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1
1951-, Hobfoll Stevan E., ed. Predicting, activating and facilitating social support. London: Sage, 1990.
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2
(Firm), Knovel, ed. Electrochemical activation of catalysis: Promotion, electrochemical promotion, and metal-support interactions. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001.
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G, Vayenas C., ed. Electrochemical activation of catalysis: Promotion, electrochemical promotion, and metal-support interactions. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001.
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4
Kessler, Phillip R. Ready Reserve Force: West Coast activation in support of Operation Desert Shield. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1991.
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5
Baryshev, Ruslan. Proactive library in the information and educational environment of the University. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1123649.
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In the monograph, the University library is presented as a complex system that includes elements of various properties and varying complexity. As in any system, structural change inevitably affects the performance of all its components. In this regard, the library is an element of the information and educational environment of the University, which is designed to support and improve the effectiveness of educational and scientific activities. The article reveals the concept of active University library" as a system for providing information services to the reader in any form and on any medium based on classical and network forms of service based on query advance services. The article analyzes the opportunities provided by the active University library for its users. The mechanism of activation of an electronic library through selective provision of information is considered, and the principle of the influence of an active electronic library on its proactivity is approved. For all those interested in librarianship and Informatization of education."
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Quain, Angela, and Anne M. Comi. Sturge-Weber Syndrome and Related Cerebrovascular Malformation Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0112.
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Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare disorder presenting with a capillary malformation, better known as a port-wine birthmark, on the upper face, glaucoma, and a leptomeningeal angioma. Most children develop seizures and strokes, with variable degrees of neurodevelopmental impairments including hemiparesis, visual field deficits, cognitive deficits, epilepsy, and migraines. In 2013, a somatic activating mutation in GNAQ was identified in the capillary malformations and leptomeningeal angiomas of Sturge-Weber patients. In the diagnosis of Sturge-Weber syndrome, contrast-enhanced imaging is essential to the diagnosis of brain involvement. Functional imaging has demonstrated impaired venous drainage and a role for seizures in exacerbating perfusion deficits. Aggressive seizure management is fundamental to treatment. Some data supports the use of low-dose aspirin to reduce the occurrence of strokelike episodes and seizures.
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Kwo, Ora. Activating Peer Support: A Strategic Resource for Quality Enhancement in the Teaching Practicum. Hong Kong University Press, 1999.
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8
Vayenas, Costas G., Symeon Bebelis, and Costas Pliangos. Electrochemical Activation of Catalysis: Promotion Electrochemical Promotion and Metal-Support Interactions. Kap/Plenum (E), 2002.
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9
Vayenas, Costas G., Symeon Bebelis, Costas Pliangos, Susanne Brosda, and Demetrios Tsiplakides. Electrochemical Activation of Catalysis: Promotion, Electrochemical Promotion, and Metal-Support Interactions. Springer, 2002.
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Vayenas, Costas G. Electrochemical Activation of Catalysis: "Promotion, Electrochemical Promotion, And Metal-Support Interactions". Springer, 2013.
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11
Scholle, Carol Curio. Rapid Response Team Organization and Activation (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0002.
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The Rapid Response System (RRS) is organized into four basic components. These components include an activation limb, a response limb, a quality assurance infrastructure, and an administrative component. These components remain consistent despite campus size, physical layout, patient population, available technical resources, and personnel. Oversight of the RRS is provided by the patient safety, risk management experts, as well as clinical experts to maintain high quality of care delivered to acutely ill patients. Administrative support in the development of policy, allocation of resources, and communicating a strong and clear message regarding the mission and vision of the RRS is invaluable. In this chapter, we review each element of the RRS.
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JARDALI, Howla. Foods and Recipes for Balancing, Healing, and Activating Your Seven Chakras: Mindful Eating to Support the Seven Chakras. Independently Published, 2022.
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13
Lincoln, Taylor, Shannon Haliko, and Jane Schell. Palliative Care Interventions: Role in Rapid Response Team Events (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0023.
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Rapid response team (RRT) activation identifies hospitalized patients with acute illness who have a high symptom burden and are at increased risk for mortality and psychosocial distress. For many patients, the rapid response event presents itself as a final opportunity to avoid aggressive therapies that are unlikely to achieve patient-centered goals. Accumulating evidence supports an important role of the RRT in end-of-life care and the potential benefits of palliative care interventions by identifying at-risk patients who may benefit from readdressing goals of care (GOC) and facilitating a transition toward care that is most consistent with their preferences. This chapter outlines key palliative care skills that can be employed in the context of the RRT event including GOC discussion, patient/family support, and symptom management.
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Elia, Dana M. Stem Cell Activation Diet: Your Complete Nutritional Guide to Fight Disease, Support Brain Health, and Slow the Effects of Aging. Ulysses Press, 2020.
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Stem Cell Activation Diet: Your Complete Nutritional Guide to Fight Disease, Support Brain Health, and Slow the Effects of Aging. Ulysses Press, 2020.
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Becker, Jeffrey. Nutraceutical Treatments for Addiction Recovery. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0020.
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Current medical treatment in substance-use disorders and addiction recovery often fails to address the underlying molecular pathophysiologic mechanisms of addiction morbidity. Psychopharmacology and behavioral interventions do not directly address the cellular patterns of dysfunction in addiction but natural treatments can and should be employed in a research-based manner to support existing treatment protocols. Research into addiction pathophysiology is clear: removing the offending agent through sobriety is often not enough to restore natural premorbid physiology. Drug-induced oxidative stress and inflammation may inhibit full recovery by damaging molecular health, homeostasis, and neurological function. Prolonged activation of stress systems likely affects judgment during the “white-knuckle” stage of recovery. The author discusses research characterizing the following 3 functional categories of addiction pathophysiology: inflammation and antioxidant system degradation, stress system activation, and vitamin and mineral depletion patterns. Each section is followed by discussion of research-based natural treatments employed to support addiction recovery at the cellular level.
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Jamieson, Patrick E., and Dan Romer. Cultivation Theory and the Construction of Political Reality. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.83.
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Cultivation theory hypothesizes that over time, heavy television viewers will see the world through TV’s lens. A review of nearly 1,000 media effects articles from sixteen major journals (1993–2005) identified cultivation theory as the most frequently cited communication theory. Despite the controversies it has elicited, a meta-analysis found small but consistent effects in line with the theory. This chapter identifies six broad political effects cultivation theorists attribute to heavy viewing of television or specific genres of television content: increased fear of crime and identification of crime as a significant problem, activation of racialized perceptions, support for punitive policies and embrace of protective behaviors, identification as a political moderate, reduction in social trust and capital in adolescents, and activation of cynicism and depressed learning in political campaigns.
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Steffen, Ann M., Larry W. Thompson, and Dolores Gallagher-Thompson. Treating Later-Life Depression. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190068431.001.0001.
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One of the greatest challenges for providers treating later-life depression is the wide variability of life circumstances that accompany depressive symptoms for clients across outpatient mental health, integrated primary care, and inpatient psychiatric settings. This thoroughly revised Clinician Guide for Treating Later-Life Depression: A Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Approach outlines culturally responsive practices that target the contexts and drivers/antecedents of depression in middle-aged and older adults. Clinicians choose research-supported modules from the accompanying workbook that fit the needs of their clients (i.e., changes in brain health, chronic pain, sleep problems, anxiety, experiences of loss, family caregiving issues). This practical guide reflects continuing international scientific and clinical advances in applying cognitive-behavioral therapy to age-related problems using individual and group formats, with clinician-tested recommendations for telehealth practice. Flexible use of these clinical tools enhances the personalized application of change strategies, including behavioral activation, problem solving, relaxation training, attention to personal strengths and positive emotional experiences, self-compassion, cognitive reappraisal, and communication skills training. Case examples are provided to support the efforts of practitioners from a range of disciplines (e.g., clinical psychology, psychiatry, social work, counseling, marriage and family therapy, nursing, occupational therapy, and recreational specialists). The appendices include aging-friendly assessment tools and other resources to support professional development. Because the practical techniques presented have empirical support accumulated over decades, Treating Later-Life Depression is an indispensable resource for behavioral health providers who wish to effectively and efficiently help diverse aging clients thrive in a daily life that is true to their values and personal strengths.
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Horn, Laurence R. Nice Words for Nasty Things. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758655.003.0010.
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This chapter surveys the linguistic landscape of taboo avoidance and its role in word loss and meaning change. Freud invoked Carl Abel’s “universal phenomenon” of Gegensinn in support of his edict that there is no no in the unconscious. Languages typically do tolerate words that bear opposed or semantically unrelated senses. Only when homonyms share the same grammatical category and context of occurrence does one of them disappear. But in the case of taboo words, “Avoid Homonymy” extends to block word senses or uses even when no confusion would plausibly occur. In this linguistic correlate of Gresham’s Law, “bad” (= taboo) meanings force out “good” (= innocent) ones and generate lexical replacements, activating the “euphemism treadmill.” The potency of linguistic taboo is also on display in the psychology of “etymythology,” which reveals more about language users than the language used.
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Gamberini, Andrea. Guelphs and Ghibellines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824312.003.0020.
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To find a political culture that was actually shared by rural lords and country dwellers, as well as by country and city, and aristocrats and prince, it would probably be necessary to look at that of the Guelph and Ghibelline metafactions, capable as they were of activating ties of solidarity and a strong sense of obedience. More than the ideological component—although the contents of this evolved constantly throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and beyond—what generated membership of the parties was above all their role of mediation between environments at a distance from one another, such as the centre of the domain and its peripheries. The emergence of a new bureaucratically oriented state did not exhaust the spaces for political interaction and the Guelph and Ghibelline parties ended up monopolizing the exchange of particular resources: exemptions, pardons, ecclesiastical benefices for subjects, information and political support for the duke.
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Biewener, Andrew A., and Shelia N. Patek, eds. Muscles and Skeletons. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743156.003.0002.
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Animal locomotion depends on the organization, physiology and biomechanical properties of muscles and skeletons. Musculoskeletal systems encompass the mechanical interactions of muscles and skeletal elements that ultimately transmit force for movement and support. Muscles not only perform work by contracting and shortening to generate force, they can also operate as brakes to slow the whole body or a single appendage. Muscles can also function as struts (rod-like) to maintain the position of a joint and facilitate elastic energy storage and recovery. Skeletal muscles share a basic organization and all rely on the same protein machinery for generating force and movement. Variation in muscle function, therefore, depends on the underlying mechanical and energetic components, enzymatic properties, and activation by the nervous system. Muscles require either an internal, external or hydrostatic skeletal system to transmit force for movement and support.
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Heatwaves: A Guide for Health-based Actions. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275124086.
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This publication presents a comprehensive methodology to support the Member States of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in preparing for and responding to heat-health risks in the Region of the Americas. It builds on World Health Organization and the World Meteorological Organization global documents, as well as on the disaster preparedness methodologies employed throughout the countries of the Region. This publication is part of an effort coordinated by PAHO to support Member States in multihazard preparedness, and includes: early warning system strengthening; threat characterization; activation and deactivation procedure definition; and institutional coordination. It engages different disciplines and recognizes the importance of intersectoral collaboration to respond to heat-health risks. It aims to bring awareness of the impacts of heat on the health of people of the Americas to public health decisionmakers, and thereby strengthen health service provision.
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Papanicolaou, Andrew C., Nicole Shay, and Christen M. Holder. Imaging the Networks of Encoding, Consolidation, and Retrieval. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.21.
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In this chapter, the authors examine the contributions of the functional neuroimaging literature to the specification of the neuronal networks of the mnemonic operations of encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. Although the most basic expectation regarding the involvement of parts of the medial temporal lobes, such as the hippocampus, in these operations was not consistently supported by the results of the neuroimaging studies reviewed, other expectations, such as the material-specific lateralization of activation were adequately supported. The several reasons that account for the limited contributions of neuroimaging to the neurophysiology of memory thus far, ranging from constraints imposed by the nature of the mnemonic operations (e.g., the fact that encoding and retrieval occur in tandem) to practical ones (e.g., difficulties in studying spontaneous retrieval), are outlined.
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Ratel, Sébastien, and Craig A. Williams. Neuromuscular fatigue. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0009.
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Scientific evidence supports the proposition that prepubertal children fatigue less than adults when performing whole-body dynamic activities like maximal cycling, running bouts, and maximal voluntary isometric/isokinetic muscle contractions. Although the mechanisms underpinning differences in fatigue between children and adults are not all fully understood, there is a consensus that children experience less peripheral fatigue (i.e. muscular fatigue) than their older counterparts. Central factors may also account for the lower fatigability in children. Some studies report a higher reduction of muscle voluntary activation during fatiguing exercise in prepubertal children compared to adults. This could reflect a strategy of the central nervous system aimed at limiting the recruitment of motor units, in order to prevent any extensive peripheral fatigue. Further studies are required to clarify this proposition.
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Pestieau, Pierre, and Mathieu Lefebvre. Types of Social Protection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817055.003.0005.
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There does not exist a single model forthe welfare state in Europe. Each country has its own model, which is the result of its political and social culture and of its economic evolution. There exist a number of taxonomies of welfare states. In this chapter we favour a taxonomy based on two characteristics: the generosity and the redistributiveness of programs. The main interest of distinguishing among different types of social protection programs is the different implications they have in terms of efficiency, equity, and political sustainability. We observe a trade-off between efficiency and political support on the one hand and equity on the other hand. Other distinguishing features of the welfare state are analysed: individualization, activation, and responsabilization.
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Kissane, David W., and Matthew Doolittle. Depression, demoralization, and suicidality. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0173.
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The development of clinical depression is common during palliative care, adversely affects quality of life and adherence to medical treatments, yet regrettably can pass unrecognized. Screening for distress as the sixth vital sign is therefore highly recommended. Demoralization is another form of distress where the apparent pointlessness of continued life may lead to suicidal thinking. As the mental condition deteriorates, co-morbid states of anxiety, depression, and demoralization become more likely. Rates of suicide are increased with advanced cancer and poor symptom control. Fortunately, combined treatment with medication and counselling is effective in ameliorating depression, demoralization, and suicidality. Meta-analyses of psychotherapy trials confirm clear benefits, with behavioural activation, supportive, interpersonal, and cognitive behavioural therapies all making contributions. Group, couple, and family therapies optimize support for all involved. All members of the multidisciplinary team contribute to the active treatment of depression, demoralization, and the prevention of suicide.
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Baracos, Vickie E., Sharon M. Watanabe, and Kenneth C. H. Fearon. Aetiology, classification, assessment, and treatment of the anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0205.
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Anorexia-cachexia is a heterogeneous and multifactorial syndrome most likely driven by systemic inflammation and neuroendocrine activation. Key diagnostic features include reduced appetite, weight loss, and muscle wasting. Key clinical problems include management of anorexia without resort to artificial nutritional support, and muscle wasting that cannot be completely arrested/reversed even with such intervention. Assessment should cover domains such as body stores of energy and protein, food intake, performance status, and factors resulting in excess catabolism. Intervention should be early rather than late, informed by the assessment process and focused on a multimodal approach (nutrition, exercise, and pharmacological agents). This chapter aims to discuss these issues and provide (a) the reader with some background principles to classification, (b) a simple approach to patient assessment and a robust algorithm for basic multimodal treatment, and (c) an overview of the evidence base for different pharmacological interventions.
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Mikulincer, Mario, and Phillip R. Shaver. Adult Attachment and Compassion. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.7.
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According to attachment theory (Bowlby, 1973, 1982), the optimal functioning of the attachment behavioral system and the resulting sense of security in dealing with life’s challenges and difficulties facilitate the functioning of other behavioral systems, including the caregiving system that governs the activation of prosocial behavior and compassionate acts of helping needy others. In this chapter, we focus on what we have learned about the interplay of the attachment and caregiving systems and their effects on compassion and altruism. We begin by explaining the behavioral system construct in more detail and show how individual differences in a person’s attachment system affect the functioning of the caregiving system. We review examples from the literature on attachment, focusing on what attachment theorists call providing a “safe haven” for needy others. We then review studies that have shown how individual differences in attachment affect empathy, compassion, and support provision.
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Domhoff, G. William. Dreaming Is an Intensified Form of Mind-Wandering, Based in an Augmented Portion of the Default Network. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.7.
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This chapter argues that dreaming is an intensified form of mind-wandering that makes use of embodied simulation. It further hypothesizes that the neural network that enables dreaming is very likely an augmented portion of the default network. This network is activated whenever there is (1) a mature and intact neural substrate that can support the cognitive process of dreaming; (2) an adequate level of cortical activation; (3) an occlusion of external stimuli; (4) a cognitively mature imagination system (a necessity indicated by the virtual lack of dreaming in preschoolers and its relative paucity until ages 8–9); and (5) the loss of conscious self-control, which may be neurologically mediated in the final step in a complex process by the decoupling of the dorsal attentional network from the anterior portions of the default network. If this testable theory proves to be correct, then dreaming may be the quintessential cognitive simulation.
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Schwartz, Peter J., and Lia Crotti. Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias—catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0152.
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Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a rare inherited disorder associated with syncope and sudden death manifesting in the young during sympathetic activation. The electrocardiogram is normal and the heart is structurally normal. The diagnosis is usually made with an exercise stress test that shows a typical pattern of onset and offset of adrenergically induced ventricular arrhythmias. Molecular screening of RyR2, the major CPVT gene, is recommended whenever the suspicion of CPVT is high. If a disease-causing mutation is identified, cascade screening allows pre-symptomatic diagnosis among family members. All affected subjects should be treated with beta blockers (nadolol or propranolol). Preliminary data support the association of beta blockers with flecainide. After a cardiac arrest, an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) should be implanted, but it is accompanied by a disquietingly high incidence of adverse effects. After syncope on beta blocker therapy, left cardiac sympathetic denervation is most effective, preserves quality of life, and does not preclude a subsequent ICD implantation.
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Bazzan, Anthony J., and Daniel A. Monti. Diet, Gut, and Brain: A New Horizon. Edited by Anthony J. Bazzan and Daniel A. Monti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190690557.003.0001.
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There is growing data that dietary factors have profound effects on inflammation, the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability, and the blood–brain barrier; all of which impact brain health and psychological well-being. The Western diet in particular is deleterious for both physical and cognitive/emotional health. This occurs primarily by causing inflammation in the gut and an activation of the immune system along with causing impairment in the integrity of the gut lining. This allows many reactive molecules to enter the general circulation and even cross the blood–brain barrier. Recent research advances elucidate that understanding the harmful physiological effects of certain dietary behaviors is as important as knowing the role of critical nutrients for optimal brain health. This chapter reviews current knowledge regarding diet and nutrition in the context of psychiatric disorders and brain health. Information is reviewed regarding the most appropriate dietary and nutrition approaches to support optimum brain health.
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Bonnet, Francis, Marc E. Gentili, and Christophe Aveline. Post-surgical analgesia and acute pain management. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0046.
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Postoperative and acute pain remains uncontrolled in many instances, leading to the risk of development of chronic pain syndromes. After tissue damage, activation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors, also induced by opioid administration, plays a key role in postoperative pain sensitization, allodynia, and hyperalgesia. Pain intensity may depend on sex, age, anxiety, and genetic factors but in clinical practice, surgical procedure is the main determinant of pain, although pain may vary from one patient to one another. Serial pain measurements are mandatory to assess pain intensity and to guide pain treatment. They are based on unidimensional simple pain scales. Multimodal analgesia combining opioid and non-opioid agent and regional block or infiltration is the rule postoperatively, although evidence is sometimes lacking to support all the combinations commonly used. Opioids should be used on demand while other agents are administered systematically. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease opioid demand as well as paracetamol although to a less extend. Antihyperalgesic agents including NMDA blockers (ketamine) and α2-δ ligands (gabapentin, pregabalin) have an opioid-sparing effect and may prevent the occurrence of chronic pain syndrome after surgery. Regional blocks and infiltration provide good quality analgesia but the balance between advantages and drawbacks of central block need to be evaluated carefully for each surgical procedure.
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Sánchez-Quintana, Damián, and José Angel Cabrera. Normal atrial and ventricular myocardial structures. Edited by Yen Ho. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0014.
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The heart functions by means of a three-dimensional arrangement of myofibres supported by an extracellular matrix which plays an important role in maintaining the size and shape of the heart. In both atria, the structure of the walls and the atrial septum confers a three-dimensional arrangement of muscle bundles and myoarchitecture that allows preferential electrical intra- and interatrial conduction which is important for a better understanding of atrial activation and arrhythmias. The myoarchitecture within the ventricular walls has a three-dimensional arrangement of myofibres, within a supporting matrix of fibrous tissue, which changes orientation from being oblique in the subepicardium to circumferential in the middle and to longitudinal in the subendocardium, allowing the chambers to change in shape and size through the cardiac cycle. Within each ventricle, the circumferential portion is the thickest transmurally, with the longitudinal portion the thinnest. The three-dimensional arrangement of the ventricular mesh serves to realign the myocytes during ventricular contraction, accounting for the extent of systolic mural thickening. Abnormal myoarchitecture in combination with alterations in the connective tissue matrix provide the structural basis for abnormalities in myocardial function.
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Bending, David, Kiran Nistala, and Lucy R. Wedderburn. Pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0060.
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Although the term juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases, they all share a common pathological hallmark: inflammation of the synovium. Highly activated T cells, monocytes, and neutrophils are attracted to the joint and secrete mediators that not only perpetuate inflammation but also may attenuate immune regulation. In the oligoarticular and polyarticular forms of JIA, which are thought to be autoimmune conditions, dysregulated adaptive immunity is a likely factor in disease pathogenesis; the nature of the interactions between T effector (Teff) cells and T regulatory cells (Treg) is probably a key factor in controlling disease progression. Factors that affect the frequency and function of Tregs and/or the sensitivity of Teffs to mechanisms of immune suppression will therefore impact on the disease course. In the systemic form of JIA, however, dysregulation of innate immune pathways appears more central to disease pathogenesis resulting in augmented levels of interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18. In the end, a final, common pathological pathway in JIA is the activation of monocytes and neutrophils, which are the principal mediators of joint inflammation and damage. This is supported by the fact that the therapies that have targeted innate cytokine pathways have shown greater success in the treatment of JIA.
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Zago, Silvia. A Journey through the Beyond. Lockwood Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/2022532.
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This volume offers the first comprehensive overview of the evolution over time of a foundational concept of the Egyptian afterlife beliefs, the Duat, or netherworld. The Duat is a complicated, multifaceted notion, which was never canonized into a single version of the beyond, but offered instead a variety of alternatives attempting to describe the metaphysical realms beyond the visible world, and beyond life. Theological speculations gave rise to a rich textual and visual repertoire, which underwent a process of evolution over thousands of years, during which newer ideas and images were constantly introduced. Through the analysis of royal and non-royal funerary texts from the late Old Kingdom to the end of the New Kingdom, this book traces the development of the conceptualization of the notion of Duat, outlining what it encompassed and where it was imagined to be located. In addition to the translation and discussion of the most significant passages of the texts analyzed, each chapter also provides an overview of the individual compositions and of the relevant theological, cosmological, and astronomical notions complementing the conceptual framework, of which the Duat formed but a part. Additionally, discussions of concurrent changes in Egyptian culture, society, and ideology are included in order to clarify the context in which afterlife beliefs and related texts evolved. An analysis of the correlation between funerary compositions and their material supports complements the study, emphasizing the Egyptians' belief in a magical synergy between texts, images, and their contexts in the activation of a suitable, effective afterlife for the recipients of the texts.
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Adams, Thomas McStay. Europe's Welfare Traditions Since 1500, Volume 1. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350276239.
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Tracing the interwoven traditions of modern welfare states in Europe over five centuries, Thomas McStay Adams explores social welfare from Portugal, France, and Italy to Britain, Belgium and Germany. He shows that the provision of assistance to those in need has faced recognizably similar challenges from the 16th century through to the present: how to allocate aid equitably (and how to allow for social status); how to give support without undermining autonomy (the work activation dilemma); and how to balance private and public spheres of action and responsibility. Across two authoritative volumes, Adams reveals how designers, administrators, and critics of social welfare have engaged in a constant exchange of models and experience locally and across Europe. The narrative begins with the founding of the Casa da Misericordia of Lisbon in 1498, a model replicated throughout Portugal and its empire, and ends with the relaunch of a social agenda for the European Union at the meeting of the Council of Europe in Lisbon in 2000. Volume 1, which focuses on the period from 1500 to 1700, discusses the concepts of ‘welfare’ and ‘tradition’. It looks at how the early 16th-century claims to modernity manifested themselves in the reform of welfare provision and how the theme of ‘discipline’ encompassed religious reform, the exercise of political authority, and the promotion of economic productivity. Volume 2 examines the eighteenth-century bienfaisance which secularized a Christian humanist notion of beneficence, producing new and sharply contested assertions of social citizenship. It goes on to consider how national struggles to establish comprehensive welfare states since the second half of the 19th century built on the power of the vote as politicians, pushed by activists and advised by experts, appealed to a growing class of industrial workers. Lastly, it looks at how 20th-century welfare states addressed aspirations for social citizenship while the institutional framework for European economic cooperation came hesitantly to fruition. European debates over provision for human welfare through the centuries revolve around a set of enduring ideas and values stated with remarkable clarity in 1526 by the Christian humanist scholar Juan Luis Vives in a treatise addressed to the magistrates of Bruges. Vives laid upon his fellow citizens the obligation to provide rationally for the relief of those in need, to promote the dignity of work, and to treat recipients of support “without hint of unworthiness.” This “Erasmian conscience” resonated in movements of religious reform from Luther onward, while municipal and territorial rulers took a growing interest in the relationship between political power and a productive, healthy population. The Enlightenment of the eighteenth century and the gradual conquest of democratic citizenship thereafter amplified the call for beneficent and rational laws promoting the general welfare. Vives is but one in an extensive cast of characters featured in four chronological segments: ”Threshold of Modernity (to 1540);” “Discipline (1540-1700);” “The Grumbling Hive (1700-1850);” and “Intertwined Trajectories: The European Social Model(s) (1850-2000).” The narrative begins with the founding of the Casa da Misericordia of Lisbon in 1498, a model replicated throughout Portugal and its empire, and ends with the relaunch of a social agenda for the European Union at the meeting of the Council of Europe in Lisbon in 2000.
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Adams, Thomas McStay. Europe's Welfare Traditions Since 1500, Volume 2. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350276277.
Full textAbstract:
Tracing the interwoven traditions of modern welfare states in Europe over five centuries, Thomas McStay Adams explores social welfare from Portugal, France, and Italy to Britain, Belgium and Germany. He shows that the provision of assistance to those in need has faced recognizably similar challenges from the 16th century through to the present: how to allocate aid equitably (and how to allow for social status); how to give support without undermining autonomy (the work activation dilemma); and how to balance private and public spheres of action and responsibility. Across two authoritative volumes, Adams reveals how designers, administrators, and critics of social welfare have engaged in a constant exchange of models and experience locally and across Europe. The narrative begins with the founding of the Casa da Misericordia of Lisbon in 1498, a model replicated throughout Portugal and its empire, and ends with the relaunch of a social agenda for the European Union at the meeting of the Council of Europe in Lisbon in 2000. Volume 1, which focuses on the period from 1500 to 1700, discusses the concepts of ‘welfare’ and ‘tradition’. It looks at how the early 16th-century claims to modernity manifested themselves in the reform of welfare provision and how the theme of ‘discipline’ encompassed religious reform, the exercise of political authority, and the promotion of economic productivity. Volume 2 examines the eighteenth-century bienfaisance which secularized a Christian humanist notion of beneficence, producing new and sharply contested assertions of social citizenship. It goes on to consider how national struggles to establish comprehensive welfare states since the second half of the 19th century built on the power of the vote as politicians, pushed by activists and advised by experts, appealed to a growing class of industrial workers. Lastly, it looks at how 20th-century welfare states addressed aspirations for social citizenship while the institutional framework for European economic cooperation came hesitantly to fruition. European debates over provision for human welfare through the centuries revolve around a set of enduring ideas and values stated with remarkable clarity in 1526 by the Christian humanist scholar Juan Luis Vives in a treatise addressed to the magistrates of Bruges. Vives laid upon his fellow citizens the obligation to provide rationally for the relief of those in need, to promote the dignity of work, and to treat recipients of support “without hint of unworthiness.” This “Erasmian conscience” resonated in movements of religious reform from Luther onward, while municipal and territorial rulers took a growing interest in the relationship between political power and a productive, healthy population. The Enlightenment of the eighteenth century and the gradual conquest of democratic citizenship thereafter amplified the call for beneficent and rational laws promoting the general welfare. Vives is but one in an extensive cast of characters featured in four chronological segments: ”Threshold of Modernity (to 1540);” “Discipline (1540-1700);” “The Grumbling Hive (1700-1850);” and “Intertwined Trajectories: The European Social Model(s) (1850-2000).” The narrative begins with the founding of the Casa da Misericordia of Lisbon in 1498, a model replicated throughout Portugal and its empire, and ends with the relaunch of a social agenda for the European Union at the meeting of the Council of Europe in Lisbon in 2000.