Relevant bibliographies by topics / Actin Waves

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Actin Waves'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Actin Waves"

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Wu, Min. "Deconstructing Actin Waves." Structure 27, no. 8 (August 2019): 1187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2019.07.010.

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Iuliano, Olga, Azumi Yoshimura, Marie-Thérèse Prospéri, René Martin, Hans-Joachim Knölker, and Evelyne Coudrier. "Myosin 1b promotes axon formation by regulating actin wave propagation and growth cone dynamics." Journal of Cell Biology 217, no. 6 (March 27, 2018): 2033–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201703205.

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Single-headed myosin 1 has been identified in neurons, but its function in these cells is still unclear. We demonstrate that depletion of myosin 1b (Myo1b), inhibition of its motor activity, or its binding to phosphoinositides impairs the formation of the axon, whereas overexpression of Myo1b increases the number of axon-like structures. Myo1b is associated with growth cones and actin waves, two major contributors to neuronal symmetry breaking. We show that Myo1b controls the dynamics of the growth cones and the anterograde propagation of the actin waves. By coupling the membrane to the actin cytoskeleton, Myo1b regulates the size of the actin network as well as the stability and size of filopodia in the growth cones. Our data provide the first evidence that a myosin 1 plays a major role in neuronal symmetry breaking and argue for a mechanical control of the actin cytoskeleton both in actin waves and in the growth cones by this myosin.
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Mortal, Simone, Federico Iseppon, Andrea Perissinotto, Elisa D'Este, Dan Cojoc, Luisa M. R. Napolitano, and Vincent Torre. "Functions and Dynamics of Actin Waves." Biophysical Journal 114, no. 3 (February 2018): 142a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.798.

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Beta, Carsten, Nir S. Gov, and Arik Yochelis. "Why a Large-Scale Mode Can Be Essential for Understanding Intracellular Actin Waves." Cells 9, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9061533.

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During the last decade, intracellular actin waves have attracted much attention due to their essential role in various cellular functions, ranging from motility to cytokinesis. Experimental methods have advanced significantly and can capture the dynamics of actin waves over a large range of spatio-temporal scales. However, the corresponding coarse-grained theory mostly avoids the full complexity of this multi-scale phenomenon. In this perspective, we focus on a minimal continuum model of activator–inhibitor type and highlight the qualitative role of mass conservation, which is typically overlooked. Specifically, our interest is to connect between the mathematical mechanisms of pattern formation in the presence of a large-scale mode, due to mass conservation, and distinct behaviors of actin waves.
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Krueger, Eugene W., James D. Orth, Hong Cao, and Mark A. McNiven. "A Dynamin–Cortactin–Arp2/3 Complex Mediates Actin Reorganization in Growth Factor-stimulated Cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 14, no. 3 (March 2003): 1085–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e02-08-0466.

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The mechanisms by which mammalian cells remodel the actin cytoskeleton in response to motogenic stimuli are complex and a topic of intense study. Dynamin 2 (Dyn2) is a large GTPase that interacts directly with several actin binding proteins, including cortactin. In this study, we demonstrate that Dyn2 and cortactin function to mediate dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in response to stimulation with the motogenic growth factor platelet-derived growth factor. On stimulation, Dyn2 and cortactin coassemble into large, circular structures on the dorsal cell surface. These “waves” promote an active reorganization of actin filaments in the anterior cytoplasm and function to disassemble actin stress fibers. Importantly, inhibition of Dyn2 and cortactin function potently blocked the formation of waves and subsequent actin reorganization. These findings demonstrate that cortactin and Dyn2 function together in a supramolecular complex that assembles in response to growth factor stimulation and mediates the remodeling of actin to facilitate lamellipodial protrusion at the leading edge of migrating cells.
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Masters, Thomas A., Michael P. Sheetz, and Nils C. Gauthier. "F-actin waves, actin cortex disassembly and focal exocytosis driven by actin-phosphoinositide positive feedback." Cytoskeleton 73, no. 4 (April 2016): 180–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.21287.

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Brembu, Tore, Per Winge, and Atle M. Bones. "Catching the WAVEs of Plant Actin Regulation." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 24, no. 2 (June 2005): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00344-005-1013-y.

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Asano, Yukako, Akira Nagasaki, and Taro Q. P. Uyeda. "Correlated waves of actin filaments and PIP3inDictyosteliumcells." Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 65, no. 12 (December 2008): 923–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.20314.

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Ecke, Mary, Jana Prassler, Patrick Tanribil, Annette Müller-Taubenberger, Sarah Körber, Jan Faix, and Günther Gerisch. "Formins specify membrane patterns generated by propagating actin waves." Molecular Biology of the Cell 31, no. 5 (March 1, 2020): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e19-08-0460.

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Actin waves beneath the membrane of Dictyostelium cells separate two distinct areas of the cell cortex. Upon wave propagation, one type of area is converted into the other. We show that specific formins are recruited to different areas of the wave landscape and use these actin-polymerizing machines to analyze the dynamics of pattern formation.
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Gerisch, Günther, Till Bretschneider, Annette Müller-Taubenberger, Evelyn Simmeth, Mary Ecke, Stefan Diez, and Kurt Anderson. "Mobile Actin Clusters and Traveling Waves in Cells Recovering from Actin Depolymerization." Biophysical Journal 87, no. 5 (November 2004): 3493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.104.047589.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Actin Waves"

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Dennis, Kadeem. "Mechanical Modification of Cells by Pressure Waves and Its Application to Traumatic Brain Injury." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34067.

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Recently there has been interest in determining what happens to the human brain during a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The blast wave created by explosive devices, such as landmines, is one of the most common causes of TBI. The purpose of this study is to investigate the link between an explosion and a cells reaction to a blast wave on a time scale of a few hours. Three different types of cells were tested by pressure waves exposure, fibroblasts (3T3), epithelial cervical cancer (HeLa), and canine epithelial kidney cells (MDCK). Fluorescent images of the cells before and after pressure wave exposure were used to determine how much damage cells have suffered. 3T3 cells showed the most cellular modification while HeLa and MDCK were more resilient. A simple scaling model is proposed to relate the cellular modification to the shock strength.
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Iseppon, Federico. "Investigation on spatio-temporal dynamics of RhoGTPases and their role in neuronal growth cone and actin wave motility." Doctoral thesis, SISSA, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/4890.

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Neurons are highly polarised cells that migrate elongating their axon to reach distant synaptic targets. In the developing nervous system they travel along highly conserved trajectories defined by the molecules present in the surrounding environment, the so-called guidance cues. They can exert the function either at short range by direct contact or at long range, secreted by surrounding and target cells to create gradients that can be sensed by migrating axons. During the PhD course I focused on investigating the spatio-temporal properties of neurons in response to chemical signals. I have studied in detail the morphology changes of Growth Cones (GC) upon local stimulation and the dynamics of signalling cascades regulating actin dynamics, with a particular attention on Rho-GTPases. Moreover I investigated the morphology, molecule composition of axonal Actin Waves (AWs), as well as the role of Rho-GTPases in their inception and movement kinetics. In these studies I adopted various techniques: from live-cell imaging of the actin dynamics in AWs to a combination of FRET imaging and optical manipulation to image the Rho-GTPases activation in GCs real time upon local chemical stimulus delivery. The cellular module designed to perceive the guidance stimuli is the Growth Cone (GC), a specialised structure at the tip of the growing axon divided into three regions. The central region contains organelles and has a structural function, the transition region is formed by acto-myosin contractile arcs and the peripheral region, formed by thin filopodia and veil-like lamellipodia structures, that sustain dynamic protrusion and retraction cycles and express on the surface all the receptors to sense the presence of guidance molecules gradients. The major component of these structures is actin, a molecule that polymerises to form filaments that can be arranged, with the cooperation of a wide variety of actin-binding molecules, into different architectures. Actin filaments are polarised structure with the “barbed” end oriented towards the leading edge and a “pointed” end towards the central region. Filaments undergo continuous cycles of polymerisation at the barbed end and depolymerisation at the pointed end, creating two dynamic behaviours called treadmilling and retrograde flow. The relative prominence of one process over the other is regulated by external signals that are sensed by receptors and initiate different intracellular signalling cascades. These pathways involve a lot of diverse proteins at various levels, but almost all of them pass through a “bottleneck” step: the Rho family of Guanosine Tri-Phosphatases (Rho-GTPases). Rho-GTPases are molecular switches that cycle between activated, GTP-bound state and an inactivated, GDP-bound state. Their dynamics are modulated by upstream signals, and in turn they interact with downstream effectors to propagate the signal transduction to the actin cytoskeleton. A single Rho-GTPase can be regulated by many different molecules, called Guanosine Exchange Factors (GEFs), GTPase domain Activator Proteins (GAPs) and Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors (GDIs), and activate a wide range of cellular responses, depending on the cell type and the stimulus received. They are best known for their roles in the modulation of cytoskeleton rearrangements, cell motility and polarity and axon guidance. They exert their effect mainly by affecting actin dynamics, not only in the growth cone but also in the axon shaft. A particular behaviour of the polarising neuronal cells is the extrusion of GC-like structures that travel along the neurite shaft towards the tip and fuses with the GC to promote elongation. These structures are called Actin Waves (AWs): they have a mean velocity of 2-3 µm/min and appear in a stochastic manner in all the growing neurites with a frequency of about 1-2 waves per hour. Their propagation is strongly dependent on the dynamic behaviour of the actin filaments, with the balance between barbed end polymerisation and pointed end de-polymerisation at its basis. Therefore all those proteins involved in the regulation of actin might have a prominent role in their structure and function, including the RhoGTPases. The main achievements and findings of my PhD are the following: 1. I combined successfully for the first time FRET imaging with optical tweezers to provide a strong tool to study dynamics of intracellular signalling molecules upon local delivery of chemical attractants and repellants. The versatility of the optical tweezers, that have the possibility to exert both contact stimulation and local gradient delivery, along with the precision and high spatio-temporal resolution of the FRET, allowed us to highlight fine spatio-temporal dynamics of Rho-GTPases in live cells. 2. Local repulsive stimulation by semaphorin-3A triggers local retraction of the side of the growth cone facing the stimulus, with distinct RhoGTPases spatio-temporal dynamics: a. I showed, in accordance to previous studies, that the stimulation triggers rapid activation of RhoA within 30 s in the central region of the growth cone, causing a delayed retraction (100-120 s from the stimulus application) that correlates with RhoA activation levels correlate with the induced morphological changes; b. I demonstrated that semaphorin-3A local delivery causes a decrease in Cdc42 activity within 60 s from the stimulation. Activity levels vary in a wave-like retrograde manner that proceeds almost in synchrony with the retraction. In few cases the stimulation induced the formation of active Cdc42 waves that propagate in a region away from the local stimulus and promote the spawning of new filopodia and lamellipodia, suggesting a role of Cdc42 in travelling actin waves; c. I showed that local stimulation with beads coated with semaphorin-3A induces the formation of active Cdc42 waves propagating from the GC edge to the central region with a mean period of 70 s. Same “travelling” waves have been found in some cases of spontaneous retraction in the neuronal cell culture, but they oscillate with a longer period (110 s). These overall data show a more complex behaviour for Cdc42 than RhoA, and provide evidence for a higher degree of complexity in the Rho-GTPase signalling network. 3. Actin dynamics in neuronal actin waves are strongly dependent on Cdc42 and Rac1 activation dynamics. By means of immunofluorescence, STED nanoscopy and live cell imaging with inhibitors for different molecules, we showed that: a. In accordance with previous studies, actin waves are growth cone-like structures that generate at the proximal segment of neurites and then propagate along the shaft towards the growth cone. When it reaches its vicinity, the growth cone retracts and the two structure fuse together to form a new, bigger and more dynamic growth cone that elongates again; b. Myosin-IIB is localised at the rear of the propagating wave, suggesting a possible role of myosin in their dynamics. This role has been confirmed by further experiments in which myosin inhibition with 20 µM blebbistatin highlighted the disruption of the GC-like morphology of actin waves and the disappearing of the GC retraction upon wave incoming at the neurite tip, along with an effect on AW frequency and velocity; c. Membrane tension has a role in maintenance of AW morphology and affects also AW initiation and propagation. Addition of 250 µM of β-cyclodextrin disrupted the GC-like morphology and decreased the AW area of more than 50%. Moreover the treatment decreased the velocity and significantly the frequency of AW initiation, suggesting a major role of the membrane in AW dynamicity; d. Cdc42 and Rac1 have a strong impact on the initiation dynamics of the actin waves. The frequency of actin waves per hour is significantly reduced under 10 µM of both Cdc42 (ML141) and Rac1 (EHT1864) inhibition: from 2-3 waves per hour to about 0,5 and 1 wave per hour, respectively. Moreover, addition of a high concentration (30µM) of ML141 stopped the AW sprouting almost completely, demonstrating a prominent role of these Rho-GTPases in actin wave initiation at the initial segment of the neurite. e. Cdc42 and Rac1 have a role also in the propagation dynamics of actin waves. Inhibition of both GTPases resulted in a significant decrease in the velocity of actin waves, from a mean of 2,2 µm/min to about 1,5 µm/min and 1,2 µm/min respectively. Moreover we observed a disruption of the GC-like morphology of AWs, as well as a reduction in the mean area of about 50%. These results provide new insights for a prominent role of Rho-GTPases in the overall dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton within the travelling waves, in perfect accordance with previously reported data.
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Iuliano, Olga. "Myosin1b controls the formation of the axon and the establishment of neuronal polarity by regulating actin waves." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066649.

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Les neurones sont des cellules polarisées qui présentent un seul axone et de nombreuses dendrites courtes. Les réarrangements du cytosquelette, l'augmentation du transport dépendant des microtubules et le couplage mécanique du cytosquelette d'actine à la membrane plasmique sont nécessaires pour établir cette polarité neuronale. Les Myosines 1 qui couplent le cytosquelette d'actine à la membrane plasmique sont des bons candidats pour réguler l'axonogenèse. La Myosine1b étant fortement exprimée dans le cerveau en développement, nous avons donc étudié son rôle dans l'axonogenèse. L'inhibition de l'expression de Myo1b dans les neurones corticaux retarde la différenciation neuronale et empêche l'axonogenèse et l'établissement de la polarité neuronale. La surexpression de Myo1b accélère le développement neuronal et induit la formation d'axones surnuméraires. L'activité motrice et l'interaction de Myo1b avec des phosphoinositides via son domaine PH est nécessaire pour ce processus. Myo1b est associée et contrôle la formation d'ondes d'actine antérogrades qui 'cross-talk" avec les microtubules pour diriger le transport de la kinésine1 sur les microtubules et conduire à la formation de l'axone. L'inhibition de Myo1b empêche la propagation des ondes d'actine et le mouvement de KIF5560 une version constitutivement active du moteur Kinésine 1 associé aux microtubules. L' activité motrice et le domaine PH de Myo1b sont nécessaire à la propagation des ondes d'actine. Nos résultats indiquent que la Myosine 1b contrôle la rupture de la symétrie axonale et la formation de l'axone en contrôllant l'orientation de la polymérisation d'actine à la membrane dans les ondes d'actine antérograde
Neurons are highly polarized cells, with a long axon and multiple short dendrites. Rearrangements of cytoskeleton, increased microtubule-based transport and coupling mechanically actin cytoskeleton to plasma membrane are required for the establishment of neuronal polarity. Class 1 Myosin, with the unique property to couple mechanically actin cytoskeleton to plasmamembrane are good candidate for regulatin axonogenesis. Myosin1b is highly expressed in developing brain where it was first identified. Thus, we investigated its role in axonogenesis. Depletion of endogenous Myo1b in cultured cortical neurons delays the neuronal differentiation and impairs the axonogenesis and the establishment of the neuronal polarity. The overexpression of Myosin1b rushes the neuronal development and promotes the formation of supernumerary axon-like structures. Myo1b requires its motor activity and its interaction with phosphoinositides via its PH motif to promote the axonogenesis. Myo1b associates and controls the formation of anterograde actin waves that cross-talk with microtubules to direct microtubules-bases transport of kinesin-1, and drive axon formation. Myo1b depletion impairs the propagation of actin waves and the translocation of KIF5560, a constitutively active version of the microtubules motor Kinesin-1. The motor activity and interaction with phosphoinositides of Myo1b are also required for the propagation of actin waves. Together our data indicate that myosin1b controls the neuronal symmetry breaking and the axogenesis by controlling the orientation of the actin polymerization to the membrane in the waves that drive the propagation of anterograde actin waves
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Bernitt, Erik [Verfasser], Hans-Günther [Akademischer Betreuer] Döbereiner, and Karsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Kruse. "The Dynamics of Dorsal Actin Waves / Erik Bernitt. Betreuer: Hans-Günther Döbereiner. Gutachter: Hans-Günther Döbereiner ; Karsten Kruse." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1082029785/34.

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Gautier, Jérémie. "Rôle de la clathrine dans la formation des lamellipodes." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647325.

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Le complexe Scar/WAVE génère la formation des lamellipodes par l'intermédiaire du complexe Arp2/3 responsable de la polymérisation de réseaux d'actine branchés. Dans le but d'identifier de nouveaux régulateurs du complexe Scar/WAVE, nous avons conduit un crible en cellules de Drosophiles combinant une approche protéomique à une approche de génomique fonctionnelle. La chaîne lourde de la clathrine a été identifiée au cours de ce crible comme une protéine interagissant avec le complexe Scar/WAVE et dont la déplétion affecte la formation des lamellipodes. Ce rôle de la clathrine dans la formation des lamellipodes peut être découplé de son rôle classique dans le transport vésiculaire en utilisant différentes approches. De plus, la clathrine est localisée au lamellipode en l'absence d'adapteurs et des protéines accessoires de l'endocytose. La surexpression de la clathrine affecte le recrutement membranaire du complexe WAVE réduisant ainsi la vélocité des protrusions membranaire et la migration cellulaire. Par opposition, lorsque la clathrine est envoyée artificiellement à la membrane plasmique par une fusion à une séquence myristoylée, on observe une augmentation du recrutement membranaire du complexe Scar/WAVE, de la vélocité des protrusions membranaires et de la migration cellulaire. L'ensemble de ces résultats montrent que la clathrine envoie le complexe Scar/WAVE à la membrane plasmique et donc contrôle la formation des lamellipodes en plus de son rôle plus classique dans le traffic membranaire.
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Tsimplis, Michael. "The attenuation of waves under the action of rain." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277504.

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York-Andersen, Anna Henrietta. "Investigating the calcium wave and actin dynamics at Drosophila egg activation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/288873.

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Egg activation is a series of highly coordinated processes that prepare the mature oocyte for embryogenesis. Typically associated with fertilisation, egg activation results in the resumption of the cell cycle, expression of maternal mRNAs and cross-linking of the vitelline membrane. While some aspects of egg activation, such as initiation factors in mammals and environmental cues in sea animals, have been well-documented, the mechanics of egg activation in many animals are still not well understood. This is especially true for animals where fertilisation and egg activation are unlinked. In order to elucidate how egg activation is regulated independently of fertilisation, I use Drosophila melanogaster as a model system. This insect provides extensive genetic tools, ease of manipulation for experimentation and is amenable for imaging. Through visualisation of calcium, Processing bodies and meiotic spindles, I show that osmotic pressure acts as an initiation cue for the calcium wave and downstream processes, including the resumption of cell cycle and the dispersion of the translational repression sites. I further show that aquaporin channels, together with external sodium ions, play a role in coordinating swelling of the oocyte in response to the osmotic pressure. I proceed to identify the requirement of internal calcium sources together with a dynamic actin cytoskeleton for a calcium wave to occur. Through co-visualisation of calcium and actin, I provide the first evidence that the calcium wave is followed by a wavefront of non-cortical F-actin at egg activation, which requires the calcium wave. Genetic analysis supports a model where changes in osmotic pressure trigger the calcium wave via stretch sensitive calcium channels in the oocyte membrane and the calcium wave is relayed by nearby channels via the actin cytoskeleton. My work concludes that the mechanism of egg activation in Drosophila is more similar to plants, compared to most vertebrates.
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Abou-Ghali, Majdouline. "Actin network architecture and dynamics studied in vitro and in vivo." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS012.pdf.

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Le changement de forme des cellules est primordial pour différents processus cellulaires tels que la motilité et division cellulaire, et certaines pathologies comme les métastases cancéreuses. La forme de la cellule est assurée par son cytosquelette. Un composant majeur du cytosquelette est l’actine. J’ai étudié le rôle de l’actine dans des systèmes in vitro et in vivo. In vitro, en utilisant un système reconstitué de l’assemblage de l’actine, j’examine le rôle de la protéine Ena/VASP. Mes résultats montrent que VASP est impliqué dans la polarisation de la croissance du réseau d’actine vers une surface en absence des protéines de coiffe, en induisant une augmentation de l’activité du complexe Arp2/3 à la surface formant un réseau d’actine polarisé. Je propose aussi un modèle de fonctionnement où la protéine VASP produit plus de filaments mère utilisés pour le branchement par Arp2/3. En utilisant le même système, j’ai identifié une nouvelle molécule qui inhibe l’activité du complexe Arp2/3 de manière contrôlée par la lumière. In vivo, j’ai commencé à explorer l’architecture de l’actine pendant la première division cellulaire de nématodes génétiquement différents de C. elegans. J’ai réduit le nombre d’outils pouvant être utilisés pour visualiser le réseau d’actine dans ces espèces. En somme, ces résultats montrent qu’en présence de Ena/VASP les protéines de coiffe ne sont pas nécessaires à la croissance polarisée du réseau, ni à sa motilité. Enfin, nous avons pu aider à identifier une molécule photoconvertible qui inhibe l’activité du complexe Arp2/3, qui peut être utilisée pour étudier le rôle du complexe dans des processus cellulaires de manière contrôlée
Cell shape changes are crucial for different cell processes such as cell motility, division, and are involved in pathologies like cancer. Cell shape is established by the cellular cytoskeleton. A key component of the cytoskeleton is actin. I studied actin network architecture and dynamics both in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro part, I used a reconstituted system of actin assembly to examine the role of the barbed end elongation enhancement protein, Ena/VASP. I revealed the contribution of VASP in polarizing the growth of an actin network towards a surface in absence of capping protein, by promoting Arp2/3 complex activity at the surface that initiates actin network. I suggest a mode of action where VASP enhances Arp2/3 complex-based growth by providing mother filaments for Arp2/3 complex branch initiation. Using the same system and through a collaboration with chemists, we identified a new light controlled molecule based on CK-666, that inhibits Arp2/3 complex activity. In vivo, I started exploring actin architecture during the first cell division of nematode species that are genetically distant from C. elegans. I narrowed the window of tools that can be used to visualize the actin network in such nematodes. Overall these results demonstrate that capping protein was not necessary for polarized actin growth and motility in presence of VASP. VASP enhanced the activity of the Arp2/3 complex at the surface thus inducing a polarized growth of the network. I identified a photoswitchable Arp2/3 complex inhibitor, subsequent derivatives of which could be used to study the role of the Arp2/3 complex in cellular processes in a controlled manner
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Bruce, Tom. "Violent wave action at seawalls and breakwaters." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13135.

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Salih, Barham A. "Probablistic properties of wave climates." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237665.

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Books on the topic "Actin Waves"

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Lumgair, Irene. Wave action. Laguna Hills, Calif: Walter Foster Pub., 1995.

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Aguilar, Jesús H., Andrei A. Buckareff, and Keith Frankish, eds. New Waves in Philosophy of Action. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230304253.

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New waves in philosophy of action. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

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Wales, NHS Directorate for. NHS Wales: Agenda for action. [Cardiff]: The Directorate, 1991.

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Office, Great Britain Welsh, and Welsh Development Agency, eds. Action for rural enterprise in Wales. [Cardiff]: [Welsh Office], 1987.

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Institute of Development Studies (Jaipur, India), ed. Wage study: An experiment in participatory action research, 1984-1985. Jaipur: Institute of Development Studies, 1992.

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Countryside Council for Wales. Action for wildlife: Biodiversity action plans : the challenge in Wales. Gwynedd: Countryside Council for Wales, 1997.

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Great Britain. Welsh Office. NHS Directorate. NHS Wales: Agenda for action, 1991-1993. [Cardiff]: Welsh Office, NHS Directorate, 1990.

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Wales, NHS Directorate for. NHS Wales: Agenda for action : 1991-1993. [Cardiff]: NHS Directorate forWales, 1990.

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Acting Wales: Stars of stage and screen. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Actin Waves"

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Kruse, Karsten. "Cell Crawling Driven by Spontaneous Actin Polymerization Waves." In Physical Models of Cell Motility, 69–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24448-8_2.

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Edelstein-Keshet, Leah. "Pattern Formation Inside Living Cells." In SEMA SIMAI Springer Series, 79–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86236-7_5.

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AbstractWhile most of our tissues appear static, in fact, cell motion comprises an important facet of all life forms, whether in single or multicellular organisms. Amoeboid cells navigate their environment seeking nutrients, whereas collectively, streams of cells move past and through evolving tissue in the development of complex organisms. Cell motion is powered by dynamic changes in the structural proteins (actin) that make up the cytoskeleton, and regulated by a circuit of signaling proteins (GTPases) that control the cytoskeleton growth, disassembly, and active contraction. Interesting mathematical questions we have explored include (1) How do GTPases spontaneously redistribute inside a cell? How does this determine the emergent polarization and directed motion of a cell? (2) How does feedback between actin and these regulatory proteins create dynamic spatial patterns (such as waves) in the cell? (3) How do properties of single cells scale up to cell populations and multicellular tissues given interactions (adhesive, mechanical) between cells? Here I survey mathematical models studied in my group to address such questions. We use reaction-diffusion systems to model GTPase spatiotemporal phenomena in both detailed and toy models (for analytic clarity). We simulate single and multiple cells to visualize model predictions and study emergent patterns of behavior. Finally, we work with experimental biologists to address data-driven questions about specific cell types and conditions.
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Holm, Darryl D., Ruiao Hu, and Oliver D. Street. "Coupling of Waves to Sea Surface Currents Via Horizontal Density Gradients." In Mathematics of Planet Earth, 109–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18988-3_8.

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AbstractThe mathematical models and numerical simulations reported here are motivated by satellite observations of horizontal gradients of sea surface temperature and salinity that are closely coordinated with the slowly varying envelope of the rapidly oscillating waves. This coordination of gradients of fluid material properties with wave envelopes tends to occur when strong horizontal buoyancy gradients are present. The nonlinear models of this coordinated movement presented here may provide future opportunities for the optimal design of satellite imagery that could simultaneously capture the dynamics of both waves and currents directly.The model derived here appears in two levels of approximation: first for rapidly oscillating waves, and then for their slowly varying envelope (SVE) approximation obtained by using the WKB approach. The WKB wave-current-buoyancy interaction model derived here for a free surface with significant horizontal buoyancy gradients indicates that the mechanism for the emergence of these correlations is the ponderomotive force of the slowly varying envelope of rapidly oscillating waves acting on the surface currents via the horizontal buoyancy gradient. In this model, the buoyancy gradient appears explicitly in the WKB wave momentum, which in turn generates density-weighted potential vorticity whenever the buoyancy gradient is not aligned with the wave-envelope gradient.
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Trulsen, Karsten, and Kristian B. Dysthe. "Action of Windstress and Breaking on the Evolution of a Wavetrain." In Breaking Waves, 243–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84847-6_26.

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Chant, Sara Rachel. "Two Composition Questions in Action." In New Waves in Metaphysics, 27–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230297425_3.

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Naito, S., K. Takagi, and S. Nakamura. "Extreme Wave Forces Acting on a Floating Structure." In Nonlinear Water Waves, 443–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83331-1_49.

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Nanay, Bence. "Naturalizing Action Theory." In New Waves in Philosophy of Mind, 226–41. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137286734_11.

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Gaponov-Grekhov, Andrei V., and Mikhail I. Rabinovich. "Nonlinear Oscillations and Waves. Classical Results." In Nonlinearities in Action, 11–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75292-6_2.

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Bazhenova, T. V., V. V. Golub, A. L. Kotelnikov, and A. S. Chizhikov. "Action on the obstacle of a shock wave discharged from a partly closed channel exit." In Shock Waves, 535–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27009-6_80.

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Nadelhoffer, Thomas. "Experimental Philosophy of Action." In New Waves in Philosophy of Action, 50–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230304253_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Actin Waves"

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Yamazaki, Shota, Masahiko Harata, Toshitaka Idehara, Keiji Konagaya, Ginji Yokoyama, Hiromichi Hoshina, and Yuichi Ogawa. "Terahertz irradiation stimulates actin polymerization." In 2018 43rd International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz 2018). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2018.8510110.

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Yamazaki, Shota, Masahiko Harata, Masaaki Tsubouchi, Yuichi Ogawa, Goro Isoyama, Chiko Otani, and Hiromichi Hoshina. "The Effects of THz Irradiation on Cellular Actin Filament." In 2020 45th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz46771.2020.9370488.

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Bathe, Mark, Claus Heussinger, Mireille Claessens, Andreas Bausch, and Erwin Frey. "Cytoskeletal Bundle Mechanics." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176170.

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Filamentous actin (F-actin) is a stiff biopolymer that is tightly crosslinked in vivo by actin-binding proteins (ABPs) to form stiff bundles that form major constituents of a multitude of slender cytoskeletal processes including stereocilia, filopodia, microvilli, neurosensory bristles, cytoskeletal stress fibers, and the acrosomal process of sperm cells (Fig. 1). The mechanical properties of these cytoskeletal processes play key roles in a broad range of cellular functions — the bending stiffness of stereocilia mediates the mechanochemical transduction of mechanical stimuli such as acoustic waves to detect sound, the critical buckling load of filopodia and acrosomal processes determines their ability to withstand compressive mechanical forces generated during cellular locomotion and fertilization, and the entropic stretching stiffness of cytoskeletal bundles mediates cytoskeletal mechanical resistance to cellular deformation. Thus, a detailed understanding of F-actin bundle mechanics is fundamental to gaining a mechanistic understanding of cytoskeletal function.
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Shu, Cheng, Li Hong, and Zhang Dongxu. "Strength Analysis of Oil Tanker Under Numerical Wave." In ASME 2018 5th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2018-83436.

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The strength of an oil carrier is generally checked using static load or equivalent load of wave action in accordance with relevant specifications. In order to accurately calculate the stress and the deformation of an oil carrier under wave action, the fluid-structure interaction system in the platform Workbench is used in this work. And, the pressure-based solver, the two-phase flow model and UDF (User Defined Function) in the software FLUENT are used to compile the three-order Stokes Wave so as to simulate ocean waves. Forces acting on the surface of the oil carrier are obtained by calculating the flow field, and the structural strength of the carrier is then investigated under sagging and hogging conditions. The results show that: the three-order Stokes Wave matches well with the theoretical result, and it is feasible to research the strength of the oil carrier by generating waves using this numerical method. In addition, the method of fluid-structure interaction is applied to investigate the structural strength of the fully-loaded carrier under sagging and hogging conditions.
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Akopyan, R. S., and Yu S. Chilingarian. "Nematic liquid crystal director reorientation by regular convective motion due to the acoustic wave." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1994.cthi69.

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The possibility of the forced generation of regular hydrodynamic convective motions in a nematic liquid crystal with homeotropic boundary conditions and under the action of the radiation pressure of an acoustic wave with a periodic transverse intensity distribution are investigated theoretically. The excitation mechanism is as follows. Two interfering acoustic waves are partially absorbed by the liquid crystal. The absorption of an acoustic wave with a spatially periodic intensity distribution produced the same transverse distribution of the radiation pressure acting on the nematic particles. These forces generate steady convective motions of the liquid, whose velocity gradients cause the nematic molecules to rotate. If acoustic waves are absent and the nematic is placed between crossed polarizers, it is opaque to a light wave in normal incidence on the layer. The reorientation of the nematic director creates ordinary and extraordinary light waves, so that the field of view is cleared periodically in space.
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Hirai, Takayuki, Akira Sou, and Yasunori Nihei. "Wave Load Acting on Advanced Spar in Regular Waves." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77821.

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Offshore wind turbines have been investigated and developed as one of the renewable energies. In Japan, the research and development of floating type offshore wind turbines have been carried out because the water around the country is too deep to settle the bottom mounted type. In this paper, we investigate the effects of the diameter of the column floater of the advanced spar in regular wave by using open source computational fluid dynamics software OpenFOAM. We use olaFOAM which equipped with the functions to set the boundary conditions of wave generation at the inlet and wave absorption at the outlet. The forces acting on a spar obtained by the numerical simulation and Morison’s equation are compared to examine the validity of the numerical model. A good agreement between them confirms the validity of the numerical method. Then we simulate numerically the effects of the column diameter on the flow around the advanced spars and the wave load. The result clarifies that Morison’s equation overestimates the wave force, and the difference increases with the column diameter. For more detailed analysis we divide the advanced spar into three parts, the upper spar above the column, the column floater and the lower spar below the column. As a result, we find that the difference between the wave load acting on the column by Morison’s equation and that by numerical simulation is dominant due to the flow separation around the column. Finally we modify the load coefficients of Morison’s equation for the column so that the modified equation can accurately evaluate the wave load acting on the advanced spar.
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Coccia, Eugenio. "Bars in action." In Third edoardo amaldi conference on gravitational waves. AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1291837.

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Hong, Sam-Kwon, Jae-Moon Lew, Dong-Woo Jung, Hee-Taek Kim, Dong-Yeon Lee, and Jong-Soo Seo. "A Study on the Impact Load Acting on an FPSO Bow by Steep Waves." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23833.

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Among offshore floaters used to develop offshore resources, FPSO and FSO have a storage function whereas semi-submersible, Spar and TLP have only production function. The floaters with the storage function such as FPSO and FSO are designed as the typical ship type concept compared to the other floaters with small water plane area. In order to design the floaters for offshore resource development, it is needed to estimate the seakeeping performance under operating condition and survival conditions and then carry out the structural design based on seakeeping performance results. The environment conditions of 1yr, 10yrs, 100yrs or 1,000 yrs return periods are used based on the metocean data of the installation field to evaluate the seakeeping performance under operating and survival conditions. In general, the wave conditions with the maximum wave heights for each return periods are selected on each wave contour lines in the wave scatter diagram. Then the seakeeping performance is evaluated from the seakeeping model test. However, it was observed that the wave with the pitch forcing period, where the wave length is close to the ship length, is more important than the wave with the maximum wave height after several accidents caused by the green water in Northern North Sea and Norwegian Sea. Therefore, it became a common practice to include not only the wave conditions with maximum wave heights for each return period but also the wave conditions with the pitch forcing period to evaluate the seakeeping performance for offshore development floaters. Ship type floaters such as FPSO are more likely to experience higher impact force due to the large frontal area accompanied by large heave and pitch motions in head sea and bow quartering seas. Recently, it was reported that in an accident in North Sea of UK sector, the damage at the bow of the FPSO is caused due to the steep waves. Afterwards, studies on the steep waves have been made in several institutes such as UK HSE. In this study, the effect of the impact load (so called slapping load) by the steep waves acting on the FPSO bow is investigated throughout the model test. For measurement of the pressure and impact force on the frontal area, a bow-shaped panel was fabricated with the pressure and force sensors, and installed on the bow starboard side of the model FPSO. During the model test campaign, the impact load was investigated using the steep waves with Hw/λ greater than 1/16 in addition to the general wave conditions with maximum wave heights. Consequently, it is confirmed in the model test that the impact loads acting on the FPSO bow are significantly increased with the steep waves (Hw/λ > 1/16) compared to the general wave conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to consider whether the steep waves are additionally included in the wave conditions to estimate the seakeeping performance and how to apply the impact loads acting on the FPSO bow from the steep waves in structure design.
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Hayashi, Kenjirou, Futoshi Higaki, Koji Fujima, Toshiyuki Sigemura, and John R. Chaplin. "Wave Forces Acting on a Vortex Excited Vibrating Cylinder in Waves." In 24th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784400890.082.

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Assbrock, Gerrit, Jorge Lucas, and Jens Ley. "Multiple Hinged Floaters – An Experimental Study on Hydrodynamic Responses in Waves." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-78435.

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Abstract Exploiting space at sea is a conceivable solution in case of land scarcity in coastal areas. A modular floating platform can meet this growing need. The modularity allows platform expansions by linking multiple floaters with dedicated connectors. A durable structural design of connectors requires a reliable prediction of loads in waves. Multi-body hydrodynamics and effects of wave shielding are decisive factors that need to be considered. This experimental study comprised the measurement of motions and loads in long-crested waves with different configurations of floaters. Three component force gauges captured the loads acting on the connectors. An optical tracking system measured the motions of the connected floaters in regular waves and irregular sea states of different steepness’. The experimental results revealed higher order structural responses, relative motions, and impact loads subject to the wave’s steepness. Tensioning and compressing loads showed to be asymmetric and occurred at different return periods.
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Reports on the topic "Actin Waves"

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Bhatt, Mihir R., Shilpi Srivastava, Megan Schmidt-Sane, and Lyla Mehta. Key Considerations: India's Deadly Second COVID-19 Wave: Addressing Impacts and Building Preparedness Against Future Waves. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.031.

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Since February 2021, countless lives have been lost in India, which has compounded the social and economic devastation caused by the second wave of COVID-19. The sharp surge in cases across the country overwhelmed the health infrastructure, with people left scrambling for hospital beds, critical drugs, and oxygen. As of May 2021, infections began to come down in urban areas. However, the effects of the second wave continued to be felt in rural areas. This is the worst humanitarian and public health crisis the country has witnessed since independence; while the continued spread of COVID-19 variants will have regional and global implications. With a slow vaccine rollout and overwhelmed health infrastructure, there is a critical need to examine India's response and recommend measures to further arrest the current spread of infection and to prevent and prepare against future waves. This brief is a rapid social science review and analysis of the second wave of COVID-19 in India. It draws on emerging reports, literature, and regional social science expertise to examine reasons for the second wave, explain its impact, and highlight the systemic issues that hindered the response. This brief puts forth vital considerations for local and national government, civil society, and humanitarian actors at global and national levels, with implications for future waves of COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries. This review is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on the COVID-19 response in India. It was developed for SSHAP by Mihir R. Bhatt (AIDMI), Shilpi Srivastava (IDS), Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), and Lyla Mehta (IDS) with input and reviews from Deepak Sanan (Former Civil Servant; Senior Visiting Fellow, Centre for Policy Research), Subir Sinha (SOAS), Murad Banaji (Middlesex University London), Delhi Rose Angom (Oxfam India), Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica) and Santiago Ripoll (IDS). It is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Roberts, Ronald. Implementing the Race Equality Action Plan. Wales Centre for Public Policy - Cardiff University, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54454/20211115.

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The Welsh Government’s Race Equality Action Plan sets out to tackle structural racial inequalities in Wales in order to make ‘meaningful and measurable changes to the lives of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic people by tackling racism’ and achieve ‘a Wales that is anti-racist by 2030’. The consultation closed in July and responses are currently being reviewed. Delivering on this ambitious vision will require concerted and carefully thought-through actions. The Welsh Government and public bodies are going to need to establish a very clear set of priorities and metrics to ensure accountability for achieving measurable race equality improvements. Building on the recommendations in WCPP’s evidence reviews on improving race equality in Wales, which informed the development of the Race Equality Action Plan, this commentary highlights some of the steps that might be necessary or helpful to make good on the Plan’s aims.
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Whitfield, Paula, Burton Suedel, Kelly Egan, Jeffrey Corbino, Jenny Davis, David Carson, Amanda Tritinger, et al. Engineering With Nature® principles in action : islands. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44940.

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The Engineering With Nature® (EWN) Program supports nature-based solutions that reduce coastal-storm and flood risks while providing environmental and socioeconomic benefits. Combining the beneficial use of dredged sediments with the restoration or creation of islands increases habitat and recreation, keeps sediment in the system, and reduces coastal-storm and flood impacts. Given the potential advantages of islands, EWN seeks to support science-based investigations of island performance, impacts, and benefits through collaborative multidisciplinary efforts. Using a series of case studies led by US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) districts and others, this technical report highlights the role of islands in providing coastal resilience benefits in terms of reducing waves and erosion as well as other environmental and socioeconomic benefits to the communities and the ecosystems they reside in.
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Daniel Szymanski. The Arabidopsis Wave Complex: Mechanisms Of Localized Actin Polymerization And Growth. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1053522.

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Lamontagne, M. Développement d'un système d'alerte précoce pour les tremblements de terre du Québec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328951.

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Several regions of the world already have or are in the process of developing an early warning system (EWS) for earthquakes. As is well known, earthquakes cannot be predicted in the short term. However, an EWS is based on the principle that when a strong earthquake occurs, the initial seismic waves detected by seismographs near the epicentre can be quickly analysed. Once analyzed automatically, an alarm signal can be sent to more distant areas before damaging seismic waves arrive. This alert can then be used to take action before the seismic waves arrive (such as stopping industrial activities for example). In Canada, these technologies are being developed for the Pacific region and Eastern Canada. Quebec is particularly interesting because earthquakes of magnitude 5 are felt at great distances, which increases the warning time when an earthquake occurs. Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) will lead this initiative, in partnership with provincial collaborators. The private sector will also be involved through the development of software and applications. NRCan is therefore reaching out to potential partners in such an earthquake warning system.
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Dickens, William. Wages, Employment and the Threat of Collective Action by Workers. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1856.

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Fontanari, Claudia, and Antonella Palumbo. Permanent Scars: The Effects of Wages on Productivity. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp187.

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This paper explores how stagnating real wages may have contributed to the slowdown of US productivity. Through shift-share analysis, we find that after a sharp change in distribution against wages, some historically high-productivity sectors (like manufacturing) switched towards slower productivity growth. This supports our hypothesis that the anemic growth of productivity may be partly due to the trend toward massive use of cheap labor. Our estimation of Sylos Labini’s productivity equation confirms the existence of two direct effects of wages, one acting through the incentive to mechanization and the other through the incentive to reorganize labor use. We also show that labor ‘weakness’ may exert a further negative effect on labor productivity. On the whole, we find that a persistent regime of low wages may determine very negative long-term consequences on the economy.
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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.

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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.
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Hughes, Steven A., Julie Cohen, and Hugh F. Acuff. Physical Model Study of Wave Action in New Thomsen Harbor, Sitka, Alaska. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada478038.

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Caballero, Julián, Ugo Panizza, and Andrew Powell. The Second Wave of Global Liquidity: Why Are Firms Acting Like Financial Intermediaries? Inter-American Development Bank, May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000443.

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