Journal articles: 'Action Observation Treatment'

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Buccino, Giovanni. "Action observation treatment: a novel tool in neurorehabilitation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1644 (June 5, 2014): 20130185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0185.

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This review focuses on a novel rehabilitation approach known as action observation treatment (AOT). It is now a well-accepted notion in neurophysiology that the observation of actions performed by others activates in the perceiver the same neural structures responsible for the actual execution of those same actions. Areas endowed with this action observation–action execution matching mechanism are defined as the mirror neuron system. AOT exploits this neurophysiological mechanism for the recovery of motor impairment. During one typical session, patients observe a daily action and afterwards execute it in context. So far, this approach has been successfully applied in the rehabilitation of upper limb motor functions in chronic stroke patients, in motor recovery of Parkinson's disease patients, including those presenting with freezing of gait, and in children with cerebral palsy. Interestingly, this approach also improved lower limb motor functions in post-surgical orthopaedic patients. AOT is well grounded in basic neuroscience, thus representing a valid model of translational medicine in the field of neurorehabilitation. Moreover, the results concerning its effectiveness have been collected in randomized controlled studies, thus being an example of evidence-based clinical practice.

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KRASKOV, ALEXANDER. "The role of inhibition in action observation treatment." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 54, no. 9 (July 5, 2012): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04356.x.

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D’Innocenzo, Giorgia, Alexander V. Nowicky, and Daniel T. Bishop. "Dynamic task observation: A gaze-mediated complement to traditional action observation treatment?" Behavioural Brain Research 379 (February 2020): 112351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112351.

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Rossi, Fabio, Federica Savi, Andrea Prestia, Andrea Mongardi, Danilo Demarchi, and Giovanni Buccino. "Combining Action Observation Treatment with a Brain–Computer Interface System: Perspectives on Neurorehabilitation." Sensors 21, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 8504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248504.

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Action observation treatment (AOT) exploits a neurophysiological mechanism, matching an observed action on the neural substrates where that action is motorically represented. This mechanism is also known as mirror mechanism. In a typical AOT session, one can distinguish an observation phase and an execution phase. During the observation phase, the patient observes a daily action and soon after, during the execution phase, he/she is asked to perform the observed action at the best of his/her ability. Indeed, the execution phase may sometimes be difficult for those patients where motor impairment is severe. Although, in the current practice, the physiotherapist does not intervene on the quality of the execution phase, here, we propose a stimulation system based on neurophysiological parameters. This perspective article focuses on the possibility to combine AOT with a brain–computer interface system (BCI) that stimulates upper limb muscles, thus facilitating the execution of actions during a rehabilitation session. Combining a rehabilitation tool that is well-grounded in neurophysiology with a stimulation system, such as the one proposed, may improve the efficacy of AOT in the treatment of severe neurological patients, including stroke patients, Parkinson’s disease patients, and children with cerebral palsy.

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Palomo-Carrión, Rocío, Juan Carlos Zuil-Escobar, Myriam Cabrera-Guerra, Paloma Barreda-Martínez, and Carmen Belén Martínez-Cepa. "Mirror Therapy and Action Observation Therapy to Increase the Affected Upper Limb Functionality in Children with Hemiplegia: A Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031051.

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The movements of the affected upper limb in infantile hemiplegia are slower and clumsy. This leads to a decrease in the use of the affected hand. The visual effect obtained using the mirror box and the observation of actions in another individual can activate the same structural neuronal cells responsible for the execution of these actions. This research will study the affected upper limb functionality in hemiplegia infantile from 6 to 12 years old after the application of two intervention protocols: observation action therapy and mirror therapy combined with observation action therapy. Children with a diagnose of congenital infantile hemiplegia will be recruited to participate in a randomized controlled trial with two intervention protocols during four weeks (1 h per/day; 5 sessions per/week): Mirror Therapy Action Observation (MTAO) or Action Observation Therapy (AOT). The study variables will be: spontaneous use, measured with the Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA); manual ability measured with the Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT); surface electromyography of the flexors and extensors muscles of the wrist and grasp strength through a grip dynamometer. Four assessments will be performed: At baseline situation, at the end of treatment, 3 and 6 months after treatment (follow-up assessments). This study will study the effects of these therapies on the use of the affected upper limb in children with hemiplegia.

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Hsieh, Yu-Wei, Yu-Hsuan Lin, Jun-Ding Zhu, Ching-Yi Wu, Yun-Ping Lin, and Chih-Chi Chen. "Treatment Effects of Upper Limb Action Observation Therapy and Mirror Therapy on Rehabilitation Outcomes after Subacute Stroke: A Pilot Study." Behavioural Neurology 2020 (January 2, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6250524.

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Background. Action observation therapy and mirror therapy, two promising rehabilitation strategies, are aimed at enhancing the motor learning and functional improvement of stroke patients through different patterns of visual feedback and observation. Objective. This study investigated and compared the treatment effects of the action observation therapy, mirror therapy, and active control intervention on motor and functional outcomes of stroke patients. Methods. Twenty-one patients with subacute stroke were recruited in this study. All patients were randomly assigned to the action observation therapy, mirror therapy, or active control intervention for 3 weeks. Outcome measures were conducted at baseline, immediately after treatment, and at 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome was the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, and secondary outcomes included the Box and Block Test, Functional Independence Measure, and Stroke Impact Scale. Descriptive analyses and the number of patients whose change score achieved minimal clinically important difference were reported. Results. Both the action observation therapy and active control intervention showed similar improvements on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Box and Block Test, and Stroke Impact Scale. Moreover, the action observation therapy had a greater improvement on the Functional Independence Measure than the other 2 groups did. However, the mirror therapy group gained the least improvements on the outcomes. Conclusion. The preliminary results found that the patients in the action observation therapy and active control intervention groups had comparable benefits, suggesting that the 2 treatments might be used as an alternative to each other. A further large-scale study with at least 20 patients in each group to validate the study findings is needed. This trial is registered with NCT02871700.

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Hioka, Akemi, Yoshiteru Tada, Keiko Kitazato, Naoki Akazawa, Yasushi Takagi, and Shinji Nagahiro. "Action observation treatment improves gait ability in subacute to convalescent stroke patients." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 75 (May 2020): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.03.031.

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Toro, Christina del, and Megan Cuellar. "Action Observation Treatment for Verb Naming in Aphasia: Picture vs. Video Stimuli." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 100, no. 10 (October 2019): e39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2019.08.098.

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Zabolotskiy, A. "Observation of the action of ichthyol in women's practice." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 7, no. 3 (September 6, 2020): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd73279-282.

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The author used ichthyol in 278 cases, using it not only in gynecological cases, but for the treatment of this organism in general, guided by the following pharmacological data: being the double salts of ichthyosulfinic sodium sodium with ammonium, zinc, lithium and containing mainly sulfur, greedily combines with water, what is the effect of reduction and drying; and the ability to irritate tissues less than other drugs has already been proven Unn, They constrict blood vessels, absorb the liquid parts of inflammatory products, (bloodless tissues, and quickly destroy their swelling).

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Santamato, Andrea, Maurizio Ranieri, Nicoletta Cinone, Lucia Anna Stuppiello, Giovanni Valeno, Jula Laura De Sanctis, Francesca Fortunato, et al. "Postural and Balance Disorders in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Prospective Open-Label Feasibility Study with Two Months of Action Observation Treatment." Parkinson's Disease 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/902738.

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Action observation treatment has been proposed as therapeutic option in rehabilitation of patients affected by Parkinson’s disease (PD) to improve freezing of gait episodes. The purpose of this prospective open-label feasibility study was to evaluate the impact of 8-week action observation training (video-therapy) for the treatment of postural instability and balance impairment in PD patients. Fifteen PD patients aged under 80 years with scores of 1 to 3 on the Hoehn and Yahr staging and without evidence of freezing of gait were recruited. They underwent 24 sessions of video-therapy training based on carefully watching video clips on motor tasks linked to balance, subsequently performing the same observed movements. No statistically significant differences were observed in the identified outcome measures with the Berg Balance Scale and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale after two months of follow-up. In the present study, a short course of action observation treatment seems to be not effective in reducing balance impairments and postural instability in patients affected by mild to moderate PD. Further studies with larger samples, longer follow-up period, and standardized protocols of action observation treatment are needed to investigate the effects of this rehabilitation technique in the management of postural and balance disorders of PD patients.

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Raghava Neelapala, Y. V., and Apoorva Shankaranarayana. "Action observation as a treatment option for fear avoidance behavior in chronic spinal pain." Medical Hypotheses 137 (April 2020): 109535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109535.

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Lee, Jaime, Robert Fowler, Daniel Rodney, Leora Cherney, and Steven L. Small. "IMITATE: An intensive computer-based treatment for aphasia based on action observation and imitation." Aphasiology 24, no. 4 (September 17, 2009): 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02687030802714157.

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Quadrelli, Ermanno, Anna Anzani, Matteo Ferri, Nadia Bolognini, Angelo Maravita, Fabio Zambonin, and Chiara Turati. "Electrophysiological correlates of action observation treatment in children with cerebral palsy: A pilot study." Developmental Neurobiology 79, no. 11-12 (November 2019): 934–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22734.

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Scalona, Emilia, Doriana De Marco, Maria Chiara Bazzini, Arturo Nuara, Adolfo Zilli, Elisa Taglione, Fabrizio Pasqualetti, et al. "A Repertoire of Virtual-Reality, Occupational Therapy Exercises for Motor Rehabilitation Based on Action Observation." Data 7, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data7010009.

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There is a growing interest in action observation treatment (AOT), i.e., a rehabilitative procedure combining action observation, motor imagery, and action execution to promote the recovery, maintenance, and acquisition of motor abilities. AOT studies employed basic upper limb gestures as stimuli, but—in principle—the AOT approach can be effectively extended to more complex actions like occupational gestures. Here, we present a repertoire of virtual-reality (VR) stimuli depicting occupational therapy exercises intended for AOT, potentially suitable for occupational safety and injury prevention. We animated a humanoid avatar by fitting the kinematics recorded by a healthy subject performing the exercises. All the stimuli are available via a custom-made graphical user interface, which allows the user to adjust several visualization parameters like the viewpoint, the number of repetitions, and the observed movement’s speed. Beyond providing clinicians with a set of VR stimuli promoting via AOT the recovery of goal-oriented, occupational gestures, such a repertoire could extend the use of AOT to the field of occupational safety and injury prevention.

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Pangaribuan, Resmi. "PERSEPSI PERAWAT TERHADAP PRINSIP-PRINSIP ETIK DALAM PELAKSANAAN TINDAKAN KEPERAWATAN DI ICU RUMAH SAKIT TK. II PUTRI HIJAU MEDAN." Jurnal Riset Hesti Medan Akper Kesdam I/BB Medan 1, no. 1 (August 14, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34008/jurhesti.v1i1.6.

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The nursing ethics were value and principles trusted by the nursing profession in carring out their duties related to the patient with society, the relationship between nurses and mates included the organization of the profession, as well as the regulation of nursing practice it self. The nurse perception to the ethical principles was able to influence the behavior of a nurse in making decision of nursing action. The aim of this observation is to explore the nurse perception to the ethichal principlesin implementation nursing action at Intensive Care Unit level II Putri Hijau Hospital Medan, this observation was done to nurse with four respondents. The method of phenomenological qualitative. The sample with purposive sampling. Data was collected nursing indepth interview and then recorded by tape recorder. The results of observation reflected from six themes appearing which were agreed in doing treatment. Patient or patient’s family have right to refuse the treatment by giving sign of non-consent letter, to appreciate the patient and the family using traditional ways, tot the useful, and avoiding the dangerous thing to the patient. Religion teaches good deeds, never different patients, and to take early treatment in accordance with the cases priority, give complete information.The conclusion of this observation was glance perception of nurses in implementing the nursing treatment. Key words: The Nursing’s perception, Ethichal principles, Nursing action

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Kılınç, Özgür Kıvılcım. "The Symptoms of Herbicidal Action: The Case of Aclonifen." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, no. 6 (April 5, 2015): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i6.472-477.391.

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The symptoms which were directly bound to the biochemical mode of action of an herbicide, other symptoms result from an indirect consequence of this action. The symptoms of herbicidal action deeply differed and that the climatic factors during the two first weeks after treatment could change definitely the result of the selective herbicide action. The repetitive observation of symptoms allows to inform the farmer about the tolerance or resistance of certain plant species, including the culture, for instance through the appearance of symptoms on the first leaves of the seedlings and their absence in the following leaves. As a whole, the accurate observation of herbicidal symptoms on plants is the essential, rapid and non-expensive analysis of treatment effectiveness at the field scale. The purpose of the current report is to describe the symptoms of a very complex herbicidal action, that of aclonifen involving two modes of action for the same molecule, approximately at the same concentration, and to compare these symptoms under field conditions and under controlled conditions, for a better understanding.

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Marangolo, Paola, Susanna Cipollari, Valentina Fiori, Carmela Razzano, and Carlo Caltagirone. "Walking but Not Barking Improves Verb Recovery: Implications for Action Observation Treatment in Aphasia Rehabilitation." PLoS ONE 7, no. 6 (June 13, 2012): e38610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038610.

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Villafañe, Jorge Hugo, Maria Isgrò, Maria Borsatti, Pedro Berjano, Caterina Pirali, and Stefano Negrini. "Effects of action observation treatment in recovery after total knee replacement: a prospective clinical trial." Clinical Rehabilitation 31, no. 3 (July 10, 2016): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215516642605.

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Bellelli, Giuseppe, Giovanni Buccino, Bruno Bernardini, Alessandro Padovani, and Marco Trabucchi. "Action Observation Treatment Improves Recovery of Postsurgical Orthopedic Patients: Evidence for a Top-Down Effect?" Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 91, no. 10 (October 2010): 1489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2010.07.013.

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Zhu, Jun-Ding, Yu-Hsuan Lin, and Yu-Wei Hsieh. "Treatment Effects of Action Observation Therapy in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 97, no. 10 (October 2016): e142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2016.08.441.

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Mancuso, Mauro, Serena Di Tondo, Enza Costantini, Alessio Damora, Patrizio Sale, and Laura Abbruzzese. "Action Observation Therapy for Upper Limb Recovery in Patients with Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study." Brain Sciences 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030290.

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Due to the complexity of the interventions for upper limb recovery, at the moment there is a lack of evidence regarding innovative and effective rehabilitative interventions. Action Observation Training (AOT) constitutes a promising rehabilitative method to improve upper limb motor recovery in stroke patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential efficacy of AOT, both in upper limb recovery and in functional outcomes when compared to patients treated with task oriented training (TOT). Both treatments were added to traditional rehabilitative treatment. Thirty-two acute stroke patients at 15.6 days (±8.3) from onset, with moderate to severe upper limb impairment at baseline following their first-ever stroke, were enrolled and randomized into two groups: 16 in the experimental group (EG) and 16 in the control group (CG). The EG underwent 30 min sessions of AOT, and the CG underwent 30 min sessions of TOT. All participants received 20 sessions of treatment for four consecutive weeks (five days/week). The Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Box and Block Test (BBT), Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) were administered at baseline (T0) and at the end of treatment (T1). No statistical differences were found at T0 for inclusion criteria between the CG and EG, whereas both groups improved significantly at T1. After the treatment period, the rehabilitative gain was greater in the EG compared to the CG for FMA-UE and FIM (all p < 0.05). Our results suggest that AOT can contribute to increased motor recovery in subacute stroke patients with moderate to severe upper limb impairment in the early phase after stroke. The improvements presented in this article, together with the lack of adverse events, confirm that the use of AOT should be broadened out to larger pools of subacute stroke patients.

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Stassen, H. H., J. Angst, and A. Delini-Stula. "Delayed onset of action of antidepressant drugs? Survey of recent results." European Psychiatry 12, no. 4 (1997): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)89100-6.

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SummaryThe onset of action of antidepressant drugs was investigated on the basis of two independent multicenter, double-blind efficacy studies comparing amitriptyline (n = 120), oxaprotiline (n = 120), imipramine (n = 506) and moclobemide (n = 580) with placebo (n = 189 + 191). The samples consisted of in- and outpatients diagnosed, according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III criteria, as suffering from major depressive disorder. Measures of efficacy criteria were the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A) and the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale. By using the Sustained Relative Improvement (SRI) criterion, onset of action was determined in each individual patient as that time point in the 30 day observation period at which a 20% baseline score reduction was achieved without subsequent deterioration. Analogously, a response to treatment was defined as a 50% baseline score reduction. As expected, highly significant differences between active drugs and placebo were found with respect to the total number of improvers and responders. Significant differences between treatment modalities surfaced in the percentage rate as well as the time distribution of premature withdrawals. Yet, unexpectedly, among improvers, the time spans to onset of improvement were found to be independent of treatment modality as indicated by virtually identical cumulative percentages of improvers throughout the whole observation period. The picture was essentially the same for the HAM-A and Zung assessments, except for a significant time lag between observer- and self-ratings. In particular, our analyses revealed no evidence for a delayed onset of action under various antidepressants with large biochemical and pharmacological differences in comparison to placebo. Moreover, the early onset of improvement was highly predictive of later outcome: on average, 70% of the patients showing improvement within the first 14 days became responders. Applying survival-analytical methods, we found that differences between active treatments and placebo emerged within the first 5 days and reached a point of maximum distinction around day 14. After this time point, differences between treatment modalities remained constant until the end of the observation period. According to our data, 20–25% of the patients were, on average, ‘true’ drug responders, thus suggesting that the therapeutic qualities of antidepressants do not lie in the suppression of symptoms, but rather are related to their ability to elicit and maintain certain conditions which allow recovery in a subgroup of patients who would otherwise remain non-responders.

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Peng, Tzu-Hsuan, Jun-Ding Zhu, Chih-Chi Chen, Ruei-Yi Tai, Chia-Yi Lee, and Yu-Wei Hsieh. "Action observation therapy for improving arm function, walking ability, and daily activity performance after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Clinical Rehabilitation 33, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 1277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215519839108.

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Objective:This study was to investigate the effectiveness of action observation therapy on arm and hand motor function, walking ability, gait performance, and activities of daily living in stroke patients.Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Data sources:Searches were completed in January 2019 from electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and OTseeker.Review methods:Two independent reviewers performed data extraction and evaluated the study quality by the PEDro scale. The pooled effect sizes on different aspects of outcome measures were calculated. Subgroup analyses were performed to examine the impact of stroke phases on treatment efficacy.Results:Included were 17 articles with 600 patients. Compared with control treatments, the action observation therapy had a moderate effect size on arm and hand motor outcomes (Hedge’s g = 0.564; P < 0.001), a moderate to large effect size on walking outcomes (Hedge’s g = 0.779; P < 0.001), a large effect size on gait velocity (Hedge’s g = 0.990; P < 0.001), and a moderate to large effect size on activities of daily function (Hedge’s g = 0. 728; P = 0.004). Based on subgroup analyses, the action observation therapy showed moderate to large effect sizes in the studies of patients with acute/subacute stroke or those with chronic stroke (Hedge’s g = 0.661 and 0.783).Conclusion:This review suggests that action observation therapy is an effective approach for stroke patients to improve arm and hand motor function, walking ability, gait velocity, and daily activity performance.

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Zahller, Jeff, and Philip S. Stewart. "Transmission Electron Microscopic Study of Antibiotic Action on Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilm." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 8 (August 2002): 2679–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.8.2679-2683.2002.

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ABSTRACT The penetration of ampicillin and ciprofloxacin through biofilms formed by Klebsiella pneumoniae was confirmed by transmission electron microscopic observation of antibiotic-affected cells at the distal edge of the biofilm. Because the bacteria nevertheless survived antibiotic treatment, some protective mechanism other than inadequate penetration must have been at work in the biofilm.

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Sokolovskaya, Tatyana V., and Maria I. Tikhonova. "Cyclodestructive interventions in refractory glaucoma treatment: history, reality, perspectives." Ophthalmology journal 12, no. 3 (December 16, 2019): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ov11132.

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This article presents a historical evolution review of cyclodestructive methods in glaucoma treatment. It also provides the analysis of mechanism of action for each technology, their advantages and disadvantages. Results of clinical studies and most frequent complications of cyclodestructive procedures are also presented. The main attention is paid to the new MicroPulse laser technology, which is used for the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma at various stages in patients with high visual acuity, as well as refractory forms of glaucoma. Data of clinical and experimental morphological studies of various modifications of transscleral cyclophotocoagulation technology are specified. Theories, research hypothesis upon the mechanism of MicroPulse laser action. In most researchers opinion, despite the relatively short observation period (from 6 months to 5 years), MicroPulse technology is recognized as effective and advanced.

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Brandão, Marina de Brito. "Home‐based action observation treatment for children with unilateral cerebral palsy: strategies to promote intervention engagement." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 61, no. 11 (June 21, 2019): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14302.

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Aksenova, Inna. "Wave response of enzymatic processes in biological systems of water treatment and treatment of precipitation." MATEC Web of Conferences 212 (2018): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821203006.

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Theoretical studies of the wave response of enzymatic processes in biological systems of wastewater treatment reactors and treatment of precipitation have been carried out. At present, the use of various methods of wave action on the biological systems of water treatment reactors and treatment of precipitation in various types of reactors has been increased to intensify the processes of biological purification and treatment of precipitation. On the basis of this, the hypothesis of wave responses of enzymatic processes arose. The main research issue is to identify the wave response of enzymatic processes in stationary conditions and in the excited state of the system. This observation will allow to determine the limits of wave action on aerobic and anaerobic conversion of organic substrate, hydrolysis of high molecular weight organic compounds, nitrification, denitrification, as well as biological phosphorus removal. The main task of this study is the modeling of multicomponent processes, based on the results of identification and selectivity of the wave response in biological systems of wastewater treatment reactors and treatment of precipitation.

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Priyanto, Adi. "Peningkatan Kemampuan Pengenalan Sejarah Islam melalui Media Screabble Bagi Anak Usia Dini." KAGANGA: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Riset Sosial-Humaniora 1, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/kaganga.v1i2.387.

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The study aims to describe the process and learning achievement through scrabble media to stimulate the students in knowing the history of Islam to kindergarten students age 5-6 years old. The research was an action reseach on group B at TK Nurul Hidayah West Sumatera. The method of the study was Kemmis and Tagart method by applying some steps including planning, action, observation, and reflection. The techniques to collect the data were observation, interview, field noting, instruments of action observer and documentation. The data were analyzed through quantitative and qualitative method. The results in quantitative showed that the students ability at knowing the history of Islam was improved after treated by scrabble. It can be proved by the average of the percentage before treatment was 50.27%. After some treatments in cycle I, it was improved to 69% and it was also improved in cycle II for 85.95%. Based on the result, it can be concluded that scrabble can improve kindergarten students ability at knowing the history of Islam. Krewords: The history of Islam, Scrabble Media

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Sanchez, Deborah L., Adam J. Fusick, William B. Hudson, Jourdan E. Schmitz, Maria C. Catalano, and Glenn Catalano. "Ramelteon in the Treatment of Delirium: New Perspectives from Reported Findings and a Case Observation." Current Drug Therapy 14, no. 3 (October 23, 2019): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574885514666190308161421.

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: Ramelteon is a melatonin receptor agonist that is approved for the treatment of insomnia. It is widely used due to its relatively benign side effect profile and lack of dependence or withdrawal. Due to its tolerability, clinicians have attempted to utilize ramelteon to normalize the sleep/wake patterns in patients with delirium as a safer alternative to antipsychotics or other medications. We present the case of a 75-year-old man with long-standing dementia who was hospitalized due to mental status changes, agitation, and sleep disturbance. After addressing possible underlying causes with minimal improvement, the team initiated treatment with ramelteon (8mg nightly) which resulted in rapid improvement of symptoms. Uses and mechanisms of action of ramelteon will be reviewed, as well as current pharmacologic treatments of delirium. Prior research studies and case reports regarding the use of ramelteon in the treatment of delirium will be discussed and suggestions made regarding possible areas of future study.

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Toyama, S., and S. Toyama. "Functional alterations in beta'-actin from a KB cell mutant resistant to cytochalasin B." Journal of Cell Biology 107, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 1499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.107.4.1499.

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We recently described the isolation of mutant KB cells (Cyt 1 cells) resistant to the cytotoxic effect of cytochalasin B (CB). This mutant carried an altered beta-actin; i.e., beta'-actin (Toyama, S., and S. Toyama. 1984. Cell. 37:609-614). In the present study, we have examined the functional properties of actin in Cyt 1 cells. Our results showed that increased resistance of Cyt 1 cells to CB was reflected in altered properties of beta'-actin itself. This was shown directly by two findings. First, the polymerization of beta'-actin was more resistant than that of beta- or gamma-actin to the multiple effects of CB. Second, beta'-actin bound less CB than beta- or gamma-actin. The functional alteration of beta'-actin in Cyt 1 cells was further supported by the observation that, although treatment of KB cells with CB increased the pool of unpolymerized actin, the same treatment did not affect the pool of unpolymerized actin in Cyt 1 cells, and that microfilaments of Cyt 1 cells were more resistant to the disrupting action of CB than those of KB cells. These results strongly suggest that the primary site of action of CB on cell motility processes is actin.

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Qin, Le, Xiaoxiao Xie, Peipei Fang, and Jie Lin. "Prophylactic simvastatin treatment modulates the immune response and increases survival of mice following induction of lethal sepsis." Journal of International Medical Research 47, no. 8 (July 16, 2019): 3850–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060519858508.

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Objective To investigate whether and how simvastatin mediates protection from lethal sepsis, using a mouse model. Methods Sixty C57BL/6 mice were selected and divided into three groups (“control,” “model,” and “observation”; n = 20 mice per group). Mice in the model and observation groups underwent cecal ligation and puncture; mice in the observation group received simvastatin. After 24 hours of induced sepsis, serum concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were quantified by radioimmunoassay. Results The mean duration of survival of mice in the observation group was significantly longer than that of the model group. The serum concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-10, and MDA were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group. Serum SOD activities were significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group. Conclusions Simvastatin can alleviate symptoms of sepsis in mice and improve their rates of survival. The mechanism of action of simvastatin may be mediated by inhibition of the systemic inflammatory response and oxidative stress.

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BUCCINO, GIOVANNI, DANIELE ARISI, PATRICIA GOUGH, DANIELA APRILE, CHIARA FERRI, LUCIA SEROTTI, ALESSANDRA TIBERTI, and ELISA FAZZI. "Improving upper limb motor functions through action observation treatment: a pilot study in children with cerebral palsy." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 54, no. 9 (July 6, 2012): 822–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04334.x.

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Bischoff, Helge G., Ben van den Borne, Francisco L. Pimentel, Jorge Arellano, Frank Langer, Monika I. Leschinger, and Nicholas Thatcher. "Observation of the treatment and outcomes of patients receiving chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC in Europe (ACTION study)." Current Medical Research and Opinion 26, no. 6 (April 15, 2010): 1461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1185/03007991003799180.

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Buccino, Giovanni, Roberto Gatti, Maria C. Giusti, Anna Negrotti, Alice Rossi, Stefano Calzetti, and Stefano F. Cappa. "Action observation treatment improves autonomy in daily activities in Parkinson's disease patients: Results from a pilot study." Movement Disorders 26, no. 10 (May 5, 2011): 1963–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.23745.

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Santoro, Antonio, Marianna Delussi, Maurizio Leone, Anna Maria Miscio, Laura De Rocco, Gianluca Leo, and Marina De Tommaso. "Effects of Botulinum Toxin on Migraine Attack Features in Chronic Migraine: A Six-Month Open-Label Observation Study through Electronic Diary Smartphone Application." Toxins 11, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110668.

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OnobotulintoxinA (OBT-A) is a treatment option for Chronic Migraine (CM). It works on central sensitization and pain but its mode of action is still unknown. To observe how OBT-A treatment works on single migraine attacks, this paper covers an over-6-month observation period through self-reported smartphone application data. This was an observational, open-label cohort study conducted on 34 CM patients under OBT-A treatment, selected between December 2016 and December 2017, who agreed to download a smartphone headache diary application (Aid Diary) according to the study instructions. The analysis was conducted using the smartphone application data reports on allodynia, intensity and extension of pain, and vegetative symptoms. We analysed a total of 707 records of single migraine attacks reported by compliant users (n = 34) in real-time. OBT-A significantly reduced allodynia, the number of vegetative symptoms, pain extension and intensity in single migraine attacks. Pain intensity was correlated with pain extension. In single migraine attacks, OBT-A improved symptoms of central sensitization. This action could be exerted by modulating nociceptive transmission and reducing the burden of single migraine episodes and improving the overall quality of life.

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Sale, Patrizio, Maria Gabriella Ceravolo, and Marco Franceschini. "Action Observation Therapy in the Subacute Phase Promotes Dexterity Recovery in Right-Hemisphere Stroke Patients." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/457538.

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The clinical impact of action observation (AO) on upper limb functional recovery in subacute stroke patients is recent evidence. We sought to test the hypothesis that training everyday life activities through AO coupled with task execution might activate the left hemisphere different from the right one. Sixty-seven first-ever ischemic stroke subjects were randomly assigned to receive upper limb training coupled with AO tasks or standard rehabilitation. The groups were matched by age and gender, Bamford category, and interval from stroke and lesion side. Fugl-Meyer (FM) and Box and Block Test (BBT) were used to measure hand function recovery at the end (T1) and 4-5 months after the treatment (T2). At T1, FM was increased by 31% (±26%), of maximum achievable recovery, whereas BBT was increased by 17% (±18%); at T2, FM had reached 43% (±45%) of maximum recovery, while BBT had reached 25% (±22%). Combining the effects of treatment to those of lesion side revealed significantly higher gains, in both FM and BBT scores, in left hemiparetic subjects when exposed to AO as compared to standard rehabilitation alone (P<.01). The findings lead to recommend the use of AO in addition to motor training in left hemiparetic patients.

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Giachero, Alberto, Agnese Quadrini, Francesca Pisano, Melanie Calati, Cristian Rugiero, Laura Ferrero, Lorenzo Pia, and Paola Marangolo. "Procedural Learning through Action Observation: Preliminary Evidence from Virtual Gardening Activity in Intellectual Disability." Brain Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060766.

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Intellectual disability (ID) compromises intellectual and adaptive functioning. People with an ID show difficulty with procedural skills, with loss of autonomy in daily life. From an embodiment perspective, observation of action promotes motor skill learning. Among promising technologies, virtual reality (VR) offers the possibility of engaging the sensorimotor system, thus, improving cognitive functions and adaptive capacities. Indeed, VR can be used as sensorimotor feedback, which enhances procedural learning. In the present study, fourteen subjects with an ID underwent progressive steps training combined with VR aimed at learning gardening procedures. All participants were trained twice a week for fourteen weeks (total 28 sessions). Participants were first recorded while sowing zucchini, then they were asked to observe a virtual video which showed the correct procedure. Next, they were presented with their previous recordings, and they were asked to pay attention and to comment on the errors made. At the end of the treatment, the results showed that all participants were able to correctly garden in a real environment. Interestingly, action observation facilitated, not only procedural skills, but also specific cognitive abilities. This evidence emphasizes, for the first time, that action observation combined with VR improves procedural learning in ID.

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Mufrihah, Arina. "Treatment for Disruption of Smartphone Use in Learning Activity Through School-Wide Positive Behavior Support." GUIDENA: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Psikologi, Bimbingan dan Konseling 7, no. 1 (August 31, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/gdn.v7i1.677.

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This study is purposed for guiding students to use their smartphone appropriately and opportunely through School-Wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPB). Location of this research was at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Yogyakarta which used Classroom Action Research and Spiral Self-Reflective as its design. The research process was undertaken within 2 cycles where each cycle consists of the planning phase, action phase, and reflection phase. Group counseling and individual counseling were applied as the form of SWPB in which students who received these services were selected purposively. All data collected through observation, questionnaire, and interview. Respondents participated cooperatively during counseling service sessions; as a result, they can manage their selves to not use smartphone unless it is necessary for learning resource and assignment in the classroom.

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Colombo, N., and S. Pecorelli. "What have we learned from ICON1 and ACTION?" International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 13, Suppl 2 (2003): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200311001-00002.

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Still, 20–30% of women with early-stage ovarian cancer eventually die from their disease. Adequate treatment for this subset of patients has not yet been identified, the greatest dispute being about the role of adjuvant therapy after surgical staging. No randomized trial has reliably demonstrated a survival advantage for one of the many approaches over another or over careful observation without immediate further adjuvant therapy. A combined analysis of two parallel randomized clinical trials in early ovarian cancer, ICON 1 and ACTION, comparing platinum-containing adjuvant chemotherapy to observation following surgery was performed, with survival as primary end point and time to recurrence as a secondary one. A total of 924 patients were randomized. With over 4 years median follow up for survivors, the hazard ratio for recurrence-free survival is 0.64 (95% CI, 0.50–0.82; P = 0.001) in favor of adjuvant chemotherapy, with an absolute difference of 11%. For overall survival, the hazard ratio is 0.67 (95% CI, 0.50–0.90; P = 0.008) in favor of adjuvant chemotherapy. These results translate into an absolute difference of 8% in the adjuvant chemotherapy group and indicate that adjuvant platinum-containing chemotherapy improves the survival and disease-free survival. Sub-group analysis demonstrated in the ACTION trial that completeness of surgical staging was an independent factor for prognosis, both for progression-free and for overall survival (along with histological type and tumor grade), while in suboptimally staged patients, adjuvant chemotherapy did improve the outcome.

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Emalasari, Ni Putu Ayu, and I. Gusti Agung Ayu Wulandari. "Penerapan Pembiasaan Tri Hita Karana untuk Meningkatkan Pendidikan Karakter Gotong Royong Siswa SD." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 22, no. 3 (October 31, 2022): 1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v22i3.2578.

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There are still many students who do not carry out pickets in the classroom together. The students have not yet understood the meaning of the character value of mutual aid. The purpose of this study is to be able to improve the character of mutual cooperation through the habituation of Tri Hita Karana. This research is a class action research. The subjects in this study were class V students totaling 20 people. This research was carried out using 2 cycles, each of which cycle consists of four stages, namely: (1) Action Planning, (2) Action Implementation (3) Observation (4) Reflection. In this study, a data collection method was used, namely the non-test method. And for theexample of data collection in this study is observation and documentation techniques. As for the data analysis techniques used in this study, they are qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques. In this study, researchers used several aspects of measuring the character of mutual cooperation based on Tri Hita Kirana, namely the concept of pawongan which was then described through several indicators. The results of the implementation of the actions of cycle I and the implementation of cycle II obtained the average score of student character results in cycle I, which was 70% which was in the good category and the average score of student character results in cycle II was 85% which was in the very good category. Based on this, it can be concluded that through the habituation of Tri Hita Karana, the character ofmutual aid can increase and become a habit if given repeated treatment and action.

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Emedoli, Daniele, Maddalena Arosio, Andrea Tettamanti, and Sandro Iannaccone. "Virtual Reality Augmented Feedback Rehabilitation Associated to Action Observation Therapy in Buccofacial Apraxia: Case Report." Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports 14 (January 2021): 117954762199457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179547621994579.

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Background: Buccofacial Apraxia is defined as the inability to perform voluntary movements of the larynx, pharynx, mandible, tongue, lips and cheeks, while automatic or reflexive control of these structures is preserved. Buccofacial Apraxia frequently co-occurs with aphasia and apraxia of speech and it has been reported as almost exclusively resulting from a lesion of the left hemisphere. Recent studies have demonstrated the benefit of treating apraxia using motor training principles such as Augmented Feedback or Action Observation Therapy. In light of this, the study describes the treatment based on immersive Action Observation Therapy and Virtual Reality Augmented Feedback in a case of Buccofacial Apraxia. Participant and Methods: The participant is a right-handed 58-years-old male. He underwent a neurosurgery intervention of craniotomy and exeresis of infra axial expansive lesion in the frontoparietal convexity compatible with an atypical meningioma. Buccofacial Apraxia was diagnosed by a neurologist and evaluated by the Upper and Lower Face Apraxia Test. Buccofacial Apraxia was quantified also by a specific camera, with an appropriately developed software, able to detect the range of motion of automatic face movements and the range of the same movements on voluntary requests. In order to improve voluntary movements, the participant completed fifteen 1-hour rehabilitation sessions, composed of a 20-minutes immersive Action Observation Therapy followed by a 40-minutes Virtual Reality Augmented Feedback sessions, 5 days a week, for 3 consecutive weeks. Results: After treatment, participant achieved great improvements in quality and range of facial movements, performing most of the facial expressions (eg, kiss, smile, lateral angle of mouth displacement) without unsolicited movement. Furthermore, the Upper and Lower Face Apraxia Test showed an improvement of 118% for the Upper Face movements and of 200% for the Lower Face movements. Conclusion: Performing voluntary movement in a Virtual Reality environment with Augmented Feedbacks, in addition to Action Observation Therapy, improved performances of facial gestures and consolidate the activations by the central nervous system based on principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity.

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Kim, Sung-Won. "Observation on clinical efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen combined with neurosurgery in treating craniocerebral trauma." General Surgery 3, no. 1 (October 15, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/gs.v3i1.783.

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<p>The probability of craniocerebral trauma is higher and higher, along with the increasing number of traffic and construction accidents in our lives which cause physical injuries. Main symptoms of such injuries are headache, dizziness, and impairment in language function and limb activity to varying degrees. For patients with severe craniocerebral trauma whose nerve tissue are greatly damaged, there are difficulties in effectively recovering, which may lead to some obstacles in consciousness, intelligence and even action. The current treatment research has found that inappropriate treatment method will increase patients' mortality or disability rate. At present, the effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment for craniocerebral trauma has been recognized in many clinical trails, seen from increased cure rate.</p>

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Bek, Judith, Paul S. Holmes, Chesney E. Craig, Zoë C. Franklin, Matthew Sullivan, Jordan Webb, Trevor J. Crawford, Stefan Vogt, Emma Gowen, and Ellen Poliakoff. "Action Imagery and Observation in Neurorehabilitation for Parkinson’s Disease (ACTION-PD): Development of a User-Informed Home Training Intervention to Improve Functional Hand Movements." Parkinson's Disease 2021 (July 23, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4559519.

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Background. Parkinson’s disease (PD) causes difficulties with hand movements, which few studies have addressed therapeutically. Training with action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) improves performance in healthy individuals, particularly when the techniques are applied simultaneously (AO + MI). Both AO and MI have shown promising effects in people with PD, but previous studies have only used these separately. Objective. This article describes the development and pilot testing of an intervention combining AO + MI and physical practice to improve functional manual actions in people with PD. Methods. The home-based intervention, delivered using a tablet computer app, was iteratively designed by an interdisciplinary team, including people with PD, and further developed through focus groups and initial field testing. Preliminary data on feasibility were obtained via a six-week pilot randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN 11184024) of 10 participants with mild to moderate PD (6 intervention; 4 treatment as usual). Usage and adherence data were recorded during training, and semistructured interviews were conducted with participants. Exploratory outcome measures included dexterity and timed action performance. Results. Usage and qualitative data provided preliminary evidence of acceptability and usability. Exploratory outcomes also suggested that subjective and objective performance of manual actions should be tested in a larger trial. The importance of personalisation, choice, and motivation was highlighted, as well as the need to facilitate engagement in motor imagery. Conclusions. The results indicate that a larger RCT is warranted, and the findings also have broader relevance for the feasibility and development of AO + MI interventions for PD and other conditions.

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Zhang, Zhihua, Jiating Xu, Penghao Xu, Wenjun Liu, Xianyan He, and Kedeng Fu. "Quetiapine Combined with Sodium Valproate in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease with Mental and Behavioral Symptoms Efficacy Observation." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022 (January 17, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1278092.

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Quetiapine combined with sodium valproate is an effective and more suitable drug treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. At present, there are relatively few studies on the combined action mechanism of these two drugs. This study has certain practical value. Alzheimer’s disease is a multifaceted, highly genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease. The main clinical manifestations are memory loss, abnormal mental behavior, and loss of various cognitive functions. In order to improve the symptoms of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, especially those with mental symptoms, this article combines quetiapine and sodium valproate, two commonly used drugs for the treatment of mental illnesses, and applies them to different levels of Alzheimer’s and observes the results of the combination’s curative effect. This article introduces Alzheimer’s disease and its potential mental behaviors in the method section, and it also introduces the mechanism of action of quetiapine and sodium valproate. For the algorithm, this paper introduces a data mining algorithm to understand the effect of drug efficacy. In the experimental part, firstly, it introduces the experimental objects, the proportion of medicines, and the statistical methods. Secondly, this article covers adverse reactions, inflammatory factors and vascular endothelial indicators, Alzheimer’s disease performance, MOAS score, treatment effect evaluation, and satisfaction surveys. It can be seen from the experiment that, in mental behavior, the experimental group decreased from 8.2 before treatment to 0.5, and the control group decreased from 7.1 before treatment to 2.6. It can be seen that the scores of the experimental group changed after receiving the treatment of quetiapine combined with sodium valproate.

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Abbruzzese, Giovanni, Laura Avanzino, Roberta Marchese, and Elisa Pelosin. "Action Observation and Motor Imagery: Innovative Cognitive Tools in the Rehabilitation of Parkinson’s Disease." Parkinson's Disease 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/124214.

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive impairment of motor skills with deterioration of autonomy in daily living activities. Physiotherapy is regarded as an adjuvant to pharmacological and neurosurgical treatment and may provide small and short-lasting clinical benefits in PD patients. However, the development of innovative rehabilitation approaches with greater long-term efficacy is a major unmet need. Motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) have been recently proposed as a promising rehabilitation tool. MI is the ability to imagine a movement without actual performance (or muscle activation). The same cortical-subcortical network active during motor execution is engaged in MI. The physiological basis of AO is represented by the activation of the “mirror neuron system.” Both MI and AO are involved in motor learning and can induce improvements of motor performance, possibly mediated by the development of plastic changes in the motor cortex. The review of available evidences indicated that MI ability and AO feasibility are substantially preserved in PD subjects. A few preliminary studies suggested the possibility of using MI and AO as parts of rehabilitation protocols for PD patients.

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Elita, Upik. "Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Menggunakan Metode Pembelajaran Mind Mapping." BIOEDUSAINS: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi dan Sains 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/bioedusains.v1i2.372.

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The research aims at describing the process and learning achievement through mind mapping method. The research was an action research begun with : a) planning, b) action and observation , c) reflection. The process of the research was classified into two cycles. The subject was class XI MIPA 5 consist of 32 students with 15 orang males and 17 females. The data were collected through test, observation, interview and documentation. The data analysis was conducted both qualitatively and quantitatively. The result showed the improvement of students' achievement after treated with mind mapping method. Before treatment, the percentage was 46,77% which improved to 70,39 % after the First cycle and improved to 82.22% after the second cycle. In conclusion, there was an improvement of biology learning achievement by applying mind mapping method. Keywords: Mind Maping Method, Achievement

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Grishchenko, O. V., and V. V. Bobrytska. "Modern principles of treatment of perinatal infections." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 10(146) (December 30, 2019): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2019.146.62.

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The objective: was to optimize the treatment of perinatal infections and improve perinatal outcomes by using macrolide with a wide spectrum of action of Doramycin (spiramycin). Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of data and dynamic observation of 130 pregnant women with positive results of infectological studies was carried out. I (main) group of 50 patients receiving Doramycin 3 mln 3 times a day for 10 days; II (comparison group) 40 patients receiving pulse therapy with azithromycin 1 g per day on the 1st, 7th, 14th day, III (control group) 40 patients who did not receive antibiotic therapy. The selection criteria for pregnant women for this observation were the positive results of ELISA, PCR, bacteriological studies in combination with the pathological course of the perinatal period, clinical and ultrasonographic data. Results. Elimination of chlamydial infection, toxoplasma, pathogenic flora sensitive to macrolides was observed mainly in patients of group I treated with Doramycin. Perinatal outcomes were also significantly better among patients in the main group. In group III, which did not receive antibiotic therapy, there was a high percentage of small children, premature birth and neonatal morbidity. Conclusion. Doramycin is an effective and safe drug, the use of which can be recommended during pregnancy, complicated by perinatal infections. The use of Doramycin significantly improves the outcome of labor for the mother and fetus. Key words: doramycin, spiramycin, perinatal infections, treatment.

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Syawal, Syawal, Patahuddin Hakim, and Alimuddin Alimuddin. "The Implementation of Aptitude Treatment Interaction (ATI) to Improve Learning Motivation of Low Achievement Students." Script Journal: Journal of Linguistic and English Teaching 2, no. 2 (October 8, 2017): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/sj.v2i2.122.

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This research was classroom action research, which aims at improving students' motivation of their poor performance through learning model Aptitude Treatment Interaction (ATI) on VII.3 grade students of SMP Negeri 6 Parepare. Aptitude Treatment Interaction (ATI) can serve individual student differences by adjusting treatment or learning method with students' abilities. The use of this model was emphasizing to create small groups of students that have achievement alike. Students with have low academic achievement based on test results and teacher interview will be grouped into one group and will be given preferential treatment by tutoring intensity rather than the group of high academic achievement. Subjects of this research were students of class VII.3 SMP Negeri 6 Parepare which is consist of 25 students. This research was conducted in two cycles. The procedure of this research involved four phases: (1) planning, (2) Implementation of action, (3) observation, (4) Reflection. The data collection was done by observation, tests, and questionnaires for each cycle after giving treatment through learning model Aptitude Treatment Interaction (ATI). Data collected were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results of this research indicate that the Aptitude Treatment Interaction (ATI) can be an alternative method to improve learning motivation of low achievement students. The results of this research also showed that the Aptitude Treatment Interaction (ATI) can be an alternative to problem-solving in the classroom, especially for low achievement students.

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Alikhan, Shahzad M., Jessica A. Lee, and Luiz Dratcu. "Mirtazapine Treatment of a Severe Depressive Episode and Resolution of Elevated Inflammatory Markers." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/697872.

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Depression has been shown to be associated with systemic inflammatory activity and the mode of action of several antidepressants appears to involve immunomodulation. Effects on immune system activity have also recently been observed in correlation with therapeutic response to mirtazapine in cardiac patients with depression, but no study has yet examined these effects in otherwise physically healthy depressed patients treated with mirtazapine. This report describes an association between a clinical antidepressant response and a decrease in markers of systemic inflammation observed during pharmacotherapy with mirtazapine in a severely depressed but physically well patient. This observation adds to the evidence that changes in inflammatory responses may be implicated in the mode of action of antidepressants. Further studies of antidepressant responses to mirtazapine and levels of inflammatory markers in depressed patients without medical comorbidity can help elucidate the role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of depression, and hence contribute to the development of novel antidepressant therapies.

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Filip, Stepan S., Rudolf M. Slivka, Yuriy P. Skripinets, Andriy M. Bratasyuk, and Olena V. Fomenko-Luchinets. "USE OF TECHNOMOLECULAR SILVER PREPARATIONS IN COMPLEX TREATMENT OF INFECTED WOUNDS." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 3 (2020): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202003135.

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The aim: To improve the results of treatment of infected wounds. Materials and methods:The clinical material is based on clinical observation and treatment of 29 patients with in fected wounds, whose treatment included combination drugs of local action on the basis of techno-molecular silver (in particular «Cadefort-Spray»), by application to the wound surface. Results: Wound microbial factor, dynamics of wound process, indicators of immune status were evaluated: localadaptive immunity, atopic reactions. Conclusions: High efficiency of treatment was observed regardless of the phase of the wound process, which allowed to accelerate wound repair and stimulate the processes of regeneration, strengthen local adaptive immunity, prevent atopic reactions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Action Observation Treatment'

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