Journal articles: 'Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'

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Andrusevich, A. S., E. L. Krasnikova, M. M. Misteyko, I. I. Strelchenya, M. S. Struk, and O. V. Malchik. "BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACTINOBACILLUS PLEUROPNEUMONIAE MUSEUM STRAINS." Ecology and Animal World, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/2224-1647-2021-1-58-62.

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The article provides data on the biochemical properties of museum strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoni-ae. The belonging of the strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was confirmed in the polymerase chain reaction using the developed RUE «Institute of experimental veterinary medicine nam. of S.N. Wyshelessky» test system for detecting the genome of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.

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Rusaleyev, V. S. "ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF ACTINOBACILLUS PLEUROPNEUMONIAE IN SWINE: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS." Veterinary Science Today, no. 3 (October 3, 2018): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2018-3-26-26-29.

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Porcine pleuropneumonia is an infectious contagious disease caused by bacteria Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Currently, the disease is widespread in many countries with well-developed pig production. The disease causes significant economic damage to farms due to the large mortality and expenses for treatment of diseased pigs and implementation of veterinary and sanitary measures. Due to increased number of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae cases in pigs, and the emergence of actinobacillus-resistant forms, it is necessary to perform a more thorough study and discussion of this problem. The disease epidemic surveillance is based on continuous monitoring aimed at porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae identification, confirmation and registration, determination of its characteristics and trends in development of sensitivity to antimicrobial preparations. The article addresses the topic of antibiotic use and the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms, which is actual not only for veterinary medicine but also for medicine. The model of swine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was used to study the reasons of antibiotic resistance. Possible approaches to overcoming the resistance of actinobacilli to antibiotics have been discussed. The prospects for the use of antibiotics were discussed in detail to cope with this problem. Targeted surveillance, aimed at monitoring and collecting information on the prescription of antibiotics is of great importance for the solution of the problem of antibiotic resistance. The information obtained from the monitoring can be used for development of the plan and strategy for the use of antibacterial preparations (preparation selection, dose, route of administration, frequency, number of courses), development and implementation of more effective approaches to the treatment of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs, control of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria occurrence and spread.

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Subashchandrabose, Sargurunathan, Rhiannon M. Leveque, Roy N. Kirkwood, Matti Kiupel, and Martha H. Mulks. "The RNA Chaperone Hfq Promotes Fitness of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae during Porcine Pleuropneumonia." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 8 (June 3, 2013): 2952–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00392-13.

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ABSTRACTActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeis the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, an economically important disease of pigs. Thehfqgene inA. pleuropneumoniae, encoding the RNA chaperone and posttranscriptional regulator Hfq, is upregulated during infection of porcine lungs. To investigate the role of thisin vivo-induced gene inA. pleuropneumoniae, anhfqmutant strain was constructed. Thehfqmutant was defective in biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. The level ofpgaCtranscript, encoding the biosynthesis of poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG), a major biofilm matrix component, was lower and PNAG content was 10-fold lower in thehfqmutant than in the wild-type strain. When outer membrane proteins were examined, cysteine synthase, implicated in resistance to oxidative stress and tellurite, was not found at detectable levels in the absence of Hfq. Thehfqmutant displayed enhanced sensitivity to superoxide generated by methyl viologen and tellurite. These phenotypes were readily reversed by complementation with thehfqgene expressed from its native promoter. The role of Hfq in the fitness ofA. pleuropneumoniaewas assessed in a natural host infection model. Thehfqmutant failed to colonize porcine lungs and was outcompeted by the wild-type strain (median competitive index of 2 × 10−5). Our data demonstrate that thein vivo-induced genehfqis involved in the regulation of PNAG-dependent biofilm formation, resistance to superoxide stress, and the fitness and virulence ofA. pleuropneumoniaein pigs and begin to elucidate the role of anin vivo-induced gene in the pathogenesis of pleuropneumonia.

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To, Ho, Kaho Teshima, Michiha Kon, Saori Yasuda, Yuta Akaike, Kazumoto Shibuya, Shinya Nagai, and Chihiro Sasakawa. "Characterization of nontypeable Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 4 (June 9, 2020): 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720931469.

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Two Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from clinical cases of porcine pleuropneumonia in Japan were positive in the capsular serovar 15–specific PCR assay, but nontypeable (NT) in the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test. Nucleotide sequence analysis of gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipopolysaccharide O-polysaccharide (O-PS) revealed that both clusters contained transposable element IS Apl1 of A. pleuropneumoniae belonging to the IS30 family. Immunoblot analysis revealed that these 2 isolates could not produce O-PS. We conclude that the IS Apl1 of A. pleuropneumoniae can interfere in the biosynthesis of both CPS and O-PS.

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Frank, Rodney K., M. M. Chengappa, Richard D. Oberst, Kristina J. Hennessy, Steven C. Henry, and Brad Fenwick. "Pleuropneumonia Caused by Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae Biotype 2 in Growing and Finishing Pigs." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 4, no. 3 (July 1992): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879200400308.

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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 was isolated in pure culture or as the predominant isolate from the lungs of 9 growing and finishing pigs with pleuropneumonia. Gross and microscopic lesions resembled those caused by A. pleuropneumoniae biotype 1 serotypes (nos. 1, 5, and 7) traditionally seen in the United States. The overall mortality rate for growing and finishing pigs on this 1,200-sow far-row-to-finish farm ranged from 0.37% to 0.84% per month from July 1990 to February 1991, and mortality due to respiratory disease ranged from 0.17% to 0.52% per month for the same period. This Actinobacillus species did not require V factor (no satellitism on blood agar with a Staphylococcus streak), was strongly beta-hemolytic, and demonstrated restriction fragment length polymorphisms in hybridization studies with A. suis, A. lignieresii, and A. equuli. Biochemically, the isolate most closely resembled A. pleuropneumoniae, and a DNA fragment considered specific for A. pleuropneumoniae biotypes 1 and 2 was demonstrated using polymerase chain reaction. Necrohemorrhagic pleuropneumonia similar to that caused by A. pleuropneumoniae biotype 1 was reproduced experimentally in 2 4-week-old pigs inoculated intratracheally with broth cultures of the A. pleuropneumoniae biotype 2. This study demonstrated the presence of A. pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 in the United States.

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Zhou, Yang, Lu Li, Zhaohui Chen, Hong Yuan, Huanchun Chen, and Rui Zhou. "Adhesion Protein ApfA of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Is Required for Pathogenesis and Is a Potential Target for Vaccine Development." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 2 (December 26, 2012): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00616-12.

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ABSTRACTActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeis the etiologic agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, which causes serious economic losses in the pig farming industry worldwide. Due to a lack of knowledge of its virulence factors and a lack of effective vaccines able to confer cross-serotype protection, it is difficult to place this disease under control. By analyzing its genome sequences, we found that type IV fimbrial subunit protein ApfA is highly conserved among different serotypes ofA. pleuropneumoniae. Our study shows that ApfA is an adhesin since its expression was greatly upregulated (135-fold) upon contact with host cells, while its deletion mutant attenuated its capability of adhesion. The inactivation ofapfAdramatically reduced the ability ofA. pleuropneumoniaeto colonize mouse lung, suggesting thatapfAis a virulence factor. Purified recombinant ApfA elicited an elevated humoral immune response and conferred robust protection against challenges withA. pleuropneumoniaeserovar 1 strain 4074 and serovar 7 strain WF83 in mice. Importantly, the anti-ApfA serum conferred significant protection against both serovar 1 and serovar 7 in mice. These studies indicate that ApfA promotes virulence through attachment to host cells, and its immunogenicity renders it a promising novel subunit vaccine candidate against infection withA. pleuropneumoniae.

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Jeannotte, Marie-Eve, Maan Abul-Milh, J. Daniel Dubreuil, and Mario Jacques. "Binding of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to Phosphatidylethanolamine." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 8 (August 2003): 4657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.8.4657-4663.2003.

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ABSTRACT The gram-negative bacterium Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine fibrinohemorrhagic necrotizing pleuropneumonia, a disease that causes important economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. In general, the initial step of bacterial colonization is attachment to host cells. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the binding of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 to phospholipids, which are the major constituents of biological membranes. Phospholipids serve as receptors for several bacteria, including respiratory pathogens. To study this effect, we used thin-layer chromatography overlay binding assays to test commercial phospholipids such as phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Our results indicate that A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 binds to PE but not to the other phospholipids tested. Serotypes 5b and 7, which, along with serotype 1, are the most prevalent serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae in North America, share the ability to bind PE. Inhibition of binding with a monoclonal antibody against A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 O antigen and the use of isogenic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mutants of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 showed that the O antigen seems to be implicated in the binding to PE, at least for A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. A. pleuropneumoniae was also shown to bind to a phospholipid extracted from swine lungs by using the method of Folch. Chemical staining with molybdenum blue and ninhydrin, migration with neutral, acidic, and basic solvent systems, and mass spectrometry analysis all indicated that this lipid is PE. This study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first description of A. pleuropneumoniae binding to phospholipids. Our data also suggest that LPS O antigens could be involved in binding to PE.

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Leiner, Gero, Burkart Franz, Katrin Strutzberg, and Gerald-F. Gerlach. "A Novel Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using the RecombinantActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxII Antigen for Diagnosis of Pleuropneumonia in Pig Herds." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 630–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.4.630-632.1999.

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ABSTRACT For the surveillance of pig herds infected with porcine pleuropneumonia, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the recombinant Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxII protein as species- but not serotype-specific antigen was developed. Using this ELISA, 243 of 400 animals from 22 A. pleuropneumoniae-infected herds were classified as seropositive.

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Altman, Eleonora, Douglas W. Griffith, and Malcolm B. Perry. "Structural studies of the O-chains of the lipopolysaccharides produced by strains of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae serotype 5." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 68, no. 11 (November 1, 1990): 1268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o90-188.

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The water-phase lipopolysaccharides isolated by phenol–water extraction from the cells of four strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 (K17, L20, B78-3760, and 81-750) were shown on structural analysis to have O-chain components with the same basic polysaccharide structure of a linear unbranched homopolymer of 1,6-linked β-D-galactopyranosyl residues, although the linear length of the O-chain varied among different strains. While those of strains B78-3760 and 81-750 were partially O-acetylated, the O-chains of strains K17 and L20 were unsubstituted.Key words: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide, pleuropneumonia.

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Sárközi, Rita, László Makrai, and László Fodor. "Identification of a proposed new serovar of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: Serovar 16." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 63, no. 4 (December 2015): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2015.041.

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Five Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains isolated from pathological lesions of porcine pleuropneumonia in Hungary could not be assigned to any of the accepted 15 serovars. Using hyperimmune serum raised against these unty-pable-serovar A. pleuropneumoniae strains in rabbits, indirect haemagglutination tests proved that they form a distinct group and there is no cross-reaction between them and the type strains of A. pleuropneumoniae. All five strains harboured the toxin-associated genes for the production (apxIA) and secretion (apxIB) of ApxI, the gene for the expression of ApxII and the largest-size (2800 bp) apxIV gene. The carbon source utilisation pattern and the sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed the species identification of the suggested type strain, A. pleuropneumoniae A-85/14. A new serovar of A. pleuropneumoniae — serovar 16 — is proposed with A. pleuropneumoniae A-85/14 as reference strain.

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Inui, Takashi, Toshio Endo, and Tadahiro Matsushita. "Morphological Changes and Lysis Induced by β-Lactams Associated with the Characteristic Profiles of Affinities of Penicillin-Binding Proteins in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 1518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.6.1518-1523.2000.

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ABSTRACT Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which was formerly classified in the genus Haemophilus, is a pathogen causing swine pleuropneumonia. We found that aspoxicillin showed strong activity and that meropenem had better lytic activity against this pathogen. In the present study, we for the first time identified penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of A. pleuropneumoniaein order to elucidate the relationship between the antibacterial and lytic activities of β-lactam antibiotics and affinities of the PBPs. The competitive assay using 3H-labeled benzylpenicillin revealed seven PBPs in A. pleuropneumoniae; they were determined to be PBPs 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, and the molecular masses of these PBPs were estimated to be 92, 80, 76, 72, 50, 44, and 30 kDa, respectively, by comparison with those of Haemophilus influenzae. Our detailed analysis of the affinities of the PBPs of A. pleuropneumoniae and of the bacterial lysis kinetics for several β-lactam antibiotics revealed that the strong antibacterial activity of aspoxicillin against this strain could be related to the higher affinity of PBP 3 and that preferential inactivation of PBP 1b could cause rapid lysis.

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Przybyl, Sylwia, and Wojciech Jachymek. "Antigens of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and their use in the design of vaccines, especially glycoconjugates." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 72 (May 29, 2018): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0683.

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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (further: A. pleuropneumoniae) is microaerophilic, Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family. This pathogenic microorganism is a major cause of porcine pleuropneumonia and fibrinous pleurisy, highly contagious diseases of the respiratory tract, affecting predominantly young pigs. Pleuropneumonia and fibrinous pleurisy can be diagnosed due to cough combined with a high mortality and the common infection route is direct transfer of bacteria by aerosol. A. pleuropneumoniae is a significant factor for economic losses in the swine industry all over the world. Progress made in research concerning a new potential vaccine enables the development of technology for designing safe, new candidates which could provide full protection against most of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes. Several immunogenic factors of A. pleuropneumoniae have been found, including carbohydrate antigens, protein molecules and lipostructures. Carbohydrate antigens, as capsular polysaccharides (CPS) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), have a special place due to their properties and wide potential. Some of these microbial structures were used to create subunit vaccines containing polysaccharide-protein conjugates, which seem to be a promising solution. The prevention methods, such as vaccines, should minimize medical expenses and financial losses. This article shows a wide repertoire of A. pleuropneumoniae antigens and focuses on one of the most promising strategies in vaccine design – glycoconjugate vaccines.

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Ali, Tehmeena, Neil J. Oldfield, Karl G. Wooldridge, David P. Turner, and Dlawer A. A. Ala'Aldeen. "Functional Characterization of AasP, a Maturation Protease Autotransporter Protein of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 12 (October 13, 2008): 5608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00085-08.

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ABSTRACT Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory infection in pigs. AasP, a putative subtilisin-like serine protease autotransporter, has recently been identified in A. pleuropneumoniae. We hypothesized that, similarly to other autotransporters of this type, AasP may undergo autocatalytic cleavage resulting in release of the passenger domain of the protein. Furthermore, AasP may be responsible for cleavage of other A. pleuropneumoniae outer membrane proteins. To address these hypotheses, the aasP gene was cloned and the expressed recombinant AasP protein used to raise monospecific rabbit antiserum. Immunoblot analysis of whole-cell lysates and secreted proteins demonstrated that AasP does not undergo proteolytic cleavage. Immunoblot analysis also confirmed that AasP is universally expressed by A. pleuropneumoniae. Confirmation of the maturation protease function of AasP was obtained through phenotypic analysis of an A. pleuropneumoniae aasP deletion mutant and by functional complementation. Comparison of the secreted proteins of the wild type, an aasP mutant derivative, and an aasP mutant complemented in trans led to the identification of OmlA protein fragments that were present only in the secreted-protein preparations of the wild-type and complemented strains, indicating that AasP is involved in modification of OmlA. This is the first demonstration of a function for any autotransporter protein in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.

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Baltes, Nina, Isabel Hennig-Pauka, Ilse Jacobsen, Achim D. Gruber, and Gerald F. Gerlach. "Identification of Dimethyl Sulfoxide Reductase in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Its Role in Infection." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 12 (December 2003): 6784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.12.6784-6792.2003.

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ABSTRACT Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is capable of persisting in oxygen-deprived surroundings, namely, tonsils and sequestered necrotic lung tissue. Utilization of alternative terminal electron acceptors in the absence of oxygen is a common strategy in bacteria under anaerobic growth conditions. In an experiment aimed at identification of genes expressed in vivo, the putative catalytic subunit DmsA of anaerobic dimethyl sulfoxide reductase was identified in an A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 7 strain. The 90-kDa protein exhibits 85% identity to the putative DmsA protein of Haemophilus influenzae, and its expression was found to be upregulated under anaerobic conditions. Analysis of the unfinished A. pleuropneumoniae genome sequence revealed putative open reading frames (ORFs) encoding DmsB and DmsC proteins situated downstream of the dmsA ORF. In order to investigate the role of the A. pleuropneumoniae DmsA protein in virulence, an isogenic deletion mutant, A. pleuropneumoniae ΔdmsA, was constructed and examined in an aerosol infection model. A. pleuropneumoniae ΔdmsA was attenuated in acute disease, which suggests that genes involved in oxidative metabolism under anaerobic conditions might contribute significantly to A. pleuropneumoniae virulence.

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Sárközi, Rita, László Makrai, and László Fodor. "Isolation of Biotype 1 Serotype 12 and Detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae from Wild Boars." Pathogens 11, no. 5 (April 24, 2022): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050505.

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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a major pathogen of swine, which can cause severe pleuropneumonia in pigs, but sometimes the disease can be generalized. Diseases caused by A. pleuropneumoniae are frequent all over the world, resulting in high losses among domestic pigs. However, our knowledge on the occurrence of A. pleuropneumoniae in wild boars and feral pigs is limited. We aimed to examine the carriage of A. pleuropneumoniae by hunted wild boars. The presence of A. pleuropneumoniae was examined in tonsils of 68 hunted wild boars collected at a game processing unit. An in-house designed species-specific PCR test was used to detect the gene of Apx IV toxin, and the samples were inoculated on a modified selective agar. A. pleuropneumoniae was detected in 10 animals (14.7%) by PCR and one A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 12 strain was isolated. The antibiotic resistance pattern of the strain resembled field strains that were isolated from farmed pigs in Hungary. This is the first case for the detection of A. pleuropneumoniae not only using PCR or ELISA, but also its isolation, identification, and serotyping.

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Hathroubi, Skander, Abraham Loera-Muro, Alma L. Guerrero-Barrera, Yannick D. N. Tremblay, and Mario Jacques. "Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biofilms: Role in pathogenicity and potential impact for vaccination development." Animal Health Research Reviews 19, no. 1 (November 7, 2017): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146625231700010x.

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AbstractActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory disease that is responsible for major economic losses in the global pork industry. The disease may present itself as a chronic or an acute infection characterized by severe pathology, including hemorrhage, fibrinous and necrotic lung lesions, and, in the worst cases, rapid death. A. pleuropneumoniae is transmitted via aerosol route, direct contact with infected pigs, and by the farm environment. Many virulence factors associated with this bacterium are well characterized. However, much less is known about the role of biofilm, a sessile mode of growth that may have a critical impact on A. pleuropneumoniae pathogenicity. Here we review the current knowledge on A. pleuropneumoniae biofilm, factors associated with biofilm formation and dispersion, and the impact of biofilm on the pathogenesis A. pleuropneumoniae. We also provide an overview of current vaccination strategies against A. pleuropneumoniae and consider the possible role of biofilms vaccines for controlling the disease.

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Vaz, Clarissa Silveira Luiz, and Sérgio Ceroni da Silva. "Aspectos recentes da patogênese e diagnóstico da pleuropneumonia suína." Ciência Rural 34, no. 2 (April 2004): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782004000200049.

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A pleuropneumonia suína, causada por Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, é uma doença caracterizada pela apresentação fibrino-hemorrágica com pleurite adesiva. A enfermidade está presente em todos os países produtores de suínos, sendo responsável por prejuízos econômicos elevados. No Brasil e no mundo, diversos grupos vêm conduzindo estudos na busca por um melhor entendimento da doença e de sua epidemiologia. Avanços importantes foram obtidos, entre os quais a caracterização dos fatores de virulência, implicados na apresentação clínica da enfermidade; e a aplicação de novos métodos de diagnóstico. A difusão das técnicas de biologia molecular como ferramenta diagnóstica em Medicina Veterinária tem contribuindo para a identificação de Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Nesta revisão, são abordados os aspectos mais recentes sobre a patogênese e o diagnóstico deste importante patógeno.

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Cuccui, Jon, Vanessa S. Terra, Janine T. Bossé, Andreas Naegeli, Sherif Abouelhadid, Yanwen Li, Chia-Wei Lin, et al. "The N -linking glycosylation system from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is required for adhesion and has potential use in glycoengineering." Open Biology 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 160212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.160212.

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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a mucosal respiratory pathogen causing contagious porcine pleuropneumonia. Pathogenesis studies have demonstrated a major role for the capsule, exotoxins and outer membrane proteins. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae can also glycosylate proteins, using a cytoplasmic N -linked glycosylating enzyme designated NGT, but its transcriptional arrangement and role in virulence remains unknown. We investigated the NGT locus and demonstrated that the putative transcriptional unit consists of rimO , ngt and a glycosyltransferase termed agt. From this information we used the A. pleuropneumoniae glycosylation locus to decorate an acceptor protein, within Escherichia coli, with a hexose polymer that reacted with an anti-dextran antibody. Mass spectrometry analysis of a truncated protein revealed that this operon could add up to 29 repeat units to the appropriate sequon. We demonstrated the importance of NGT in virulence, by creating deletion mutants and testing them in a novel respiratory cell line adhesion model. This study demonstrates the importance of the NGT glycosylation system for pathogenesis and its potential biotechnological application for glycoengineering.

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Cho, W. S., and C. Chae. "Evidence of Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 Activity in Swine Naturally Infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Veterinary Pathology 40, no. 3 (May 2003): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.40-3-276.

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Evidence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 2 activity was determined by formation of nitrotyrosine (a reaction product of peroxynitrite) and by activation of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS) in NOS2-expressed pleuropneumonic lungs from 20 pigs naturally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae using immunohistochemistry. Intense immunostaining for nitrotyrosine residue was seen within the lung lesions from A. pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs, but it was minimal in the unaffected parts of the lung from A. pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs and in the normal lung from control pigs. Staining was especially strong in neutrophils and macrophages in the periphery of the lesions and within the alveolar spaces. There was close cell-to-cell correlation when serial sections were examined by immunohistochemistry for NOS2 and nitrotyrosine in each of the 20 lung samples. Expression of PARS was always present within inflammatory lesions but was minimal in the unaffected lung of A. pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs. Macrophages in alveolar spaces frequently exhibited strong staining for PARS. Colocalization of nitrotyrosine and PARS antigen was especially prominent in macrophages in the periphery of lesions. NOS2 expression in pleuropneumonic areas associated with protein nitrosation and PARS suggests that NOS2 is functionally active during infections caused by A. pleuropneumoniae.

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NAKASATO, Masaomi, Hiromi YOSIDA, Takashi MAYAMA, Syouzi TUKUTA, Minzirou HANZAIKE, and Hirotaka SOUMA. "Swine Pleuropneumonia due to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotype 8." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 47, no. 6 (1994): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.47.394.

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Sheehan, Brian J., Paul R. Langford, Andrew N. Rycroft, and J. Simon Kroll. "[Cu,Zn]-Superoxide Dismutase Mutants of the Swine Pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Are Unattenuated in Infections of the Natural Host." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 4778–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.8.4778-4781.2000.

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ABSTRACT Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, contains a periplasmic Cu- and Zn-cofactored superoxide dismutase ([Cu,Zn]-SOD, or SodC) which has the potential, realized in other pathogens, to promote bacterial survival during infection by dismutating host-defense-derived superoxide. Here we describe the construction of a site-specific, [Cu,Zn]-SOD-deficientA. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 mutant and show that although the mutant is highly sensitive to the microbicidal action of superoxide in vitro, it remains fully virulent in experimental pulmonary infection in pigs.

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Makrai, László, Rita Sárközi, and László Fodor. "Carbon source utilisation and evaluation of the Biolog system in the identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 67, no. 3 (September 2019): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2019.034.

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Sixty-eight Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains were isolated from porcine acute pleuropneumonia cases from different parts of Hungary between 2000 and 2014. A total of 41 isolates were identified as A. pleuropneumoniae bio-type I and 27 strains as biotype II based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate metabolic fingerprinting in the species-level identification of A. pleuropneumoniae isolates. Utilisation of carbon sources by these field isolates and six reference strains was characterised by the Biolog system (GN2 Microplate, MicroLog3 Version 4.20.05 software). Twenty-nine field strains were correctly identified by the Biolog system as A. pleuropneumoniae, 36 strains as A. lignieresii, two strains as H. paraphrohaemolyticus and one strain as A. equuli after 24 h of incubation. Among the six A. pleuropneumoniae reference strains the Biolog system identified one strain as A. pleuropneumoniae, four as A. lignieresii and one as H. paraphrohaemolyticus. There was no correlation between biotypes and serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae and the carbon source utilisation pattern and species identification by the Biolog system. our data indicate that the efficacy of the Biolog system used here could be improved by including phenotypes of more A. pleuropneumoniae strains representing a wider geographical occurrence into the database.

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Zutic, J., D. Vojinovic, and V. Radosavljevic. "Seroprevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in swine originated from commercial farms in Serbia." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 30, no. 2 (2014): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1402295z.

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Porcine pleuropneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A.pleuropneumoniae) is one of the most important respiratory disease of pigs and causes worldwide severe losses in pig farming. For A.pleuropneumoniae control and monitoring, the detection of ApxIV antibodies in the serum is the most frequently used serological method. The aim of this study was to investigate presence of antibodies against A. pleuropneumoniae in blood sera of gilts and sows using the ELISA test. Samples were taken from gilts and sows originating from four commercial swine farms in Serbia. For detection of ApxIV antibodies, commercial ELISA kit was used. A total of 453 blood sera samples of gilts (207) and sows (246) were examined. Antibodies against A. pleuropneumoniae were detected in 57 (12.58%) sera. Antibodies were present in 22 (10.62 %) sera of gilts and in 35(14.22%) sera of sows. Percentage of positive sera differed among the farms, ranging in gilts from 3.33-17.77 % and in sows from 8.95-22.64%. Serological methods is one of the most important procedures in the diagnosis of porcine pleuropneumonia particularly suitable for the control of animal health status in a large breeding.

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Hathroubi, S., M. A. Hancock, J. T. Bossé, P. R. Langford, Y. D. N. Tremblay, J. Labrie, and M. Jacques. "Surface Polysaccharide Mutants Reveal that Absence of O Antigen Reduces Biofilm Formation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Infection and Immunity 84, no. 1 (October 19, 2015): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00912-15.

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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeis a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to thePasteurellaceaefamily and the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious lung disease causing important economic losses. Surface polysaccharides, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and capsular polysaccharides (CPS), are implicated in the adhesion and virulence ofA. pleuropneumoniae, but their role in biofilm formation is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the requirement for these surface polysaccharides in biofilm formation byA. pleuropneumoniaeserotype 1. Well-characterized mutants were used: an O-antigen LPS mutant, a truncated core LPS mutant with an intact O antigen, a capsule mutant, and a poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PGA) mutant. We compared the amount of biofilm produced by the parental strain and the isogenic mutants using static and dynamic systems. Compared to the findings for the biofilm of the parental or other strains, the biofilm of the O antigen and the PGA mutants was dramatically reduced, and it had less cell-associated PGA. Real-time PCR analyses revealed a significant reduction in the level ofpgaA,cpxR, andcpxAmRNA in the biofilm cells of the O-antigen mutant compared to that in the biofilm cells of the parental strain. Specific binding between PGA and LPS was consistently detected by surface plasmon resonance, but the lack of O antigen did not abolish these interactions. In conclusion, the absence of the O antigen reduces the ability ofA. pleuropneumoniaeto form a biofilm, and this is associated with the reduced expression and production of PGA.

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Jacobsen, Ilse, Isabel Hennig-Pauka, Nina Baltes, Matthias Trost, and Gerald-F. Gerlach. "Enzymes Involved in Anaerobic Respiration Appear To Play a Role in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Virulence." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 1 (January 2005): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.1.226-234.2005.

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ABSTRACT Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is able to survive on respiratory epithelia, in tonsils, and in the anaerobic environment of encapsulated sequesters. It was previously demonstrated that a deletion of the anaerobic dimethyl sulfoxide reductase gene (dmsA) results in attenuation in acute disease (N. Baltes, S. Kyaw, I. Hennig-Pauka, and G. F. Gerlach, Infect. Immun. 71:6784-6792, 2003). In the present study, using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we identified an aspartate ammonia-lyase (AspA) which is upregulated upon induction with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). This enzyme is involved in the production of fumarate, an alternative electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. The coding gene (aspA) was cloned and shown to be present in all A. pleuropneumoniae serotype reference strains. The transcriptional start point was identified downstream of a putative FNR binding motif, and BALF-dependent activation of aspA was confirmed by construction of an isogenic A. pleuropneumoniae mutant carrying a chromosomal aspA::luxAB transcriptional fusion. Two aspA deletion mutants, A. pleuropneumoniae ΔaspA and A. pleuropneumoniae ΔaspAΔdmsA, were constructed, both showing reduced growth under anaerobic conditions in vitro. Pigs challenged with either of the two mutants in an aerosol infection model showed a lower lung lesion score than that of the A. pleuropneumoniae wild-type (wt) controls. Pigs challenged with A. pleuropneumoniae ΔaspAΔdmsA had a significantly lower clinical score, and this mutant was rarely reisolated from unaltered lung tissue; in contrast, A. pleuropneumoniae ΔaspA and the A. pleuropneumoniae wt were consistently reisolated in high numbers. These results suggest that enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration are necessary for the pathogen's ability to persist on respiratory tract epithelium and play an important role in A. pleuropneumoniae pathogenesis.

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Perry, Malcolm B. "Structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae serotype 10." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 68, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 808–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o90-117.

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The antigenic O-chain of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae serotype 10 was shown by chemical and magnetic resonance methods to be a unique linear unbranched homopolymer of exclusively 1,2-linked β-D-galactofuranose residues.Key words: Actinobacillus, pleuropneumoniae, lipopolysaccharide, magnetic resonance, galactan.

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Dors, Arkadiusz, Andrzej Kowalczyk, and Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól. "Real-time quantitative PCR for detection and identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2." Journal of Veterinary Research 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2016-0038.

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AbstractIntroduction: Porcine pleuropneumonia inflicts important economic losses on most commercial herds. Detection of subclinical or chronic infection in animals still remains a challenge, as isolation and identification of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes is difficult and quantification of the bacteria on agar plates is often almost impossible. The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate a serotype-specific quantitative TaqMan probe-based PCR for detection of serotype 2 in pig lungs, tonsils, and nasal swabs.Material and Methods: The primers were designed from the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis genes of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2. PCR specificity and sensitivity were evaluated using reference strains and several other bacterial species commonly isolated from pigs.Results: The real-time qPCR for detection of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 was highly specific and gave no false positives with other serotypes or different bacterial species of pig origin. The detection limit for pure culture was 1.2 × 104 CFU/mL, for lung tissue and nasal swabs it was 1.2 × 105 CFU/mL, and for tonsils - 1.2 × 105 CFU/mL.Conclusion: The method can be used to serotype A. pleuropneumoniae isolates obtained during cultivation and to detect and identify A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 directly in nasal swabs and tonsil scrapings obtained from live pigs or lung tissue and tonsils collected post-mortem.

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Shea, Robin J., and Martha H. Mulks. "ohr, Encoding an Organic Hydroperoxide Reductase, Is an In Vivo-Induced Gene in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 2 (February 2002): 794–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.2.794-802.2002.

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ABSTRACT Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a disease characterized by pulmonary necrosis and hemorrhage caused in part by neutrophil degranulation. In an effort to understand the pathogenesis of this disease, we have developed an in vivo expression technology (IVET) system to identify genes that are specifically up-regulated during infection. One of the genes that we have identified as being induced in vivo is ohr, encoding organic hydroperoxide reductase, an enzyme that could play a role in detoxification of organic hydroperoxides generated during infection. Among the 12 serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae, ohr was found in only serotypes 1, 9, and 11. This distribution correlated with increased resistance to cumene hydroperoxide, an organic hydroperoxide, but not to hydrogen peroxide or to paraquat, a superoxide generator. Functional assays of Ohr activity demonstrated that A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 cultures, but not serotype 5 cultures, were able to degrade cumene hydroperoxide. In A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1, expression of ohr was induced by cumene hydroperoxide, but not by either hydrogen peroxide or paraquat. In contrast, an ohr gene from serotype 1 cloned into A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 was not induced by cumene hydroperoxide or by other forms of oxidative stress, suggesting the presence of a serotype-specific positive regulator of ohr in A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1.

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Sipos, Wolfgang, Vojislav Cvjetković, Branimir Dobrokes, and Sabine Sipos. "Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Vaccination Program against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Based on Lung-Scoring at Slaughter." Animals 11, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 2778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102778.

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Porcine pleuropneumonia is of serious concern regarding lung health in pig production. Besides optimizing hygiene and pig management, specific vaccination against the causative agent, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, is an important tool in the fight against this disease. As porcine pleuropneumonia may present with different clinical courses of disease, it is not always easy to objectively assess herd lung health state or to monitor improvements following specific therapeutic or prophylactic measures. Here, the effects of specific vaccination on lung health in a chronically diseased farrow-to-finish farm in Lower Austria experiencing an acute episode were monitored by means of an app-based electronic tool, enabling the scorers to document lung pathologies real-time at slaughter. At the time, when vaccination measures took effect, percentages of lungs affected by dorsocaudal pleurisy had decreased from 43 to 5 and the APP-index from 1.2 to 0.1, respectively. But not only pleurisies were diminished, also incidences and severities of bronchopneumonic alterations had dramatically decreased and exhibited interesting trends when set in connection to clinical signs. Overall, vaccination measures against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae proved to be very effective in restoring herd lung health.

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Negrete-Abascal, Erasmo, Magda E. Reyes, Rosa M. García, Sergio Vaca, Jorge A. Girón, Octavio García, Edgar Zenteno, and Mireya de la Garza. "Flagella and Motility in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 2 (January 15, 2003): 664–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.2.664-668.2003.

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ABSTRACT Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae has been considered nonmotile and nonflagellate. In this work, it is demonstrated that A. pleuropneumoniae produces flagella composed of a 65-kDa protein with an N-terminal amino acid sequence that shows 100% identity with those of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella flagellins. The DNA sequence obtained through PCR of the fliC gene in A. pleuropneumoniae showed considerable identity (93%) in its 5′ and 3′ ends with the DNA sequences of corresponding genes in E. coli, Salmonella enterica, and Shigella spp. The motility of A. pleuropneumoniae was observed in tryptic soy or brain heart infusion soft agar media, and it is influenced by temperature. Flagella and motility may be involved in the survival and pathogenesis of A. pleuropneumoniae in pigs.

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Rayamajhi, Nabin, Sung Jae Shin, Sang Gyun Kang, Deog Yong Lee, Jeong Min Ahn, and Han Sang Yoo. "Development and Use of a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay Based on Apx Toxin Genes for Genotyping of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae Isolates." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17, no. 4 (July 2005): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870501700410.

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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ( A. pleuropneumoniae) is the etiological agent of a porcine pleuropneumonia that threatens the global swine industry. The major pathogenic toxins of A. pleuropneumoniae include ApxI, ApxII, ApxIII, and ApxIV, which are serotype or serovar specific. Several techniques have been developed for the identification and typing of A. pleuropneumoniae. Serological assays are used to identify and serotype A. pleuropneumoniae, but factors such as cross-reactivity limit their specificity. Labor, time, and the requirement for specific antibodies are also drawbacks of these assays. Multistep polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques based on apx genes have been reported for the identification and typing of A. pleuropneumoniae. This study developed multiplex PCR for the identification and genotyping of A. pleuropneumoniae based on apx genes. This multiplex PCR technique was successful in differentiating 11 of 15 reference serotypes. Five different primer sets were used to amplify the 4 apx genes from each serotype in a single-step reaction. The multiplex PCR reported in this study was further used in genotyping 51 field isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae from different regions of Korea. The concomitant amplification of all 4 apx genes makes multiplex PCR more specific and convenient for the diagnosis and genotyping of A. pleuropneumoniae.

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Beynon, Linda M., Malcolm B. Perry, and James C. Richards. "Structure of the O-antigen of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 12 lipopolysaccharide." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-035.

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The structure of the O-antigen of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 12 was determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods, methylation analysis, and partial hydrolytic degradation. The O-polysaccharide was shown to consist of a trisaccharide repeating unit having the structure[Formula: see text]Key words: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, lipopolysaccharide, polysaccharide, antigen.

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Loynds, Barbara M., Paul R. Langford, and J. Simon Kroll. "recF in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Nucleic Acids Research 20, no. 3 (1992): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/20.3.615.

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Yang, Xi, Yu-Ting Cheng, Mei-Fang Tan, Hua-Wei Zhang, Wan-Quan Liu, Geng Zou, Liang-Sheng Zhang, et al. "Overexpression of Porcine Beta-Defensin 2 Enhances Resistance to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Infection in Pigs." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 7 (April 27, 2015): 2836–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.03101-14.

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To reduce the need for antibiotics in animal production, alternative approaches are needed to control infection. We hypothesized that overexpression of native defensin genes will provide food animals with enhanced resistance to bacterial infections. In this study, recombinant porcine beta-defensin 2 (PBD-2) was overexpressed in stably transfected PK-15 porcine kidney cells. PBD-2 antibacterial activities againstActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, an important respiratory pathogen causing porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, were evaluated on agar plates. Transgenic pigs constitutively overexpressing PBD-2 were produced by a somatic cell cloning method, and their resistance to bacterial infection was evaluated by direct or cohabitation infection withA. pleuropneumoniae. Recombinant PBD-2 peptide that was overexpressed in the PK-15 cells showed antibacterial activity againstA. pleuropneumoniae. PBD-2 was overexpressed in the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, and jejunum of the transgenic pigs, which showed significantly lower bacterial loads in the lungs and reduced lung lesions after direct or cohabitation infection withA. pleuropneumoniae. The results demonstrate that transgenic overexpression of PBD-2 in pigs confers enhanced resistance againstA. pleuropneumoniaeinfection.

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Baltes, Nina, Mohamed N′diaye, Ilse D. Jacobsen, Alexander Maas, Falk F. R. Buettner, and Gerald-F. Gerlach. "Deletion of the Anaerobic Regulator HlyX Causes Reduced Colonization and Persistence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in the Porcine Respiratory Tract." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 8 (August 2005): 4614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.8.4614-4619.2005.

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ABSTRACT Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is able to persist on respiratory epithelia, in tonsils, and in the anaerobic environment of encapsulated lung sequesters. We have demonstrated previously that putative HlyX-regulated genes, coding for dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductase and aspartate ammonia lyase, are upregulated during infection and that deletions in these genes result in attenuation of the organism. The study presented here investigates the role of HlyX, the fumarate nitrate reductase regulator (FNR) homologue of A. pleuropneumoniae. By constructing an isogenic A. pleuropneumoniae hlyX mutant, the HlyX protein is shown to be responsible for upregulated expression of both DMSO reductase and aspartate ammonia lyase (AspA) under anaerobic conditions. In a challenge experiment the A. pleuropneumoniae hlyX mutant is shown to be highly attenuated, unable to persist in healthy lung epithelium and tonsils, and impaired in survival inside sequestered lung tissue. Further, using an A. pleuropneumoniae strain carrying the luxAB genes as transcriptional fusion to aspA on the chromosome, the airway antioxidant glutathione was identified as one factor potentially responsible for inducing HlyX-dependent gene expression of A. pleuropneumoniae in epithelial lining fluid.

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Blanco, Mónica, César B. Gutiérrez-Martin, Elías F. Rodríguez-Ferri, Marilyn C. Roberts, and Jesús Navas. "Distribution of Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Isolates from Spain." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 2 (February 2006): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.2.702-708.2006.

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ABSTRACT Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Tetracycline is used for therapy of this disease, and A. pleuropneumoniae carrying the tet(B) gene, coding for an efflux protein that reduces the intercellular tetracycline level, has been described previously. Of the 46 tetracycline-resistant (Tcr) Spanish A. pleuropneumoniae isolates used in this study, 32 (70%) carried the tet(B) gene, and 30 of these genes were associated with plasmids. Eight (17%) isolates carried the tet(O) gene, two (4%) isolates carried either the tet(H) or the tet(L) gene, and all these genes were associated with plasmids. This is the first description of these tet genes in A. pleuropneumoniae. The last two Tcr isolates carried none of the tet genes examined. Except for tet(O)-containing plasmids, the other 34 Tcr plasmids were transformable into an Escherichia coli recipient. Two plasmids were completely sequenced. Plasmid p11745, carrying the tet(B) gene, was 5,486 bp and included a rep gene, encoding a replication-related protein, and two open reading frames (ORFs) with homology to mobilization genes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae plasmid pSJ7.4. Plasmid p9555, carrying the tet(L) gene, was 5,672 bp and, based on its G+C content, consisted of two regions, one of putative gram-positive origin containing the tet(L) gene and the other comprising four ORFs organized in an operon-like structure with homology to mobilization genes in other plasmids of gram-negative bacteria.

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Habrun, B., V. Bilič, Ž. Cvetnič, A. Humski, and M. Benič. "Porcine pleuropneumonia: the first evaluation of field efficacy of a subunit vaccine in Croatia." Veterinární Medicína 47, No. 8 (March 30, 2012): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5826-vetmed.

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A vaccine for porcine pleuropneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was studied in Croatia on a farm infected by agent serotypes 2 and 9. Vaccination with a commercial subunit vaccine was initiated in the second half of 1998 due to the immense economic damage caused on the farm by this disease. All prefattening and fattening pigs kept on the farm during the first three months of 1999 were allocated in two groups: vaccinated and control. In the control and vaccinated group, 226 and 35 animals (5.78% and 0.96% of the average number of prefattening and fattening pigs in control and vaccinated group), respectively, died from pleuropneumonia. The vaccine efficacy was 83.5%. Examination of the randomly selected lungs on the slaughter line revealed significant reduction in the lesions specific for the chronic form of pleuropneumonia in the vaccinated group (vaccine efficacy 78.6%). The tested vaccine significantly decreased the death rate and pulmonary lesions due to A. pleuropneumoniae.

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ITOH, Ryu, Jun KAKINO, Atsumu KIMURA, Toru ONODERA, Masaaki YASUDA, Hiroshi SAGA, and Yukio TAKAHASHI. "Transmission of Porcine Pleuropneumonia due to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotype 1." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 48, no. 7 (1995): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.48.473.

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MacLean, Leann L., Malcolm B. Perry, and Evguenii Vinogradov. "Characterization of the Antigenic Lipopolysaccharide O Chain and the Capsular Polysaccharide Produced by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotype 13." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 10 (October 2004): 5925–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.10.5925-5930.2004.

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ABSTRACT Serotyping of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the etiologic agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is important for epidemiological studies and for the development of homologous vaccine cell preparations. The serology is based on the specific chemical structures of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigenic O-polysaccharide moieties (O-PSs), and knowledge of these structures is required for a molecular-level understanding of their serological specificities. The structures of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 to 12 CPSs and O-PSs have been elucidated; however, the structures associated with three newly proposed serotypes (serotypes 13, 14, and 15) have not been reported. Herein we described the structures of the antigenic O-PS and CPS of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 13. The O-PS of the A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 13 LPS is a polymer of branched tetrasaccharide repeating units composed of l-rhamnose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactose, and d-galactose residues (1:1:2). By use of hydrolysis, methylation, and periodate oxidation chemical methods together with the application of one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, the structures of the O chain and CPS were determined. The CPS of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 13 was characterized as a teichoic-acid type polymer. The LPS O antigen was identical to the O-PS produced by A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 7. The CPS has the unique structure of a 1,3-poly(glycerol phosphate) teichoic acid type I polymer and constitutes the macromolecule defining the A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 13 antigenic specificity.

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Xu, Zhuofei, Xiabing Chen, Lu Li, Tingting Li, Shengyue Wang, Huanchun Chen, and Rui Zhou. "Comparative Genomic Characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 21 (August 27, 2010): 5625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00535-10.

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ABSTRACT The Gram-negative bacterium Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiologic agent of porcine contagious pleuropneumoniae, a lethal respiratory infectious disease causing great economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. In order to better interpret the genetic background of serotypic diversity, nine genomes of A. pleuropneumoniae reference strains of serovars 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 were sequenced by using rapid high-throughput approach. Based on 12 genomes of corresponding serovar reference strains including three publicly available complete genomes (serovars 3, 5b, and 7) of this bacterium, we performed a comprehensive analysis of comparative genomics and first reported a global genomic characterization for this pathogen. Clustering of 26,012 predicted protein-coding genes showed that the pan genome of A. pleuropneumoniae consists of 3,303 gene clusters, which contain 1,709 core genome genes, 822 distributed genes, and 772 strain-specific genes. The genome components involved in the biogenesis of capsular polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide O antigen relative to serovar diversity were compared, and their genetic diversity was depicted. Our findings shed more light on genomic features associated with serovar diversity of A. pleuropneumoniae and provide broader insight into both pathogenesis research and clinical/epidemiological application against the severe disease caused by this swine pathogen.

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Van den Wyngaert, G., E. De Bruyne, F. Boyen, F. Pasmans, and F. Haesebrouck. "Pathogenese van Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-infecties bij het varken en het belang ervan voor vaccinontwikkeling." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 84, no. 6 (December 29, 2015): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v84i6.16422.

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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae veroorzaakt besmettelijke pleuropneumonie bij varkens. Een van de eerste stappen in de pathogenese van deze longaandoening is de adhesie van de kiem aan het epitheel van de diepere ademhalingswegen en longalveolen. Hierbij komen onder andere type IV-fimbriae tussen. Transferrine-bindende proteïnen spelen een rol bij ijzeropname door de kiem, wat noodzakelijk is voor haar vermeerdering. De karakteristieke hemorragische tot necrotiserende longletsels ontstaan voornamelijk door de productie van Apx-toxinen. A. pleuropneumoniae kan het immuunsysteem van de gastheer omzeilen door biofilmvorming en door de productie van proteasen, Apx-toxinen en ammoniak. Antistoffen tegenover het lipoproteïne PalA kunnen het verloop van een infectie met A. pleuropneumoniae verergeren en het beschermend vermogen tegenwerken van antistoffen tegenover Apx-toxinen. Een goede kennis van de kiemgastheerinteracties kan leiden tot de ontwikkeling van efficiënte vaccins. De bescherming na vaccinatie met bacterins, zoals autovaccins, is serotype-specifiek en wisselvallig. Dit laatste kan te wijten zijn aan variabele hoeveelheden PalA in het vaccin. Tot nu toe werden de beste resultaten bekomen met een experimenteel vaccin dat zowel type IV-fimbriae, transferrine-bindende proteïnen als Apx-toxinen bevatte.

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Nørskov-Lauritsen, Niels, Henrik Christensen, Henrik Okkels, Mogens Kilian, and Brita Bruun. "Delineation of the genus Actinobacillus by comparison of partial infB sequences." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02785-0.

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A 426 bp fragment of infB, a housekeeping gene that encodes translation initiation factor 2, was sequenced from 59 clinical isolates and type strains of Actinobacillus species and sequences were compared. Partial sequences of 16S rRNA genes were also obtained. By comparing infB sequences, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus equuli, Actinobacillus suis, Actinobacillus ureae, Actinobacillus arthritidis, Actinobacillus hominis and two unnamed genomospecies showed more than 85 % similarity to the type strain of the type species of the genus, Actinobacillus lignieresii. The taxonomic position of Actinobacillus capsulatus was unresolved; this species is more remotely related to A. lignieresii. The two species A. lignieresii and A. pleuropneumoniae could not be clearly separated by infB sequence analysis. The phylogeny of the genus Actinobacillus based on infB analysis was essentially congruent with relationships inferred from 16S rRNA sequence comparisons and DNA hybridization studies. Discrepancies were encountered with single strains or taxa at the periphery of the genus. Greater intraspecies variation was observed with infB sequences than with 16S rRNA gene sequences, with notable exceptions. The apparent subdivision of some species by 16S rRNA analysis was most likely caused by RNA operon heterogeneity.

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Cho, W. S., and C. Chae. "Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Swine Naturally Infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Veterinary Pathology 40, no. 1 (January 2003): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.40-1-25.

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Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was detected and localized in 15 pigs with naturally occurring pleuropneumonia using a 437–base pair digoxigenin-labeled cDNA probe in an in situ hybridization protocol. Histopathologic changes in the acute stage were characterized by coagulative necrosis of lung parenchyma, hemorrhage, vascular thrombosis, edema, fibrin deposition, and infiltration of lung parenchyma by neutrophils and alveolar macrophages in nine pigs. In chronic lesions, a thick layer of granulation tissue surrounded foci of pulmonary necrosis in six pigs. All 15 pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, confirmed by bacterial isolation, had distinct positive hybridization signals for COX-2 in bronchial, bronchiolar epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and type I pneumocytes. COX-2 expression was detected primarily in neutrophils from pigs with acute lesions and primarily in alveolar macrophages from pigs with chronic lesions. The results suggest that a prostanoid product of COX-2 is an important component of the inflammatory response to acute and chronic A. pleuropneumoniae infection.

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Li, Gang, Fang Xie, Yanhe Zhang, and Chunlai Wang. "Draft Genome Sequence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotype 7 Strain S-8." Journal of Bacteriology 194, no. 23 (November 9, 2012): 6606–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01650-12.

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ABSTRACTThe Gram-negative bacteriumActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeis the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a respiratory disease that leads to severe economic losses in the swine industry. For years, scientists working with it have lacked a reliable genome sequence for comparison with otherActinobacillusspecies. Here, we report the draft genome sequence ofA. pleuropneumoniaeserotype 7 (strain S-8), isolated from swine lung in China in 1992.

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Gale, Christina, and Eduardo Velazquez. "Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: a review of an economically important pathogen." Livestock 25, no. 6 (November 2, 2020): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2020.25.6.308.

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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is one of the causative agents of porcine pleuropneumonia, which is an economically important respiratory disease of pig production. Clinical signs vary based on the severity of disease and lung lesions present, but include fever and severe respiratory signs including coughing and laboured breathing. Numerous serotypes exist which vary in their virulence, and virulence of serotypes has also been shown to be vary between countries. It is important to establish which serotypes are present and active on a farm as well as carrying out seroprofiling to determine the correct time for implementation of control measures such as vaccination. Understanding of transmission routes is vital, including the role of carrier animals on the farm which are persistently infected and can shed the bacteria, therefore infecting other animals. Therefore, as with all infectious diseases, good standards of internal and external biosecurity are important in controlling the disease on farm. Vaccination has been shown to be effective on affected farms in preventing outbreaks, reducing clinical signs if they occur, and most important to the farmer, preventing losses in mortality, feed conversion ratio and growth. Therefore, vaccines are often a good choice for controlling pleuropneumonia on farm and reducing the need for treatment using antimicrobials.

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Sárközi, Rita, László Makrai, and László Fodor. "Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes in Hungary." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 66, no. 3 (September 2018): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2018.031.

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A total of 255Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeisolates were collected from 634 lung samples representing 70 swine herds in Hungary between January 2012 and June 2016. On the basis of the indirect haemagglutination test 77 independent strains were included in the evaluation after the elimination of duplicate or multiple serotypes from the same herd. In the case of 7 herds strains of two different serotypes were identified. Fourteen HungarianA. pleuropneumoniaeisolates from the culture collection of the Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, isolated before 2012, were also included in the evaluation (one each from 12 herds and two each from two herds, where two serotypes occurred). Out of the altogether 91A. pleuropneumoniaestrains 72 strains belonged to biotype I and 19 strains could be allocated to biotype II. In Hungary, the most common serotypes were serotype 2 (39.5%), 13 (15.4%), 8 (8.8%) and 16 (8.8%), but serotypes 9 (5.5%), 11 (3.3%) and 12 (3.3%) were also isolated. Twelve strains (13.2%) were untypable.

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Frey, J., and J. Nicolet. "Hemolysin patterns of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28, no. 2 (1990): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.28.2.232-236.1990.

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Sirois, Marc, and Robert Higgins. "Biochemical typing of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Veterinary Microbiology 27, no. 3-4 (May 1991): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(91)90164-b.

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Serebrin, S., S. Rosendal, A. Valdivieso-Garcia, and P. B. Little. "Endothelial cytotoxicity of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Research in Veterinary Science 50, no. 1 (January 1991): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-5288(91)90047-r.

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Inzana, Thomas J. "Virulence properties of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Microbial Pathogenesis 11, no. 5 (November 1991): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0882-4010(91)90016-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'

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