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Journal articles on the topic 'Actinic keratosis'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Mark, Brady, Jaxon Dawson, and Dominic Chase. "The Management of Actinic Keratosis and Squamous Cell Carcinoma." Dermatology and Dermatitis 2, no. 1 (February 26, 2018): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8949/019.

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Background: Actinic keratosis or solar keratosis is a common skin lesion caused by sun damage that progresses to squamous cell carcinoma. It has been suggested that actinic keratosis is in fact SCC in situ. Objective: This literature review was conducted to investigate the differences between actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma and whether actinic keratosis should in fact be managed as squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: A literature review was conducted to assess the differences between actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma. We conducted searches of Pubmed, Cochrane and Medline for articles published between January 1, 2000 and April 30, 2014, using the following search terms: actinic keratosis, solar keratosis, skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, dermoscopy, sun exposure, ultra violet radiation, and dysplasia. Studies published in English were selected for inclusion in this review as were additional articles identified from bibliographies. Results: It is difficult to distinguish between both actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma. Perhaps a classification system for actinic keratosis including early in situ SCC type AK1, early in situ SCC type AK2 and in situ SCC type actinic keratosis is needed. Conclusion: Actinic keratosis invades the basement membrane and as such may progress into invasive SCC. Superficially actinic keratoses are not distinguishable from a superficial SCC and as such may go unrecognized or inaccurately diagnosed.

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2

Ishioka, Priscila, Sílvio Alencar Marques, Amélia Toyomi Hirai, Mariangela E. A. Marques, Sérgio Henrique Hirata, and Sérgio Yamada. "Prevalence of precancerous skin lesions and non-melanoma skin cancer in Japanese-Brazilians in Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 25, no. 5 (May 2009): 965–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2009000500003.

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Precancerous lesions and skin cancer are infrequent in Asians, and have received little documentation in the literature. Brazil has the world's largest contingent of Japanese immigrants and their descendants, and 70% live in the State of São Paulo. The prevalence of such skin lesions in Japanese-Brazilians is unknown. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of actinic keratoses and non-melanoma skin cancer in first and second-generation Japanese-Brazilians over 30 years of age, without miscegenation, living in the city of Bauru, São Paulo State, in 2006. Of the 567 Japanese-Brazilians that underwent dermatological examination, actinic keratosis was diagnosed in 76, with a mean age of 68.9 years, and a single case of basal cell carcinoma was detected in a 39-year-old female patient. In Japan, prevalence of actinic keratosis varies from 0.76% to 5%, and the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer is 1.2 to 5.4/100 thousand. Japanese-Brazilians from Bauru showed a 13.4% prevalence of actinic keratoses and earlier age at onset. Proximity to the Equator and a history of farming contribute to these higher rates. Presence of solar melanosis was associated with a 1.9-fold risk of developing actinic keratosis.

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3

Campione, Elena, Monia Di Prete, Cosimo Di Raimondo, Gaetana Costanza, Vincenzo Palumbo, Virginia Garofalo, Sara Mazzilli, et al. "Topical Treatment of Actinic Keratosis and Metalloproteinase Expression: A Clinico-Pathological Retrospective Study." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 11351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911351.

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Actinic keratosis is an intraepithelial proliferation of atypical keratinocytes that could progress into invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Most evidence suggests an important role of the dermal matrix metalloproteinases in the progression of atypical skin epithelial lesions. We evaluated the clinical efficacy of three different therapeutic modalities (a medical device containing 0.8% piroxicam cream and 50+ sunscreen, photodynamic therapy, and ingenol mebutate gel) to treat suspicious actinic keratoses, which were biopsied for histopathological examination and then analyzed for the expression of matrix metalloproteinases by immunohistochemistry. Clinical, dermoscopic, and reflectance confocal microscopy evaluations revealed a gradual decrease in all standard scores validated for actinic keratosis assessment at the end of the treatments. From a histopathological point of view, we documented the substantial restoration of normal skin architecture, while the immunohistochemical evaluation of matrix metalloproteinases showed a reduction in expression in the treated skin lesions compared to the baseline. As actinic keratoses are considered the precursors of squamous cell carcinoma, their treatment is crucial to prevent the development of a more aggressive disease. Our study monitored the evolution of actinic keratoses subjected to three different topical therapies, with the value of correlating clinical and histopathological findings. Moreover, as the matrix metalloproteinases are largely recognized factors involved in the pathogenesis and evolution of actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma, the demonstration by immunohistochemistry of a reduction in their expression after the treatments adds new valuable concern to the field.

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4

Schmitt, Juliano, and Hélio Miot. "Oral acetylsalicylic acid and prevalence of actinic keratosis." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 60, no. 2 (2014): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.60.02.010.

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Objective: To investigate the influence of a regular oral use of acetylsalicylic acid in the prevalence of actinic keratosis. Methods: A case-control study with dermatologic outpatients above 50 years of age assessed between 2009 and 2011. Cases were defined as those who had been under regular use of oral acetylsalicylic acid for more than six consecutive months. The assessment focused on: age, sex, skin-type, tobacco smoking, use of medication, occurrence of individual or family skin cancer, and sunscreen and sun exposure habits. Actinic keratoses were counted in the medial region of the face and upper limbs. Counts were adjusted by co-variables based on a generalized linear model. Results: A total of 74 cases and 216 controls were assessed. The median time of acetylsalicylic acid use was 36 months. Cases differed from controls as to the highest age, highest prevalence of use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and fewer keratosis on the face and on the upper limbs (p<0.05). The multivariate model showed that the use of acetylsalicylic acid was associated to lower counts of face actinic keratosis and upper-limb erythematous actinic keratosis (p<0.05), regardless of other risk factors. Conclusion: The regular use of oral acetylsalicylic acid for more than six months was associated to a lower prevalence of actinic keratosis, especially facial and erythematous ones.

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5

Yu, Hyunseon, Tien Son Ho, Heesung Kang, Youngwoo Bae, Eung Ho Choi, Seung Ho Choi, and Byungjo Jung. "Use of digital photography to identify neoplastic skin lesions after labelling by ALA-derived protoporphyrin." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 25, no. 04 (February 25, 2021): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424621500309.

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Actinic keratosis is a premalignant skin lesion that develops into non-melanoma skin cancer. Various imaging techniques have been developed to find the actinic keratosis lesion. In this clinical study, the feasibility of a nonspectroscopic fluorescence imaging system is investigated for spatial assessment of the actinic keratosis lesion. Six patients between the ages of 70 and 80 years old are diagnosed with actinic keratosis by a board-certified dermatologist to obtain biopsy-proven clinical images. The patients were treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid, which is transformed into the protoporphyrin IX. After illuminating ultraviolet-A light on facial lesions, the protoporphyrin IX produces the exogenous fluorescence. The fluorescence is measured using both a hyperspectral camera and an RGB color camera to obtain spectroscopic and nonspectroscopic fluorescence images, respectively. It is found that fluorescence intensity of the actinic keratosis lesion is higher than that of normal skin. Based on combined fluorescence and physiological characteristics, the actinic keratosis lesion is distinguished from the adjacent normal skin area. For delineation of the actinic keratosis lesion, a linear unmixing algorithm is applied to spectroscopic image data and an erythema index is calculated from nonspectroscopic image data. Then, two extracted actinic keratosis lesions are compared for cross-validation. As a result, both spectroscopic and nonspectroscopic fluorescence images demarcate an identical lesion of actinic keratosis. Given the affordability and simplicity, an RGB camera and a 5-ALA photosensitizer can be used as a cost-effective nonspectroscopic imaging modality for accurate assessment of actinic keratosis margins.

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6

Jeffes, Edward W., and Emily H. Tang. "Actinic Keratosis." American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 1, no. 3 (May 2000): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200001030-00004.

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7

Berlin, Joshua M. "Actinic Keratosis." Journal of the Dermatology Nurses’ Association 6, no. 1 (2014): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jdn.0000000000000015.

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8

&NA;. "Actinic Keratosis." Journal of the Dermatology Nurses’ Association 6, no. 1 (2014): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jdn.0000000000000024.

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9

HIROSE, Ryoji. "Actinic keratosis." Skin Cancer 18, no. 2 (2003): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5227/skincancer.18.106.

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10

Nicol, Noreen Heer. "Actinic Keratosis." Plastic Surgical Nursing 9, no. 2 (1989): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006527-198900920-00003.

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11

Nicol, Noreen Heer. "Actinic Keratosis." Plastic Surgical Nursing 9, no. 2 (September 1989): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006527-198909020-00003.

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12

Marks, Victor J. "Actinic Keratosis." Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 26, no. 1 (February 1993): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-6665(20)30864-1.

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13

&NA;. "ACTINIC KERATOSIS." Southern Medical Journal 93, no. 7 (July 2000): 734–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-200093070-00024.

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14

Rossi, Riccardo, Moira Mori, and Torello Lotti. "Actinic keratosis." International Journal of Dermatology 46, no. 9 (September 2007): 895–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03166.x.

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15

Stanger, Carolyn B. "Actinic keratosis." Nurse Practitioner 34, no. 2 (February 2009): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.npr.0000345274.66783.a0.

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16

Lebwohl, Mark. "Actinic Keratosis." JAMA 315, no. 13 (April 5, 2016): 1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.3065.

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17

Karadaglić, Đorđije, and Marina Jovanović. "Actinic Keratosis: A New Approach to the Treatment / Aktinična Keratoza: Novi Pristup Lečenju." Serbian Journal of Dermatology and Venerology 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10249-011-0004-1.

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Abstract Actinic keratosis is an intraepidermal proliferation of transformed, atypical keratinocytes, induced by exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation. Many authors believe that it is the earliest form of squamous cell carcinoma. More than 40% of all metastatic squamous cell carcinomas develop from actinic keratosis. The clinical, histological and molecular characteristics of actinic keratosis are those of squamous cell carcinomas. Since it can be extremely hard to distinguish actinic keratosis from some squamous cell carcinomas, treatment can be rather difficult. The best treatment of actinic keratosis is its prevention. The main reason for therapy which is universally accepted, is prevention of squamous cell carcinoma. A number of options are available, but when considering the efficacy, invasive procedures remain the standard treatment. Treatment of individual lesions may prevent further progression of actinic damage present in the surrounding skin

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18

Vasenova, V. Yu, Yu S. Butov, and M. S. Ivanova. "Features of patogenesis, clinical presentation and treatment of actinic ceratosis." Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases 20, no. 1 (February 15, 2017): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9588-2017-20-1-34-37.

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Actinic keratosis is a precancerous condition, which occurs as a result ofprolonged or frequent exposure to UV radiation on the skin. Treatment of actinic keratosis is effective prevention of malignancy process. Photodynamic is the most modern method of treatment of actinic keratosis. 40 patients with actinic keratosis were examined and treated by the photodynamic method using 5-aminolevulinic acid (“Alasens”) and therapeutic “Biospec” flash lamp. The high effectiveness of this method is confirmed by the results of histology, acoustic study of the skin and indicators of antioxidant status.

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19

Gupta, Aditya K., Valerie Davey, and Heather McPhail. "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Imiquimod and 5-Fluorouracil for the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis: Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Efficacy Studies." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 9, no. 5 (October 2005): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/120347540500900501.

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Background: Actinic keratosis lesions occur frequently on sun-exposed skin of Caucasians. They become more prevalent with advancing age and are important in identifying the risk factor of those people possibly predisposed to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Topical therapies are useful alternatives to cryotherapy for treating diffuse actinic damage and a number of preparations have been developed for treating actinic keratosis. Objectives: A cumulative meta-analysis was performed to determine the efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream, which presents a new alternative topical therapy for actinic keratosis, and to compare it to 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of actinic keratosis lesions of the face and scalp. Methods: We searched MEDLINE (1966 to October 2004) for relevant studies evaluating the efficacy of actinic keratosis topical agents imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil (0.5%, 1%, and 5%). Studies included in this meta-analysis required a dosage regimen that was not significantly different from that approved by Health Canada and the U.S. FDA. Studies also required a well-defined treatment duration and followup period, with the primary efficacy variable being the complete (100%) clearance of all actinic keratosis lesions defined as the proportion of patients at followup with no clinically visible lesions in the treatment area. To determine the average efficacy rate for both drugs, the data from each study were combined for that drug. Results: Ten studies were included in the analysis. The average efficacy rate for each drug (with 95% confidence interval) was 5-fluorouracil, 52 ± 18% ( n = 6 studies, 145 subjects) and imiquimod, 70 ± 12% ( n = 4 studies, 393 subjects). Conclusions: The results of this meta-analysis show that both imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil are effective methods for the treatment of actinic keratosis and provide a useful alternative to cryotherapy. However, this analysis suggests that imiquimod may have higher efficacy than 5-fluorouracil for actinic keratosis lesions located on the face and scalp and therefore provides another option to dermatologists.

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20

Epstein, Ernst. "Quantifying Actinic Keratosis." American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 5, no. 3 (2004): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200405030-00001.

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21

Speiser, Jodi J., George Garib, Karlee Novice, Anthony Peterson, and Kelli A. Hutchens. "Actinic Keratosis, Transected." American Journal of Dermatopathology 37, no. 10 (October 2015): 759–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dad.0000000000000366.

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22

Werner, R. N., and A. Nast. "Treating actinic keratosis." British Journal of Dermatology 174, no. 2 (February 2016): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14319.

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23

Yaffee, Howard S. "Lichenoid actinic keratosis." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 14, no. 2 (February 1986): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(86)80348-6.

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24

GOLDBERG, LEONARD H., AARON K. JOSEPH, and JAIME A. TSCHEN. "PROLIFERATIVE ACTINIC KERATOSIS." International Journal of Dermatology 33, no. 5 (May 1994): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01065.x.

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25

Sabir, Hawar J., and Intiha M. Ridha. "Comparative Study of Cryotherapy versus Trichloroacetic Acid Chemical Peels in the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis." UKH Journal of Science and Engineering 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v3n1y2019.pp59-63.

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Actinic keratosis is cutaneous neoplasm which is including of expansion of cytologically unusual epidermal keratinocytes that grow in response to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Since some percentage of actinic keratosis will develop to non-melanoma skin cancers, their treatment is recommended. The study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of cryotherapy in comparison to topical 25% trichloroacetic acid chemical peels in the treatment of actinic keratosis. A comparative therapeutic study was conducted on forty four patients with actinic keratosis who attended Erbil dermatology teaching center in Erbil city of Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups: cryotherapy treatment with liquid nitrogen every two weeks and trichloroacetic acid peels every two weeks and the response was controlled on follow up by taking photos. Patient’s age ranged from 40 to 80 years, they were analyzed for 24 weeks. Good response rate was seen in 72.8% of cryotherapy group and 40.9% of trichloroacetic acid group and this was statistically significant (p=0.02). Cryotherapy was more effective than trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of actinic keratosis.

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26

Ianhez, Mayra, Luiz Fernando Fróes Fleury Junior, Hélio Amante Miot, and Edileia Bagatin. "Retinoids for prevention and treatment of actinic keratosis." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 88, no. 4 (August 2013): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20131803.

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Actinic keratosis is a common cause of dermatological consultations and it presents a strong association with squamous cell carcinoma. Many substances are used for treatment and prevention, such as retinoids. Nevertheless, many studies on retinoids emphasize their application in treating and preventing non melanoma skin cancers. In this article, we reviewed studies about systemic and topical retinoids used with immunocompetent patients and organ transplant recipients with actinic keratosis, as primary or secondary outcomes. The majority of these papers pointed to a reduction in actinic keratosis count after treatment with retinoids. However, studies need to be better-defined in order to address the lack of a standardized dose, the absence of control groups, the low number of patients and short follow-up periods. Blind, randomized and controlled clinical trials with adequate sample sizes, specifically focused on actinic keratosis, are needed to clarify the real benefit of topical and/or oral retinoids. Comparison of efficacy and safety between oral and topical retinoids in the prevention and treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers and actinic keratosis is an essential pre requisite to establish new strategies to control these conditions.

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27

Filonenko, E. V., and S. S. Okushko. "Actinic keratosis (review of literature)." Biomedical Photonics 11, no. 1 (May 25, 2022): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24931/2413-9432-2022-11-1-37-48.

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Actinic keratosis is an important medical and social problem, the correct diagnosis and treatment of which will help to avoid the development of invasive forms of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. With the further development of the early diagnosis of cancer, including skin cancer, the increase in human life expectancy, and the popularization of travel to exotic countries, the number of cases of actinic keratosis among the population will continue to grow. In this regard, it is important to discuss the causes and pathogenesis of the disease, the varied clinical picture of the disease, methods of non-invasive diagnostics, as well as methods of treatment, of which there are a great many in the treatment of actinic keratosis today. However, each of the methods has both advantages and disadvantages, and in the global trend towards a personalized approach to treatment, it is important to choose from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine the most suitable for each individual patient. Moreover, after treatment of actinic keratosis, relapses often occur, which are the result of insufficient diagnosis and the development of incorrect treatment tactics. The review article provides the clinical picture of actinic keratosis, diagnostic and therapeutic methods, and their comparison with each other in terms of efficacy and safety

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28

Sangha, Archana M. "Treatment of post-menopausal acne with tretinoin lotion 0.05% delivers rapid results and concomitant benefits." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 8 (January 2020): 2050313X2092979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x20929798.

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We describe a case of comedonal acne in a post-menopausal female treated with a novel tretinoin lotion 0.05%. The patient also had some actinic keratoses, which are hyperkeratotic, scaly lesions caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation. These lesions have the ability to progress into squamous cell carcinoma. Actinic keratoses can occur in patients as young as 20 years, but are more common in patients aged 50 years and older. Topical retinoids are recommended as monotherapy in comedonal acne but despite their documented clinical efficacy are underutilized due to concerns about cutaneous tolerability. Topical tretinoin is currently not recommended as first-line therapy in the treatment of actinic keratosis as its efficacy is not comparable to that of other modalities. In this patient, a novel tretinoin lotion 0.05% resulted in rapid in and sustained improvement of acne. The investigator also observed improvement in actinic keratoses and photodamage. If these results can be confirmed in a larger patient population this may be an attractive area of investigation for the treatment of patients with adult acne and photodamaged skin.

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29

Hagele, Thomas J., Michelle M. Levender, Scott A. Davis, Phillip M. Williford, and Steven R. Feldman. "Practice Trends in the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis in the United States: 0.5% Fluorouracil and Combination Cryotherapy plus Fluorouracil are Underused despite Evidence of Benefit." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 16, no. 2 (March 2012): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7150.2011.11002.

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Background: Topical fluorouracil and cryotherapy are among the most commonly used treatments for actinic keratosis. Evidence shows that 0.5% fluorouracil has similar efficacy and is better tolerated than 5% fluorouracil. Evidence also shows that combination therapy with cryosurgery and fluorouracil is beneficial. Objective: To examine fluorouracil and cryotherapy use in the treatment of actinic keratosis. Methods: The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey database was queried for visits for actinic keratosis. Visits were analyzed for patient demographics, provider specialty, and treatment regimens. Fluorouracil and cryotherapy use was analyzed over time. Results: Cryotherapy was the most commonly used treatment for actinic keratosis. Fluorouracil products were prescribed to 1.1 million patients (6.6%) between 2001 and 2008; of these, dermatologists prescribed 0.5% fluorouracil in 51.8% of cases and 5% fluorouracil in 38.9% of cases. Combination fluorouracil and cryotherapy was used for only 1.1% of actinic keratosis visits between 1993 and 2008 and was never used by nondermatologists. Conclusions: Despite evidence suggesting comparable efficacy, greater tolerability, and lower cost of 0.5% fluorouracil relative to 5% fluorouracil, 5% fluorouracil is used by dermatologists almost as often as 0.5% fluorouracil. Among nondermatologists, 5% fluorouracil is used exclusively. Combination therapy of fluorouracil and cryotherapy is underused despite evidence of its benefit.

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30

Van Damme, P. A. "Management of seborrhoeic keratosis and actinic keratosis." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 49, no. 4 (April 2020): e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2019.09.018.

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31

Chen, Qi Ping, and Derrick CW Aw. "Epidemiology of Skin Diseases in Renal Transplant Recipients in a Tertiary Hospital." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 39, no. 12 (December 15, 2010): 904–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n12p904.

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Introduction: There is no published epidemiological data on skin diseases in kidney transplant recipients in this tropical country, which has multi-ethnic groups with the Chinese as the predominant ethnic group. Materials and Methods: Skin diseases of 143 renal transplant recipients were studied in a skin clinic of a tertiary institution during annual surveillance visits from June 2006 to March 2009. Results: Our study showed that except the common drug specific skin manifestations, sebaceous hyperplasia (56.6%), seborrheic keratosis (60.8%), melanocytic naevi (76.9%), skin tags (37.1%) and viral (29.4%) and fungal (20.3%) infections were the most prevalent skin diseases among renal transplant recipients living in Singapore. The prevalence of pre-malignant and malignant tumours was very low (11.2% actinic keratosis, 1.4% Bowen’s disease, 1.4% squamous cell carcinoma, 0.7% basal cell carcinoma, 0.7% keratoacanthoma). Male predominance was seen in sebaceous hyperplasia (72.4% vs 32.1%), actinic keratosis (17.2% vs 1.8%), viral (36.8% vs 19.6%) and fungal (27.6% vs 8.9%) infections. Our study also showed increased prevalence of sebaceous hyperplasia with increased age but its prevalence was significantly higher than that reported in the age matched general population. The prevalence of seborrheic keratosis, actinic keratosis and viral infection correlated positively with post-transplant duration. Conclusions: Our study provides epidemiological data for the prevalence of skin diseases in renal transplant recipients. It emphasises the importance of dermatologic follow-up for renal transplant patients in order to obtain a diagnosis and manage treatable skin diseases. Keywords: Actinic keratosis, Sebaceous hyperplasia, Seborrheic keratosis

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32

&NA;. "Fluorouracil creams actinic keratosis." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1624 (February 2008): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200816240-00019.

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33

Abramova, T. V., E. K. Murakhovskaya, and Yu P. Kovaleva. "Actinic keratosis: аctual view." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 95, no. 6 (January 26, 2020): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/0042-4609-2019-95-6-5-13.

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34

Schwarz, EP. "Tirbanibulin for actinic keratosis." Ge-Bu 57-60, no. 7 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35351/gebu.2022.7.13.

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35

Oldenburg, M., B. Kuechmeister, U. Ohnemus, X. Baur, and I. Moll. "Actinic keratosis among seafarers." Archives of Dermatological Research 305, no. 9 (July 2, 2013): 787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00403-013-1384-z.

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36

Bhatia, Neal. "Management of Actinic Keratosis." Current Dermatology Reports 6, no. 4 (November 28, 2017): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13671-017-0206-5.

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37

Berman, Brian, Sadegh Amini, Whitney Valins, and Samantha Block. "Pharmacotherapy of actinic keratosis." Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 10, no. 18 (November 19, 2009): 3015–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656560903382622.

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38

Dinehart, Scott M. "Spreading Pigmented Actinic Keratosis." Archives of Dermatology 124, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1988.01670050024012.

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39

Fu, Wendy, and Clay J. Cockerell. "The Actinic (Solar) Keratosis." Archives of Dermatology 139, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.139.1.66.

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40

Mane, Saras, Joseph Singer, Andrew Corin, and Alex Semprini. "Successful Treatment of Actinic Keratosis with Kanuka Honey." Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine 2018 (May 31, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4628971.

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Actinic keratoses form as rough, scaly plaques on sun-exposed areas; they can be an important step in premalignant progression to squamous cell cancer of the skin. Currently, pharmacological treatments consist of topical immunomodulatory agents with poor side effect profiles. Use of honey has been common in both ancient and modern medicine, where it is now a key therapy in the management of wound healing. In vitro studies show the New Zealand native Kanuka honey to have immunomodulatory and antimitotic effects, with recent evidence suggesting efficacy of topical application in a variety of dermatological contexts, including rosacea and psoriasis. Here, we present a case report of a 66-year-old gentleman with an actinic keratosis on his hand, which had been present for years. Regular application of Kanuka honey over three months resulted in remission immediately following the treatment period with no signs of recurrence at nine months.

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Dréno, B., R. Cerio, T. Dirschka, I. Nart, J. Lear, K. Peris, A. Casas, S. Kaleci, and G. Group. "A Novel Actinic Keratosis Field Assessment Scale for Grading Actinic Keratosis Disease Severity." Acta Dermato Venereologica 97, no. 9 (2017): 1108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/00015555-2710.

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Khlebnikova, A. N., K. V. Obydenova, T. G. Sedova, and V. V. Andrukhina. "Diagnosis of actinic keratosis by dermatoscopy." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 93, no. 2 (April 24, 2017): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/0042-4609-2017-93-2-45-52.

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Introduction: Actinic keratosis (AK) is a local introepidermal atypia of keratinocytes, formed as a result of intense and prolonged exposure to sunlight. AK lesions located on exposed areas of skin, mostly on the face, in this regard, a more relevant non-invasive diagnostic techniques, primarily dermatoscopy. Material and methods: We examined 35 patients and revealed they have 204 hearth. Results: Of the 204 lesions erythematous form was found in 160 (78, 4%) cases, keratotic - 24 (11,8%), pigmental (9.8 %). Patients with AK most private dermatoscopic signs were erythema (90,2%), vascular structures (67,65%), keratin scales (51,47%), pseudonetwork (23,04%). Discussion: Analyzing dermoscopic picture of the most common forms of AK met the characteristics for each shape. A detailed study of vascular structures allows for the differential diagnosis of cancer in situ. While AK watched point and the glomerular vessels of not more than 10% of cases, which helped to differentiate AK from cancer in situ, in which such vessels were found in 40%. Glomerular vessels are not met in our study and the points were only 2.45% of the cases. Keratotic AK was characterized in 100% of cases the presence of keratin scales. In pigment form, we revealed the dark brown streaks (80%), dark brown points (50%), brown globules (30%), dark brown blots (10%) and slate-grey dots (10%). But the gold standard for the differential diagnosis with maligna lentigo is a morphological study. Conclusion: AK has specific characteristics in treatment research, which helps to differentiate it from other benign and malignant tumors of the skin, and to diagnose it in its earliest stages without resorting to invasive procedures. Effective diagnosis of AK reduces the risk of malignant transformation and contribute to the selection of adequate and necessary treatment tactics.

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Sukhova, T. E., K. A. Changlyan, A. V. Molochkov, V. A. Molochkov, S. V. Korenev, Zh S. Kuntcevich, Yu V. Molochkova, V. N. Galkin, and Yu S. Romanko. "COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF EFFICACY OF PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY AND CRYOTHERAPY FOR TREATMENT OF ACTINIC KERATOSIS." Biomedical Photonics 5, no. 3 (December 2, 2016): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24931/2413-9432-2016-5-3-19-29.

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The results of a study on the eﬀectiveness of photodynamic therapy with a photosensitizer fotoditazin and cryotherapy for actinic keratosis are represented in the article. The study included 80 patients with 215 lesions, among them erythematous form of actinic keratosis was diagnosed in 151 (70.2%) cases, hyperkeratotic form – in 46 (21.4%) cases, a pigmented form – in 12 (5.6%) and an atypical variant of the disease – in 6 (2.8%) cases. According to histological type the distribution of tumor was as follows: 19 (54.3%) cases were diagnosed as hypertrophic type, 6 (17.1%) – atrophic, 8 (22.9%) – bowenoid and 2 (5.7% ) – pigmented type. Patients from the study group received one session of photodynamic therapy using laser unit "LAMI" (662 nm) after 2 hours of application of fotoditazin 0.5% gel at dose of 0,2-0,3 ml per 1 cm2 of actinic keratosis focus with the following parameters: the energy density of the laser radiation – 200 J/cm2, power density – 0.14–0.48 W/cm2. In the control group patients underwent cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen with an exposure of 30-60 sec. The comparative analysis of the immediate results showed a tendency for the efficacy of photodynamic therapy to increase (the rate of complete regression was 92.5%) compared with cryotherapy (85.0%) (p>0,05). There were also a tendency for long-term results after photodynamic therapy to improve: three-year recurrence-free survival was 94.6% and 88.2%, respectively. For the photodynamic therapy there were signiﬁcantly fewer adverse reactions, the epithelization time in lesions was signiﬁcantly shorter. Compared with cryotherapy the photodynamic therapy provided signiﬁcantly better cosmetic results (p <0.01), and can be used for out-patient treatment of patients with actinic keratosis.><0.01) and can be used for out-patient treatment of patients with actinic keratosis.

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Kubanova, A. A., A. A. Kubanov, I. N. Kondrakhina, and N. V. Gribanov. "Photodynamic therapy of the surface form of basalioma and actinic keratosis with the topical administration of methyl aminolevulinate." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 91, no. 4 (August 24, 2015): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/0042-4609-2015-91-4-105-112.

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Goal. To assess the efficacy of the photodynamic therapy with the external use of methyl aminolevulinate as a photosensitizer with further irradiation with visible red light with the wavelength of 630 nm in the treatment of patients suffering from a surface form of basalioma and actinic keratosis. Materials and methods. The study involved 28 patients diagnosed with the surface form of basalioma and 34 patients diagnosed with actinic keratosis. They underwent treatment by the photodynamic therapy method using a LED lamp radiating visible red light with the wavelength of 630 nm, with the total dose of irradiation equal to 37 J/cm2. All patients also underwent a confocal in vivo laser scanning microscopy of lesions at the baseline and after 7, 30, 90 and 180 days of treatment. Results. Absolute regression of abnormal lesions was observed in 25 (91%) patients diagnosed with the surface form of basalioma and 30 (88.9%) patients diagnosed with actinic keratosis after 30 days of treatment. No signs of the diseases were revealed in these patients after examination by the method of confocal in vivo laser scanning microscopy. Conclusion. The photodynamic therapy with the local administration of methyl aminolevulinate with further irradiation with visible red light with the wavelength of 630 nm is an efficient method of treatment of the surface form of basalioma and actinic keratosis.

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Dhariwal, Sukhjit, Tushar Hari, Kamal Kaur, Chamandeep Thind, Alison Bedlow, Bruce C. Gee, and Simon Tso. "Virtual consultation for actinic keratosis." BJGP Open 4, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): bjgpopen20X101126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen20x101126.

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Gellén, Emese, Georgina Szima, Anita Rácz, Annamária Szödényi, Csaba Hegedűs, and Irén Horkay. "Treatment of multiple actinic keratosis." Bőrgyógyászati és Venerológiai Szemle 93, no. 3 (July 5, 2017): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7188/bvsz.2017.93.3.2.

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Kurbanova, B. Ch. "CLINICAL FORMS OF ACTINIC KERATOSIS." Научное обозрение. Медицинские науки (Scientific Review. Medical Sciences), no. 3 2022 (2022): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/srms.1250.

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Zwierzyńska, Ewa, Anna Zawistowska, and Bogusława Pietrzak. "Pharmacological treatment of actinic keratosis." Dermatology Review 4 (2016): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/dr.2016.61784.

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Emre, Selma. "Actinic keratosis and field cancerization." World Journal of Dermatologyy 5, no. 2 (2016): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5314/wjd.v5.i2.115.

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Peris, Ketty, Tamara Micantonio, Domenico Piccolo, and Maria Concetta. "Dermoscopic features of actinic keratosis." JDDG 5, no. 11 (November 2007): 970–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2007.06318.x.

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