Journal articles: 'Action Observation System'

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Mattiassi, Alan D. A., Sonia Mele, Luca F. Ticini, and Cosimo Urgesi. "Conscious and Unconscious Representations of Observed Actions in the Human Motor System." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 9 (September 2014): 2028–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00619.

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Action observation activates the observer's motor system. These motor resonance responses are automatic and triggered even when the action is only implied in static snapshots. However, it is largely unknown whether an action needs to be consciously perceived to trigger motor resonance. In this study, we used single-pulse TMS to study the facilitation of corticospinal excitability (a measure of motor resonance) during supraliminal and subliminal presentations of implied action images. We used a forward and backward dynamic masking procedure that successfully prevented the conscious perception of prime stimuli depicting a still hand or an implied abduction movement of the index or little finger. The prime was followed by the supraliminal presentation of a still or implied action probe hand. Our results revealed a muscle-specific increase of motor facilitation following observation of the probe hand actions that were consciously perceived as compared with observation of a still hand. Crucially, unconscious perception of prime hand actions presented before probe still hands did not increase motor facilitation as compared with observation of a still hand, suggesting that motor resonance requires perceptual awareness. However, the presentation of a masked prime depicting an action that was incongruent with the probe hand action suppressed motor resonance to the probe action such that comparable motor facilitation was recorded during observation of implied action and still hand probes. This suppression of motor resonance may reflect the processing of action conflicts in areas upstream of the motor cortex and may subserve a basic mechanism for dealing with the multiple and possibly incongruent actions of other individuals.

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Hodges, Nicola J. "Observations on Action-Observation Research: An Autobiographical Retrospective Across the Past Two Decades." Kinesiology Review 6, no. 3 (August 2017): 240–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/kr.2017-0016.

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When we watch other people perform actions, this involves many interacting processes comprising cognitive, motor, and visual system interactions. These processes change based on the context of our observations, particularly if the actions are novel and our intention is to learn those actions so we can later reproduce them, or respond to them in an effective way. Over the past 20 years or so I have been involved in research directed at understanding how we learn from watching others, what information guides this learning, and how our learning experiences, whether observational or physical, impact our subsequent observations of others, particularly when we are engaged in action prediction. In this review I take a historical look at action observation research, particularly in reference to motor skill learning, and situate my research, and those of collaborators and students, among the common theoretical and methodological frameworks of the time.

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Chad Woodruff, Christopher, and Shannon Maaske. "Action execution engages human mirror neuron system more than action observation." NeuroReport 21, no. 6 (April 2010): 432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e3283385910.

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Modroño, Cristián, Sergi Bermúdez, Mónica Cameirão, Fábio Pereira, Teresa Paulino, Francisco Marcano, Estefanía Hernández-Martín, et al. "Is it necessary to show virtual limbs in action observation neurorehabilitation systems?" Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering 6 (January 2019): 205566831985914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055668319859140.

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Introduction Action observation neurorehabilitation systems are usually based on the observation of a virtual limb performing different kinds of actions. In this way, the activity in the frontoparietal Mirror Neuron System is enhanced, which can be helpful to rehabilitate stroke patients. However, the presence of limbs in such systems might not be necessary to produce mirror activity, for example, frontoparietal mirror activity can be produced just by the observation of virtual tool movements. The objective of this work was to explore to what point the presence of a virtual limb impacts the Mirror Neuron System activity in neurorehabilitation systems. Methods The study was conducted by using an action observation neurorehabilitation task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment with healthy volunteers and comparing two action observation conditions that: 1 – included or 2 – did not include a virtual limb. Results It was found that activity in the Mirror Neuron System was similar during both conditions (i.e. virtual limb present or absent). Conclusions These results open up the possibility of using new tasks that do not include virtual limbs in action observation neurorehabilitation environments, which can give more freedom to develop such systems.

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Southgate, Victoria, Mark H. Johnson, Tamsin Osborne, and Gergely Csibra. "Predictive motor activation during action observation in human infants." Biology Letters 5, no. 6 (August 12, 2009): 769–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0474.

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Certain regions of the human brain are activated both during action execution and action observation. This so-called ‘mirror neuron system’ has been proposed to enable an observer to understand an action through a process of internal motor simulation. Although there has been much speculation about the existence of such a system from early in life, to date there is little direct evidence that young infants recruit brain areas involved in action production during action observation. To address this question, we identified the individual frequency range in which sensorimotor alpha-band activity was attenuated in nine-month-old infants' electroencephalographs (EEGs) during elicited reaching for objects, and measured whether activity in this frequency range was also modulated by observing others' actions. We found that observing a grasping action resulted in motor activation in the infant brain, but that this activity began prior to observation of the action, once it could be anticipated. These results demonstrate not only that infants, like adults, display overlapping neural activity during execution and observation of actions, but that this activation, rather than being directly induced by the visual input, is driven by infants' understanding of a forthcoming action. These results provide support for theories implicating the motor system in action prediction.

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Bolliet, Olivier, Christian Collet, and André Dittmar. "Observation of Action and Autonomic Nervous System Responses." Perceptual and Motor Skills 101, no. 1 (August 2005): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.1.195-202.

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Observing somebody performing an action has been shown to elicit neuronal activity in the premotor cortex. This paper investigated physiological effect of observing an effortful action at the peripheral level. As Autonomic Nervous System responses reflect central nervous system processes such as movement planning and programming, it was expected that observing an action would elicit a pattern of ANS responses matching those recorded during actual movement. 12 male subjects, ages 23 to 28 years ( M = 25.5, SD = 1.9), were selected as they were experienced in weight lifting. They were asked to observe a squat movement followed by returning to the upright position under 3 different conditions: (i) observation of actual movement performed by somebody else, (ii) observation of a video of the subject himself (first-person video), and (iii) observation of a video of somebody else performing the same movement (third-person video). Moreover, each movement was observed when performed at 50% and 90% of each participant's personal best mark (% of the highest weight which could be lifted). Three ANS parameters were continuously recorded: skin resistance, temperature and heart rate. ANS responses varied as a function of movement intensity: autonomic responses recorded during movement observation at 90% were significantly higher and longer than those recorded during movement observation at 50%. Thus, autonomic responses were linked to the amount of observed effort. Conversely, no difference was found among the three conditions of observation. ANS responses from observation of actual movement were shown to resemble those recorded under the two conditions of video observation.

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BOLLIET, OLIVIER. "OBSERVATION OF ACTION AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM RESPONSES." Perceptual and Motor Skills 101, no. 5 (2005): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.5.195-202.

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Ray, Matthew, Deborah Dewey, Libbe Kooistra, and Timothy N. Welsh. "The relationship between the motor system activation during action observation and adaptation in the motor system following repeated action observation." Human Movement Science 32, no. 3 (June 2013): 400–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2012.02.003.

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Kourtis, Dimitrios, Natalie Sebanz, and Günther Knoblich. "Favouritism in the motor system: social interaction modulates action simulation." Biology Letters 6, no. 6 (June 23, 2010): 758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0478.

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The ability to anticipate others' actions is crucial for social interaction. It has been shown that this ability relies on motor areas of the human brain that are not only active during action execution and action observation, but also during anticipation of another person's action. Recording electroencephalograms during a triadic social interaction, we assessed whether activation of motor areas pertaining to the human mirror-neuron system prior to action observation depends on the social relationship between the actor and the observer. Anticipatory motor activation was stronger when participants expected an interaction partner to perform a particular action than when they anticipated that the same action would be performed by a third person they did not interact with. These results demonstrate that social interaction modulates action simulation.

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Bates, Alan T., Tina P. Patel, and Peter F. Liddle. "External Behavior Monitoring Mirrors Internal Behavior Monitoring." Journal of Psychophysiology 19, no. 4 (January 2005): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.19.4.281.

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Abstract: The discovery of mirror neurons in monkeys has reshaped thinking about how the brain processes observed actions. There is growing evidence that these neurons, which show similar firing patterns for action execution and observation, also exist in humans. Many parts of the motor system required to perform a specific action are activated during the observation of the same action. We hypothesized that behavior monitoring that occurs during action execution is mirrored during action observation. To test this, we measured error negativity/error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) while participants performed and observed a Go/NoGo task. The Ne/ERN is an event-related potential that is thought to reflect an error detection process in the brain. In addition to finding an Ne/ERN for performed errors, we found that an Ne/ERN was also generated for observed errors. The Ne/ERN for observed errors may reflect a system that plays a key role in imitation and observational learning.

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Cengiz, Bülent, Doğa Vurallı, Murat Zinnuroğlu, Gözde Bayer, Hassan Golmohammadzadeh, Zafer Günendi, Ali Emre Turgut, Bülent İrfanoğlu, and Kutluk Bilge Arıkan. "Analysis of mirror neuron system activation during action observation alone and action observation with motor imagery tasks." Experimental Brain Research 236, no. 2 (December 11, 2017): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-017-5147-5.

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Bortoletto, Marta, Katharine S. Baker, Jason B. Mattingley, and Ross Cunnington. "Visual–Motor Interactions during Action Observation Are Shaped by Cognitive Context." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 11 (November 2013): 1794–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00431.

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Interactions between the visual system and the motor system during action observation are important for functions such as imitation and action understanding. Here, we asked whether such processes might be influenced by the cognitive context in which actions are performed. We recorded ERPs in a delayed go/no-go task known to induce bidirectional interference between the motor system and the visual system (visuomotor interference). Static images of hand gestures were presented as go stimuli after participants had planned either a matching (congruent) or nonmatching (incongruent) action. Participants performed the identical task in two different cognitive contexts: In one, they focused on the visual image of the hand gesture shown as the go stimulus (image context), whereas in the other, they focused on the hand gesture they performed (action context). We analyzed the N170 elicited by the go stimulus to test the influence of action plans on action observation (motor-to-visual priming). We also analyzed movement-related activity following the go stimulus to examine the influence of action observation on action planning (visual-to-motor priming). Strikingly, the context manipulation reversed the direction of the priming effects: We found stronger motor-to-visual priming in the action context compared with the image context and stronger visual-to-motor priming in the image context compared with the action context. Taken together, our findings indicate that neural interactions between motor and visual processes for executed and observed actions can change depending on task demands and are sensitive to top–down control according to the context.

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Aguado, Juan Miguel. "Self-observation, self-reference and operational coupling in social systems: steps towards a coherent epistemology of mass media." Empedocles: European Journal for the Philosophy of Communication 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2009): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ejpc.1.1.59/1.

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This paper is concerned with the role of self-observation in managing complexity in meaning systems. Revising Niklas Luhmann's theory of mass media, we approach the mass media system as a social sub-system functionally specialized in the coupling of psychic systems' (individuals) self-observation and social systems' self-observation (including, respectively, themselves as each other's internalized environment).According to Autopoietic Systems Theory and von Foerster's second order cybernetics, self-observation presupposes a capability for meta-observation (to observe the observation) that demands a specific distinction between observer and actor. This distinction seems especially relevant in those social contexts where a separation between the action of observation and other social actions is required (in politics, for instance). However, in those social contexts (such as mass-media meaning production) where the defining action is precisely observation (in terms of the differentiation that constitutes the system), the border between observer and actor is blurred.We shall consider the significant divergence between the implicit and the explicit epistemologies of the mass media system, which appears to be characterized by the explicit assumption of a classic objectivist epistemology, on one side, and a relativist epistemology on the other, posing a hybrid epistemic status somewhere in between science and arts.

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Kemmerer, David. "What modulates the Mirror Neuron System during action observation?" Progress in Neurobiology 205 (October 2021): 102128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102128.

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Garrison, K. A., L. Aziz-Zadeh, S. W. Wong, S. L. Liew, and C. J. Winstein. "Modulating the Motor System by Action Observation After Stroke." Stroke 44, no. 8 (June 6, 2013): 2247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.113.001105.

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Pokorny, Jennifer J., Naomi V. Hatt, Costanza Colombi, Giacomo Vivanti, Sally J. Rogers, and Susan M. Rivera. "The Action Observation System when Observing Hand Actions in Autism and Typical Development." Autism Research 8, no. 3 (January 28, 2015): 284–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1445.

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Meyer, Marlene, Sabine Hunnius, Michiel van Elk, Freek van Ede, and Harold Bekkering. "Joint action modulates motor system involvement during action observation in 3-year-olds." Experimental Brain Research 211, no. 3-4 (April 11, 2011): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2658-3.

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Schütz-Bosbach, Simone, Alessio Avenanti, Salvatore Maria Aglioti, and Patrick Haggard. "Don't Do It! Cortical Inhibition and Self-attribution during Action Observation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 6 (June 2009): 1215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21068.

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Numerous studies suggest that both self-generated and observed actions of others activate overlapping neural networks, implying a shared, agent-neutral representation of self and other. Contrary to the shared representation hypothesis, we recently showed that the human motor system is not neutral with respect to the agent of an observed action [Schütz-Bosbach, S., Mancini, B., Aglioti, S. M., & Haggard, P. Self and other in the human motor system. Current Biology, 16, 1830–1834, 2006]. Observation of actions attributed to another agent facilitated the motor system, whereas observation of identical actions linked to the self did not. Here we investigate whether the absence of motor facilitation for observing one's own actions reflects a specific process of cortical inhibition associated with self-representation. We analyzed the duration of the silent period induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in active muscles as an indicator of motor inhibition. We manipulated whether an observed action was attributed to another agent, or to the subjects themselves, using a manipulation of body ownership on the basis of the rubber hand illusion. Observation of actions linked to the self led to longer silent periods than observation of a static hand, but the opposite effect occurred when observing identical actions attributed to another agent. This finding suggests a specific inhibition of the motor system associated with self-representation. Cortical suppression for actions linked to the self might prevent inappropriate perseveration within the motor system.

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Rossi, Fabio, Federica Savi, Andrea Prestia, Andrea Mongardi, Danilo Demarchi, and Giovanni Buccino. "Combining Action Observation Treatment with a Brain–Computer Interface System: Perspectives on Neurorehabilitation." Sensors 21, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 8504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248504.

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Action observation treatment (AOT) exploits a neurophysiological mechanism, matching an observed action on the neural substrates where that action is motorically represented. This mechanism is also known as mirror mechanism. In a typical AOT session, one can distinguish an observation phase and an execution phase. During the observation phase, the patient observes a daily action and soon after, during the execution phase, he/she is asked to perform the observed action at the best of his/her ability. Indeed, the execution phase may sometimes be difficult for those patients where motor impairment is severe. Although, in the current practice, the physiotherapist does not intervene on the quality of the execution phase, here, we propose a stimulation system based on neurophysiological parameters. This perspective article focuses on the possibility to combine AOT with a brain–computer interface system (BCI) that stimulates upper limb muscles, thus facilitating the execution of actions during a rehabilitation session. Combining a rehabilitation tool that is well-grounded in neurophysiology with a stimulation system, such as the one proposed, may improve the efficacy of AOT in the treatment of severe neurological patients, including stroke patients, Parkinson’s disease patients, and children with cerebral palsy.

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Behrendt, Frank, and Corina Schuster-Amft. "Using an interactive virtual environment to integrate a digital Action Research Arm Test, motor imagery and action observation to assess and improve upper limb motor function in patients with neuromuscular impairments: a usability and feasibility study protocol." BMJ Open 8, no. 7 (July 2018): e019646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019646.

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IntroductionIn the recent past, training systems using an interactive virtual environment have been introduced to neurorehabilitation. Such systems can be applied to encourage purposeful limb movements and will increasingly be used at home by the individual patient. Therefore, an integrated valid and reliable assessment tool on the basis of such a system to monitor the recovery process would be an essential asset.ObjectivesThe aim of the study is to evaluate usability, feasibility and validity of the digital version of the Action Research Arm Test using the Bi-Manu-Trainer system as a platform. Additionally, the feasibility and usability of the implementation of action observation and motor imagery tasks into the Bi-Manu-Trainer software will be evaluated.Patients and methodsThis observational study is planned as a single-arm trial for testing the new assessment and the action observation and motor imagery training module. Therefore, 75 patients with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, traumatic brain injury or Guillain-Barré syndrome will be included. 30 out of the 75 patients will additionally take part in a 4-week training on the enhanced Bi-Manu-Trainer system. Primary outcomes will be the score on the System Usability Scale and the correlation between the conventional and digital Action Research Arm Test scores. Secondary outcomes will be hand dexterity, upper limb activities of daily living and quality of life.HypothesisWe hypothesise that the digital Action Research Arm Test assessment is a valid and essential tool and that it is feasible to incorporate action observation and motor imagery into Bi-Manu-Trainer practice. The results are expected to give recommendations for necessary modifications and might also contribute knowledge concerning the application of action observation and motor imagery tasks using a training system such as the Bi-Manu-Trainer.Trial registration numberNCT03268304; Pre-results.

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Coudé, G., R. E. Vanderwert, S. Thorpe, F. Festante, M. Bimbi, N. A. Fox, and P. F. Ferrari. "Frequency and topography in monkey electroencephalogram during action observation: possible neural correlates of the mirror neuron system." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1644 (June 5, 2014): 20130415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0415.

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The observation of actions executed by others results in desynchronization of electroencephalogram (EEG) in the alpha and beta frequency bands recorded from the central regions in humans. On the other hand, mirror neurons, which are thought to be responsible for this effect, have been studied only in macaque monkeys, using single-cell recordings. Here, as a first step in a research programme aimed at understanding the parallels between human and monkey mirror neuron systems (MNS), we recorded EEG from the scalp of two monkeys during action observation. The monkeys were trained to fixate on the face of a human agent and subsequently to fixate on a target upon which the agent performed a grasping action. We found that action observation produced desynchronization in the 19–25 Hz band that was strongest over anterior and central electrodes. These results are in line with human data showing that specific frequency bands within the power spectrum of the ongoing EEG may be modulated by observation of actions and therefore might be a specific marker of MNS activity.

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Buccino, Giovanni. "Action observation treatment: a novel tool in neurorehabilitation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1644 (June 5, 2014): 20130185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0185.

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This review focuses on a novel rehabilitation approach known as action observation treatment (AOT). It is now a well-accepted notion in neurophysiology that the observation of actions performed by others activates in the perceiver the same neural structures responsible for the actual execution of those same actions. Areas endowed with this action observation–action execution matching mechanism are defined as the mirror neuron system. AOT exploits this neurophysiological mechanism for the recovery of motor impairment. During one typical session, patients observe a daily action and afterwards execute it in context. So far, this approach has been successfully applied in the rehabilitation of upper limb motor functions in chronic stroke patients, in motor recovery of Parkinson's disease patients, including those presenting with freezing of gait, and in children with cerebral palsy. Interestingly, this approach also improved lower limb motor functions in post-surgical orthopaedic patients. AOT is well grounded in basic neuroscience, thus representing a valid model of translational medicine in the field of neurorehabilitation. Moreover, the results concerning its effectiveness have been collected in randomized controlled studies, thus being an example of evidence-based clinical practice.

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Torabi, Faraz. "Imitation Learning from Observation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 9900–9901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019900.

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Humans and other animals have a natural ability to learn skills from observation, often simply from seeing the effects of these skills: without direct knowledge of the underlying actions being taken. For example, after observing an actor doing a jumping jack, a child can copy it despite not knowing anything about what's going on inside the actor's brain and nervous system. The main focus of this thesis is extending this ability to artificial autonomous agents, an endeavor recently referred to as "imitation learning from observation." Imitation learning from observation is especially relevant today due to the accessibility of many online videos that can be used as demonstrations for robots. Meanwhile, advances in deep learning have enabled us to solve increasingly complex control tasks mapping visual input to motor commands. This thesis contributes algorithms that learn control policies from state-only demonstration trajectories. Two types of algorithms are considered. The first type begins by recovering the missing action information from demonstrations and then leverages existing imitation learning algorithms on the full state-action trajectories. Our preliminary work has shown that learning an inverse dynamics model of the agent in a self-supervised fashion and then inferring the actions performed by the demonstrator enables sufficient action recovery for this purpose. The second type of algorithm uses model-free end-to-end learning. Our preliminary results indicate that iteratively optimizing a policy based on the closeness of the imitator's and expert's state transitions leads to a policy that closely mimics the demonstrator's trajectories.

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Kim, Jin-Cheol, and Hyun-Min Lee. "EEG-Based Evidence of Mirror Neuron Activity from App-Mediated Stroke Patient Observation." Medicina 57, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57090979.

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Background and Objectives: The mirror neuron system in the sensorimotor region of the cerebral cortex is equally activated during both action observation and execution. Action observation training mimics the functioning of the mirror neuron system, requiring patients to watch and imitate the actions necessary to perform activities of daily living. StrokeCare is a user-friendly application based on the principles of action observation training, designed to assist people recovering from stroke. Therefore, when observing the daily life behavior provided in the StrokeCare app, whether the MNS is activated and mu inhibition appears. Materials and Methods: We performed electroencephalography (EEG) on 24 patients with chronic stroke (infarction: 11, hemorrhage: 13) during tasks closely related to daily activities, such as dressing, undressing, and walking. The StrokeCare app provided action videos for patients to watch. Landscape imagery observation facilitated comparison among tasks. We analyzed the mu rhythm from the C3, CZ, and C4 regions and calculated the mean log ratios for comparison of mu suppression values. Results: The EEG mu power log ratios were significantly suppressed during action observation in dressing, undressing, walking, and landscape conditions, in decreasing order. However, there were no significant activity differences in the C3, C4 and CZ regions. The dressing task showed maximum suppression after a color spectrum was used to map the relative power values of the mu rhythm for each task. Conclusions: These findings reveal that the human mirror neuron system was more strongly activated during observation of actions closely related to daily life activities than landscape images.

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Heitger, Marcus H., Marc J. M. Macé, Jan Jastorff, Stephan P. Swinnen, and Guy A. Orban. "Cortical regions involved in the observation of bimanual actions." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 9 (November 1, 2012): 2594–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00408.2012.

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Although we are beginning to understand how observed actions performed by conspecifics with a single hand are processed and how bimanual actions are controlled by the motor system, we know very little about the processing of observed bimanual actions. We used fMRI to compare the observation of bimanual manipulative actions with their unimanual components, relative to visual control conditions equalized for visual motion. Bimanual action observation did not activate any region specialized for processing visual signals related to this more elaborated action. On the contrary, observation of bimanual and unimanual actions activated similar occipito-temporal, parietal and premotor networks. However, whole-brain as well as region of interest (ROI) analyses revealed that this network functions differently under bimanual and unimanual conditions. Indeed, in bimanual conditions, activity in the network was overall more bilateral, especially in parietal cortex. In addition, ROI analyses indicated bilateral parietal activation patterns across hand conditions distinctly different from those at other levels of the action-observation network. These activation patterns suggest that while occipito-temporal and premotor levels are involved with processing the kinematics of the observed actions, the parietal cortex is more involved in the processing of static, postural aspects of the observed action. This study adds bimanual cooperation to the growing list of distinctions between parietal and premotor cortex regarding factors affecting visual processing of observed actions.

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Tettamanti, Marco, Giovanni Buccino, Maria Cristina Saccuman, Vittorio Gallese, Massimo Danna, Paola Scifo, Ferruccio Fazio, Giacomo Rizzolatti, Stefano F. Cappa, and Daniela Perani. "Listening to Action-related Sentences Activates Fronto-parietal Motor Circuits." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 2 (February 2005): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929053124965.

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Observing actions made by others activates the cortical circuits responsible for the planning and execution of those same actions. This observation–execution matching system (mirror-neuron system) is thought to play an important role in the understanding of actions made by others. In an fMRI experiment, we tested whether this system also becomes active during the processing of action-related sentences. Participants listened to sentences describing actions performed with the mouth, the hand, or the leg. Abstract sentences of comparable syntactic structure were used as control stimuli. The results showed that listening to action-related sentences activates a left fronto-parieto-temporal network that includes the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area), those sectors of the premotor cortex where the actions described are motorically coded, as well as the inferior parietal lobule, the intraparietal sulcus, and the posterior middle temporal gyrus. These data provide the first direct evidence that listening to sentences that describe actions engages the visuomotor circuits which subserve action execution and observation.

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Fadiga, L., L. Fogassi, G. Pavesi, and G. Rizzolatti. "Motor facilitation during action observation: a magnetic stimulation study." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 2608–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.6.2608.

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1. We stimulated the motor cortex of normal subjects (transcranial magnetic stimulation) while they 1) observed an experimenter grasping 3D-objects, 2) looked at the same 3D-objects, 3) observed an experimenter tracing geometrical figures in the air with his arm, and 4) detected the dimming of a light. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from hand muscles. 2. We found that MEPs significantly increased during the conditions in which subjects observed movements. The MEP pattern reflected the pattern of muscle activity recorded when the subjects executed the observed actions. 3. We conclude that in humans there is a system matching action observation and execution. This system resembles the one recently described in the monkey.

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Hunnius, Sabine, and Harold Bekkering. "What are you doing? How active and observational experience shape infants' action understanding." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1644 (June 5, 2014): 20130490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0490.

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From early in life, infants watch other people's actions. How do young infants come to make sense of actions they observe? Here, we review empirical findings on the development of action understanding in infancy. Based on this review, we argue that active action experience is crucial for infants' developing action understanding. When infants execute actions, they form associations between motor acts and the sensory consequences of these acts. When infants subsequently observe these actions in others, they can use their motor system to predict the outcome of the ongoing actions. Also, infants come to an understanding of others’ actions through the repeated observation of actions and the effects associated with them. In their daily lives, infants have plenty of opportunities to form associations between observed events and learn about statistical regularities of others’ behaviours. We argue that based on these two forms of experience—active action experience and observational experience—infants gradually develop more complex action understanding capabilities.

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Spunt, Robert P., Ajay B. Satpute, and Matthew D. Lieberman. "Identifying the What, Why, and How of an Observed Action: An fMRI Study of Mentalizing and Mechanizing during Action Observation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 1 (January 2011): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21446.

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Humans commonly understand the unobservable mental states of others by observing their actions. Embodied simulation theories suggest that this ability may be based in areas of the fronto-parietal mirror neuron system, yet neuroimaging studies that explicitly investigate the human ability to draw mental state inferences point to the involvement of a “mentalizing” system consisting of regions that do not overlap with the mirror neuron system. For the present study, we developed a novel action identification paradigm that allowed us to explicitly investigate the neural bases of mentalizing observed actions. Across repeated viewings of a set of ecologically valid video clips of ordinary human actions, we manipulated the extent to which participants identified the unobservable mental states of the actor (mentalizing) or the observable mechanics of their behavior (mechanizing). Although areas of the mirror neuron system did show an enhanced response during action identification, its activity was not significantly modulated by the extent to which the observers identified mental states. Instead, several regions of the mentalizing system, including dorsal and ventral aspects of medial pFC, posterior cingulate cortex, and temporal poles, were associated with mentalizing actions, whereas a single region in left lateral occipito-temporal cortex was associated with mechanizing actions. These data suggest that embodied simulation is insufficient to account for the sophisticated mentalizing that human beings are capable of while observing another and that a different system along the cortical midline and in anterior temporal cortex is involved in mentalizing an observed action.

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Petroni, Agustín, Federico Baguear, and Valeria Della-Maggiore. "Motor Resonance May Originate From Sensorimotor Experience." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 4 (October 2010): 1867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00386.2010.

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In humans, the motor system can be activated by passive observation of actions or static pictures with implied action. The origin of this facilitation is of major interest to the field of motor control. Recently it has been shown that sensorimotor learning can reconfigure the motor system during action observation. Here we tested directly the hypothesis that motor resonance arises from sensorimotor contingencies by measuring corticospinal excitability in response to abstract non-action cues previously associated with an action. Motor evoked potentials were measured from the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) while human subjects observed colored stimuli that had been visually or motorically associated with a finger movement (index or little finger abduction). Corticospinal excitability was higher during the observation of a colored cue that preceded a movement involving the recorded muscle than during the observation of a different colored cue that preceded a movement involving a different muscle. Crucially this facilitation was only observed when the cue was associated with an executed movement but not when it was associated with an observed movement. Our findings provide solid evidence in support of the sensorimotor hypothesis of action observation and further suggest that the physical nature of the observed stimulus mediating this phenomenon may in fact be irrelevant.

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VALLÉE, R. "PERCEPTION, DECISION AND ACTION." Journal of Biological Systems 02, no. 01 (March 1994): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339094000052.

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We consider a system S which is able to perceive itself and its environment E, decide and act. In S we have the observational chain, implying an “observation operator”, followed by the decisional chain with a decision operator, but these two chains can be replaced by one pragmatical chain with its “pragmatical operator”. The pragmatical chain is in contact with the effectors which modify directly S and influence E, creating a feed-back loop. The observational chain, considered alone, is concerned with the epistemological images S may have of the co-evolution of itself and its environment, indiscernibility, resolving power as well as other aspects of its subjectivity such as those generated by the inverse transfer of properties of S to possible co-evolutions of S and E. If, more realistically, the pragmatical chain is considered, other concepts appear involving pragmatical “subjective inverse transfer” and indiscernability. If the feed-back loop is considered, the evolution of the universe constituted by S and E is involved. At this meta-level some conceptual simplifications occur, the evolution of U appears as a fixed point of an operator taking into account the observational and decisional properties of system S, which may be a living being, and so introducing the outlines of an “epistemo-praxiology”.

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Brunsdon, Victoria E. A., Elisabeth E. F. Bradford, Laura Smith, and Heather J. Ferguson. "Short-term physical training enhances mirror system activation to action observation." Social Neuroscience 15, no. 1 (September 2, 2019): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2019.1660708.

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Casiraghi, Letizia, Adnan A. S. Alahmadi, Anita Monteverdi, Fulvia Palesi, Gloria Castellazzi, Giovanni Savini, Karl Friston, Claudia A. M. Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott, and Egidio D’Angelo. "I See Your Effort: Force-Related BOLD Effects in an Extended Action Execution–Observation Network Involving the Cerebellum." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 3 (January 7, 2019): 1351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy322.

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Abstract Action observation (AO) is crucial for motor planning, imitation learning, and social interaction, but it is not clear whether and how an action execution–observation network (AEON) processes the effort of others engaged in performing actions. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we used a “squeeze ball” task involving different grip forces to investigate whether AEON activation showed similar patterns when executing the task or observing others performing it. Both in action execution, AE (subjects performed the visuomotor task) and action observation, AO (subjects watched a video of the task being performed by someone else), the fMRI signal was detected in cerebral and cerebellar regions. These responses showed various relationships with force mapping onto specific areas of the sensorimotor and cognitive systems. Conjunction analysis of AE and AO was repeated for the “0th” order and linear and nonlinear responses, and revealed multiple AEON nodes remapping the detection of actions, and also effort, of another person onto the observer’s own cerebrocerebellar system. This result implies that the AEON exploits the cerebellum, which is known to process sensorimotor predictions and simulations, performing an internal assessment of forces and integrating information into high-level schemes, providing a crucial substrate for action imitation.

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Jayasinghe, S. A. L. "The role of sensory stimulation on motor learning via action observation: a mini review." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 729–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00747.2018.

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Action observation involves the observation of an action followed by an attempt to replicate it. Recent studies show that increased sensorimotor cortical connectivity improves motor performance via observation and that priming the sensory system before observation enhances the effects of observation-based learning. Understanding the role of the sensory system is, therefore, critical for rehabilitation of movement disorders that have a sensory deficit.

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Haslinger, B., P. Erhard, E. Altenmüller, U. Schroeder, H. Boecker, and A. O. Ceballos-Baumann. "Transmodal Sensorimotor Networks during Action Observation in Professional Pianists." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 2 (February 2005): 282–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929053124893.

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Audiovisual perception and imitation are essential for musical learning and skill acquisition. We compared professional pianists to musically naive controls with fMRI while observing piano playing finger–hand movements and serial finger–thumb opposition movements both with and without synchronous piano sound. Pianists showed stronger activations within a fronto-parieto-temporal network while observing piano playing compared to controls and contrasted to perception of serial finger–thumb opposition movements. Observation of silent piano playing additionally recruited auditory areas in pianists. Perception of piano sounds coupled with serial finger–thumb opposition movements evoked increased activation within the sensorimotor network. This indicates specialization of multimodal auditory– sensorimotor systems within a fronto-parieto-temporal network by professional musical training. Musical “language,” which is acquired by observation and imitation, seems to be tightly coupled to this network in accord with an observation– execution system linking visual and auditory perception to motor performance.

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Braukmann, Ricarda, Harold Bekkering, Margreeth Hidding, Edita Poljac, Jan K. Buitelaar, and Sabine Hunnius. "Predictability of action sub-steps modulates motor system activation during the observation of goal-directed actions." Neuropsychologia 103 (August 2017): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.009.

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Pezzetta, Rachele, Valentina Nicolardi, Emmanuele Tidoni, and Salvatore Maria Aglioti. "Error, rather than its probability, elicits specific electrocortical signatures: a combined EEG-immersive virtual reality study of action observation." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 1107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00130.2018.

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Detecting errors in one’s own actions, and in the actions of others, is a crucial ability for adaptable and flexible behavior. Studies show that specific EEG signatures underpin the monitoring of observed erroneous actions (error-related negativity, error positivity, mid-frontal theta oscillations). However, the majority of studies on action observation used sequences of trials where erroneous actions were less frequent than correct actions. Therefore, it was not possible to disentangle whether the activation of the performance monitoring system was due to an error, as a violation of the intended goal, or to a surprise/novelty effect, associated with a rare and unexpected event. Combining EEG and immersive virtual reality (IVR-CAVE system), we recorded the neural signal of 25 young adults who observed, in first-person perspective, simple reach-to-grasp actions performed by an avatar aiming for a glass. Importantly, the proportion of erroneous actions was higher than correct actions. Results showed that the observation of erroneous actions elicits the typical electrocortical signatures of error monitoring, and therefore the violation of the action goal is still perceived as a salient event. The observation of correct actions elicited stronger alpha suppression. This confirmed the role of the alpha-frequency band in the general orienting response to novel and infrequent stimuli. Our data provide novel evidence that an observed goal error (the action slip) triggers the activity of the performance-monitoring system even when erroneous actions, which are, typically, relevant events, occur more often than correct actions and thus are not salient because of their rarity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Activation of the performance-monitoring system (PMS) is typically investigated when errors in a sequence are comparatively rare. However, whether the PMS is activated by errors per se or by their infrequency is not known. Combining EEG-virtual reality techniques, we found that observing frequent (70%) action errors performed by avatars elicits electrocortical error signatures suggesting that deviation from the prediction of how learned actions should correctly deploy, rather than its frequency, is coded in the PMS.

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Marangon, Mattia, Konstantinos Priftis, Marta Fedeli, Stefano Masiero, Paolo Tonin, and Francesco Piccione. "Lateralization of Motor Cortex Excitability in Stroke Patients during Action Observation: A TMS Study." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/251041.

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Action observation activates the same motor areas as those involved in the performance of the observed actions and promotes functional recovery following stroke. Movement observation is now considered a promising tool for motor rehabilitation, by allowing patients to train their motor functions when voluntary movement is partially impaired. We asked chronic-stroke patients, affected by either left (LHD) or right hemisphere (RHD) lesions, to observe either a left or right hand, while grasping a small target (eliciting a precision grip) or a large target (eliciting a whole hand grasp directed towards a target object). To better understand the effects of action observation on damaged motor circuits, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to induce motor evoked potentials (MEP) from two muscles of the unaffected hand in 10 completely hemiplegic participants. Results revealed that LHD patients showed MEP facilitation on the right (contralesional) M1 during action observation of hand-object interactions. In contrast, results showed no facilitation of the left (contralesional) M1 in RHD patients. Our results confirm that action observation might have a positive influence on the recovery of motor functions after stroke. Activating the motor system by means of action observation might provide a mechanism for improving function, at least in LHD patients.

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Palmer, Clare E., Karen L. Bunday, Marco Davare, and James M. Kilner. "A Causal Role for Primary Motor Cortex in Perception of Observed Actions." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 12 (December 2016): 2021–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01015.

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It has been proposed that motor system activity during action observation may be modulated by the kinematics of observed actions. One purpose of this activity during action observation may be to predict the visual consequence of another person's action based on their movement kinematics. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the primary motor cortex (M1) may have a causal role in inferring information that is present in the kinematics of observed actions. Healthy participants completed an action perception task before and after applying continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) over left M1. A neurophysiological marker was used to quantify the extent of M1 disruption following cTBS and stratify our sample a priori to provide an internal control. We found that a disruption to M1 caused a reduction in an individual's sensitivity to interpret the kinematics of observed actions; the magnitude of suppression of motor excitability predicted this change in sensitivity.

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Hilt, P. M., P. Cardellicchio, E. Dolfini, T. Pozzo, L. Fadiga, and A. D’Ausilio. "Motor Recruitment during Action Observation: Effect of Interindividual Differences in Action Strategy." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 7 (February 10, 2020): 3910–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa006.

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Abstract Visual processing of other’s actions is supported by sensorimotor brain activations. Access to sensorimotor representations may, in principle, provide the top-down signal required to bias search and selection of critical visual features. For this to happen, it is necessary that a stable one-to-one mapping exists between observed kinematics and underlying motor commands. However, due to the inherent redundancy of the human musculoskeletal system, this is hardly the case for multijoint actions where everyone has his own moving style (individual motor signature—IMS). Here, we investigated the influence of subject’s IMS on subjects’ motor excitability during the observation of an actor achieving the same goal by adopting two different IMSs. Despite a clear dissociation in kinematic and electromyographic patterns between the two actions, we found no group-level modulation of corticospinal excitability (CSE) in observers. Rather, we found a negative relationship between CSE and actor-observer IMS distance, already at the single-subject level. Thus, sensorimotor activity during action observation does not slavishly replicate the motor plan implemented by the actor, but rather reflects the distance between what is canonical according to one’s own motor template and the observed movements performed by other individuals.

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Soroker, Nachum, Shlomo Bentin, Silvi Frenkel-Toledo, and Dario Liebermann. "**Poster 551 Mirror-Neuron System Recruitment by Action Observation in Stroke Rehabilitation." PM&R 4 (October 2012): S378—S379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.09.1150.

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Schuch, Stefanie, Andrew P. Bayliss, Christoph Klein, and Steven P. Tipper. "Attention modulates motor system activation during action observation: evidence for inhibitory rebound." Experimental Brain Research 205, no. 2 (July 20, 2010): 235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2358-4.

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Hilt, Pauline M., Eleonora Bartoli, Elisabetta Ferrari, Marco Jacono, Luciano Fadiga, and Alessandro D'Ausilio. "Action observation effects reflect the modular organization of the human motor system." Cortex 95 (October 2017): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.07.020.

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Moriguchi, Yusuke, Reiko Matsunaka, Shoji Itakura, and Kazuo Hiraki. "Observed Human Actions, and Not Mechanical Actions, Induce Searching Errors in Infants." Child Development Research 2012 (June 25, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/465458.

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Recent neurophysiological studies have shown that several human brain regions involved in executing actions are activated by merely observing such actions via a human, and not by a mechanical hand. At a behavioral level, observing a human’s movements, but not those of a robot, significantly interferes with ongoing executed movements. However, it is unclear whether the biological tuning in the observation/execution matching system are functional during infancy. The present study examines whether a human’s actions, and not a mechanical action, influence infants’ execution of the same actions due to the observation/execution matching system. Twelve-month-old infants were given a searching task. In the tasks, infants observed an object hidden at location A, after which either a human hand (human condition) or a mechanical one (mechanical condition) searched the object correctly. Next, the object was hidden at location B and infants were allowed to search the object. We examined whether infants searched the object at location B correctly. The results revealed that infants in the human condition were more likely to search location A than those in the mechanical condition. Moreover, the results suggested that infants’ searching behaviors were affected by their observations of the same actions by a human, but not a mechanical hand. Thus, it may be concluded that the observation/execution matching system may be biologically tuned during infancy.

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Buccino, Giovanni, Fausta Lui, Nicola Canessa, Ilaria Patteri, Giovanna Lagravinese, Francesca Benuzzi, Carlo A. Porro, and Giacomo Rizzolatti. "Neural Circuits Involved in the Recognition of Actions Performed by Nonconspecifics: An fMRI Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 1 (January 2004): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892904322755601.

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess the cortical areas active during the observation of mouth actions performed by humans and by individuals belonging to other species (monkey and dog). Two types of actions were presented: biting and oral communicative actions (speech reading, lip-smacking, barking). As a control, static images of the same actions were shown. Observation of biting, regardless of the species of the individual performing the action, determined two activation foci (one rostral and one caudal) in the inferior parietal lobule and an activation of the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus and the adjacent ventral premotor cortex. The left rostral parietal focus (possibly BA 40) and the left premotor focus were very similar in all three conditions, while the right side foci were stronger during the observation of actions made by conspecifics. The observation of speech reading activated the left pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, the observation of lip-smacking activated a small focus in the pars opercularis bilaterally, and the observation of barking did not produce any activation in the frontal lobe. Observation of all types of mouth actions induced activation of extrastriate occipital areas. These results suggest that actions made by other individuals may be recognized through different mechanisms. Actions belonging to the motor repertoire of the observer (e.g., biting and speech reading) are mapped on the observer's motor system. Actions that do not belong to this repertoire (e.g., barking) are essentially recognized based on their visual properties. We propose that when the motor representation of the observed action is activated, the observer gains knowledge of the observed action in a “personal” perspective, while this perspective is lacking when there is no motor activation.

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Martínez-Vicente, Víctor, James R. Clark, Paolo Corradi, Stefano Aliani, Manuel Arias, Mathias Bochow, Guillaume Bonnery, et al. "Measuring Marine Plastic Debris from Space: Initial Assessment of Observation Requirements." Remote Sensing 11, no. 20 (October 21, 2019): 2443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202443.

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Sustained observations are required to determine the marine plastic debris mass balance and to support effective policy for planning remedial action. However, observations currently remain scarce at the global scale. A satellite remote sensing system could make a substantial contribution to tackling this problem. Here, we make initial steps towards the potential design of such a remote sensing system by: (1) identifying the properties of marine plastic debris amenable to remote sensing methods and (2) highlighting the oceanic processes relevant to scientific questions about marine plastic debris. Remote sensing approaches are reviewed and matched to the optical properties of marine plastic debris and the relevant spatio-temporal scales of observation to identify challenges and opportunities in the field. Finally, steps needed to develop marine plastic debris detection by remote sensing platforms are proposed in terms of fundamental science as well as linkages to ongoing planning for satellite systems with similar observation requirements.

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Press, Clare, Helge Gillmeister, and Cecilia Heyes. "Sensorimotor experience enhances automatic imitation of robotic action." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1625 (August 14, 2007): 2509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0774.

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Recent research in cognitive neuroscience has found that observation of human actions activates the ‘mirror system’ and provokes automatic imitation to a greater extent than observation of non-biological movements. The present study investigated whether this human bias depends primarily on phylogenetic or ontogenetic factors by examining the effects of sensorimotor experience on automatic imitation of non-biological robotic, stimuli. Automatic imitation of human and robotic action stimuli was assessed before and after training. During these test sessions, participants were required to execute a pre-specified response (e.g. to open their hand) while observing a human or robotic hand making a compatible (opening) or incompatible (closing) movement. During training, participants executed opening and closing hand actions while observing compatible (group CT) or incompatible movements (group IT) of a robotic hand. Compatible, but not incompatible, training increased automatic imitation of robotic stimuli (speed of responding on compatible trials, compared with incompatible trials) and abolished the human bias observed at pre-test. These findings suggest that the development of the mirror system depends on sensorimotor experience, and that, in our species, it is biased in favour of human action stimuli because these are more abundant than non-biological action stimuli in typical developmental environments.

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Mertoguno, J. Sukarno. "Human Decision Making Model for Autonomic Cyber Systems." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 23, no. 06 (December 2014): 1460023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213014600239.

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Real-time autonomy is a key element for system which closes the loop between observation, interpretation, planning, and action, commonly found in UxV, robotics, smart vehicle technologies, automated industrial machineries, and autonomic computing. Real-time autonomic cyber system requires timely and accurate decision making and adaptive planning. Autonomic decision making understands its own state and the perceived state of its environment. It is capable of anticipating changes and future states and projecting the effects of actions into future states. Understanding of current state and the knowledge/model of the world are needed for extrapolating actions and deriving action plans. This position paper proposes a hybrid, statistical-formal approach toward achieving realtime autonomy.

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Morioka, S., S. Nobusako, and M. Hiyamizu. "P1.095 The mirror neuron system in observation of walking: conditions for its action." Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 14 (February 2008): S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-8020(08)70192-5.

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Molenberghs, Pascal, Lydia Hayward, Jason B. Mattingley, and Ross Cunnington. "Activation patterns during action observation are modulated by context in mirror system areas." NeuroImage 59, no. 1 (January 2012): 608–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.080.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Action Observation System'

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