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1

SANTORU, PIETRO GIOVANNI ANTONIO. "QUASI EX CONTRACTU TENERI: RICERCHE SULL¿ORIGINE DELLA CATEGORIA DEL QUASI CONTRATTO." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/843343.

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The purpose of this thesis is to make a contribution to the reflection on quasi-contracts by surveying the most problematic aspects of the subject. In particular, through the analysis of the evolutionary path made starting from the classification of the sources of obligation, it will be attempted whether the quasi-contract is already attested in the classical Roman jurisprudential thought and, at the same time, to understand what is the process that led to the development of the same. The analysis is structured in four chapters. In the first one, it is outlined a brief historical evolutionary framework of the quasi-contract that starts from the reflections made by Roman jurists, in the main historical periods, and then reaches, passing through the discipline of common law and the doctrine of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the reasons that led to its non-acceptance within the current regulatory framework of the Italian Civil Code of 1942. In the second part, starting from the summa divisio obligationum contained in the Institutiones of Gaius, the first question is why a partition that is originally presented as basically complete, is not in fact so, and then what can be, following the close relationship between mutuum and solutio indebiti, the perspective from which the jurist moves in the elaboration of his partition. All of this, trying to establish whether, starting from the proper juridical foundation on which the obligationes ex variis causarum figuris are based, there is any clear dialectical purpose between what Gaius asserts in his multifunctional institutional manual and the subsequent elaboration envisaged in the Libri rerum cottidianarum sive aureorum. In the third one, after that, an attempt will be made to demonstrate both the truthfulness and completeness of what has been transmitted to us in the Res cottidianae, about the tripartition of the sources of obligations and the figures that can be traced back to it, especially in the light of what was the subsequent elaboration expressed in Justinian’s Institutions, and then, questioning the relationship between obligatio and actio in personam, to establish whether, before and during the period in which Gaius lived, the cases listed among the obligationes ex variis causarum figuris were known, and likewise to ascertain whether they were treated in the same way as obligations that did not come within the category of contracts, but could, however, be approached analogically to them. Finally, in the fourth chapter, taking its cue from Justinian’s systematization, in which the threefold division of the sources of obligations was replaced by a fourfold division in which, in addition to obligations under contract and delict, there are obligations quasi ex contractu and those quasi ex delicto, a review is made of the individual obligationes quasi ex contractu contained in the Iustiniani Institutiones, in relation to those provided for in the Res cottidianae, and concludes with an analysis of the relevant passages, devoted to quasi contractus, in the Greek Paraphrase to the Imperial Institutions of Theophilus.
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2

Genuit, Daisy. "Développement d'une nouvelle génération de catalyseurs d'hydrotraitement à haute teneur en phase active." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10144.

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Ce travail fait partie d'un effort de recherche visant à réduire la teneur en soufre des carburants pour satisfaire aux nouvelles normes européennes. L'objectif de ce travail est de développer une nouvelle génération de catalyserus à haute teneur en phase active à base de sulfure de molybdène promu par le cobalt ou le nickel. Ces catalyseurs sont obtenus par la précipitation du thiodimolybdate d'ammonium avec un sel ou complexe du cobalt ou nickel. Cette réaction s'effectue dans un solvant mixte (eau, éthylène glycol, surfactant organique). La formation des phases mixtes CoMoS et NiMoS obtenues par activation thermique du produit issu de la précipitation génère des catalyseurs jusqu'à 6 fois plus actifs que les catalyseurs commerciaux en HDS du 4,6-diméthyldibenzothiophène. L'adjonction d'alumine pendant la préparation permet non seulement d'augmenter l'activité catalytique de ces solides mais suggère une possible mise en forme ultérieure afin de leur conférer une morphologiee adaptée aux réacteurs industriels d'hydrodésulfuration
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3

Jackson, Desmond Henry. "The implementation of affirmative procurement policy : the post tender role of the public client." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1054.

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Thesis (MTech (Construction Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005
The study investigates the effectiveness of the Public Works Affirmative Procurement Policy in the Republic of South Africa, and the research being conducted in the Western Province. It is the intention of the researcher to determine the role of the public sector, and to determine if government's efforts to implement the policy of procurement have been successful. The aim of the Affirmative Procurement Policy was primarily to promote Affirmable Business Enterprises (ABE's i.e. small medium and micro enterprises which is owned mainly by previously disadvantaged communities or PDI's). The need to transform the public sector procurement system as current policies and procedures clearly favour large and established enterprises. In 1996 the State Tender Board approved the decision that the Department of Public Works implement the policy of APP, in all its construction projects. International models of procurement were explored, so to compare that with the current South African situation. Surveys conducted throughout the research targeted mainly previously disadvantaged individuals, in order to establish the ambiguity of the system. The countries discriminatory past laws contributed largely to the backlog of service delivery and to widespread impoverishment. Due to lack of resources, finance and skills training growth in the emerging sector hinders progress as contractors encounter numerous problems facing the industry. The introduction of the lO-point plan approved by Cabinet as a measure to achieve this goal was not fully successful as some provinces only implemented it partially whilst others have systems in place that differ from the proposal detailed in the plan. The implementation of affrrrnative procurement, which would ensure participation of, targeted groups would consequently address the development of SMME's, increase the volume of work and generate income among the marginalized sector of society.
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4

Smit, David. "Towards a tenure system for sustainable natural resource management for the communal and commonage land of the Leliefontein rural area, Namaqualand." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8792_1183462957.

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The aim of this research is firstly, to determine the impact of the current practiced tenure system in the Leliefontein Rural Area on the use of the natural resources and secondly, to devise and establish the most appropriate tenure system that will ensure the sustainable natural resource management on the communal and commonage land of the mentioned area. Quantitative questionnaires, review of relevant literature from documentation, research studies and reports were used to gather information and provide contextual insights. A wide spectrum from the Leliefontein Rural area specifically, Namaqualand in general and other semi-arid and communal areas in Southern Africa were covered with the gathering of the secondary data.

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5

Metcalfe, Simon Christopher. "Communal land reform in Zambia: governance, livelihood and conservation." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1409_1242373575.

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Communal land tenure reform in Zambia is the overarching subject of study in this thesis. It is an important issue across southern Africa, raising questions of governance, livelihood security and conservation. WIldlife is a 'fugitive' and 'mobile' resource that traverses the spatially fixed tenure of communal lands, national parks and public forest reserves. The management of wildlife therefore requires that spatially defined proprietorial rights accommodate wildlife's temporal forage use. Land may bebounded in tenure, but if bounded by fences its utility as wildlife habitat is undermined. If land is unfenced, but its landholder cannot use wildlife then it is more a liability than an asset. Africa's terrestrial wildlife has enormous biodiversity value but its mobility requires management collaboration throughout its range, and the resolution of conflicting ecological and economic management scales. The paper does not aim to describe and explain the internal communal system of tenure over land and natural resources but rather how the communal system interacts with the state and the private sector.

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6

Segret, Léa. "Traitement pré récolte en vue de développer des opérations culturales permettant d'optimiser la teneur en principes actifs de plants de ginseng." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0003.

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France ginseng est une jeune entreprise qui cultive un ginseng "Made in France" de façon pérenne et rentable en France. Cette entreprise a développé un concept innovant de production de plante médicinale. En vue d'accélérer son développement et d'optimiser ses connaissances et ses techniques, un ambitieux programme de recherche et développement est lancé. Les objectifs du projet proposé porteront sur l'identification de facteurs agronomiques favorisant l'accumulation des ginsénosides et la qualité du produit obtenu. Plus précisément, il s'agira de définir et justifier via la physiologie de la feuille et de la racine, les conditions permettant d'obtenir ces meilleures teneurs et compositions en ginsénosides. A cette fin, des essais en conditions de cultures sous ombrières sur 2 sites de production ou en conditions contrôlées seront mis en place et conduits sur des plants de 1 à 4 ans. Divers traitements post-récolte seront associés à ces essais de production
France ginseng is a young company that cultivates ginseng "Made in France" in a sustainable and profitable way in France. This company has developed an innovative concept of medicinal plant production. In order to accelerate its development and to optimize its knowledge and techniques, an ambitious program of research and development is launched. The objectives of the proposed project will focus on the identification of agronomic factors improving the accumulation of ginsenosides and the quality of the product obtained. More precisely, the aim is to define and justify via the physiology of the leaf and the root, the conditions allowing to obtain the best contents and compositions in ginsenosides. For this purpose, tests under shade-culture conditions on 2 production sites in field or in controlled conditions in a greenhouse will be set up and conducted on plants of 1 to 4 years. Various post-harvest treatments will be associated with these production trials
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7

Ncube, Richmond. "Land Tenure Rights and Poverty Reduction in Mafela Resettlement Community (Matobo District, Zimbabwe)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4825_1323161074.

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In this research, I present critical facts about Land Tenure Systems and Poverty Reduction processes in Mafela Resettlement community. I focus mainly on the Post-Fast Track Land Reform (2004 – 2011) period and the interactive processes in this new resettlement area. The research - premised on the rights approach - sought to explore land tenure rights systems and poverty reduction mechanisms seen by the Mafela community to be improving their livelihoods
it also sought to find out if there is evidence linking tenure rights to poverty reduction and how land tenure rights governance systems affect their livelihoods. Suffice to say in both the animal kingdom and human world, territorial space and integrity, its demarcation as well as how resources are used within the space, given the area - calls for a - defined system of rights by the residents themselves. Whilst it is true that there is no one story about Zimbabwe’s land reform (Scoones et al 2011), the contribution of this research towards insights emanating from the newly resettled farmers adds another invaluable contribution in the realm of rural development issues.
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8

Faucher, Karine. "Le système latéral du bar, Dicentrarchus labrax, et les conséquences d'un dysfonctionnement sur son comportement : action potentielle des ions métalliques." La Rochelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LAROS124.

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Le système latéral est un organe sensoriel présent chez les amphibiens aquatiques et les poissons. Il est utilisé par les poissons pour l'identification et la localisation d'obstacles, la détection des objets en mouvement (proies, prédateurs), la détection des vibrations générées par les ondes sonores, la communication intraspécifique (nage en banc, parade sexuelle) et la rhéotaxie. L'intégrité morphologique et fonctionnelle de ce système sensoriel apparaît donc comme un élément indispensable à la présence et à la survie d'un poisson dans un écosystème. Or, de part sa localisation à l'interface entre l'animal et le milieu, et le fait qu'il fonctionne via des flux d'ions, cet organe sensoriel exposé directement et en permanence au milieu ambiant pourrait être la cible d'une pollution d'origine naturelle ou anthropique. Le but de cette étude était d'examiner l'impact d'une pollution métallique (et en particulier, de l'ion cadmium) du milieu sur l'état tissulaire et fonctionnel du système latéral du bar, Dicentrarchus labrax (L. ), puis d'observer les conséquences comportementales induites sur des groupes d'individus évoluant dans des conditions contrôlées de laboratoire. Une étude préliminaire des caractéristiques morphologiques et de la distribution spatiale des deux types de neuromastes composant le système latéral du bar a été réalisée à l'aide de la microscopie électronique à balayage. Comme ce qui a été généralement observé chez les téléostéens, le bar possède deux types de neuromastes (superficiels et canaux) répartis sur la tête, le tronc et la queue. Le gradient décroissant de capacité sensorielle, mis en évidence de l'extrémité rostrale à l'extrémité caudale de la ligne latérale troncale du bar, est très original et pourrait jouer un rôle dans le fonctionnement du système latéral. L'axe de sensibilité majeure des deux types de neuromastes du système latéral troncal a été identifié dans l'axe longitudinal du poisson, ce qui lui octroie une sensibilité accrue aux stimuli appliqués le long de son corps. Afin de révéler les conséquences comportementales liées à un dysfonctionnement du système latéral du bar, les deux types de neuromastes ont été endommagés artificiellement. Pour cela, une double technique spécifique, efficace, reproductible et peu invasive pour le poisson a été mise au point afin de dégrader au maximum ce système sensoriel. Cette méthode alliait la section des nerfs innervant le système latéral et un bain antibiotique. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que l'inactivation du système latéral du poisson entraîne une réduction de son comportement d'exploration verticale de l'habitat. Par contre, l'inactivation de ce système sensoriel n'a pas d'effet sur la prise alimentaire nocturne du poisson lorsque cette prise est constituée de proies inertes, un système de compensation sensorielle s'appuyant sur le système olfactif se met en place très rapidement. Les conséquences comportementales d'une exposition aiguë du bar à l'ion métallique cadmium ont ensuite été examinées. Cette étude a montré que le cadmium à forte concentration dans l'eau de mer (5 µg. L-1) a un effet inhibiteur sur la réponse de fuite des poissons face à un danger. Cet effet comportemental s'accompagne de la destruction des deux types de neuromastes composant le système latéral observé en microscopie électronique à balayage. Après 21 jours, on constate une régénération des tissus des neuromastes, ainsi qu'une restauration du comportement de fuite des poissons. Par contre, lors de l'exposition aiguë au cadmium à la concentration rencontrée en milieu naturel contaminé (0,5 µg. L-1), le comportement de fuite du poisson n'est pas modifié et les tissus des neuromastes demeurent intacts. Cependant, les stimuli appliqués lors de cette étude pour simuler un danger au poisson étant relativement forts, on peut donc se demander si après une exposition aiguë au cadmium à 0,5 µg. L-1, le bar serait toujours capable de détecter le mouvement subreptice d'une proie vivante mobile. Ce travail mériterait d'être poursuivi par des études visant à déterminer la concentration seuil de cadmium responsable de dommages tissulaires au niveau des neuromastes et celle causant des désordres comportementaux. Il serait également intéressant d'examiner l'effet synergique des ions métalliques présents dans le milieu naturel (cadmium, cobalt, cuivre, mercure, nickel, plomb, zinc, etc. . . . ) sur le système latéral du bar et le comportement de cette espèce
The lateral system is a sensory organ found in aquatic amphibians and fish. It is used by fish for obstacle identification and localization obstacles, for moving objects (preys, predators) detection, for the detection of vibrations generated by low-frequency sound waves, for intraspecific communication (shoaling and sexual parade) and rheotaxis. The functional and morphologic integrity of this sensory system appears thus as an indispensable element for the presence and the survey of fish in an ecosystem. By its localization at the interface between the animal and the environment, and the fact that it functions via ion flux, this sensory organ, directly and constantly exposed to ambient medium, could then be the target of a natural or anthropic pollution. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of an environmental metallic pollution (and in particular, the cadmium ion) on tissues and function of the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L. ) lateral system, then to observe behavioral consequences induced on individual groups evolving in laboratory controlled conditions. A preliminary study concerning morphologic characteristics and spatial distribution of both types of neuromasts composing the sea bass lateral system was realized using scanning electron microscopy. As usually observed in teleosts, the sea bass possesses two types of neuromasts (superficial and canal ones) distributed on the head, trunk and tail. The decreasing gradient of sensory capacity, underlined from the rostral to the caudal ends of the sea bass trunk lateral line system, is really original and could be involved in the lateral system function. The major sensitivity axis of both types of neuromasts from the trunk lateral line system was identified along the fish's long axis, which confers itself a greater sensitivity of stimuli applied along its body. To reveal the behavioral consequences related to a sea bass lateral system dysfunction, both types of neuromasts were artificially damaged. For this, a double specific, efficient, reproducible and few invasive technique for fish was developed in order to alter at most this sensory system. This method combined the lateral system nerves section with an antibiotic bath. The results indicate that the fish lateral system inactivation involves a reduction of its habitat vertical exploration behavior. In contrast, the fish lateral system inactivation has no effect on the fish nocturnal demand feeding when stationary preys constitute food. A sensory compensation system leaning on olfactive system sets very quickly. The behavioral consequences of an acute exposition of sea bass to cadmium ions were then investigated. This study has shown that cadmium at high concentration in seawater (5 µg. L-1) has an inhibitory effect on the fish startle response facing a danger. This behavioral effect goes along with the destruction of both types of lateral system neuromasts observed in scanning electron microscopy. After 21 days, we notice tissue neuromast regeneration as well as fish startle response restoration. In contrast, when exposed to cadmium at the concentration of the contaminated natural environment (0,5 µg. L-1), fish startle response was not modified and neuromast tissues remain intact. However, in this study, the stimuli applied to simulate a danger to fish being of relatively high intensity, we can wonder if after an acute exposition to cadmium at 0,5 µg. L-1, the sea bass will be always able to detect the surreptitious movement of an alive moving prey. This work would earn to be pursued by studies aiming at determining the cadmium threshold concentration responsible to neuromast tissue damages and the one causing behavioral disorders. It would be also interesting to examine the synergetic effect of metallic ions present in natural environment (cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, etc. . . ) on the sea bass lateral system and on this species behavior
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9

Van, Frank Gaëlle. "Gestion participative de la diversité cultivée et création de mélanges diversifiés de blé tendre à la ferme." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS525/document.

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La transition d'une agriculture diversifiée à un système productiviste a entraîné une perte de diversité cultivée et pose de nombreux enjeux environnementaux, sociétaux et de santé. Des alternatives telles que l'agro-écologie ont émergé, reposant sur la valorisation de l'agro-biodiversité, notamment de la diversité génétique au sein des agroécosystèmes. Constatant qu'aucune des variétés du catalogue n'est adaptée à leurs besoins, des paysan.ne.s et animateur.trice.s du Réseau Semences Paysannes (RSP) mènent depuis 2006, en collaboration avec l'équipe DEAP (Diversité, Évolution et Adaptation des Populations) de l'UMR GQE Le Moulon, un projet de sélection participative (SP) du blé tendre. Ces paysan.ne.s mobilisent la diversité pour sélectionner des populations adaptées à leurs pratiques, terroirs et débouchés, dans le but de retrouver une autonomie semencière et une cohérence de leur système. Ma thèse porte sur l'étude des impacts des pratiques de gestion collective et de sélection paysanne sur la diversité cultivée du blé et l'adaptation des populations. Elle vise à proposer des adaptations éventuelles des pratiques de SP existantes et d'appuyer la mise en place de nouveaux projets. Les impacts de pratiques de création et sélection à la ferme de mélanges de populations sur leur comportement agronomique et morphologique ont été évalués par une expérimentation en collaboration avec une quinzaine de paysan.ne.s et animateur.trice.s du RSP. Dans une deuxième partie nous avons étudié les impacts de la sélection naturelle et la sélection paysanne sur l'évolution des populations, leur stabilité et leur adaptation aux environnements au cours du projet de SP blé. Ensuite une étude prospective a porté sur les impacts de l'adoption de peuplements hétérogènes sur la diversité cultivée à l'échelle du paysage, par l'évaluation de la diversité des populations issues de SP, la simulation de scénarii d'adoption des peuplements hétérogènes et l'utilisation d'indicateurs de la diversité cultivée. Enfin, je me suis intéressée aux impacts qu'ont les paramètres du dispositif expérimental mis en place sur les fermes sur l'ajustement et la précision des estimations par les modèles Bayésiens utilisés, afin d'améliorer notre capacité à détecter des différences significatives entre populations et de donner des recommandations pour d'autres projets d'évaluation décentralisée de variétés utilisant les dispositifs et modèles développés dans projet SP blé français
The transition from a diversified agriculture to a productivist system has led to a decline in cultivated diversity and raises many environmental, societal and health issues. Alternatives such as agro-ecology have emerged, based in particular on the enhancement of agro-biodiversity and genetic diversity within agro-ecosystems. Considering that there are no varieties adapted to their needs in the catalogue, farmers and facilitators from the Réseau Semences Paysannes (RSP) have been conducting a participatory breeding project (PPB) for bread wheat since 2006, in collaboration with the DEAP (Diversity, Evolution and Adaptation of Populations) team at UMR GQE Le Moulon. These farmers are mobilizing diversity to select populations adapted to their practices, terroir and outlets, with the aim of regaining their seed autonomy and a coherence of their system. My thesis focuses on the study of the impacts of collective management and peasant selection practices on wheat crop diversity and population adaptation. It aims to propose possible adaptation of existing PPB practices and to support the implementation of new projects. The impacts of on-farm creation and selection practices of population mixtures on their agronomic and morphological behaviour were evaluated through an experiment in collaboration with about fifteen farmers and facilitators from the RSP. In a second part we studied the impacts of natural selection and peasant selection on the evolution of populations, their stability and adaptation to environments during the wheat PPB project. Then a prospective study on the impacts of the adoption of heterogeneous varieties on cultivated diversity at the landscape level was conducted, by assessing the diversity of populations from PPB, simulating adoption of heterogeneous varieties scenarii and using cultivated diversity indicators. Finally, the impacts of the on-farm experimental design parameters on the adjustment and accuracy of estimates from Bayesian models were assessed, to improve our ability to detect significant differences between populations and to provide recommendations for other decentralized variety evaluation projects using the designs and models developed in the French wheat PPB project
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10

Mfuywa, Sigqibo Onward. "Factors affecting the functioning of the pro-active land acquisition strategy in the Buffalo City Municipal area." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011786.

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A Pro-active Land Acquisition Strategy is an aspect of the land reform programme which is aimed at speeding up land acquisition. The distinct feature of this approach is that the State acquires land pro-actively and then identifies beneficiaries who then become leaseholders. In other land reform programmes the land is acquired by the state and transferred to the beneficiaries, who then own the land. The Pro-active Land Acquisition Strategy was approved ‘in principle’ in July 2003, and included Ministerial provisions that an implementation plan be developed prior to the implementation of the strategy in 2006. The Pro-active Land Acquisition Strategy deals with two possible approaches: a needs-based approach and a supply-led approach, but essentially focuses on the State as the lead driver in land redistribution, rather than the current beneficiary-driven redistribution (Pro-active Land Acquisition Strategy, 2006:4). The Department of Land Affairs Pro-active Land Acquisition Strategy implementation plan (2006:4) further outlines the important elements in order to contextualize the Proactive Implementation Framework, and to stress the revision of the plan in terms of the “new trajectory”. The strategy shifts from the principle that there is a need or demand for land. It is not driven by the demand of beneficiaries, but rather state-driven. This means that the State will target proactively land and compare this with the demand for land.
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Arends, Ursula F. "Women and land : acces to and use of land and natural resources in the communal areas of rural South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7803_1297334501.

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The typical face of poverty in South Africa is African, rural, and female. As the primary users of rural land, women engage in farming and subsistence activities. Despite this pivotal role played by rural women, they experience grave problems under communal tenure, most notably in relation to access to and use of land and productive resources. Research has shown that the majority of rural households in South Africa derive significant proportions of their livelihoods from land-based activities, and that the value of common property resources associated with land, for example livestock production, crop production, and natural resource harvesting is often overlooked as an important asset of poor rural communities. The importance of these landbased livelihoods sources is even greater for female-headed households, female members of rural households, and the very poor or &lsquo
marginalised&rsquo
members of rural communities, since they tend to be more reliant on landbased livelihoods than those with secure income from pensions, wageearning activity or remittances from migrant labourers. The importance of security of land tenure to the sustainability of rural livelihoods, particularly insofar as rural women are concerned, is the central focus of this study.

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Shayamano, Innocent. "Trajectory from government-managed to farmer-managed smallholder irrigation and its effects on productivity, operation and maintenance: An analysis of Mamina Smallholder Irrigation Scheme in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6189.

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Magister Philosophiae - MPhil (LAS) (Land and Agrarian Studies)
Government's decision to devolve irrigation management to farmers was partly influenced by international policy imperatives, which were propounded mainly by institutions associated with the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and the inability by the government to continue funding operation and maintenance costs. The central question of the study is to understand the effects of Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) on productivity, operation and maintenance in the Mamina Irrigation Scheme. Interviews with various primary and secondary stakeholders that included the irrigators, local political leadership and locally-based agriculture extension officers were carried out. The interviews were aimed at getting an insight on land tenure, participation and representation of women, water and electricity supply system and pricing, effects of irrigation management arrangements on equity and productivity, understanding the irrigators' food security status, operation and maintenance arrangement after Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT). Findings of this study suggest that the existing governance arrangements have partly led to low crop productivity, increased water and electricity bill arrears, poor water distribution, change to uneconomic plot sizes, unsustainable increase in the number of irrigators, failure to organise for operation and maintenance. The key factors influencing the poor performance include poor collaboration, pumping system that utilised more electricity, inability of the irrigators to replace leaky pipes, failure of the irrigators to contribute towards electricity and water bills, failure of the irrigators to contribute towards operation and maintenance. The study identified nine challenges that affected the success of IMT. The challenges that lay at the heart of Mamina irrigation scheme were mainly caused by the poor irrigation technology design, pricing structure of electricity, water permit system, inequalities in water distribution, low gender participation and representation, non-availability of formal markets for certain crops, food insecurity, plot alloction and land disputes. Poverty analysis has shown that the irrigators' ability to escape from poverty or food insecurity is critically dependent upon their access to assets. Different assets are required to achieve different livelihood outcomes. The cycle of accumulation of utility bill arrears continued even after devolution because the same defective irrigation infrastructure was transferred to the irrigators. In the case of Mamina irrigation scheme, modernisation of the scheme was required to achieve different livelihood outcomes, but because this did not happen the recurrent utility bill arrears, low productivity and food insecurity continued to be a very serious challenge even after IMT.
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Krumplytė, Kristina. "Žemės naudojimo tendencijos ir ypatumai Šiaurės Lietuvos karstiniame regione." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070808.112558-21266.

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Šiaurės Lietuvos karstinis regionas – vienas iš labiausiai komplikuotų ir probleminių regionų. Dėl gamtinių ypatybių jame ypač sunkiai suderinami ekologiniai, ekonominiai ir socialiniai teritoriniai interesai. Tai lemia gilėjančius kraštotvarkinius konfliktus šioje teritorijoje. Problematiškiausia yra ta karstinio regiono dalis, kurioje tankiausias paviršinių karstinių darinių tinklas (Biržų, Pasvalio rajonai). Tai aktyvaus karsto zona, skirstoma pagal paviršinių karstinių darinių tankį bei jų atsiradimo intensyvumą. Tokį teritorijos suskirstymą lėmė ne proceso intensyvumas, bet problematiškas ūkinis panaudojimas. Šiaurės Lietuvos karstiniame regione per trumpą laiką atsiranda vis naujų reljefo formų, būna sunku ūkininkauti, tenka imtis specialių gamtosaugos priemonių, kurios skatina geriau pažinti karstinio reljefo raidos ypatumus. Šio darbo tikslas – išryškinti žemės naudojimo tendencijas Šiaurės Lietuvos karstiniame regione bei numatyti žemės ūkio plėtros, žemės naudojimo perspektyvas, atsižvelgiant į gamtinius ypatumus. Darbe analizuojami žemės ūkio paskirties žemės naudotojai, jų žemėnaudos dydis, siekiant numatyti žemės ūkio plėtros, žemės naudojimo perspektyvas. Išryškinti dirvožemio dangos savitumai, dirvų sukultūrinimas ir derlingumas (pagal ekonominius balus) skirtingo sukarstėjimo teritorijose. Analizei pasirinkta: Biržų rajono Širvėnos, Parovėjos, Pabiržės seniūnijos ir Pasvalio rajono Krinčino, Pasvalio apylinkių, Pušaloto seniūnijos. Ūkininkų ūkių veiklai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The sinkhole region of Northern Lithuania is one of the most complicated and problematical regions. It is difficult to co-ordinate ecological, economical and social interests in the region because of the peculiarities of land and nature in it. This causes many conflicts connected to organization of land exploitation in this region. The most problematic district of the sinkhole region is the one where the sinkhole derivatives are very dense (regions of Birzai and Pasvalys). It is the zone of an active sinkhole, which is allocated according to sinkholes density along the surface and the intensity of appearance of them. Such an allocation was not determined by the intensively of the process itself. It was determined by a problematic employment of the land in an agricultural way. An active perfunctonary sinkhole zones is called to be the most complicated territories for employment of nature and ecology. One needs to have an exceptional knowledge about the territories mentioned in a case to employ them for agricultural purposes. New forms of relief are to appear in a very short period of time in the sinkhole region of Northern Lithuania. This makes farming difficult, special safety measures need to be taken into consideration. This stimulates to find out more about the peculiarities of the evolution of sinkhole relief. In this paper there are the users of agricultural land and their land-tenure analyzed in case to preview the expansion of agriculture and the perspectives of... [to full text]
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14

Bowring, Simon. "Représenter le rejet présent et futur de carbone dans les rivières dans les régions de pergélisol à l'aide d'un modèle de surface." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV034/document.

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Pendant la majeure partie du Pléistocène, les régions de la Terre recouvertes de pergélisol ont été des accumulateurs nets de carbone (C) d’origine végétal et transféré au sol. L’accumulation de ce C organique dans les sols de la région de pergélisol circumpolaire nord a conduit à des stocks qui contiennent actuellement une masse C supérieure à celle qui existe dans l'atmosphère par un facteur de plus de deux. Dans le même temps, les rivières du pergélisol arctique rejettent environ 11% du flux d’eau fluvial global dans les océans, et ce dans un océan (l’Arctique) correspondant à 1% du volume d’eau total des océans et une très grande surface ce qui le rend relativement sensible aux afflux de matières dérivées des surfaces terrestres. Ce flux fluvial provient de précipitations sous forme de pluie ou de neige qui, lors du contact initial avec la surface, ont le potentiel immédiat d'interagir avec le C de l'une des deux manières suivantes: d’une part, l'eau qui coule sur des roches carbonatées ou silicatées provoquera une réaction dont le réactif nécessite l'absorption de CO2 atmosphérique, qui est ensuite transporté dans l'eau des rivières. Ce C inorganique issu de l’interaction de l’eau, de l’atmosphère et de la lithosphère représente donc un vecteur de stockage ou de «puits» du C. D’autre part, l’eau qui interagit avec la matière organique présente dans les arbres, la litière ou le sol peut dissoudre le C qu’elle contient et le transférer par les eaux de surface et souterraines dans les rivières. Ce carbone peut ensuite être métabolisée vers l’atmosphère ou exportée dans la mer. Des améliorations récentes dans la compréhension de la dynamique du C terrestre indiquent que ce transfert hydrologique de matière organique représente le devenir dominant du carbone organique, après prise en compte de la respiration des plantes et du sol. Dans le contexte du réchauffement climatique d’origine anthropique amplifié de l'Arctique, l'exposition thermique imposée au stock de pergélisol de C, associé à d'une augmentation des précipitations futures, laisse présager des changements importants dans le cycle du carbone organique et inorganique induit par les flux latéraux. Cependant, la totalité des processus impliqués rend difficile la prévision de ce changement. Partant de ce constat, cette thèse s’appuie sur les avancées antérieures en matière de modélisation du système terrestre pour inclure la production et le transport latéral de carbone organique dissous (COD), de CO2 dérivé de la respiration et d’alcalinité dérivée au sein d’un modèle global de surface terrestre développé précédemment pour résoudre spécifiquement les processus des régions boréales. Al’aide de données de pointe sur le sol, l'eau, la végétation et la climatologie pour forcer les conditions aux limites nous sommes en mesure de reproduire les processus et les flux de transport latéraux existants ainsi que faire des projections futures. Dans cette thèse, nous montrons que les exportations d'alcalinité panarctique et l'absorption du CO2 qui l'accompagne augmentent avec le réchauffement, que les flux de COD diminuent en grande partie à cause des circuits d'écoulement d'eau plus profonds dans le sol et des changements qui en résultent dans les interactions carbone-eau. Enfin, nous observons que la libération de COD dans l’Articque n’est pas linéairement liée à la temperaturre. Par conséquent, la future libération de COD dans l'Arctique peut augmenter ou diminuer avec la température en fonction des modifications de l'état thermique et des trajectoires hydrologiques dans les sols profonds. L'effet net de ces flux sur les océans est de réduire l'acidification future de l'eau de mer d'origine terrestre. Les améliorations futures apportées au modèle pour inclure des représentations du carbone particulaire, de génération de méthane, de COD pyrogénique, de subsidence de glace / surface du sol sont nécessaires pour accroître la rigueur des résultats générés par ce modèle
For much of the Pleistocene, regions of the Earth underlain by permafrost have been net accumulators of terrestrially-fixed plant carbon (C), known as organic C, to the extent that in the present day the soils of the northern circumpolar permafrost region alone contain a C mass outweighing that which exists in the modern atmosphere by a factor of over two. At the same time, the rivers of the Arctic permafrost region discharge about 11% of the global volumetric river water flux into oceans, doing so into an ocean (the Arctic) with 1% of global ocean water volume and a very high surface area: volume ratio, making it comparatively sensitive to influxes of terrestrially derived matter. This river flux is sourced from precipitation as either rain or snow, which, upon initial contact with the landscape has the immediate potential to interact with C in one of two ways: Water running over carbonate or silicate –bearing rocks will cause a reaction whose reactant requires the uptake of atmospheric CO2, which is subsequently transported in river water. This ‘inorganic’ C derived from interaction of water, atmosphere and lithosphere thus represents a C storage or ‘sink’ vector. In addition, water interacting with organic matter in tree canopies, litter or soil can dissolve C contained therein, and transfer it via surface and subsurface water flows into rivers, whereupon it may either be metabolised to the atmosphere or exported to the sea. Recent improvements in understanding of terrestrial C dynamics indicate that this hydrologic transfer of organic matter represents the dominant fate of organic carbon, after plant and soil respiration are accounted for. In the context of amplified Arctic anthropogenic warming, the thermal exposure imposed on the permafrost C stock with expectations of enhanced future precipitation point toward substantial shifts in the lateral flux-mediated organic and inorganic C cycle. However, the complex totality of the processes involved make prediction of this shift difficult. Addressing this gap in instrumental power and theoretical understanding, this collection of studies builds upon previous advances in earth system modelling to include the production and lateral transport of dissolved organic C (DOC), respiration-derived CO2, and rock-weathering derived alkalinity in a global land surface model previously developed to specifically resolve permafrost-region processes. By subjecting the resulting model to state of the art soil, water, vegetation and climatology datasets, we are able to reproduce existing lateral transport processes and fluxes, and project them into the future. In what follows, we show that while Pan-Arctic alkalinity exports and attendant CO2 uptake increase over the 20th and 21st Centuries under warming, DOC fluxes decline largely as a result of deeper soil water flow-paths and the resulting changes in carbon-water interactions. Rather than displaying a clear continuous (linear or non-linear) temperature sensitivity, future Arctic DOC release can increase or decrease with temperature depending on changes in the thermal state and hydrologic flow paths in the deep soil. The net marine effect of these fluxes is to decrease future terrestrially derived seawater acidification. Future model improvements to include representations of particulate C, methane generation, pyrogenic DOC, peat generation, soil ice/land surface subsidence are required to increase the rigor of the results generated by these models
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15

Gay, Lauriane. "À la recherche de l'hégémonie : la fabrique très politique des politiques publiques foncières en Ouganda sous le National Resistance Movement (NRM) : Entre changement et inertie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD017/document.

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Le foncier, entendu comme des relations entre les humains à propos de la terre, est au cœur de la répartition des pouvoirs, particulièrement dans les sociétés à dominantes agraires. Encadrer sa gestion à travers la formulation d'une politique publique signifie altérer les rapports entre l'État et les pouvoirs locaux, et la manière dont l’État entend construire un pouvoir de contrôle sur les hommes et le territoire. À travers l'exemple de l'Ouganda sous le régime du National Resistance Movement (NRM), cette thèse en science politique analyse la manière dont une politique publique foncière se fabrique en interaction avec les structures de pouvoir. Nous touchons ici aux rapports entre polity, politics et policy. Appréhendée comme une activité politique, la fabrication d’une politique publique foncière en contextes africains n’est pas qu’une affaire d’État. Elle est une source de légitimité politique pour les acteurs intégrés au processus. Son instrumentalisation peut profiter à un changement de rapports de force. Ce processus commence à partir de la fabrication des énoncés de problème et aboutit à la négociation d'une solution. Cette recherche inductive se fonde sur des méthodes de recherche qualitative : observations participantes, entretiens semi-structurés, recours à la littérature grise et aux archives. Elle est le fruit d'un travail de terrain de quatre ans en Ouganda. Cette thèse innove d'un point de vue théorique en intégrant l'approche discursive et pragmatique de l'action publique à l'approche structurationniste. Elle lie cette approche à la notion « d'historicité de l’État importé ». Ce cadre théorique permet d'étudier les mouvements d'ordre et de désordre de la société qu'engendre la formulation des énoncés de problème et de solution. Elle fournit aussi un apport empirique détaillé à l'étude de la politique foncière en Ouganda. Cette thèse contribue ainsi à l'étude de la démocratisation en Afrique, de celle du foncier en Afrique, et de celle des politiques publiques en contextes africains
Land tenure, defined as the set of relations among humans that determine their interaction with land, lies at the heart of power struggles, especially in agrarian societies. Governing land management through public policy means changing power relations between the state and the local institutions that exercise social control. Using Uganda under the regime of the National Resistance Movement (NRM) as its case study, this thesis in political science explores the manner a public policy concerning land is constructed through the interactions among various power structures. We are dealing here with the interactions among polity, politics and policy. Examined as a political activity, the construction of a public policy concerning land in African contexts goes beyond a matter of concern for the state alone. This activity is a source of political legitimacy for those actors participating in the process. Its instrumentalisation can lead to changes in power relations. This process starts with the construction of the problem and ends with the negotiation of a solution. This inductive research is based on qualitative research methods : participant observation, semi-structured interviews, analysis of grey literature and of archives. It is based on four years of field work in Uganda. This thesis innovates theoretically as it integrates the discursive and pragmatic approach of public policy to structuration theory. It ties this approach to the notion of « historicity of the imported state ». This theoretical framework allows us to study the ordering and disordering of society that are triggered by the formulation of problems and solutions. It provides a detailed empirical study of public policy concerning land in Uganda. This thesis contributes, more generally, to the study of democratisation in Africa, land tenure in Africa and public policy in African contexts
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16

Clark, Tony Rodney. "The impact of employment equity legislation on land reform delivery within the provincial land reform office of the department of rural development and land reform in the Western Cape." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2106.

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Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011.
The main objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of Employment Equity Legislation on land reform delivery within the Provincial Land Reform Office of the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform in the Western Cape Province. In order to achieve this goal the researcher conducted a literature search of relevant books, journal articles, academic papers, news paper articles, legislation and subordinate legislation, policy documents, official reports, other applicable published and unpublished research materials. In conjunction with the literature search, the researcher developed a survey questionnaire to establish whether employment equity legislation does have a negative impact on land reform delivery within the provincial land reform office in the Western Cape. The survey was conducted arnonqst 60 employees within the Provincial Land Reform Office in Cape Town, including the District Offices of the Provincial Office. Fifty four (54) responses were used in the analysis, which represent a 90% rate of return. Based on the findings of the literature study and the empirical survey, 51.9% respondents' are of the opinion that the implementation of employment equity legislation does have a negative impact on land reform delivery within the provincial land reform office of the Western Cape. The researcher recommends that the department should consider using provincial demographics when employing staff within its provincial offices to ensure a more stable workforce. This is a true reflection of the responses as the majority of the respondents (81.5 %) agreed that Employment Equity (EE) targets should be based on provincial demographics rather than national demographics, whilst 13% of the respondents disagreed with this statement. Seventy seven comma eight percent (77.8 %) of the respondents also agreed that EE should reflect the target market being served. This will go a long way to foster good employer - employee relationships.
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17

Bejjani-Ghauch, Alice. "Apport de l’analyse élémentaire (IBA) et moléculaire (ToF-SIMS) par faisceaux d’ions à l’étude de matériaux d’intérêt environnemental et pharmaceutique." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10302.

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Les faisceaux d’ions de l’ordre du MeV permettent la mise en œuvre de techniques d’analyse tant élémentaire (Ion Beam Analysis-IBA) que moléculaire (Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) pour des matériaux solides peu étudiés en raison de leur hétérogénéité: les mélanges de poudres. La première partie de notre travail est à placer dans le contexte de l’étude de la photodégradation des pesticides dans l’environnement à travers l’analyse ToF-SIMS de pesticides imprégnés dans des sols naturels. A partir d’une étude comparative du phénomène induit sur des dépôts sur des substrats homogènes nous présentons les résultats de la cinétique de dégradation pour plusieurs pesticides avec en particulier des valeurs de demi-vies. La seconde partie s’inscrit dans le processus de contrôle de produits pharmaceutiques commerciaux à analyser en l’état. Nous montrons que la quantification du principe actif (p.a.) en présence d’excipients est possible: -par les techniques IBA quand le p.a. contient des hétéroatomes non présents dans les excipients. La précision (<7%) est alors la plupart du temps bien meilleure que les exigences du contrôle industriel. -par la technique ToF-SIMS dans tous les cas mais dans des domaines définis par les courbes d’étalonnage pour avoir les meilleures sensibilités. Ces restrictions dépendent de la nature des partenaires (p.a. et excipients) et mettent en évidence des effets de matrice dont l’étude doit permettre l’amélioration de la préparation de tels échantillons en vue d’analyses plus performantes. Ces techniques dont les avantages et les limitations sont discutés, sont à notre connaissance utilisées pour la première fois sur de tels matériaux « réels »
The aim of this study is to analyze heterogeneous organic matter by exhibiting analytical difficulties by classical techniques under solid state. The first part of this work is dedicated to the study of pesticides photodegradation impregnated in soils by ToF-SIMS technique. A comparative investigation of the induced phenomenon obtained with the same pesticides deposited as thin layer on a neutral support helped in studying the degradation kinetics of those pesticides especially their half-lives. The second part is dedicated to the development of new analytical method for the analysis of commercialized pharmaceutical compounds without prior sample preparation. We have demonstrated the possibility of active ingredient (A.I.) quantification in the presence of the excipients by the following analytical techniques: IBA techniques if the A.I. contains an heteroatom, however, absent in the excipients. The precision (< 7%) is found to be in the majority of the studied cases within the analytical standards of the quality control processes. ToF-SIMS technique for all drugs however within a specific range of concentration defined by the calibration curves for improved sensitivities. These restrictions in the dynamic concentration range depend on the nature of the mixtures A.I. / Excipients on hand and show evidence of the matrix effect on the other hand. A deep investigation on the matrix nature should improve the sample preparation method for more performance analysis. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the above mentioned techniques whose analytical advantages and limitations have been discussed were applied to such solid matrix samples
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18

Chevalier, Julie. "Utilisation du comportement natatoire de Daphnia magna comme indicateur sensible et précoce de toxicité pour l'évaluation de la qualité de l'eau." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0443/document.

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Les paramètres comportementaux sont de plus en plus considérés comme étant des indicateurs sensibles et précoces de toxicité chez les organismes aquatiques. Cependant, l’utilisation du comportement natatoire comme critère de toxicité pour l’analyse de risque environnemental ou pour le contrôle de la qualité de l’eau reste pour l’heure encore limitée. En effet, il est actuellement difficile de quantifier la sensibilité des paramètres comportementaux et d’établir un lien entre les seuils d’effets comportementaux et les effets aigus et subaigus classiquement mesurés dans les tests en écotoxicologie. Dans le but d’améliorer notre compréhension des effets comportementaux des polluants sur Daphnia magna, nous avons développé un nouveau système de mesure du comportement multi-cuves baptisé «Multi-DaphTrack ». Douze substances toxiques, couvrant une large gamme de modes d’action différents ont été testées dans ce système. Un test standard d’immobilisation ainsi que des analyses de comportement dans le toximètre DaphToxI®, ont également été effectués pour chaque substance afin de comparer les seuilsd’effets comportementaux avec les paramètres classiques d’immobilisation. Les résultats des expositions aux différentes substances ont démontré que notre nouveau système d’exposition multi-cuves permet de détecter des effets comportementaux (i.e.,augmentation de la vitesse de nage) significatifs et précoces pour l’ensemble des substances testées et ce, à des concentrations proches de la CE10(48 h) du test aigu d’immobilisation dès la première heure d’exposition. Des profils comportementaux différents ont été observés selon les substances testées (i.e., intensité, temps de latence et durée de l’effet) mais ceux-ci ne sont pas spécifiques d’un mode d’action particulier. Les résultats obtenus avec le toximètre DaphToxI®ont révélé des profils d’effet similaires (i.e.,augmentation de la vitesse de nage) bien que ce système soit globalement moins sensible par rapport au système «Multi-DaphTrack». Pour conclure, notre nouveau système d’exposition multi-cuves «Multi-DaphTrack» est un outil plus sensible et précoce que letest standard d’immobilisation pour l’évaluation de la toxicité de substances chimiques. L’utilisation du système «Multi-DaphTrack» pourrait donc être envisagée, après quelques améliorations et validation supplémentaires, pour l’évaluation de la qualité des masses d’eauet des effluents
Swimming behavior is increasingly reported as a sensitive and early indicator of toxicant stress in aquatic organisms. However, it remains unclear how to quantify the sensitivity of swimming behavioral endpoints and how to compare these effect thresholds with standard ecotoxicological endpoints used in risk assessment. To date, the systematic assessment of the sensitivity of swimming behavioral endpoints in daphnia is limited because of the restrained test capacity of existing behavioral analysis systems. Hence, we developed a new behavioral analysis multi-cellsystemnamed “Multi-DaphTrack” with a high throughput testing capacity in order to enhance our understanding of swimming behavioral effects in Daphnia magnaunder chemical exposure. Twelve compounds covering different modes oftoxic action were selected and tested in this new system andin a single-cell commercialized biomonitor (DaphToxI®) and with the acute standard test.Our new multi-cellexposure system detectedsignificant and early swimming behavioral effects (i.e.,increase of the average speed) for most of the tested compounds and this, from the first hour of exposure at concentrations near the EC10(48h). Contrastedbehavioral profiles were observed for average speed (i.e., intensity, time of effect onset, effect duration), but no distinct behavioral profiles could be drawn from the chemical mode of action. Despite less sensitive,the DaphToxI®gave similar trends (i.e.,rapid peak increase) compared to our “Multi-DaphTrack” system. To conclude, behavior analysis using our “Multi-DaphTrack”systemcould be used as an alternative or complement to the current acute standard test for toxicity assessment of chemicals. With some additional improvements and validations, it also could be used forquality assessment of waterbodiesand sewages
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19

Yamine, Nasser El. "Contribution à l'étude qualitative des eaux d'alimentation des principales agglomérations marocaines : problème du maintien, de l'amélioration et de la protection de cette qualité." Montpellier 2, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON20027.

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20

Fraigneau, Yann. "Etudes numériques de l'évolution diurne de l'ozone dans la région d'une agglomération." Rouen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ROUES063.

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Des études de scénarios ont été réalisées par simulations numériques sur l'évolution diurne de l'ozone dans la région d'une agglomération. L'objectif de ce travail a consisté à mettre en évidence les tendances exercées par quelques-uns des nombreux facteurs susceptibles d'influencer l'évolution des champs de concentration d'ozone au cours d'une journée, au niveau des localités se trouvant directement sous le vent d'une zone urbaine. Plus particulièrement, les études se sont portées sur les répercussions engendrées sur l'ozone par les variations que peut subir la couche limite atmosphérique dans son évolution journalière, sous l'influence de différents paramètres. Ces derniers sont : la stabilité thermique matinale, la hauteur initiale de la couche d'inversion synoptique, le gradient thermique de l'atmosphère libre et le phénomène d'évaporation. Les conséquences pouvant résulter d'une réduction exclusive des émissions urbaines d'oxyde d'azote ont aussi été examinées. Les simulations ont été effectuées pour des conditions météorologiques anticycloniques, typiques des périodes d'été, propices au développement de la pollution photo-oxydante. Parallèlement, des études numériques en situation de réacteur homogène fermé ont été réalisées afin d'analyser individuellement l'influence de certains paramètres sur l'évolution chimique de l'ozone. Ces paramètres sont : l'éclairement solaire, l'humidité, la température et le rapport des concentrations des composés organiques volatils et des oxydes d'azote. Enfin, des simulations numériques ont été entreprises afin de déterminer les effets du micromélange au voisinage d'un site urbain, c'est-à-dire sur l'impact des fluctuations de concentrations engendrées par la turbulence sur le taux de réaction moyen des espèces. Cette étude, à caractère fondamental, a été réalisée dans le cadre d'une couche limite atmosphérique considérée dans un état neutre et stationnaire. Les processus chimiques sont uniquement assimilés au cycle de Chapman, les espèces réactives prépondérantes au voisinage d'une zone urbaine étant les oxydes d'azote et l'ozone.
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21

Bellier, Sandra. "Modélisation de la contamination nitrique de la nappe des calcaires de Champigny : Application à la protection des captages prioritaires de la fosse de Melun et de la basse vallée de l'Yerres." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00973876.

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Cette thèse s'intéresse à la modélisation de la contamination nitrique de la nappe des calcaires de Champigny, ressource stratégique pour l'alimentation en eau potable de l'Île-de-France et pour laquelle plusieurs champs captants ont été identifiés comme prioritaires. Le couplage d'un modèle agronomique STICS et d'un modèle hydrogéologique MODCOU permet de modéliser le transfert des nitrates résultant des pratiques agricoles à travers l'hydrosystème.La mise en place de MODCOU sur la zone d'étude a nécessité d'apporter des modifications au logiciel afin de représenter le fonctionnement de l'hydrosystème comportant des singularités hydrogéologiques. L'application du modèle entre 1971 et 2011 a montré l'importance des échanges nappes-rivières dans le fonctionnement de la nappe et particulièrement sur les bassins d'alimentation des captages (BAC) prioritaires, préalablement identifiés lors d'études antérieures. Pour prendre en compte ces échanges dans la modélisation de la contamination nitrique, un module évaluant les concentrations en rivières par bassin versant a été développé et permet de reproduire l'évolution de la contamination du passé à l'actuel et de réaliser par la suite des scénarios prospectifs.Le développement d'une méthodologie spécifique a permis d'identifier les zones les plus contributives à l'alimentation des captages. Elles se révèlent être situées essentiellement le long des cours d'eaux et représentent un peu moins de la moitié de la superficie des BAC. La mise en rapport des zones d'alimentation principale et de la rapidité du transfert permet de déterminer les zones d'actions prioritaires les plus pertinentes sur lesquelles des mesures de protection pourraient être plus spécifiquement appliquées
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Li, Xiaoshan. "La protection des actionnaires minoritaires dans les sociétés anonymes : étude comparative du droit français et du droit chinois." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020021.

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La présente étude a pour objet de montrer que les moyens de la protection des actionnaires minoritaires en droit chinois et en droit français ne sont pas soumis à des critères fondamentalement différents. Dans les sociétés anonymes, les règles juridiques visent à trouver un équilibre des rapports entre les actionnaires majoritaires et minoritaires, ainsi qu’entre les actionnaires et la société ou le groupe de sociétés.C’est l’intérêt social et le principe d’égalité qui guident le législateur et le juge de proposer des solutions convenables.Il importe de noter qu’en droit français, les dispositions sur les responsabilités et les moyens de recours pour les minoritaires sont d’applications faciles qu’en droit chinois. D’ailleurs, la recherche de l’acquisition des sociétés cotées chinoises sous l’angle de la protection des minoritaires, tout à fait différent à l’offre publique en droit français, présente les particularités du marché réglementé chinois et mérite que les investisseurs étrangers découvrent davantage
The dissertation aimed to point out that the methods of the protection of minority shareholders in Chinese law and in French law are not subject to the different criteria. In company limited by shares, the legal provisions intend to find a balance of relation between majority shareholders and minority shareholders, and between the shareholders and the company or group of company. It is corporate profits and the principal of equality that direct legislators and judges to suggest applicable solutions.It is important to notify that in French law, legal provisions about the responsibility of majority shareholders or company leaders and the ways of resort of minority shareholders provide reference for improvement of Chinese law. Besides, the study of acquisition of chinese listed companies, looked from the angle of the protection of minority shareholders, very different from tender offer in French law, demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese stock market and deserve foreign investors’ enough attention
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Abbou, Sofyane. "Phénomènes locaux instationnaires dans les piles à combustible à membrane (PEMFC) fonctionnant en mode bouché (dead-end)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0208/document.

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Cette thèse concerne les phénomènes locaux qui se produisent dans une pile à combustible à membrane (PEMFC) fonctionnant en mode bouché. Ce mode de fonctionnement consiste à alimenter l’anode en hydrogène sec tout en maintenant sa sortie fermée ce qui favorise l’accumulation d’eau et d’azote (issus du compartiment cathodique) près de la sortie anodique. Certaines régions sont donc convenablement alimentées en gaz tandis que d’autres ne le sont plus. Ces déséquilibres s’accompagnent de hausses localisées de potentiel (à l'anode et à la cathode) qui accélèrent la dégradation du catalyseur et de son support carboné à la cathode. Afin d’étudier ces dégradations à une échelle locale, une cellule segmentée novatrice permettant la mesure simultanée des densités de courant et des potentiels locaux a été développée. Des protocoles de vieillissement accélérés reposant sur un fonctionnement prolongé en mode bouché montrent que les pics de potentiel ont pour conséquence, après quelques heures, une distribution non-uniforme de la surface active (ECSA) à la cathode et des courants le long de la cellule : les dommages sont plus prononcés dans les zones les plus touchées par le déficit en hydrogène. Des études paramétriques et un modèle numérique permettent de comprendre que le déficit en hydrogène résulte principalement de l’accumulation d’eau liquide dans les canaux de l’anode, bien que l'azote joue également un rôle. Par conséquent, la gestion de l’eau impacte fortement les variations de potentiel à la cathode et donc leurs conséquences en termes de dégradation ; basées sur ces constatations, des solutions sont proposées pour améliorer les durée de vie des piles
This work investigates the local transient phenomena occurring in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) operated with a dead-ended anode. The dead-end mode consists in closing the anode outlet, which leads eventually to local hydrogen starvation due to the excessive accumulation of liquid water and nitrogen (because of membrane crossover) in the anode compartment. Such fuel-starvation events may remain undetected but can entail a significant rise of the anode (and thus cathode) potentials and accelerate carbon corrosion and catalyst degradation. To access local information, we developed an innovative segmented linear cell with reference electrodes along the gas channels. By simultaneously monitoring the local potentials and current densities during operation, we assessed the impact of fuel starvation and observed strong local cathode potential excursions close to the anode outlet. Aging protocols based on fuel cell operation with a dead-ended anode (longer than in real use condition) showed non-uniform cathode ElectroChemical Surface Area (ECSA) losses and performance degradation along the cell area: the damage was more severe in the regions suffering the longest from fuel starvation. Parametric studies completed by numerical simulations showed that the fuel starvation is mainly governed by liquid water accumulation in the anode channels, as well as nitrogen crossover through the membrane. As a consequence, water management impacts significantly the cathode potential variations and thus the resulting electrode degradation. Starting from this founding, we propose strategies to improve fuel cell lifetime
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Lee, Samuel. "Information and control in financial markets." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (EFI), 2009. http://www2.hhs.se/efi/summary/799.htm.

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Qian, Yu. "Analyser le gène PKC-2 chez Caernorhabditis elegans et crible les mutants contre sérotonine chez le C. elegans souche pkc-2 (ok328)." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00712129.

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La myopathie de Duchenne est une maladie génétique qui se caractérise principalement par une dégénérescence progressive des muscles squelettiques dont la cause est l'absence de dystrophine fonctionnelle dans les muscles. A ce jour, il n'existe toujours pas de traitement efficace contre ces maladies. Comme le plus grand gène connu chez l'Homme, la dystrophine code pour une protéine de 427kDa. La protéine connecte l'actine avec le DAPC (Dystrophin Associated Protein Complex) dans les muscles striés. Pour l'instant, il y a 3 hypothèses concernant le mécanisme du DMD. L'absence de la dystrophine peut supprimer le lien physique entre les protéines structurales de la membrane basale (laminines) et les protéines structurales du cytosquelette (filaments intermédiaires et actine), ou la distribution et la fonction des canaux ioniques, ou des voies de signalisation nécessaires à la survie du muscle. Caenorhabditis elegans ne possède qu'un homologue du gène de la dystrophine humaine, le gène dys-1. La protéine DYS-1 présente 37% d'homologie avec la dystrophine humaine. Le double mutant dys-1(cx18) ; hlh-1(cc561) présente une forte dégénérescence musculaire. Comme le sarcomère de C. elegans ressemble au sarcomère de mammifère, C. elegans est modèle pertinent d'étude la maladie. En vue de comprendre la raison du DMD chez les mammifères et chez les vers, le groupe L. SEGALAT a effectué des cribles pour identifier les molécules et les gènes qui peuvent supprimer la dégénérescence musculaire. On a trouvé un gène pkc-2 qui est capable de supprimer la dégénérescence musculaire chez C. elegans. La protéine PKC-2 est l'orthologue de la Protein Kinase C Alpha (PKC) humaine et appartient à la famille du serine/threonine protéine kinase. Afin d'étudier la fonction du gène pkc-2, on a analysé l'expression du gène avec les construits différents in vivo et a utilisé la technique de double-hybride dans la levure. De plus, le crible par EMS (éthane méthyle sulfonâtes) a identifié une molécule sérotonine (5-HT) qui est un neuromédiateur, et supprime partiellement la dégénérescence musculaire des doubles mutants dys-1; hlh-1. La sérotonine a aussi un effet fort sur le mutant pkc-2(ok328), puisqu'elle provoque un phénotype blister. Ça nous permet de rechercher le lien entre la signalisation sérotoninergique et pkc-2. Le crible génétique peut contribuer à la connaissance du rôle pkc-2. [...]. Elle sert aussi de plate-forme de voie de signalisation intracellulaire. L'identification de Y59A8A.3 propose la possibilité que pkc-2 modifie la filamin A par l'intermédiaire de la filamin A interacting protéine 1. Le crible génétique par EMS pour rechercher des suppresseurs de l'effet blister de la sérotonine sur les mutants pkc-2(ok328) a donné 8 candidats sur 5000 F1s : cx253, cx254, cx259, cx263, cx267, cx268, cx270, cx276. Les mutations ont été localisées sur les chromosomes par SNP mapping avec une souche de C. elegans très polymorphe, mais le temps a manqué pour leur identification exacte. L'expérience valide notre approche à étudier le lien entre la signalisation sérotoninergique et pkc-2. En résumé, le but de la thèse était de rechercher la fonction du gène pkc-2 dans les mécanismes moléculaires conduisant à la nécrose musculaire en absence de dystrophine. Les résultats présentés dans la thèse apportent des réponses aux questions fondamentales sur pkc-2 et aussi demandent des expériences supplémentaires afin de élucider plus avant les mécanismes de la dégénérescence musculaire dystrophine-dépendante.
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Lestrade, Éric. "Les principes directeurs du procès dans la jurisprudence du Conseil Constitutionnel." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40033/document.

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Malgré le peu de fondements écrits consacrés à la justice dans le texte de la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958, le Conseil constitutionnel, en réalisant un travail d’actualisation à partir de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen, a permis l’émergence d’un droit constitutionnel processuel, construit autour de principes directeurs. Ceux-ci peuvent être répartis dans trois catégories : deux principales, selon que l’acteur du procès prioritairement concerné soit le juge ou les parties et une troisième, complémentaire, celle des garanties procédurales, permettant de favoriser les qualités essentielles du juge et de contrôler le respect des droits des parties. Une gradation des exigences du Conseil constitutionnel est discrètement perceptible entre les deux premières catégories de principes, plus facilement identifiable entre celles-ci et la dernière famille. Cette échelle décroissante de « densité » des principes directeurs du procès témoigne d’une véritable politique jurisprudentielle en matière de droit constitutionnel processuel, qui met l’accent sur l’accès au juge, doté des qualités indispensables à l’accomplissement de sa mission juridictionnelle. Toutefois, aussi satisfaisante que soit l’action du juge constitutionnel français à l’égard du droit du procès, celle-ci nécessiterait aujourd’hui le relais du constituant, afin de moderniser le statut constitutionnel de la justice
In spite of a relatively low number of written dispositions dedicated to justice inside of the body of the Constitution of October 1958 4th, the constitutional Council, while updating this text through the Declaration of Human Rights, contributed to the development of a procedural constitutional law, which is structured around guiding principles. Those principles can be classified within three different categories : two major categories depend on the trial actor that is primarily concerned, either the judge or the parties; a third and additional category pertaining to procedural protections, fosters the essential qualities of the judge and secure the protection of the parties’ rights. A gradation of the requirements of the constitutional Council is discreetly perceptible between the first two categories of principles, and more easily identifiable between those first two categories and the last one. This decreasing scale of “density” yoked to the trial guiding principles highlights a genuine judicial policy when it comes to procedural constitutional law, emphasizing access to the judge, whom is given essential qualities in order to achieve its judicial duty. However, the action of the French constitutional judge, as satisfactory as it is towards the rights of the trial, would easily support the intervention of the constituent power in order to update Justice’s constitutional status
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Wang, Yi-Yun, and 王憶雲. "A Study on the Criticisms of Japanese NaturalismHasegawa Tenkei, Shimamura Hougetsu, “Art and Action”." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81693516942514745715.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
日本語文學研究所
94
This thesis aims to examine the criticisms of Japanese naturalism, which prompt the naturalistic movement in Japanese literature. During the 1910s, the Japanese naturalism becoming the first and large-scale literary movement in modern Japanese literary history, results from the unreserved and wholehearted support of the critics, which implies that with the depression of critical review, also comes the recession of the movement. In addition to the movement itself, two most important critics of naturalism, Hasegawa Tenkei and Shimamura Hougetsu, will be discussed in this thesis. First I begin with two perspectives, Self-Fiction and pre-naturalism, as the basis of following chapters concerning the criticism of naturalism. In chapter two, I analyze the discourse about “criticism” around 1910s and, the intellectual characteristics, rather than artistic ones, of this movement. A detailed review is provided, of previous research on criticism of naturalism .In chapter three, with the focus on the two critics, Hasegawa Tenkei and Shimamura Hougetsu, I introduce their experiences before they become advocates of naturalism, and discuss the influence on Tenkei and Hougetsu, exerted by the publication of Hakai, a fiction written by Shimazaki Touson. In chapter four, in the light of the keywords “Art and Action”, I examine the timing of this issue, and argue the inevitability of the internal logic of Tenkei and Hougetsu. I also present the view of Iwano Houmei, who holds opposite opinion against them. On the other hand, I attempt to scrutinize the external influence from society through following perspectives, the ban on the fiction “Tokai”, the “Debakame” event, and the suspicion of the phrase “Can Bungei (literature and art) be a lifetime career for a man to devote himself to?”, a phrase traditionally epitomized by Futabatei Shimei (though the claim is still in dispute.) In the final part of the thesis, I emphasize the multi-layered meaning of the question “art and action” in the Japanese naturalism criticism, and evaluate the significance of Japanese naturalism.
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Subrayan, Darren. "The immediate effect of dry needling of the most tender active myofascial trigger point of the rotator cuff musculature on bowling speed in action cricket fast bowlers." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/445.

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Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic at the Durban Institute of Technology, 2008.
Purpose Cricket fast bowlers are prone to the development of Myofascial pain syndrome and in particular active myofascial trigger points in their rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder joint (Scott, et al. 2001). This is due to the severe stresses placed upon the muscles, bones and joints of the shoulder as a result of the high velocity throwing action (Bartlett, et al.1996). In muscles containing active myofascial trigger points a decrease in the stretch range of motion as well as the maximal contractile force is noted, these two factors may negatively affect the speed at which a fast bowler deliver the ball (Travell, Simons and Simons, 1999). Dry needling is viewed as the most effective means of deactivating myofascial trigger points leading to in increase in both the contractile force and range of motion of the affected muscle, which could increase the speed at which the bowler delivers the ball (Wilks, 2003). The aim of the study was to determine the immediate effect of dry needling active myofascial trigger points of the rotator cuff on bowling speed in action cricket fast bowlers. Method The study consisted of 40 participants (randomly split into two equal groups of 20) each with shoulder pain of a myofascial origin. Group A (intervention group) received the dry needling intervention in their most tender active myofascial trigger point. While participants in Group B (control group) received no treatment. Bowling speeds were measured both before and after the intervention, to determine its effect on bowling speed. IV Data was entered into MS Exel spreadsheet and imported into SPSS version 15 (SPSS Inc.,Chicago, Iiiinois, USA), which was used for data analysis. Paticipants were evaluated on bowling speed, Algometer readings and Numerical pain rating Scale (NRS) both pre and post intervention. Participants were also asked if they believed the intervention increased, decreased or had no effect on their bowling speeds. Two sample t-test was used to compare baseline values between the groups. A repeated measure ANOVA was used to compare the rate of change of each outcome over time in the two groups. Pearson’s correlation analysis (intra-group) was used to assess the strength and magnitude of correlations of the changes in the outcomes. The McNemar – Bowker test and Weighted Cohen’s kappa statistics were calculated to assess agreement between perceived and actual levels of change. Results A significant treatment effect was observed in the intervention group were an increase in bowling speed, algometer readings as well a decrease in Numerical pain rating scale(NRS) scores was observed. There was also a perceived increase in the speed the participants delivered the ball in the intervention group. No significant changes were observed in the control group. The findings of this study indicate that dry needling as a treatment modality would be beneficial to fast bowlers in not only increasing their speeds but also the pain experienced as a result of active myofascial trigger points.
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Xu, Mei. "A Novel Pathway for Enhanced Metabolic Capacities Underlies the Neuroprotective Actions of Teneurin C-Terminal Associated Peptide (TCAP)-1." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33592.

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Teneurin C-terminal Associated Peptide (TCAP)-1 is postulated to play a critical role in cellular defense mechanisms as it is highly neuroprotective against alkalotic and hypoxic stress. Optimization of metabolic pathways is recognized as an essential survival tactic by alleviating energy deficits and meeting the demands to cope with the stressors. The aim of this research was to delineate the mechanism through which TCAP-1 confers protection. My findings show that TCAP-1 increases the overall expression of GLUT1 and enhances overall expression and membrane localization of GLUT3. With respect to metabolic parameters, chronic TCAP-1 application led to increased intracellular [ATP] with decreased intracellular [lactate], both in a dose-dependent manner, but did not alter tumourgenic glycolytic enzyme expression or mitochondrially associated apoptotic protein expression. Contrastingly, acute TCAP-1 led to decreased intracellular [ATP]. Indicative of increased cellular ATP production and physiological energy expenditure, TCAP-1 reduced serum insulin levels and subcutaneous adipocyte size in vivo.
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Seuane, Sonia Marisa James. "Finding new coping mechanisms: the impact of HIV and AIDS on women’s access to land in Mozambique." Thesis, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4189_1273612575.

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In this full thesis, I explore the impact that HIV and AIDS pandemic is having in the livelihood strategies of rural women in Mozambique. My intention in this work is to highlight the navigation of Mozambican women through this harsh era. I establish a discussion about land as major asset in a poor and mainly agricultural country like Mozambique. And the fact that many scholars and policy makers are concerned about the escalating number of young widows that have had their land and other assets expropriated after the deaths of their husbands, mainly due to the HIV and AIDS pandemic. The convergence of the colonization process, the civil war (that took over 16 years in Mozambique) and the modernization/development process have been systematically trapping women in the interface between traditional and modern social organization. Now, with the spread of HIV and AIDS, young women and children whose only source of subsistence is their land have been losing their traditional rights, and they face the cultural changes brought about by a new social order that does not support them and their children after the death of a husband or father.

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Connolly, Anthony J. "Conceptual incommensurability and the judicial understanding of indigenous action." Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150950.

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Nyirasafari, Philomene. "Some Demographic Aspects of Women’s Access to Land for Farming in South Africa: A comparison from 2004 to 2007." Thesis, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3643_1275596664.

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The issue of women&rsquo
s access to land is a developmental issue. From a fundamental research view point, this study aims to explore the circumstances in which women access land in South Africa. The study examines the inequalities that may arise in the context of land access, land acquisition
land use, activities taking place on land and closely related issues focusing specifically on women in general, and women headed households in particular. The study is based on demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, occupational groups, education, province of residence and ethnic groups. Bringing together the demographic variables and land related variables, the study captures the structural changes between 2004 and 2007. Using 2004 and 2007 GHS secondary data requested from Statistics South Africa, cross tabulation and bivariate statistical analysis by means of SPSS software was performed. The results obtained indicate that the inequality against women&rsquo
s access to land still persists. Some women have access to land for agricultural purpose but few own it. The findings suggest that a number of factors including age, place of residence, marital status, ethnic group, literacy, educational level, of women are associated with the ability of women to access and acquire land. The sustainable livelihood framework is a theory that guided this study. Diversification is commonly used to prevent time of risks and shocks. In general, the study shows that the proportion of women who had access to land was 16% in 2004. This figure dropped to 14% in 2007.

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Kruger, Heleen Philippine. "The social and institutional aspects of industry-driven fruit fly area-wide management in Australian horticulture industries." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/201671.

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Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) (QFly) is one of Australia’s most problematic horticultural pests. Key pesticides traditionally used to manage the pest, fenthion and dimethoate, have recently been restricted, resulting in area-wide management (AWM) of QFly becoming a key recommended practice. AWM involves management of the entire pest population by coordinating management strategies across all key pest sources throughout a geographical region. If successful, AWM requires fewer pesticides than traditional farm-by-farm approaches as it reduces the overall pest pressure in a region. It can potentially contribute to supporting market access to QFly-sensitive markets. Success depends on achieving and maintaining cooperation between a critical mass of landholders with QFly hosts on their land as unmanaged hosts provide breeding places for QFly. The increased push for AWM coincides with state governments tending to reduce direct on-ground support for pest management. It is increasingly up to local industries to take the reins of implementing AWM programs. A considerable literature about AWM is available, but it focuses mainly on technical and economic aspects. This research investigated the social and institutional aspects of industry-driven AWM programs based on two research questions: (1) What social and institutional factors influence the success of industry-driven AWM at the local level and how can success be maximised?; and (2) What are the main constraints to an enabling environment for industry-driven AWM implementation and how can these be mitigated? Three case studies, together with literature about socio-ecological systems, were explored to answer question 1. This involved 43 semi-structured interviews, three focus groups and a grower survey involving 98 respondents across the cases. Question 2 was answered based on 33 semi-structured interviews with people operating in the broader QFly management innovation system, representing the technological, institutional, organisational and operational aspects of the QFly domain. These findings together with the grower survey results were analysed through the lens of Agricultural Innovation Systems thinking. The research found that the feasibility of industry-driven AWM depends on factors at the local level and within the broader QFly management innovation system. Locally, a social profile favourable to AWM includes a relatively homogenous grower community; high levels of social capital; existing opportunities to monitor compliance; and a high ratio between those who have an incentive to manage QFly and those who do not. As every region is unique, AWM is best approached through adaptive co-management to bolster local QFly knowledge and support a common narrative and adaptive capacity. This involves ‘learning by doing’ and drawing on different knowledge systems including QFly biology and behaviour; market access; community engagement; and different forms of local knowledge. Market access requirements are best seen as ‘bolt-on’ components. To carry out adaptive co-management, local industries need to be able to readily access the needed knowledge, capabilities and resources. The broader QFly management innovation system needs to be responsive to meeting these needs. Training for key local stakeholders can assist in overcoming limited local capacities. This work found that in the multi-level biosecurity world, the local level can easily become disconnected. Knowledge brokers and interconnected innovation platforms can ensure strong two-way information flow between local programs and other players, such as policy-makers, researchers and market access personnel. Other key difficulties to local industries include the reliance on voluntary approaches for securing wide-spread support and establishing a sustainable income. Complementary policy mechanisms tailored to local conditions to back-up industry-driven approaches are recommended. This research makes an important contribution to successful future QFly management by complementing prevailing high investment in improving QFly management technologies.
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Pažitný, Michael. "Ochrana vlastnického práva v rozhodovací praxi soudů v České republice." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-350252.

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The dissertation titled "Protection of property rights in the decision-making practice of courts in the Czech Republic" gives a holistic view of the decisions of courts of general judicial system and the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic in matters relating to the conditions, manner, and limits of the property rights protection. The topic is understood as an interpretation of various institutes in which the courts' decisions claims the most, and as a summary of judgments reflecting every single institute. The dissertation captures the judicial decision-making practice, taking into account the state of the legislation in force until 31 December 2013. The empirical part of the dissertation which corresponds to the selected assignment is preceded by a necessary interpretation of theoretical, doctrinal and historical bases of the topic. The dissertation also reminds the in time-varying insight into the nature, meaning and object of property rights and on the level and ways of protection in the Roman law jurisprudence and civil codes that directly affected the courts application practice in the territory of the present-day Czech Republic. An interpretation of privatization and restitution process that took place in our society after 1989 is an important link between the theoretical and the...
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Piskorz-Szpytka, Alicja. "Obowiązki nabywców znacznych pakietów akcji spółek publicznych nałożone na podmioty dominujące oraz działające w porozumieniu." Doctoral thesis, 2016. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/1949.

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Przedmiotem badań dysertacji doktorskiej jest problematyka prawna dotycząca nałożenia obowiązków nabywców znacznych pakietów akcji na podmioty, które w sposób pośredni lub poprzez kolektywne działanie mogą wywierać wpływ na spółkę publiczną, a mianowicie na podmioty dominujące wobec akcjonariuszy spółek publicznych (które łącznie tworzą grupę kapitałową) i na podmioty, które zawierają prawnie kwalifikowane porozumienia dotyczące spółki publicznej (ang. acting in concert). Analiza obejmuje przede wszystkim przepisy zawarte w ustawie z dnia 29 lipca 2005 r. o ofercie publicznej i warunkach wprowadzania instrumentów finansowych do zorganizowanego systemu obrotu oraz o spółkach publicznych (tekst jedn.: Dz.U. z 2013 r., poz. 1382 ze zm., dalej jako: „u.o.p.”) ustanawiające obowiązki nabywców znacznych pakietów akcji – to jest obowiązki informacyjne (inaczej: obowiązki w zakresie ujawnienia stanu posiadania) i wezwaniowe oraz – powstającą z tytułu ich naruszenia – cywilnoprawną sankcję zakazu wykonywania prawa głosu. Poddane badaniu obowiązki stanowią w przeważającej mierze implementację unijnego prawa pochodnego oraz wchodzą w skład szczególnych mechanizmów ochronnych na rynku kapitałowym. Mechanizmy te stanowią odpowiedź prawodawcy na zidentyfikowane ryzyko, które może się materializować wobec uczestników rynku, zwłaszcza wobec inwestorów. Ze względu na fakt, że możliwość wywierania wpływu na spółkę publiczną nie musi wiązać się z koniecznością bezpośredniego i samodzielnego posiadania znacznego pakietu akcji, ustawodawca rozszerzył zakres podmiotowy obowiązków również na inne (niż pojedynczy akcjonariusz) podmioty, w tym właśnie na podmioty dominujące i działające w porozumieniu. W u.o.p. za ich naruszenie zostały przewidziane sankcje administracyjne oraz sankcja zakazu wykonywania prawa głosu. Odpowiednio skonstruowane przepisy przewidujące sankcje powinny ustanawiać skuteczny i proporcjonalny mechanizm zabezpieczenia wykonania obowiązków ustawowych.Rozważania skoncentrowano wokół ogólnego problemu badawczego, jakim jest znalezienie optymalnych rozwiązań normatywnych w zakresie nałożenia obowiązków informacyjnych i wezwaniowych na podmioty dominujące oraz działające w porozumieniu – w rozumieniu takim, że umożliwiałyby one osiągnięcie zamierzonych celów oraz jednocześnie nie stwarzałyby zbędnych obciążeń prawnych dla ich adresatów, co może mieć negatywny wpływ na funkcjonowanie rynku kapitałowego. Istotne jest skonstruowanie takich rozwiązań, które uwzględniałyby specyfikę okoliczności ich powstania wobec poszczególnych grup adresatów. Podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na następujące pytanie badawcze: czy obowiązujące w u.o.p. rozwiązania normatywne w zakresie nałożenia obowiązków nabywców znacznych pakietów akcji na podmioty dominujące i działające w porozumieniu oraz ustanowionej sankcji zakazu wykonywania prawa głosu z tytułu ich naruszenia przez wskazane podmioty, stanowią rozwiązania optymalne? Wyprowadzona została ogólna hipoteza badawcza, że nie są one rozwiązaniami optymalnymi i wymagają zmian. Podstawowym celem badawczym było zatem udzielenie odpowiedzi na powyższe pytanie i w konsekwencji weryfikacja wyprowadzonej hipotezy badawczej. Aby zrealizować to zamierzenie, przeprowadzono – co było stadialnym celem badawczym – interpretację przepisów nakładających obowiązki informacyjne i wezwaniowe na podmioty dominujące i działające w porozumieniu oraz ustanawiających sankcję zakazu wykonywania prawa głosu. Pozwoliło to na sformułowanie wniosków de lege lata na tle poszczególnych regulacji, co z kolei stanowiło materiał niezbędny do dokonania ich oceny pod kątem postawionego pytania badawczego. Ostatnim celem badawczym było zaproponowanie postulatów de lege ferenda, których uwzględnienie umożliwiłoby przybliżenie obowiązujących regulacji do rozwiązań optymalnych. Ze względu na założone cele rozważania przeprowadzono w oparciu o dogmatycznoprawną metodę badawczą. Pomocniczo wykorzystana została metoda historyczna oraz prawnoporównawcza. Do analizy wybrano przepisy prawa brytyjskiego oraz niemieckiego.Dysertacja doktorska składa się z czterech rozdziałów, które poprzedza część zatytułowana Wstęp, a wieńczy Zakończenie. Zasadniczo budowa każdego z rozdziałów opiera się na następujących elementach: uwagi wprowadzające, charakterystyka rozwiązań przyjętych w prawie unijnym i wybranych obcych systemach prawnych, ratio legis i geneza określonej regulacji, analiza rozwiązań przyjętych w prawie polskim oraz podsumowanie. Rozdział 1 stanowi ogólne przedstawienie problematyki dotyczącej obowiązków nabywców znacznych pakietów akcji. Rozdział 2 obejmuje analizę przepisów nakładających przedmiotowe obowiązki na podmioty dominujące. Poruszone zostały trzy szczegółowe wątki badawcze. Pierwszy wątek obejmuje przede wszystkim analizę definicji legalnej pojęcia podmiotu dominującego. Ze względu, że pojęcie to wiąże się z pojęciami podmiotu zależnego i grupy kapitałowej, również one zostały syntetycznie scharakteryzowane. Drugi wątek obejmuje analizę przepisów ustanawiających konkretne obowiązki w zakresie okoliczności ich powstania wobec podmiotów dominujących. Trzeci zaś wątek dotyczy analizy zagadnień prawnych pojawiających się na tle sposobu ich wykonywania. W odniesieniu do sposobu wykonania obowiązków informacyjnych badania oscylowały wokół ustalenia treści zawiadomienia składanego przez podmiot dominujący oraz kwestii, czy w przypadku powstania takiego obowiązku wobec podmiotu zależnego zawiadomienie może zostać złożone przez jego podmiot dominujący. W odniesieniu natomiast do sposobu wykonania obowiązków wezwaniowych podjęta została analiza mająca na celu ustalenie, który podmiot – w przypadku powstania obowiązku wezwaniowego wobec więcej niż jednego podmiotu wchodzącego w skład tej samej grupy kapitałowej – powinien ogłosić wezwanie i nabyć akcje w wyniku jego ogłoszenia. Podobną strukturę, tyle że na gruncie nałożenia obowiązków na podmioty działające w porozumieniu, nadano rozdziałowi 3. Pierwszy wątek badawczy obejmuje obszerną analizę definicji działania w porozumieniu. W ramach drugiego wątku badaniu poddano przepisy nakładające konkretne obowiązki w zakresie okoliczności ich powstania wobec podmiotów działających w porozumieniu. Wreszcie trzeci wątek dotyczy analizy zagadnień prawnych pojawiających się na tle sposobu ich wykonywania. W zakresie sposobu wykonania obowiązków informacyjnych rozważania dotyczyły ustalenia treści zawiadomienia oraz który podmiot, będący stroną porozumienia, powinien lub jest uprawniony do jego dokonania. Natomiast w zakresie sposobu wykonania obowiązków wezwaniowych podjęto próbę ustalenia, który podmiot (czy wszystkie), będący stroną porozumienia, powinien ogłosić wezwanie i nabyć akcje w ramach tego wezwania. Rozdział 4 został poświęcony zagadnieniom prawnym pojawiającym się na tle sankcji zakazu wykonywania prawa głosu za naruszenie obowiązków nabywców znacznych pakietów akcji przez podmioty dominujące i działające w porozumieniu. Podstawowym przedmiotem analizy było ustalenie, kiedy naruszenie poszczególnych obowiązków informacyjnych i wezwaniowych przez wspomniane podmioty powoduje powstanie sankcji, w jakim zakresie ona powstaje (które akcje są objęte zakazem), czy może ona objąć akcje nienależące bezpośrednio do podmiotu, który dopuścił się danego naruszenia, oraz czy obowiązuje ona bezterminowo, czy w przypadku „następczego” wykonania obowiązku przestaje obowiązywać. W Zakończeniu została udzielona odpowiedź na postawione pytanie badawcze i tym samym została zweryfikowana hipoteza badawcza. Przedstawiono ponadto najważniejsze wnioski de lege lata oraz postulaty de lege ferenda dotyczące rozwiązań, na tle których pojawiły się znaczne wątpliwości interpretacyjne albo dotyczące wprowadzenia regulacji, których brak w u.o.p.Dysertacja doktorska została przygotowana z uwzględnieniem stanu prawnego obowiązującego na 3 marca 2016 r.
The subject of this dissertation are the legal issues concerning the imposition of obligations of purchasers of material blocks of shares in public companies on entities which indirectly or through collective action are in a position to affect the functioning of a public company, namely on the parent entities of shareholders in public companies (which together create the relevant capital group) and those acting in concert. The analysis mostly concerns the provisions of the Act of 29 July 2005 on Public Offering, Conditions Governing the Introduction of Financial Instruments to Organized Trading, and Public Companies (consolidated text: OJ 2013 Item 1382, with amendments, hereinafter referred to as “the Act”) in which are stipulated obligations of purchasers of material blocks of shares, viz. information obligations (disclosure of shareholdings), obligations concerning tender offers, and the civil-law sanction of prohibition of exercise of voting rights which may be imposed on violators of these obligations. The aforementioned provisions implement European Union directives and form part of the special protective mechanisms of the capital market. These mechanisms mark the legislator’s response to identified risks which can materialize with regard to participants of the capital market, investors in particular. Due to the fact that being in a position to exert influence on a public company need not involve direct and independent ownership of a significant block of shares, the legislator extended the scope of the relevant obligations onto parent entities and those acting in concert. The Act provides for administrative sanctions, as well as prohibition of exercise of voting rights for entities violating their information (disclosure) and offer-related obligations. Well-designed sanction provisions should produce an effective and proportionate mechanism safeguarding the performance of those statutory obligations which the sanctions are intended to protect.Discussion focuses on the general research problem of finding optimal normative solutions for imposing obligations on purchasers of material blocks of shares on parent entities and persons acting in concert, with the understanding that any such solutions should achieve their purpose while not creating unnecessary regulatory burdens for the addressee, what could have negative impact on the functioning of the capital market. It is important to design solutions that would take into account the specificity of the circumstances in which the obligations arise for particular groups of addresses. The goal is to answer the following research question: are the Act’s normative solutions concerning the imposition of obligations of purchasers of material blocks of shares on parent entities, those acting in concert, and the sanction of prohibition of exercise of voting rights for violators optimal normative solutions? The dissertation ventured from the general hypothesis that these solutions are not optimal and require changes. The primary goal of the dissertation is therefore to answer the aforementioned research question and, in consequence, verify the hypothesis. To this end, as an intermediate research goal, analysis was carried out of the provisions imposing information and offer-related obligations, as well as provisions establishing the sanction of prohibition of exercise of voting rights. This permitted conclusions de lege lata concerning the various specific provisions, which supplied the necessary material for their assessment in the light of the main research question. The final goal is to propose conclusions de lege ferenda to help create optimal normative solutions. Owing to the research goals discussion follows the dogmatic method. Supplementary discussion follows the historical and comparative law method. For the analysis were selected British and German law.The dissertation consists of four numbered chapters, preceded and followed by sections titled “Introduction” and “Conclusions” respectively. Basically, the construction of each of the chapters is based on the following elements: introductory remarks, the characteristics of the solutions adopted in European Union law and selected foreign legal systems, ratio legis and the genesis of a particular regulation, the analysis of the solutions adopted in the Polish law and a summary. Chapter 1 provides a general overview of obligations of purchasers of material blocks of shares. Chapter 2 proceeds to analysis of the provisions imposing obligations on parent entities, discussing three specific research topics: The first mostly focuses on the legal definition of a parent entity. As this definition is associated with the definitions of a subsidiary and a capital group, those also are synthetically characterized. The second consists in analysis of the provisions imposing obligations in the scope of the circumstances in which the obligations arise for parent entities. The third looks into the manner in which the obligations are to be performed. As regards the performance of information obligations, the focus of the research was to determine the contents of the notification required of the parent entity and whether this obligation, where arising for a subsidiary, may be fulfilled by its parent entity. As regards the performance of obligations concerning tender offers, considered next is which entity – in those cases when such obligations arise for multiple entities belonging to the same capital group – ought to be the one submitting the offer and acquiring shares as a result. Chapter 3 follows the same structure but with regard to the imposition of obligations on persons acting in concert. The first topic deals widely with the definition of those acting in concert. The second consists in analysis of the provisions imposing obligations in the scope of the circumstances in which the obligations arise for those acting in concert. The third looks into the manner in which the obligations are to be performed. The focus is to determine the contents of the notification and who of those acting in concert ought to or may perform the respective obligations (give notification, submit the offer, acquire the shares). Chapter 4 is devoted to issues surrounding the sanction of prohibition of exercise of voting rights for breach of obligations of purchasers of material blocks of shares by parent entities and those acting in concert. The primary purpose of this chapter is to determine when a breach of obligation by a parent entity or one acting in concert triggers the sanction and the extent of that sanction (what shares are affected) and if the sanction may affect the shares which does not directly belong to the entity which breach concrete obligation. The last-mentioned problem concerns the duration of the sanction, i.e. whether the sanction remains in place indefinitely after the breach or ceases with subsequent performance of the obligation breached. The final part of the dissertation, Conclusions, proposes an answer to the main research question and, in consequence, verifies the hypothesis. It also lays out the most important conclusions de lege lata and recommendations de lege ferenda concerning those normative solutions as to which doubts have arisen and appropriate solutions the Act is missing.The dissertation considers the law in force as at 3 March 2016.
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