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Baldi, Antonella, and Colin Wilde. "COST Action B20: Mammary Development, Function and Cancer." Journal of Dairy Research 72, S1 (July 22, 2005): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029905001287.
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The COST ProgrammeThe Cooperation in Science and Technology Programme (COST) is an inter-governmental framework for European Co-operation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research. COST is managed by the European Science Foundation, and in May 2005 supported almost 200 Actions involving nearly 30000 scientists from 32 European member countries and more than 50 participating institutions from 11 non-member countries. These Actions are networks of coordinated national research project in fields which are of interest to a minimum number of participants (at least 5) from different member states. COST Actions cover basic and pre-competitive research as well as activities of public utility. The members of each Action are drawn from member countries which have ratified the Action, and their activities are informed by a programme accepted by the ESF management at time of application and reviewed on an annual basis throughout the Action. Each Action comprises three principal activities: the workshops where the science or technology matters of the Action are presented and discussed; the Action's short-term scientific missions, which allow contacts made during workshop networking to be developed; and, thirdly, the dissemination of the Action's science through publication or electronic communication.
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Cunningham, Savannah. "Pharmacists in Action: APhA member news." Pharmacy Today 26, no. 7 (July 2020): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptdy.2020.06.019.
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Abdallah, Sharifah. "Pharmacists in Action: APhA member news." Pharmacy Today 26, no. 8 (August 2020): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptdy.2020.07.021.
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Skarzhinskaya, E. M., and V. I. Tzurikov. "THEORY OF COLLECTIVE ACTION: RULES TRANSFORMATION." Economics of Contemporary Russia 86, no. 3 (October 2, 2019): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2019-3(86)-29-51.
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The authors examine the mathematical modeling of methods for the coordination of collective action in the self-organization and self-governance mode. It is assumed that members of the collective create aggregate income whose value grows, as each member invests more effort. The goal pursued by each member of the collective is to maximize personal gains. As we established in the first part of the study, the lack of universal interpersonal trust prevents members of a uniform (unstructured) collective from overcoming a non-effective, Nash equilibrium outcome. Alternative options for structuring the collective were considered, such as creating small groups (coalitions) of agents sharing mutual trust within each group. The strategy of such coalition, aimed at maximizing coalitional gains rather than personal, leads to greater investment of effort by each coalition member, which in turn produces greater aggregate gains for the entire collective. We have shown that in order to secure stability of a coalition structure, first, stimuli for each coalition member are needed such that imply redistribution of quasi-rent to their benefit, and second, control must be exercised on the efforts of the agents. As models demonstrate, members of the collective left outside coalitions or forming small coalitions with a low share taken together (in aggregate) gains, have weaker stimuli for investment. The potential of increasing such stimuli and thereby increasing aggregate gains may be furnished by another, stronger hierarchic-shaped structure – provided transactional costs are sufficiently low. In order to realize this potential, entitlements to residual income must be concentrated in the hands of a single largest coalition or a number of largest coalitions, while banning all other members of the collective from receiving such income. The income of each agent is defined by the terms of the stimulating contract. We have proposed a general design of such a stimulating contract, creating all prerequisites for achieving equilibrium outcome, with Pareto-dominates equilibrium outcomes for other collective structuring options.
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Skår, Olav, Mariana Carvalho, Wendy Poore, and Kirsty Walker. "From global upstream safety data to action." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19074.
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The International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (IOGP) is a global forum in which member companies identify and share best practices to achieve improvements in many areas, including upstream process safety. IOGP members encompass oil and gas companies, industry associations as well as major upstream service companies; collectively, members produce 40% of the world’s oil and gas. These member companies voluntarily report their annual safety data, which are used to compile an annual report on safety performance indicators. IOGP work groups use these data to identify industry-wide learning to enable an industry vision of no fatalities. This paper describes the trends and lessons learned from the most recent data received. The IOGP safety performance indicator dataset is the largest database of its kind in the upstream oil and gas industry, allowing the ability to analyse trends and learning from fatal incidents on an industry-wide basis. Having this large database of information and standardised reporting of fatality data by activity, category, Life-Saving Rule and causal factors allows trending and analysis on a scale that is not possible for any individual member company. The present paper provides an update on the upstream industry safety performance from the past 5 years of data collected, and discusses how this has led to Project Safira: eliminating fatalities in the upstream industry.
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POLČIC, Peter, and Michael FORTE. "Response of yeast to the regulated expression of proteins in the Bcl-2 family." Biochemical Journal 374, no. 2 (September 1, 2003): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20030690.
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The mechanisms by which pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins promote the release of mitochondrial factors like cytochrome c, subsequently activating the apoptotic cascade, or by which anti-apoptotic family members block this release, are still not understood. When expressed in yeast, Bcl-2 family members act directly upon conserved mitochondrial components that correspond to their apoptotic substrates in mammalian cells. Here we describe a system in which the levels of representative pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family can be regulated independently in yeast. Using this system, we have focused on the action of the anti-apoptotic family member Bcl-xL, and have defined the quantitative relationships that underlie the antagonistic action of this protein on the lethal consequences of expression of the pro-apoptotic family member Bax. This system has also allowed us to demonstrate biochemically that Bcl-xL has two actions at the level of the mitochondrion. Bcl-xL is able to inhibit the stable integration of Bax into mitochondrial membranes, as well as hinder the action of Bax that does become stably integrated into these membranes. Taken together, our results suggest that both the functional and biochemical actions of Bcl-xL may be based on the ability of this molecule to disrupt the interaction of Bax with a resident mitochondrial target that is required for Bax action. Finally, we confirm that VDAC (voltage-dependent anion channel) is not required for the functional responses observed following the expression of either pro- or anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family.
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Beaty, Liz, Tom Bourner, and Paul Frost. "Action Learning: Reflections On Becoming a Set Member." Management Education and Development 24, no. 4 (December 1993): 350–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135050769302400405.
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Xiong, Xiao Li, Li Bing Jin, and Kai Xi Li. "A New Conception of Free Torsion Rigidity in Constraint Torsion Theory for Members with Open Thin-Walled Cross-Section." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.888.
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In calculating the internal force and deformation of a thin-walled member, the influence of the free torsion rigidity must be considered and it makes the study complicated. Actually, from the analogy relations between the equilibrium equation in the constraint torsion theory of a thin-walled member and that in the plane bending theory of a tension-bending solid bar, the action of the free torsion rigidity can be regarded as a tension effect on a thin-walled member with torsion, i.e. the action can be described as a second-order effect like the tension action in the plane bending theory. Taking cantilever bars for example, the simple calculation method of the internal force and deformation of thin-walled members are deduced by the Taylor series in mathematics, and then verified by ANSYS.
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Schumann, Andrew. "Towards Context-Based Concurrent Formal Theories." Parallel Processing Letters 25, no. 01 (March 2015): 1540008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626415400083.
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We define a kind of simple actions of labelled transition systems. These actions cannot be atomic; consequently, their compositions cannot be inductive. Their informal meaning is that in one simple action we can suppose the maximum of its modifications. Such actions are called hybrid. Then we propose two formal theories on hybrid actions (the hybrid actions are defined there as non-well-founded terms and non-well-founded formulas): group theory and Boolean algebra. Both theories possess many unusual properties such as the following one: the same member of this group theory behaves as multiplicative zero in respect to one members and as multiplicative unit in respect to other members.
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Davids, William G., and George M. Turkiyyah. "Development of Embedded Bending Member to Model Dowel Action." Journal of Structural Engineering 123, no. 10 (October 1997): 1312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1997)123:10(1312).
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Seroka, Dominik. "Disciplinary Liability of Members of Collective Bodies of the Self-Government of Legal Advisers." Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego 3 (September 5, 2021): 161–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2020.3.161-187.
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The subject of this study is to examine the possibility of holding members of the collective bodies of the self-government of the National Bar of Attorneys-at-Law to disciplinary action for decisions made by the body on which they sit. The key question that can be asked in this respect is: Can an attorney-at-law who is a member of the Bar Association of Attorneys-at-Law or the National Bar Council of Attorneys-at-Law be held liable in disciplinary action with a decision made in a collegial manner by an authority in whose structures is a member?
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Ei-Sheikh, A. I. "Sensitivity of Space Trusses to Member Geometric Imperfections." International Journal of Space Structures 10, no. 2 (June 1995): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635119501000202.
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The existence of some geometrically imperfect members in a space truss is almost inevitable, and the fact that they produce initial internal member forces is undeniable. This paper is not about how to avoid member imperfections, but rather is a step forward towards better understanding of the implications of having imperfect members. The paper attempts to answer two main questions; how damaging are member imperfections to truss strength and behaviour; and where are the critical areas of a truss at which no imperfect member should be used? Additionally, the effect of composite action between a top concrete slab and a steel truss in suppressing truss sensitivity is assessed. The work is carried out on a non-composite and a composite square-on-square space truss.
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Tamminga, Allard, and Frank Hindriks. "The irreducibility of collective obligations." Philosophical Studies 177, no. 4 (January 12, 2019): 1085–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-018-01236-2.
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Abstract Individualists claim that collective obligations are reducible to the individual obligations of the collective’s members. Collectivists deny this. We set out to discover who is right by way of a deontic logic of collective action that models collective actions, abilities, obligations, and their interrelations. On the basis of our formal analysis, we argue that when assessing the obligations of an individual agent, we need to distinguish individual obligations from member obligations. If a collective has a collective obligation to bring about a particular state of affairs, then it might be that no individual in the collective has an individual obligation to bring about that state of affairs. What follows from a collective obligation is that each member of the collective has a member obligation to help ensure that the collective fulfills its collective obligation. In conclusion, we argue that our formal analysis supports collectivism.
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Welz, Christian, and Timo Kauppinen. "Industrial Action and Conflict Resolution in the New Member States." European Journal of Industrial Relations 11, no. 1 (March 2005): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680105050405.
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Aggestam, Filip, and Helga Pülzl. "Downloading Europe: A Regional Comparison in the Uptake of the EU Forest Action Plan." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 3999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12103999.
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The first EU Forest Strategy was adopted in 1998 to provide general guidelines for an EU forest policy designed to coordinate other EU forest-relevant policies. The implementation of the first strategy was done under the auspices of the EU Forest Action Plan, covering the period from 2007 to 2011. The Forest Action Plan was a tool that facilitated voluntary cooperation between EU Member States (no enforcement capabilities), with some coordinating actions being implemented by the European Commission. The reason for returning to the Forest Action Plan in this article is to provide further insight into how it was employed by EU Member States—in contrast to the majority of similar articles on the topic, which are primarily concerned with an examination of EU forest-relevant policies by either analyzing the impact of EU decision-making on forestry at the national level or studying EU Member States’ influence on the EU rather than how EU Member States actually react to EU strategies. This paper addresses this empirical gap and highlights the significant variations of the Europeanization effects on EU Member States when deciding upon and implementing a non-legally binding policy instrument when compared to legally binding policy instruments. Individual Member States exhibit varied strategies when implementing a soft policy instrument, as their respective decision spaces are substantially different, particularly when the costs and benefits of complying are not comparable to those of a legally binding instrument. These results highlight the need for a more nuanced and varied approach to the implementation of soft policy instruments by the EU, with the additional implementation strategies suggested in this article being presented to assist in meeting this need for variation.
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Napier, B. W. "Strikes and the Individual Worker—Reforming the Law." Cambridge Law Journal 46, no. 2 (July 1987): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300119956.
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The government's recent Green Paper “Trade Unions and Their Members” contains several radical proposals for the reform of labour law, among them the suggestion that no union member should be subject to penalties by his trade union for disobedience to the union's call to take strike action. This proposal is based partly on a philosophy of committed individualism—everyone has a right to decide to work whatever a trade union has to say about the taking of industrial action—and partly on the government's concern over the well-publicised sanctions which unions such as the N. U. M. and the N. U. J. have recently imposed on members who have rejected official calls to participate in industrial action. The suggestion is made at a time when the actual impact of strikes (measured in terms of working days lost) is at its lowest point for twenty years and at a stage when, as one commentator has observed, “[t]he trend in this area of law, as developed in the courts and by Parliament, is towards strengthening the position of the union member who refuses to participate in industrial action”. Given its conviction that the taking of industrial action should be a matter left to individual choice (para. 2.22), it is hardly surprising that the government appears to view sympathetically the possibility of extending to members disciplined by their union (by expulsion or some lesser sanction) the right of complaint to an industrial tribunal.
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YABUTANI, Yusuke, and Hiroshi NAKAHARA. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION OF MEMBER IN COMMUNITY ACTION GROUP AND ACTION TYPE OF THE GROUP." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 82, no. 740 (2017): 2661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.82.2661.
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Skarzhinskaia, Elena M., and Vladimir I. Tsurikov. "Theory of Collective Action: Structuring a Collective under Deficit of Trust." Economics of Contemporary Russia, no. 2 (July 17, 2019): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2019-2(85)-15-35.
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The article examines the possibilities of coordinating action among members in a collective with the aim of maximizing individual gains. Projected aggregate income is assumed to increase as the effort invested by each individual member of the collective increases, subject to the law of decreasing returns. Mathematical analysis is performed using two income functions: one non-specific, used for finding the overall solution, and the other – a specifically formulated, manifest mathematical relationship serving to calculate the results of collective action. It is shown that in order to avoid a balanced (equilibrium) yet inefficient outcome, coordination of respective effort is necessary. Coordination based on mutual trust among all members is capable of attaining optimal outcomes for the collective. Deficit of trust, characteristic of numerous collectives, alongside their members’ desire to maximize individual gains, creates demand for the formation of smaller groups of individuals united by mutual trust. Within each group of this kind, members coordinate their actions, aiming to maximize gains as a group. As a result, members of the group increase their effort above equilibrium levels, thus increasing individual gains for all members of the larger collective. The same effect is produced by an increase in the number of members in any group, as well as formation of new groups out of previously unaffiliated members of the larger collective. In view of decreasing returns and lack of information where value is created collectively, transformation of a uniform collective into a more intricately structured system partially compensates for the lack of social capital, opening the road to increasing the efficiency of collective action.
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El-Sheikh, Ahmed. "Sensitivity of Space Trusses to Sudden Member Loss." International Journal of Space Structures 12, no. 1 (March 1997): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635119701200104.
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Space trusses typically contain a large number of members, and possess a high degree of statical indeterminacy. However, a number of members have been identified as critical to truss integrity, with the loss of any of them likely to produce serious strength reductions. Furthermore, when these members are lost suddenly, e.g. due to the failure of a faulty connection or the buckling of a slender member, their forces are shed into the structure in a dynamic manner, leading to yet more severe damage. This paper presents a numerical study on the sensitivity of space trusses to both gradual and sudden member losses. The effect of composite action between a top concrete slab and a space truss in reducing this sensitivity is assessed. Other factors that are also considered in this work include the truss aspect ratio and supporting condition.
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Woolcock, Stephen. "EU Economic Diplomacy: The Factors Shaping Common Action." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 6, no. 1-2 (2011): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187119111x576949.
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AbstractThe current special issue of The Hague Journal of Diplomacy is concerned with economic diplomacy. This article looks at the role that the European Union plays in economic diplomacy and shows that the EU’s role is essentially to facilitate, rather than to promote national companies as EU member state governments do. After discussing the various definitions of economic diplomacy, the article summarizes the areas in which the European Union constrains the scope for certain national policies of the EU member states. The article then discusses the factors that shape EU economic diplomacy and assesses the relative importance of these factors in specific negotiations.
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Helepciuc, Florența-Elena, and Arpad Todor. "Evaluating the effectiveness of the EU’s approach to the sustainable use of pesticides." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): e0256719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256719.
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By adopting the 2009 "pesticide package," the EU proposed a common approach to limiting the harmful effects of pesticides, promoting Integrated Pest Management, and the progressive replacement of the most dangerous pesticides with low-risk alternatives through a comprehensive but flexible framework for all EU Member States. Each EU Member State had to develop a National Action Plan that would propose measures to achieve the package’s goals. Nevertheless, the choice of actions and indicators remained to be established at the national level. A series of recent evaluations of how Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and the Council on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive (SUD), a central piece of the "pesticide package," was implemented showed limited success in achieving its goals. Aiming to explain these failures, we compare the National Action Plans eight EU Member States adopted after the SUD. We assess the degree to which the countries’ proposed measures and indicators would achieve the Directive’s three overarching objectives (reduce risks and impact; promote Integrated Pest Management; promote approaches and techniques to reduce reliance on pesticides). We develop the comparative analysis along three dimensions: the promotion of measures to achieve SUD’s three goals; the evolution of the pre-and post-Directive action plans of some of the old EU Member States; and the differences between old and the new EU Member States. The comparison along ten variables shows that the SUD had a minimal effect in homogenizing different states’ approaches to develop their National Action Plans to systematically treat problems, propose measures, and timetables for implementation and indicators. Given that the overall effect in generating a common EU approach to raise the sustainability of pesticide use and agriculture, in general, was still limited, as no common measures, indicators, or process to planning were identified, we discuss some suggestions to improve the situation.
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Visscher, L., and M. Faure. "A Law and Economics Perspective on the EU Directive on Representative Actions." Journal of Consumer Policy 44, no. 3 (June 12, 2021): 455–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10603-021-09491-3.
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AbstractThis article provides an analysis of the Directive on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers of 25 November 2020. The Directive enables qualified entities to bring representative actions on behalf of the consumer. The article uses a Law and Economics approach to stress the advantages of collective actions as a tool to remedy rational apathy and free-rider behaviour. The article therefore in principle welcomes the fact that this Directive will lead to all Member States having some form of collective redress. However, it is rather difficult to fit this Directive into the economic criteria for centralization as there is no obvious danger of cross-border externalities or a race-to-the-bottom. The article is critical of the fact that the Directive only provides for a representative action and does not mention the alternative of a group action (sometimes referred to as a class action). This is especially problematic if there are very few qualified entities that could bring the representative action. Furthermore, the fact that Member States may choose an opt-in procedure instead of an opt-out procedure is critically evaluated. The most problematic aspect of the Directive is the funding of the representative action. Punitive damages and contingency fees are rejected, and the possibility of third-party funding is restricted. It is therefore to be feared that this Directive, notwithstanding the good intentions, may not lead to much application in practice, since the question of how the representative action is to be financed is not resolved in any satisfactory manner.
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ARTALE, ALESSANDRO, and ENRICO FRANCONI. "Representing a robotic domain using temporal description logics." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 13, no. 2 (April 1999): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060499132050.
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A temporal logic for representing and reasoning on a robotic domain is presented. Actions are represented by describing what is true while the action itself is occurring, and plans are constructed by temporally relating actions and world states. The temporal language is a member of the family of Description Logics, which are characterized by high expressivity combined with good computational properties. The logic is used to organize the domain actions and plans in a taxonomy. The classification and recognition tasks, together with the subsumption task form the basis for action management. An action/plan description can be automatically classified into a taxonomy; an action/plan instance can be recognized to take place at a certain moment from the observation of what is happening in the world during a time interval.
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Ogoshi, Kazuei, Taiji Akamatsu, Hiroyasu Iishi, Daizo Saito, Nobuhiro Sakaki, Chihiro Sekiya, Akira Matsuura, Kenichi Fujita, and Tatsuzo Kasugai. "I. Action to Take When a Medical Staff Member is Infected." Digestive Endoscopy 12, no. 4 (October 2000): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1443-1661.2000.00056-9.x.
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Carson, Jack, Jacob Waddingham, and Jeremy Mackey. "Organization member action proximity and attributions for managerial crisis response failure." Management Decision 58, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 2177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-08-2020-1059.
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PurposeThe purpose of this research is to describe organization members' attributions for managerial responses to obviously externally caused crises. The authors draw from attribution theory research and the actor-observer bias to argue that organization members' proximity to managerial crisis response is a key determinant of organization members' affective and behavioral outcomes following a crisis.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop a conceptual dual-process model of attributions that explains why organization members' judgments of managerial responsibility and associated outcomes differ depending on organization members' proximity to crisis response action.FindingsThe authors focus on organization members' attributions for the failure of managerial crisis responses to obviously externally caused crisis events. The authors present propositions regarding the impact of organization members' potential biases on their attributions for managerial crisis response. Then, the authors delineate how action proximity can assuage negative outcomes of managerial crisis response failure by encouraging an attitude of understanding and awareness of situational challenges.Originality/valueThe authors diverge from prior applications of attribution theory to crisis management by focusing on organization members' attributions of managerial crisis response failure, rather than attributions for the initial cause of the crisis itself. The authors also extend prior work that primarily focuses on crisis response strategies by instead elaborating on how organization members' attributions operate in the wake of their management's failure to effectively respond to an obviously externally caused crisis.
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Echagüe, Ana, Hélène Michou, and Barah Mikail. "Europe and the Arab Uprisings: EU Vision versus Member State Action." Mediterranean Politics 16, no. 2 (July 2011): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2011.583760.
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El-Sheikh, Ahmed. "Sensitivity of Composite and Non-Composite Space Trusses to Member Loss." International Journal of Space Structures 9, no. 2 (June 1994): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635119400900205.
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Since double layer space trusses have typically a large number of redundant members, it is frequently assumed that they are quite safe as the loss of one or more members can be accommodated without any noticeable effect on truss overall behaviour. The present study shows that every truss includes a number of critical members, the loss of any of which would cause force distributions that could lead to an overall premature collapse. The sensitivity of space trusses to member loss is clearly identified. The composite action between a top concrete slab and a space truss is also introduced as a means to control truss sensitivity to member loss. Factors that affect this sensitivity such as the truss supporting conditions are also investigated.
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Kopálová, Michaela, and Vladimír Pribramsky. "Numerical Analysis of Prestressed UHPC Lightened Member." Solid State Phenomena 272 (February 2018): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.272.172.
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UHPC (ultra-high-performance concrete) is one of the essential elements in the development and research of new modern concrete structures. It is a material showing all the positive qualities in terms of the design efficiency and construction process. In this paper, we analyze the behavior of prestressed UHPC I-beam with lightened web that is loaded by four-point bending test. Two variants of I-beam were used for the analysis. The first variant is beam with a continuous thin web and the second variant is beam with lightened web, which is analogous to castellated steel I-profiles, commonly used types of steel beams with larger span. Although these are relatively small specimens, light beam analysis can be extrapolated for large span structures, especially bridges. In case of structures of larger magnitude with precast members of UHPC, a certain amount of discontinuous action cannot be avoided, which is the case of using a lightened beam with openings across the entire height of the web. Application of prestressed tendons ensures sufficient resistance for bending action; members are designed so failure occurs by shear response.
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Hwang, Ming-Hon, and Hsin Rau. "Establishment of a customer-oriented model for demand chain management." Human Systems Management 26, no. 1 (March 20, 2007): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-2007-26103.
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This study attempts to solve problems encountered in traditional supply chain design, including: products not being designed or manufactured according to customer needs; low profit or over-crowded competitors in the chosen target market, and conflicts between the objectives for each member of the supply chain. Moreover, this study recommends a model for calculating the objectives for the overall demand chain and for each member. This model maximizes the overall demand chain performance by satisfying customer needs. It not only gives demand chain members for value adding direction, but also monitors the members during execution. The proposed model provides immediate corrective action if any members of the demand chain deviate from the objectives.
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Koopmans, Tim. "Subsidiarity, Politics and the Judiciary." European Constitutional Law Review 1, no. 1 (October 12, 2004): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019605001124.
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Since the Maastricht Treaty of 1992, the principle of subsidiarity is to govern the exercise of powers between the European Community and the Member States in areas that do not fall within the exclusive competence of the Community. According to the treaty provision, the principle means that the Community can only take action if and insofar as the objectives of the proposed action cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the scale or effects of the proposed action, be better achieved by the Community. A similar provision is now part of the draft ‘European Constitution’ 2003; it merely adds that Member State action can be taken at the national, the regional and the local level. Even without this useless supplement, the definition of subsidiarity looks fairly complicated.
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Kane, Michele. "Wisdom in action." Gifted Education International 30, no. 2 (April 21, 2013): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261429413481125.
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Annemarie Roeper is a luminary in the field of gifted education. Her many contributions provide a window into the depth and breadth of her curious and creative nature. Along with her husband George, she envisioned and developed a child-centered and holistic approach to education which resulted in The Roeper School, a legendary school for gifted children. The parent letters they would send home eventually led to a premier research journal, The Roeper Review. Annemarie Roeper’s life journey was represented by her publications, which included a myriad of articles as well as several books. She was a founding member of the global awareness committees for the National Association for Gifted Children and the World Council for Gifted and Talented Children. The legacy she leaves is her life story and the manner by which she transformed the challenges in her life and created opportunities for growth—she modeled wisdom in action.
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Chang, Tracy F. H. "Power at Work: Building a Teamster Member to Member Action Network. Produced by International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 15 minutes." Labor Studies Journal 24, no. 3 (September 1999): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x9902400305.
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Bolleyer, Nicole. "Civil society – Politically engaged or member-serving? A governance perspective." European Union Politics 22, no. 3 (April 26, 2021): 495–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14651165211000439.
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Which types of civil society organizations are politicized as indicated by regular political engagement and why? If they are, how wide-ranging are their political action repertoires? This article proposes an ‘organizational governance perspective’ on civil society organizations’ political engagement by arguing that organizations resembling traditional ‘voluntary associations’ are less likely to be politicized and to employ a broad political action repertoire than those resembling highly professionalized ‘voluntary agencies’. Applying event count regressions to new data from four recent population surveys widely substantiates the proposed perspective, thereby challenging prominent arguments about the detrimental effects of professionalization and state dependency on organizations’ ability to contribute to democratic representation.
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YABUTANI, Yusuke, Hiroshi NAKAHARA, and Akio SHIINO. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROLE AND PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION OF MEMBER IN COMMUNITY ACTION GROUP." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 84, no. 761 (2019): 1613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.84.1613.
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Marguery, Tony. "European Union Fundamental Rights and Member States Action in EU Criminal Law." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 20, no. 2 (June 2013): 282–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x1302000208.
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Watts, Vabren. "House Member Proposes Federal Action to Ban Conversion Therapy for LGBT Youth." Psychiatric News 50, no. 10 (May 15, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2015.5b9.
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McGregor, Ian M., Hilary Yerbury, and Ahmed Shahid. "The Voices of Local NGOs in Climate Change Issues: Examples from Climate Vulnerable Nations." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 10, no. 3 (November 25, 2018): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v10.i3.6019.
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The contributions of small local non-government organisations (NGOs) in countries at risk from climate change to knowledge creation and action on climate change are rarely considered. This study sought to remedy this by focusing on NGOs in member countries of the Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF). Analysing data from Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), NGO websites and email correspondence with NGO staff through a knowledge brokering typology, this study examines the ways in which local NGOs in five members of the CVF (Afghanistan, Bhutan, Kiribati, Nepal and Tuvalu) take action, generate new knowledge and understandings and contribute to the plans and actions of their government and the international community. The study found that local NGOs are involved in the creation of new knowledge both at the scientific and community level and engage in actions to support adaptation to climate change. However, there are differences in the approaches they take when making contributions to scientific knowledge and climate change debates. The findings of this study suggest the need to reconceptualise the role of local NGOs in small countries at risk from climate change.
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Rohen, Mechthild, and Thanassis Chrissafis. "European eParticipation developments: from ad hoc experiences towards mass scale engagement." JeDEM - eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government 2, no. 2 (September 21, 2010): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29379/jedem.v2i2.44.
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This article looks at the challenges surrounding the development and mainstreaming of actions in the area of eParticipation in the EU. It analyses the experience of recent years, especially the ones from the eParticipation Preparatory Action, and looks at the latest policy initiatives which affect further developments in Member States and the EU.
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Korcz-Konkol, Natalia, and Piotr Iwicki. "Corrugated Sheeting as a Member of a Shear Panel Under Repeated Load—Experimental Test." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 4032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184032.
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In stressed-skin design, the cladding stiffening effect on structures is taken into account. However, the “traditional” design is more usual, wherein this effect is neglected. Even if the diaphragm actions are not regarded, in particular cases such as big sheds (and others), the parasitic (unwanted) stressed-skin action may occur with the result of leakage or even failure. The structures of this kind have already been built. Thus, an important question arises: How can one assess them if there is a need to correct or redesign them? What kind of non-destructive approach can be used to achieve that? Experimental tests of small-scale shear panels made of trapezoidal sheeting were designed in order to observe the behaviour of the diaphragm under increasing and repeated load. The tests were oriented toward force–displacement relations and strains in selected areas of the sheeting. The results revealed nonlinear, hysteretic force–displacement behaviour of the panel and the occurrence of the persistent deflections and stresses which remain even after the unloading. The relation among the stresses, force–displacement paths and modes of failure can be potentially used in monitoring systems of existing buildings in terms of parasitic stressed-skin action.
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Zubizarreta, E., M. Lodge, M. Abdel-Wahab, and A. Polo. "Cervical Cancer in the Commonwealth: Collective Action." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 153s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.57300.
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Background and context: Fifty-three countries are members of the Commonwealth. These countries span Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe and the Pacific and are diverse - they are among the world's largest, smallest, richest and poorest countries. Thirty-one of these members are classified as small states - countries with a population size of 1.5 million people or less and larger member states that share similar characteristics with them. The Commonwealth Secretariat is planning to tackle the problem of cervical cancer in their low and middle member states (LMIC) through the project “Cervical Cancer in the Commonwealth: Collective Action”. There are 209,100 cervical cancer cases diagnosed per year in the Commonwealth, and in 167,300 cases radiotherapy treatment is indicated. Aim: To analyze the problem of cervical cancer in low and middle-income countries of the Commonwealth and to propose the first step for a collective action. Strategy/Tactics: The treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer includes radiotherapy (teletherapy and brachytherapy) plus concomitant chemotherapy. Cervical cancer has a high rate of curability if brachytherapy is added to teletherapy. We identified radiotherapy departments in Commonwealth LMIC with teletherapy but no brachytherapy and proposed the upgrade of these services to include brachytherapy as a first step. Program/Policy process: The evidence-based treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer is a combination of external beam radiotherapy with chemotherapy and brachytherapy. Brachytherapy has played a major role during many decades in the treatment of gynecologic cancer with good clinical results. EBRT combined with BT leads to superior survival for patients with cervix cancer as compared with EBRT alone, and additionally, MR image-guided BT further improves local control and survival. Countries with no access to BT may only offer palliative treatment to women diagnosed with locally advanced cervical cancer. Any curative attempt for these patients should include brachytherapy. The addition of brachytherapy to external beam radiotherapy in the treatment of cervical cancer is associated with a 12% increase in the 4-y overall survival rates and 13% increase in cause-specify survival. Brachytherapy can save at least 12% more cervical cancer lives than radiotherapy alone. These differences would be much bigger in LMIC because of the limited technology used for external beam radiotherapy. Outcomes: Each high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy afterloader can treat up to 666 patients per year, of which 466 (70%) could be potentially cured. The capital costs for installing an HDR afterloader is around US$ 1 million, including equipment and building, the annual operating costs are US$ 473,000, and the costs of brachytherapy are US$ 710 per patient. In the lifetime of an HDR afterloader (10 years), 4660 patients could be cured per afterloader installed. What was learned: Brachytherapy saves lives!
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Wegener, Bernhard W. "European Right of Action for Environmental NGOs." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 8, no. 4 (2011): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601011x604221.
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AbstractIn a groundbreaking test-case judgment, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has granted environmental NGOs an extensive right to bring legal action against administrative acts having a significant effect on the environment. Its judgment brings to an end—for the time being—heated debate as to the standing of environmental NGOs to bring such actions which has occupied discourse in Germany for over 40 years. The judgement is also highly relevant for other member states' legal systems. The outlines of a uniform European right of action for environmental NGOs are now beginning to emerge. But even in the light of the ECJ's remarkably unequivocal judgment, crucial questions as to the details of the review of legality environmental NGOs may now initiate remain unanswered.
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Presley, Morgan L., Rebecca Gehringer, and Deborah L. Hanuscin. "Using Natural Selection Concept Inventories in College Biology Classrooms to Improve Teaching and Learning." American Biology Teacher 79, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2017.79.2.91.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate how assessment instruments could be used in the college biology classroom for purposes other than researching instructional strategies (as they have been used in the past). Through participatory action research, a science educator and a biology faculty member examined how the CINS (Concept Inventory of Natural Selection) could be incorporated into the biology faculty member's classroom instruction. This paper shows that biology faculty members can use assessment instruments to build in-class activities and labs, to formatively assess student knowledge, and to confront student misconceptions. Several recommendations for incorporating assessment instruments in biology instruction and assessment are provided.
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Yu, H. X., and J. Y. Richard Liew. "Considering Catenary Action in Designing End-Restrained Steel Beams in Fire." Advances in Structural Engineering 8, no. 3 (July 2005): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1369433054349123.
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When a building compartment is subjected to fire attack, there are complex interactions between the fire affected members with the surrounding members. The behaviour of the steel frame members in fire can be drastically different from that of its member in isolation. This paper studies the behaviour of steel beams with the increase of temperature from beam action phase to catenary action phase and until failure. The load bearing mechanism in the catenary action phase is discussed and the failure criterion is defined. A new ultimate limit state based on 15% maximum strain of steel material at elevated temperature is proposed to determine the ultimate load capacity of beams failed in the catenary action phase. Wide ranges of beam parameters including various beam sizes and span lengths with different degrees of end restraints are studied. Comparison of results with those obtained from nonlinear finite element analysis shows that the proposed design method could enhance the critical temperature of steel beams by over 200 °C if proper attention is given to the integrity of connections to resist the catenary force. In this respect, methods to estimate the catenary force and beam deflection are provided.
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Coombs, Collette, Belinda Fleiter, Kelly Fleiter, Jenny Foley, Debbie Jarro, Charmaine Law, David Spillman, Lynn Smith, Lynn Smith, and Pat Moran. "Action Learning for Indigenous Education Students project." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 27, no. 1 (July 1999): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1326011100001484.
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The Action Learning for Indigenous Education Students (ALIES) project was established at Central Queensland University (CQU) in 1998. Its original membership consisted of a group of eight first year Indigenous (Murri) students, who were enrolled in the Bachelor of Education degree programme; an Indigenous, Sociology Honours student; the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts' Associate Dean Administration and sub-Dean of Students; and, a member of Nulloo Yumbah's support staff
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Hom, Doona. "Understanding the Difficulties of Building Intersubjectivity among Members of an Organization." Chinese Public Administration Review 1, no. 3/4 (January 1, 2006): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v1i3/4.109.
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The power of an organization comes from its members and it is the commitment of developing an intersubjective experience with other members that makes the administration functional. To translate the intersubjectivity concept to an organization's life, it can be interpreted as follows: to be a member of an organization is to think and act in a certain way, in the light of particular goals, values, pictures of the world, and to think and act so as to belong to an organization. In reality, because organization members have diversified backgrounds in cultural, sexual, educational, ethnic, and age - there are difficulties in building an intersubjective understanding. To name a few, not recognizing the need for nor being willin to build intersubjectivity, lack of trust among members, lack of complete information when constructing intersubjectivity, ambiguity of language, cultural diufferences among members of an organization, action being different from words, act of recognition of changing condition, and valuing efficiency over long-term commitment. Some tools, such as action skills, can be used to overcome these difficulties. Action skills can be acquired through continuous education.
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PIERSON, PAUL. "The Path to European Integration." Comparative Political Studies 29, no. 2 (April 1996): 123–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414096029002001.
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Observers of the European Community have criticized “intergovernmentalist” accounts for exaggerating the extent of member-state control over European integration. This article grounds these criticisms in a historical institutionalist analysis, stressing the need to study European integration as a process that unfolds over time. Losses of control result not only from the autonomous actions of supranational organizations, but from member-state preoccupation with short-term concerns, the ubiquity of unintended consequences, and the instability of member-state policy preferences. Once gaps in control emerge, change-resistant decision rules and sunk costs associated with societal adaptations make it difficult for member states to reassert their authority. Brief examination of the evolution of EC social policy suggests the limitations of treating the EC as an instrument facilitating collective action among sovereign states. Rather, integration should be viewed as a path-dependent process producing a fragmented but discernible multitiered European polity.
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Aas, Sean. "Distributing Collective Obligation." Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 9, no. 3 (June 5, 2017): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v9i3.91.
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In this paper I develop an account of member obligation: the obligations that fall on the members of an obligated collective in virtue of that collective obligation. I use this account to argue that unorganized collections of individuals can constitute obligated agents. I argue first that, to know when a collective obligation entails obligations on that collective’s members, we have to know not just what it would take for each member to do their part in satisfying the collective obligation, but also what they should do if they cannot do their part because others will not do theirs. I go on to argue (contra recent proposals) that it is not good enough for members in this situation to reasonably believe that others will not do their part. Rather, for a member of an obligated collective to permissibly escape doing her part in a collective obligation, she must both reasonably doubt that others will do their part and stand ready to act in case others do as well.
This necessary condition for collective obligation points the way to plausible sufficient conditions – conditions that, I argue, allow unstructured collectives to bear obligations. For (a) if a collective’s members are individually obligated to be ready to do their part, in a given collective action, and (b) if that individual readiness makes it sufficiently likely that the collective will in fact act, then it is hard to see what could block an attribution of collective obligation. In particular, in that case there ought to be no additional objection that there is no existing, organized “agent” on which the obligation might fall. For agents are, simply, things that can act. To be able to act is just to be able to succeed by trying. Unstructured collectives try to do something, I argue, when each member acts on their willingness to do their part in that thing if others do theirs; sometimes they succeed, producing a collective action. Some unstructured collectives, therefore, can succeed by trying; therefore, they can act; therefore they are agents.
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Andres, Hayward P. "Shared Mental Model Development During Technology-Mediated Collaboration." International Journal of e-Collaboration 7, no. 3 (July 2011): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2011070102.
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This study examines how collaboration mode – face-to-face and videoconferencing technology-mediated virtual teams - shapes negotiated shared interpretation of ideas needed for shared mental model construction. Social impact theory and group action theory provide a framework for explaining how technology-mediated collaboration constrains or enhances team shared mental model development. Social impact theory suggests that team member behavior is affected by 1) influential members, 2) number of members, and 3) proximity. Group action theory proposes that team member behavior is guided by 1) assessment of task requirements, 2) adopted task strategy, and 3) evaluation of task solution. This study argues that technology-mediated collaboration will exhibit lower participation rates and intra-team communication deficiencies while developing a shared mental model of task requirements, strategy and status. Partial least squares analysis revealed that technology-mediated collaboration does impact shared mental model development. Observers noted that decision making effectiveness and timeliness regarding task execution strategy and solution content was facilitated by a shared understanding of the task context. The study also confirmed the utility of direct observation for studying communication behaviors and social interaction in the development of shared mental model and teamwork.
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Hu, Xi Bing, Fei Hua Yi, Da Long Zhang, and Hui Mao. "Mechanical Properties Research of Planar K-Joint." Advanced Materials Research 1091 (February 2015): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1091.83.
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The finite element models of the planar K-joint are established based on the finite element analysis software ANSYS. The bracing members are under the action of axial force and moment. Different rotational deformation values of the joint with different geometric parameters are reached with calculation and analysis. Results show that the deformation value approximate linearly increased with the increasing load of the bracing member. It also shows that the influence of the bracing member diameter and wall thickness is larger on rotational deformation values and the rotational deformation of the part of the K-joint is greatly influenced by the deformation of joint region.
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Min, Bo Hee, Nora Cate Schaeffer, Dana Garbarski, and Jennifer Dykema. "The Action Structure of Recruitment Calls and Its Analytic Implications: The Case of Disfluencies." Journal of Official Statistics 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 529–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2020-0028.
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AbstractWe describe interviewers’ actions in phone calls recruiting sample members. We illustrate (1) analytic challenges of studying how interviewers affect participation and (2) actions that undergird the variables in our models. We examine the impact of the interviewer’s disfluencies on whether a sample member accepts or declines the request for an interview as a case study. Disfluencies are potentially important if they communicate the competence or humanity of the interviewer to the sample member in a way that affects the decision to participate. Using the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, we find that although as they begin, calls that become declinations are similar to those that become acceptances, they soon take different paths. Considering all recruitment actions together, we find that the ratio of disfluencies to words does not predict acceptance of the request for an interview, although the disfluency ratio before the turning point – request to participate or a declination – of the call does. However, after controlling for the number of actions, the disfluency ratio no longer predicts participation. Instead, when we examine actions before and after the first turning point separately, we find that the number of actions has a positive relationship with participation before and a negative relationship after.