors such as CD8 increase detection performance, but the exact mechanism remains incompletely understood. Here, we used a laminar flow chamber to measure at the single molecule level the kinetics of bond formation and rupture between TCR- transfected CD8+ and CD8− Jurkat cells and surfaces coated with five peptide-exposing major histocompatibility antigens (pMHCs) of varying activating power. We also used interference reflection microscopy to image the spreading of these cells dropped on pMHC-exposing surfaces. CD8 did not influence the TCR–pMHC interaction during the first few seconds following cell surface encounter, but it promoted the subsequent spreading responses, suggesting that CD8 was involved in early activation rather than binding. Further, the rate and extent of spreading, but not the lag between contact and spreading initiation, depended on the pMHC. Elucidating T-lymphocyte detection strategy may help unravel underlying signaling networks.

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Kirilina, Alla. "Allgemeine Entwicklungszüge der führenden europäischen Sprachen im Zeitalter der Globalisierung." Paragrana 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/para-2015-0212.

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AbstractThe article deals critically with some common features of leading (communicative strong) European languages: the influence of global English and the languages of migrants, the rising language reflection in the academic society and beyond; the new conceptions of language, the activation and politicization of the discussion of universalists and linguodeterminists. Some proposals for the cultivation of European languages are formulated.

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Kota, Sunil Kumar, Lalit Kumar Meher, Epari Sanjeeva Rao, Sruti Jammula, Siva Krishna Kota, and Kirtikumar D. Modi. "Utility of Biomarkers in Sepsis: Mirror Reflection of Inner Truculent Devil." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 12, no. 1 (January 17, 2013): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i1.13349.

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There is a plethora of biomarkers proposed and being researched in the field of sepsis. The complex pathophysiology of sepsis involves many mediators of inflammation pertaining to coagulation, complement, contact system activation, inflammation, apoptosis, etc. Markers related to those processes can gauge the degree of sepsis. Compared with localized pathology, the systemic nature and involvement of multiple organs in sepsis gives scope for numerous potential biomarkers. There is no 'gold standard' for the diagnosis of sepsis. Currently available/in-research biomarkers are compared for their efficacy with methods used to diagnose and monitor sepsis such as combination of clinical signs and available laboratory variables. An arbitrary classification of these biomarkers is made and the literature surrounding these markers and their efficacy in diagnosis of sepsis is reviewed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i1.13349 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 01 January13 pp.17-29

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Figueroa, Arturo, Arun Maharaj, Sarah A. Johnson, Stephen M. Fischer, Bahram H. Arjmandi, and Salvador J. Jaime. "Exaggerated Aortic Pulse Pressure and Wave Amplitude During Muscle Metaboreflex Activation in Type 2 Diabetes Patients." American Journal of Hypertension 33, no. 1 (August 17, 2019): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpz135.

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Abstract Background Peripheral mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to muscle metaboreflex activation using postexercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) in type 2 diabetes patients (T2D) are contradictory. Given that aortic pulse pressure (PP) and wave reflections are better indicators of cardiac load than peripheral MAP, we evaluated aortic blood pressure (BP) and wave amplitude during PEMI. METHODS Aortic BP and pressure wave amplitudes were measured at rest and during PEMI following isometric handgrip at 30% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in 16 T2D and 15 controls. Resting aortic stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, cfPWV) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured. RESULTS Increases in aortic MAP (Δ26 ± 2 mmHg vs. Δ17 ± 2 mmHg), PP (Δ15 ± 2 mmHg vs. Δ10 ± 1 mmHg), augmentation index (AIx) (Δ8.2 ± 1.0% vs. Δ4.5 ± 1.3%), augmented pressure (AP) (Δ11 ± 1 mmHg vs. Δ5 ± 1 mmHg), forward (Pf) (Δ9 ± 1 mmHg vs. Δ5 ± 1 mmHg), and backward pressure waves (Pb) (Δ10 ± 1 mmHg vs. Δ5 ± 1 mmHg) responses to PEMI were greater in T2D than controls (P < 0.05). Aortic PP, but not MAP, response to PEMI was correlated to Pf (r = 0.63, P < 0.001) and Pb (r = 0.82, P < 0.001) responses and cfPWV (r = 0.37, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Aortic BP and pressure wave responses to muscle metaboreflex activation are exaggerated in T2D. Aortic PP during PEMI was related to increased wave reflection, forward wave amplitude, and aortic stiffness in T2D patients.

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Figueroa, Arturo, Stacey Alvarez-Alvarado, Salvador J. Jaime, and Roy Kalfon. "l-Citrulline supplementation attenuates blood pressure, wave reflection and arterial stiffness responses to metaboreflex and cold stress in overweight men." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 2 (May 10, 2016): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516001811.

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AbstractCombined isometric exercise or metaboreflex activation (post-exercise muscle ischaemia (PEMI)) and cold pressor test (CPT) increase cardiac afterload, which may lead to adverse cardiovascular events. l-Citrulline supplementation (l-CIT) reduces systemic arterial stiffness (brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV)) at rest and aortic haemodynamic responses to CPT. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of l-CIT on aortic haemodynamic and baPWV responses to PEMI+CPT. In all, sixteen healthy, overweight/obese males (age 24 (sem 6) years; BMI 29·3 (sem 4·0) kg/m2) were randomly assigned to placebo or l-CIT (6 g/d) for 14 d in a cross-over design. Brachial and aortic systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), aortic augmented pressure (AP), augmentation index (AIx), baPWV, reflection timing (Tr) and heart rate (HR) were evaluated at rest and during isometric handgrip exercise (IHG), PEMI and PEMI+CPT at baseline and after 14 d. No significant effects were evident after l-CIT at rest. l-CIT attenuated the increases in aortic SBP and wave reflection (AP and AIx) during IHG, aortic DBP, MAP and AIx during PEMI, and aortic SBP, DBP, MAP, AP, AIx and baPWV during PEMI+CPT compared with placebo. HR and Tr were unaffected by l-CIT in all conditions. Our findings demonstrate that l-CIT attenuates aortic blood pressure and wave reflection responses to exercise-related metabolites. Moreover, l-CIT attenuates the exaggerated arterial stiffness response to combined metaboreflex activation and cold exposure, suggesting a protective effect against increased cardiac afterload during physical stress.

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Sosnovskaya, I. V., and E. R. Sitnikova. "Activation of the Students’ Reflection Mechanism while Analyzing a Literary Work as a Condition for Understanding Meanings." Scholarly Notes of Transbaikal State University Series Pedagogical Sciences 12, no. 2 (2017): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2542-0089-2017-12-2-141-147.

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Tominaga, Wataru, Jun Matsubayashi, Takahiro Kinai, Chihiro Minami, Megumi Nakamura, Masao Matsuhashi, Tatsuya Mima, Hidenao Fukuyama, and Akira Mitani. "Interhemispheric asymmetry of sensorimotor cortical activation induced by a mirror reflection of a hand: An MEG study." Neuroscience Research 68 (January 2010): e260-e261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1155.

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Lorenz, G., L. Schul, F. Schraml, K. M. Riedhammer, H. Einwächter, M. Verbeek, J. Slotta-Huspenina, et al. "Adult macrophage activation syndrome–haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: ‘of plasma exchange and immunosuppressive escalation strategies’ – a single centre reflection." Lupus 29, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203320901594.

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Objective In the context of systemic autoimmunity, that is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD), secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH; also referred to as macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) or more recently MAS-HLH) is a rare and potentially life-threatening complication. Pathophysiological hallmarks are aberrant macrophage and T cell hyperactivation and a systemic cytokine flare, which generate a sepsis-like, tissue-damaging, cytopenic phenotype. Unfortunately, for adult MAS-HLH we lack standardized treatment protocols that go beyond high-dose corticosteroids. Consequently, outcome data are scarce on steroid refractory cases. Aside from protocols based on treatment with calcineurin inhibitors, etoposide, cyclophosphamide and anti-IL-1, favourable outcomes have been reported with the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IvIG) and plasma exchange (PE). Methods Here we report a retrospective series of steroid refractory MAS-HLH, the associated therapeutic regimes and outcomes. Results In this single-centre experience, 6/8 steroid refractory patients survived (median follow-up: 54.4 (interquartile range: 23.3–113.3) weeks). All were initially treated with PE, which induced partial response in 5/8 patients. Yet, all patients required escalation of immunosuppressive therapies. One case of MAS-HLH in new-onset AOSD had to be escalated to etoposide, whereas most SLE-associated MAS-HLH patients responded well to cyclophosphamide. Relapses occurred in 2/8 cases. Conclusion Together, early use of PE is at most a supportive measure, not a promising monotherapy of adult MAS-HLH. In refractory cases, conventional cytoreductive therapies (i.e. cyclophosphamide and etoposide) constitute potent and reliable rescue approaches, whereas IvIG, anti-thymoglobulin, and biologic agents appear to be less effective.

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Usanov, D. A., and A. E. Postel’ga. "Determination of the thickness, electrical conductivity, and impurity activation energy of semiconductor layers from microwave reflection spectra." Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 50, no. 5 (May 2014): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061830914050106.

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BLACKWOOD, N. J., R. P. BENTALL, D. H. FFYTCHE, A. SIMMONS, R. M. MURRAY, and R. J. HOWARD. "Persecutory delusions and the determination of self-relevance: an fMRI investigation." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 4 (April 21, 2004): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703008997.

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Background. People with persecutory delusions regard ambiguous data in the social domain as self-relevant and selectively attend to threatening information. This study aimed to characterize these social cognitive biases in functional neuroanatomical terms.Method. Eight schizophrenic patients with active persecutory delusions and eight matched normal controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while determining the self-relevance of ambiguous self-relevant or unambiguous other-relevant neutral and threatening statements.Results. In determining self-relevance, the deluded subjects showed a marked absence of rostral–ventral anterior cingulate activation together with increased posterior cingulate gyrus activation in comparison to the normal subjects. The influence of threat on self-relevance determination did not yield statistically significant differences between deluded and normal subjects.Conclusions. Abnormalities of cingulate gyrus activation while determining self-relevance suggest impaired self-reflection in the persecutory deluded state. This may contribute to persecutory belief formation and maintenance.

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Bzymek, Agnieszka. "Rezyliencja w wybranych kontekstach pedagogiki społecznej." Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe 2021(42), no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21852/sem.2021.2.09.

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This article is the outcome of projects implemented at the Daily Care Home at the Local Support Centre in Gdańsk, aimed at increasing socio-cultural activation and counteracting social exclusion. Among the activities, I especially concentrated on those based on a narrative biography, i.e., real life stories about key existential moments with particular emphasis on revitalizing moments, overcoming critical situations, but also on the lack of such experiences. Thus, the narrators conduct a critical reflection on building the ability to regenerate as well as on the sources of resilience, its potential, and ways of using it in the field of education. The article undertakes a reflection on possible activities of social pedagogy, in which I see the problems of resilience in relation to adult education, and it does not include, due to the complexity of the topic, analyzes of the heard stories.

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Xie, A. L., Y. Takasaki, J. Popkin, D. Orr, and T. D. Bradley. "Chemical and postural influence on scalene and diaphragmatic activation in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.2.658.

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The electromyographic activity of the diaphragm (EMGdi) and scalene muscle (EMGsc) was studied in the supine and upright positions, respectively, during hyperoxic progressive hypercapnic rebreathing (HCVR) in five healthy males. End-expiratory esophageal pressure (EEPes) was quantified on a breath-to-breath basis as a reflection of altered end-expiratory lung volume. There was no significant difference in the slopes of EMGdi, expressed as a percentage of maximum at total lung capacity vs. minute volume of ventilation (VI), between the supine and upright positions [0.79 +/- 0.05 (SE) vs. 0.92 +/- 0.17, respectively]. In contrast, the slope of the regression line relating EMGsc to VI was steeper in the upright than in the supine position (0.69 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.35 +/- 0.04, respectively; P less than 0.005). Positive EEPes at comparable VI at the ends of HCVRs were of greater magnitude upright than supine (3.27 +/- 0.68 vs. 4.35 +/- 0.60 cmH2O, respectively, P less than 0.001). We conclude that altering posture has a greater effect on scalene and expiratory muscle activity than on diaphragmatic activity during hypercapnic stimulation.

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Nagano, Masahiro, Hidekazu Tsuchida, Takuma Suzuki, Tetsuo Hatakeyama, Junji Senzaki, and Kenji Fukuda. "Condition Dependences of Extended Defect Formation in 4H-SiC by Ion-Implantation/Activation-Anneal Process." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.323.

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Condition dependences of defect formation in 4H-SiC epilayer induced by the implantation/annealing process were investigated using synchrotron reflection X-ray topography and transmission electron microscopy. Nitrogen, phosphorus or aluminum ions were implanted in the 4H-SiC epilayers and then activation annealing was performed. To compare the implantation/annealing process, a sample receiving only the annealing treatment without the implantation was also performed. Two different crucibles (conventional and improved) were used in the annealing process. The formation of single layer Shockley-type stacking faults near the surface was found to have no ion-implantation condition or crucible dependence. The formation of BPD half-loops and the glide of pre-existing BPDs showed clear dependence on the crucibles.

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Kim, Kyung Hee, Derek Toomre, and Jeffrey R. Bender. "Splice isoform estrogen receptors as integral transmembrane proteins." Molecular Biology of the Cell 22, no. 22 (November 15, 2011): 4415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e11-05-0416.

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In addition to enhancing or repressing transcription, steroid hormone receptors rapidly transduce kinase activation signals. On ligand engagement, an N-terminus–truncated splice isoform of estrogen receptor (ER) α, ER46, triggers membrane-initiated signals, resulting in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation and endothelial NO production. The orientation of ER46 at the plasma membrane is incompletely defined. With the use of ecliptic pHluorin-fused ER46, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy in live human endothelial cells illustrates that ER46 can topologically conform to a type I transmembrane protein structure. Mutation of isoleucine-386 at the center of ER46's transmembrane hydrophobic core prevents membrane spanning, obscures the N-terminal ectodomain, and effects a marked reduction in membrane-impermeant estrogen binding with diminished rapid eNOS activation and NO production, despite maintained genomic induction of an estrogen response element–luciferase reporter. Thus there exist pools of transmembrane steroid hormone receptors that are efficient signaling molecules and potential novel therapeutic targets.

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Zhang, Liwen, Esther M. Opmeer, Henricus G. Ruhé, André Aleman, and Lisette van der Meer. "Brain activation during self- and other-reflection in bipolar disorder with a history of psychosis: Comparison to schizophrenia." NeuroImage: Clinical 8 (2015): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2015.04.010.

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Nguyen, Binh, Yerdos Ordabayev, Joshua E. Sokoloski, Elizabeth Weiland, and Timothy M. Lohman. "Large domain movements upon UvrD dimerization and helicase activation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 46 (October 30, 2017): 12178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712882114.

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Escherichia coli UvrD DNA helicase functions in several DNA repair processes. As a monomer, UvrD can translocate rapidly and processively along ssDNA; however, the monomer is a poor helicase. To unwind duplex DNA in vitro, UvrD needs to be activated either by self-assembly to form a dimer or by interaction with an accessory protein. However, the mechanism of activation is not understood. UvrD can exist in multiple conformations associated with the rotational conformational state of its 2B subdomain, and its helicase activity has been correlated with a closed 2B conformation. Using single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we examined the rotational conformational states of the 2B subdomain of fluorescently labeled UvrD and their rates of interconversion. We find that the 2B subdomain of the UvrD monomer can rotate between an open and closed conformation as well as two highly populated intermediate states. The binding of a DNA substrate shifts the 2B conformation of a labeled UvrD monomer to a more open state that shows no helicase activity. The binding of a second unlabeled UvrD shifts the 2B conformation of the labeled UvrD to a more closed state resulting in activation of helicase activity. Binding of a monomer of the structurally similar Escherichia coli Rep helicase does not elicit this effect. This indicates that the helicase activity of a UvrD dimer is promoted via direct interactions between UvrD subunits that affect the rotational conformational state of its 2B subdomain.

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Pan, H. L., Z. B. Zeisse, and J. C. Longhurst. "Mechanical stimulation is not responsible for activation of gastrointestinal afferents during ischemia." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 272, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): H99—H106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.1.h99.

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Abdominal ischemia reflexly excites the cardiovascular system through activation of visceral sympathetic afferents. Although a number of ischemic metabolites are known to stimulate sympathetic afferents, the contribution of mechanical stimulation to activation of afferents during abdominal ischemia remains uncertain. Thus the present study examined the role of changes in motility in activation of gastrointestinal afferents during ischemia. Single-unit activity of C fiber afferents located on the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, or colon was recorded from the right sympathetic chain of anesthetized cats during 15 min of ischemia. Intraluminal pressure, as a reflection of local mechanical activity, was measured by an open catheter placed in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. The results show that gastrointestinal motility was mainly inhibited during abdominal ischemia. Changes in intraluminal pressure did not correlate with afferent discharge activity during ischemia (r = -0.32, n = 10). Furthermore, discharge frequency of gastrointestinal afferents during ischemia was not altered significantly by topical application of 100 micrograms/ml of atropine (3.98 +/- 0.62 to 3.83 +/- 0.59 imp/s, n = 12), which profoundly inhibited local gastrointestinal motility. Collectively, these data indicate that gastrointestinal motility changes during abdominal ischemia do not contribute to activation of gastrointestinal sympathetic C fiber afferents.

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Urbaha, Margarita, Svetlana Bogdanova, and Alexanders Urbahs. "Multi-Criteria Assessment of Physical Properties of Nanostructured Decorative Protective Coatings." Key Engineering Materials 799 (April 2019): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.799.43.

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One of the most efficient methods of improving the durability of a product is applying different coatings to the working surface. The quality of decorative and protective coatings is determined by the quality of workpiece surface (roughness, texture, etc.), preparation of workpiece surface (contamination, presence of oxide films, degree of surface activation by ion etching), and the production methods. The article presents the results of a series of experiments in creating multi-component ion-plasma coatings by vacuum deposition on Ti-Al basis. A series of experiments aimed at obtaining single-layer coatings have been carried out using a certain pattern of sputtering in argon and nitrogen environment. The obtained coatings can have a wide variety of colors. Different properties of the created coatings including spectral characteristics, reflection coefficient at different angles of incidence of light as well as chemical composition have been studied. The energy-dispersive electron microprobe analysis revealed the dependence of coating reflection coefficient and spectral characteristics on the chemical composition.

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Ponsioen, Bas, Martijn Gloerich, Laila Ritsma, Holger Rehmann, Johannes L. Bos, and Kees Jalink. "Direct Spatial Control of Epac1 by Cyclic AMP." Molecular and Cellular Biology 29, no. 10 (March 9, 2009): 2521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01630-08.

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ABSTRACT Epac1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the small G protein Rap and is directly activated by cyclic AMP (cAMP). Upon cAMP binding, Epac1 undergoes a conformational change that allows the interaction of its GEF domain with Rap, resulting in Rap activation and subsequent downstream effects, including integrin-mediated cell adhesion and cell-cell junction formation. Here, we report that cAMP also induces the translocation of Epac1 toward the plasma membrane. Combining high-resolution confocal fluorescence microscopy with total internal reflection fluorescence and fluorescent resonance energy transfer assays, we observed that Epac1 translocation is a rapid and reversible process. This dynamic redistribution of Epac1 requires both the cAMP-induced conformational change as well as the DEP domain. In line with its translocation, Epac1 activation induces Rap activation predominantly at the plasma membrane. We further show that the translocation of Epac1 enhances its ability to induce Rap-mediated cell adhesion. Thus, the regulation of Epac1-Rap signaling by cAMP includes both the release of Epac1 from autoinhibition and its recruitment to the plasma membrane.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Activation of reflection'

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