Journal articles on the topic 'Acte de Bamako'

Ramphotrigon fuscicauda, a South American flycatcher, is recorded in eastern Acre State, Brazil. Keywords: Ramphotrigon fuscicauda, Acre, distribution, Tyrannidae, Hemitriccus flammulatus, bamboo specialist.

People struggling with acne vulgaris, not only experience skin eruptions and skin pain, but also report that their quality of life is worse compared with healthy people. This study examined, for the first time, the effect of sonophoresis on select skin parameters (sebum level) in young women suffering from acne vulgaris. The study included 60 women 19–23 years of age (M = 21.45, SD = 0.91) with mild and moderate facial acne. The inclusion criteria were 19–23 years of age, female or male gender, mild to moderate acne, no dermatological treatment within last 12 months, and no hormonal contraception (women). No men volunteered for the study, so the group was homogeneous. The patients were divided into two groups. Group A underwent a sonophoresis procedure using ultrasound and ultrasound gel combined with a green tea, bamboo extract ampule, and 5% lactic acid. Group B was the placebo group, where sonophoresis was performed using only ultrasound gel (no ampules). The members of the placebo group were told that they were undergoing sonophoresis with a green tea, bamboo extract, and 5% lactic acid ampule. Before and after the series of procedures, sebum levels were measured in the skin. Each patient underwent a series of five procedures using sonophoresis equipment at one-week intervals. Sonophoresis with green tea, bamboo extract, and 5% lactic acid contributed to the reduction of skin eruptions and sebum levels in the participants of the study (group A). The study results demonstrated that the combined use of plant preparations, lactic acid, and ultrasound had a positive effect on the skin of people suffering from acne vulgaris, including reduction of skin eruptions and sebum levels on the surface of the skin.

Indoor air is significant for human health, and formaldehyde (HCHO) is deemed as the major pollutant in indoor environment. Therefore, the effective detection of HCHO has aroused widespread concern increasingly. In this work, a unique bamboo leaf-like sensing material assembled by nanorods was reported and investigated their potential application in HCHO sensing. It was found that the size of nanorod which was acted as the basic unit of the bamboo leaf-like architecture could be controlled via changing the synthesis temperature. The sensing results demonstrated that the bamboo leaf-like architectures with smaller nanorods in diameter exhibited better HCHO gas response which might be attributed to the smaller size and could offer more surface adsorption sites for HCHO and oxygen molecules.

A composite fabricated from 9,9′-bis(aryl)fluorene-modified nanocellulose (FCF) and bamboo fiber was studied to explore its processing conditions and limitations. The FCF acted as a binding agent, and bamboo fibers were used as structural reinforcement. Two types of FCF were fabricated and studied: hydroxy and epoxy functional groups with FCF. The FCF solution was homogenized and coated on bamboo fiber sheets. These sheets were laminated with FCF by hot-pressing at various temperatures, pressures, and weight fractions. Flexural modulus and strength were determined at each processing condition. Epoxy type FCF composites exhibited superior flexural performance compared to the hydroxy type. The epoxy type showed better homogeneous dispersion, which increased interfacial area between fibers. The optimal processing temperature was 230 °C. It was considered that thermal degradation occurred above 250 °C and chemical reaction between binder and bamboo was not enough below 210 °C. Flexural performance in the composites showed that approximately 10 MPa was structurally better due to increase of contact area among fibers, which was crushed flat by pressure.

Birds are the best-known vertebrate group, although many localities in the world are considered to be knowledge gaps. This is the case of many little-known environments in the Amazon biome, the world’s largest tropical forest. Here, we present a survey of birds in the upper Purus basin, comprising the municipalities of Manoel Urbano and Feijó in the Brazilian state of Acre, and Boca do Acre and Pauini in the state of Amazonas. In this region, poorly-studied habitats, such as open rainforest dominated by palms or bamboo, still predominate. We recorded 452 bird species during 45 field trips between May and July in 2016, and June to August in 2017. Twenty-four of these species are associated with bamboo habitat, 28 are endemic to the southwestern Amazon basin, and seven are threatened with extinction. This high diversity is typical of the western Amazon basin, one of the richest regions in the world in the number of species, due to the heterogeneity of the local environments. The data presented here highlight the importance of the region for the conservation of birds, including species typical of the western Amazon, some of which are still poorly-known.

There has been increasing interest in the use of bamboo for a variety of purposes. In the western Amazon region, specifically in the state of Acre, Brazil, native bamboo (Guadua weberbaueri Pilg.) grows in great abundance, which calls attention to its possible sustainable exploitation. Thus, this project aims to perform the anatomical characterization of the culms, leaves and roots of G. weberbaueri in different environments, both inside and along the border of a forest. For the analysis, samples were collected from culms, leaves and roots at the Zoobotanical Park of Federal University of Acre, and permanent slides were visualized by optical microscopy. We observed that the vascular bundles of the central leaf veins were wider in leaves from the border of the forest than in those from inside the forest. In contrast, the study of root anatomy showed differences in the diameter measurements of the xylem vessel elements, which were larger in those inside the forest than those from the border of the forest. The vascular bundles of culms did not present a difference, although a new characteristic found in this species is described.

Bamboo has natural damping properties, but, due to the obvious gradient differences in bamboo walls, the damping properties of different layers may vary. Using bamboo slivers as the research object, this study investigated the underlying mechanism of the effect of microstructural and chemical components on the damping properties (η, damping ratio) of bamboo using the resonance and nonresonance methods. The damping ratio decreased on L3 (inner layer), L2 (middle layer), and L1 (outer layer) due to lower microfibril angles, increased crystallinity of cellulose, and decreased hemicellulose content. All of these limited the motion of the bamboo’s molecular chains. The damping ratio successively increased in the oven-dried, air-dried, and water saturated states because water acted as a plasticizer. The damping ratio of L1, in the oven-dried state, was slightly higher than that of the air-dried state because L1 had the lowest water content. This allowed less water to escape during drying, which intensified the molecular distortion. The initial tan δ (tangent of the loss angle) decreased successively on the L3, L2, and L1 layers of the bamboo, and the tan δ of L3 was lower than that of L2 due to changes in the temperature sensitivity of hemicellulose.

The effective utilization of charcoal and tar byproducts is a challenge for pyrolysis gasification of bamboo. Herein, the bamboo tar was modified via polymerization and acted as a new adhesive for the preparation of excellent bamboo-charcoal-derived molding activated carbon (MBAC). As compared with pristine tar and other adhesives, the aromatization of tar with phenol increased its molecular weight, oxygenic functional groups, and thermal stability, leading to the decreased blocking impact of charcoal pore and improved bonding and pyrolytic crosslinking effect between charcoal particles. These further contribute to the high mechanical strength, specific surface area, pore volume, and amount of oxygenic functional groups for fabricated MBAC. Owing to the high microporous volume of MBAC, it exhibited 385 mg·g−1 toluene and 75.2% tetrachloride gas adsorption performances. Moreover, the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Bangham models were used to evaluate the kinetic data. The toluene adsorption process conforms to the Bangham kinetic model, suggesting that the diffusion mechanism of toluene adsorption mainly followed intraparticle diffusion.

Magnetic bamboo charcoal was one-pot synthesized and employed in the removal of methylene blue. The data indicated that three different oxidation states of iron (Fe3O4, FeO, and zero-valent iron) were generated under different pyrolytic temperatures, and the maximum specific surface area was 484.6 m2/g. Both physical adsorption and catalytic degradation of MBC with zero-valent iron exhibited more effective capability to decontaminate organic pollution, as the zero-valent iron acted as a Fenton-like catalyst under aerobic conditions. In addition, the obtained magnetic bamboo charcoal manifested the maximum absorption-degradation capacity of methylene blue which was 73.6 mg/g under the weakly acidic (pH=5) and high temperature (60 °C) conditions, which broadened the applications as compared with the classic Fenton catalyst.

Abstract The focus of this study was to observe the properties of bamboo plastic composites modified with a self-made modifier, 18 acyl-dopamine (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 weight percent [wt%] based on the dry weight of bamboo powder). The effects of the modifier were demonstrated by measures of mechanical properties, water absorption, thermal stability, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that 18 acyl-dopamine could be used as an effective modifier of bamboo powder/high-density polyethylene composites. When the modifier was increased, the toughness of the composite deteriorated, and the strength and rigidity improved. This indicated that when the dosage became higher, the compatibilization became stronger, and the toughening effect became worse. Based on the experimental data, a small dosage modifier acted as a toughening agent; as the dosage increased to 1.0 wt%, the compatibility began to appear. The modifier reacted with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the bamboo powder, which caused the bamboo powder to absorb less water, so the thickness expansion rate was lowest at 1.25 wt%. The pyrolysis peak of bamboo powder and plastic showed a tendency to be close to each other, indicating that the interface was improving. Based on the equation of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, as the dosage of the modifier increased from 0.50 to 1.25 wt%, the apparent activation energy also increased. The SEM analysis showed the binding between bamboo powder and the plastic matrix was strongest when the modifier dosage was 1.25 wt%.

Tea plantations have expanded rapidly during the past several decades in China, the top tea-producing country, as a result of economic development; however, few studies have investigated the influence of tea plantations on the carbon cycle, especially from the perspective of climate change and increases in extreme weather events. Therefore, we employed combined observational and modeling methods to evaluate the water and carbon cycles at representative bamboo and tea plots in eastern China. Green tea growth and the corresponding water and carbon cycles were reproduced using the Community Land Model after applying fertilizer. Old-growth bamboo was reasonably simulated as broadleaf evergreen forest in this model. The mean observed soil respiration ranged from 1.79 to 2.57 and 1.34 to 1.50 µmol m−2 s−1 at the bamboo and tea sites, respectively, from April 2016 to October 2017. The observed soil respiration decreased by 23% and 55% due to extreme dryness in August 2016 at the bamboo and tea plots, respectively, and the model reproduced these decreases well. The modeling results indicated that tea acted as a stronger carbon sink during spring and a stronger carbon source during autumn and winter compared with old-growth bamboo. The carbon cycle was affected more by extremely dry weather than by extremely wet weather in both the bamboo and tea plots. Extremely dry periods markedly reduced the carbon sink at both plots, although this trend was more pronounced at the tea plot.

Forest fragmentation affects the structure and dynamics of plant communities, leading to biodiversity loss in forest remnants. In this paper we show that in a bamboo (Guadua weberbaueri Pilger) dominated forest fragment in southwestern Amazonia edge effect may be confounded by bamboo effect, which also occur inside the forest. We measured growth, mortality and, recruitment rate of trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm, in a fragment of bamboo dominated open forest in southwestern Amazonia, state of Acre, Brazil, in 15 plots at the forest edge and 15 plots inside the forest fragment, 500 m away from the border. Time interval between censuses was 1.8 years. The average diameter growth rate differed significantly between edge (3.82 ± 0.10 mm a-1) and interior (2.39 ± 0.18 mm a-1); but there were no differences in annual mortality rate (edge = 3.8 ± 2.5 % a-1 CV = 65.7%; interior = 3.6 ± 2.6% a-1 CV = 72.2%) or in annual recruitment rate (edge = 7.1 ± 3.2% a-1 CV = 45%; interior = 8.9 ± 7.9% a-1 CV = 88.7%). Diameter growth rate, particularly of pioneer and fast-growing trees, is favored by the environmental conditions of the edge, where bamboo abundance is higher. However, the absence of an edge effect on mortality and recruitment could be due to the particular dynamics of bamboo patches, which could be mimicking forest edges and therefore masking possible edge effect in this fragment. We speculate that the mortality and recruitment patterns in fragmented forests of southwestern Amazonia is different from other areas in Amazonia and that bamboo is one of the key controllers of successional processes in these fragments.

This paper describes the avifauna sampled at Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes, Acre, Brazil, during October and November, 2008. We recorded 344 bird species of 17 orders and 57 families through point counts, mist-nets and general observations. The most prevalent families were Tyrannidae, Thamnophilidae and Thraupidae with 53, 36 and 22 species, respectively. We recorded some range restricted, little know, and habitat specialists birds exemplified by Crypturellus atrocapillus, C. strigulosus, Primolius couloni, Aulacorhynchus prasinus, Drymophila devillei, Simoxenops ucayalae, Cnipodectes superrufus, Hemitriccus flammulatus, Percnostola lophotes, Xiphorhynchus chunchotambo, and Conioptilon mcilhennyi. Although we surveyed only during the dry season, the rarefaction curves indicate a satisfactory sampling effort. The data show that the Chico Mendes reserve holds a unique Amazonian bird community, which is influenced by the presence of bamboo and second growth vegetation. The results of this paper reinforce the biological importance of the RESEX and highlight the need for more inventories and bird studies at this isolated and little known region of the Brazilian Amazon.

Bamboos from the genus Guadua in the Southwestern Amazon basin are difficult to propagate because of their recalcitrant characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the action of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) during in vitro multiplication of G. latifolia in a laboratory for clonal seedling production. In vitro multiplication was performed using the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine at concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 mg L-1 in glass tubes containing liquid medium, incubated for 38 days. The analyzed variables were shoot height, number of shoots, multiplication rate, and the presence of callus and roots in two consecutive subcultures. The use of 6-benzylaminopurine during in vitro multiplication was effective at increasing the number of shoots in the first and second subculture. Shoot height was not influenced by the cytokinin in the culture with a maximum multiplication rate of 4.44 shoots. Therefore, the use of 6 mg L-1 of BA is recommended during in vitro multiplication and to obtain a high multipication rate.

The present study evaluated the characteristics of the understory bird fauna of four fragments ofterra firmeforest in eastern Acre, Brazil, that were impacted by wildfires in 2005. The study investigated the species richness and the composition of trophic guilds using mist-netting on eight transects (four in burned plots and four in control plots in the same forest fragments). Eight plots (0.12 ha) were also established parallel to each transect to record the number of live trees (DBH ≥ 10 cm), palms, and dead trees. Bamboo stems were quantified in 0.024 ha subplots. No significant difference was found between burned and control plots in the species richness or abundance of birds, nor was any significant pattern found in the NMDS ordination of the composition of the communities or guilds. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) found that the burned plots were physiognomically distinct, due principally to the number of bamboo stems and dead trees. Multiple regressions based on the PCA scores and bird species richness and abundance found no significant trends. The findings of the present study indicate that the understory bird assemblage of the areas affected by a single wildfire in 2005 had almost totally recuperated eight years after this event.

The 14-3-3 protein family plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development. The genes of the 14-3-3 family have been reported in multiple species. However, little is known about the 14-3-3 gene family in bamboo. In this study, a total of 58 genes belonging to the 14-3-3 family were identified in three representative bamboo species, i.e., Olyra latifolia, Phyllostachys edulis, and Bonia amplexicaulis, whose encoding proteins were grouped into ε and non-ε groups by phylogeny analysis with 14-3-3 proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. The 14-3-3s had diverse gene structures and motif characteristics among the three bamboo species. Collinearity analysis suggested that the genes of the 14-3-3 family in bamboo had undergone a strong purification selection during evolution. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed the expression of Pe14-3-3s varied in different tissues of P. edulis, suggesting that they had functional diversity during growth and development. Co-expression analysis showed that four Pe14-3-3s co-expressed positively with eight ribosomal genes. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays showed that Pe14-3-3b/d could interact with Pe_ribosome-1/5/6, and qPCR results demonstrated that Pe14-3-3b/d and Pe_ribosome-1/5/6 had similar expression trends with the increase in shoot height, which further confirmed that they would work together to participate in the shoot growth and development of bamboo. Additionally, the transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing Pe14-3-3b had longer roots, a larger stem diameter, an earlier bolting time and a faster growth rate than wild-type Arabidopsis, indicating that Pe14-3-3b acted as a growth promoter. Our results provide comprehensive information on 14-3-3 genes in bamboo and highlight Pe14-3-3b as a potential target for bamboo improvement.

The alopecic aseptic nodule of the scalp (NAAS) is a recently described entity known as a "pseudocyst of the scalp". It can be confused with dissecting folliculitis of the scalp (Hoffmann's disease) by certain clinical signs. We report three cases of NAAS mimicking MH with favourable evolution under doxycycline associated with intra-lesional corticotherapy. Case 1: A 36-year-old man presented with painful nodules of the scalp. Examination revealed two fluctuating subcutaneous nodules measuring 4 and 5 cm, both painful. The skin opposite the nodules was alopecic and not scarred. Case 2: A 28-year-old man presented with a scalp nodule that had been present for 3 months. Clinical examination revealed a fluctuating, painful subcutaneous nodule measuring 7cm, alopecic and non-scarring, with surrounding small patches of alopecia. In addition, inflammatory acne lesions were noted on the face. Case 3: A 33-year-old obese male smoker presented with a scalp nodule. Examination revealed a painful subcutaneous nodule measuring 3 cm, with smooth alopecic skin. Discussion: The pathophysiology of NAAS remains poorly understood, and a link with the spectrum of follicular occlusion pathologies has been suggested. Inflammatory acne was observed in two of our patients. The biopsy was non-specific; the pus came back sterile in all cases; after aspiration, the patients benefited from intra-lesional corticosteroid therapy associated with doxycycline 100mg/dr with a good evolution. Conclusion: Aseptic alopecic nodules of the scalp are clinically similar to folliculitis dissecans of the scalp. Certain clinical signs can help the practitioner to make the correct diagnosis in order to avoid aggressive treatment.

Em regiões como o Norte, o crescimento e a produtividade de matas como bambuzais estão diretamente ligados à quantidade de água disponível no solo a partir da precipitação. O efeito conjunto de parâmetros biofísicos nos bambuzais pode interferir na degradação da superfície e na umidade superficial do solo (IUS) estimada por satélite, mais expressivamente do que tratados individualmente. Este trabalho teve como objetivos associar os possíveis núcleos de degradação ao uso e ocupação do solo e, analisar os efeitos dos parâmetros biofísicos no IUS obtido do sensor OLI em mata de bambuzal no estado do Acre. A técnica de classificação por árvore de decisão baseadas em regras predefinidas no NDVI, albedo e MDSI foi aplicada para espacializar a degradação da superfície utilizando-se dados das normais climatológicas de precipitação de 1987 a 2017. Observaram-se tendências de formações de núcleos de degradação formando uma margem de leste a oeste da área estudada associados à presença de solos expostos. Concluiu-se que o IUS relacionou-se muito bem com o índice de vegetação, albedo e a degradação obtidos do sensor OLI. Verificou-se processos de degradação intensa no bambuzal, resultando no aumento de áreas em processos de desertificação.

The species Guadua weberbaeuri, popularly known as bamboo or taboca, and abundantly located in the region of Acre-Brazil, had its potential application as reinforcement to cementitious composites, in civil construction, explored through characterizations. For this purpose, preliminary steps are carried out, until the preparation of cellulose nanofibers was obtained from the bamboo pseudostem through various processes such as milling, sieving, pre-treatment, bleaching, elimination of hemicellulose and lignin to obtain cellulose, acid hydrolysis of cellulose to obtain crystalline cellulose nanofibers (NCC). The NCC were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric and thermal differential analyses, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, dynamic light scattering and fiber and cellulose contents. The results indicated predominantly crystalline nanomaterials, with thermal stability up to 300 °C, with carbonaceous bonds and an abundance of sodium oxides and silica, indicating a potential for incorporation into cementitious composites. This perspective, to be studied in later stages by the authors, will aim to bring the fields of sustainability, civil construction and nanotechnology closer together.

Hemicellulose was separated from bamboo using alkaline method. Silver nanomaterials had been prepared using the hemicellulose as template and silver nitrate as precursor via a green approach. The synthesized samples were characterized by UV-vis, XRD, and SEM techniques. UV-visible spectrum and XRD diffraction pattern revealed that the silver ion (Ag+) had been reduced to the metallic silver nanoparticles (Ag0). The results demonstrated that after calcination at 500 °C in air atmosphere, nano Ag/C compound was obtained. The hemicellulose acted as an effective nanoreactor for the in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles. This novel procedure provides a facile and environmental way to manufacture silver nanoparticles for various applications.

Opening ParagraphFew dispute the proposition that the Second World War marked the beginning of the end of colonialism in Africa. The thesis developed by Hodgkin (1956), Crowder (1968, 1978) and Schachter-Morgenthau (1964)—that coalitions of African veterans, disgruntled planters, peasants and chiefs gave rise to anti-colonialist, nationalist political movements in the immediate post-war era—has not been seriously challenged. The general acceptance of this view has resulted in a neglect of the history of the colonies during the war years themselves. While there is now a growing interest in this subject, most studies of the independence movements begin with the emergence, in 1946, of recognisable political parties in British and French Africa. They take as starting points such visible events as the Brazzaville Conference, the 1946 French Constitution, the launching of the Convention Peoples Party in Ghana, or the founding of the Rassemblement Démocratique Africaine (RDA) in Bamako. What is needed now are thorough case studies of the specific policies and practices of the imperial powers during the Second World War and a consideration of the extent to which they acted as internal catalysts in the struggle for independence. This article, which is offered as a contribution to that end, looks at one chapter in the war experience of the Cote d'Ivoire.

Endophytic bacteria improve plant health and are sometimes necessary to fight against adverse conditions. Bamboo shoots can be eaten as a vegetable and grow into culm wood. However, few studies have focused on the colonization characteristics of endophytic bacteria in Moso bamboo shoots at different tissue sites and different growth developmental phases. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from the top, the base, and the root of Moso bamboo shoots during three different growth and development stages (winter shoot period underground (S1), spring shoot period at 50 cm aboveground (S2), and fast growth shoot period at 200 cm aboveground (S3)), and the highest content of isolable endophytes were in roots in the S3 stage. A total of 253 different endophytic bacteria strains were totally isolated and then evaluated in term of their PGP (plant growth promoting) traits such as inorganic phosphorus solubilization, organic phosphorus solubilization, hormone production, siderophore production, ACC deaminase, and biological nitrogen fixation. Among those newly isolated strains, Pseudomonas rhodesiae RD7-4 had the strongest phosphorus solubilizing ability, Burkholderia pyrrocinia BD24-2 had the strongest nitrogen fixing ability, and Pseudomonas edaphica TD33-1 had the strongest IAA production ability. Inoculation with all three strains significantly increased the content of soluble starch in Arabidopsis, and B. pyrrocinia BD24-2 significantly increased the fresh weight and promoted the growth of the root system. Furthermore, in pot experiments, B. pyrrocinia BD24-2 significantly increased the biomass, root length, and leaf area. Our study contributes to understanding the endophytes in Moso bamboo shoots, and indicates that the strain BD24-2 can be potentially acted as a plant growth promoter.

Abstract: Forest gaps, created by the falling of one or more trees, have been seen as a key factor for the maintenance of local plant diversity in tropical forests. In this study, our goal was to determine the floristic composition of woody plants colonizing natural gaps and in the understory of an open, bamboo-dominated (Guadua weberbaueri Pilg.) forest in southwestern Amazonia, Acre, Brazil. We sampled and identified woody plants (≥1 m tall and DBH≤10 cm) in 20 forest gaps and nine adjacent understories. In total, 1656 plants were identified in 159 species, 116 genera and 45 families. A list of species was created, containing habitat, habit, functional group, threat status (Brazilian Flora Red List) and abundance data for each species.

An in-situ observation on the morphological behavior of bamboo’s fiber-foam composite structure under flexural stress was conducted, and the respective contribution of parenchymatous tissues and sclerenchyma fibers to the flexural ductility of bamboo was evaluated. Fibers or parenchymatous cells at the bottom suffered tensile stress during bending process, where initial microcracks occurred. The results suggested that the bottom parenchymatous tissues experienced a perforative tear along the loading direction, while fibers continued to stretch until several fibrous tensile failure cracks were observed. The subsequent crack growth mode was similar to that of the horizontal crack transmission that began when it reached fibers or somewhere between fibers, until another weak load-bearing point appeared, and then it expanded up through parenchymatous tissues. As a whole, the crack acted ladder-like in its growth, and the propagation paths were not restricted to a coherent one. Images of the morphological changes of the upper parenchymatous tissues and sclerenchyma fibers, which suffered compressive stress during bending process, indicated that parenchymatous tissues and sclerenchyma fibers made different contributions to the flexural ductility of bamboo. Sclerenchyma fibers supplied deformation resistance for bamboo’s macroscopic deformation, while parenchymatous tissues offered deformation space due to the variation of cellular morphology and location.

An investigation was carried out during 2012-2013 in Puri district of Odisha to study the composition, structure and role of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) based farming in 15 different holding sizes, i.e. 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 acre. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design with three replications. The smaller holdings were found close to houses as homegardens and comparatively larger holdings were found little away from the houses. The composition was found very diverse consisting of perennial trees, annual crops and seasonal crops. The coconut based agroforestry systems of various sizes are playing important role for the household which include productive role, protective and ameliorative role, recreational and educational role as well as developmental role giving various kinds of tangible and intangible benefits. As the natural forest cover is less in coastal Odisha, a substantial quantity of fuel wood was found to be derived from homegarden and the contribution of fuel wood production increased with increase of holding size up to 1.2 acre. The net return varied from Rupees 5 617 to Rupees 32 850/annum showing the income level increased with increase in holding size, while the economics was calculated on acre basis, the net income ranged from Rupees 56 167 to Rupees 21 900 indicating decreasing trend towards higher holding sizes. In terms of market orientation, the smaller unit sizes were found more subsistence and less commercial than bigger holding sizes and vice versa. The coconut based agroforestry system of size 0.8 acre (perennials-coconut, siris, rain tree, eucalyptus, acacia, areca nut, mango, sissoo, teak, jackfruit, bamboo, guava, pomegranate, papaya, drumstick, bael, citrus, banana, curry leaf ; seasonals-pine apple, yam, arrowroot, turmeric, ginger, brinjal, okra, bitter gourd, ridge gourd, chilli, greens, cowpea, tomato, cauliflower, pumpkin; mushroom-paddy straw/oyster; fish- rohu, silver crap, grass crap; cattle, buffalo, goat, poultry, duck) was found to be the best among the holding sizes studied withregard to viability of landuse.

Over 450 pre-Columbian (pre-AD 1492) geometric ditched enclosures (“geoglyphs”) occupy ∼13,000 km2of Acre state, Brazil, representing a key discovery of Amazonian archaeology. These huge earthworks were concealed for centuries underterra firme(upland interfluvial) rainforest, directly challenging the “pristine” status of this ecosystem and its perceived vulnerability to human impacts. We reconstruct the environmental context of geoglyph construction and the nature, extent, and legacy of associated human impacts. We show that bamboo forest dominated the region for ≥6,000 y and that only small, temporary clearings were made to build the geoglyphs; however, construction occurred within anthropogenic forest that had been actively managed for millennia. In the absence of widespread deforestation, exploitation of forest products shaped a largely forested landscape that survived intact until the late 20th century.

This paper attempts to analyze the costs, return and production problems of tomato in three districts namely Gazipur, Rangpur and Cumilla in Bangladesh. It is necessary to enunciate that through purposive sampling technique, the data were collected from 225 tomato cultivators of Cumilla and Rangpur districts. Human labour, fertiliser, bamboo sticks, thread, seeds and seedlings, ploughing, irrigation, insecticides and pesticides, hormone, etc. are all necessary for the production of tomatoes. Transport expenses must be taken into account as well. Together, the aforementioned elements were taken into account to estimate the cost of tomato production. Every data set was subjected to statistical and economic analysis, with validated outcomes via a series of tables. Numerous issues affect farmers, and this study sheds insight on this situation. The findings showed that the total cost was highest in Gazipur (Tk.333,800/ha) than that of Rangpur ( Tk. 304,600/ha) and Cumilla ( Tk.282,670/ha). Gross returns from tomato in Cumilla and Rangpur were Tk. 234,942/acre and Tk. 212,213/acre respectively. The net returns were found higher in Gazipur (Tk. 206,200/ha) than that of Rangpur (Tk. 135,400/ha) and Cumilla (Tk. 97,330/ha). Based on overall costs, the Gazipur, Rangpur and Cumilla districts' benefit cost ratios for tomato production per hectare were determined to be 1.60,1.40 and 1.30, respectively. The most notable limitations in were the high cost of inputs, the absence of storage facilities, price fluctuations, and damage from insects and diseases.

AbstractBamboo particle (BP)-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposites were fabricated. The effect of the BP particle size distribution on the pyrolysis and mechanical properties of PLA biocomposites was evaluated. The optimum particle size of BP for improving the tensile strength PLA biocomposites is 200 mesh (16.6–84.5 µm). The pyrolysis mechanism and kinetics were studied according to the Coats–Redfern method. The addition of BP inhibited the pyrolysis process of PLA. The activation energy of biocomposites ranged from 120.7 to 151.5 kJ/mol, which is significantly higher than that of the neat PLA. The pyrolysis mechanisms of biocomposites are attributed to the chemical reaction at low pyrolysis temperature (270–400℃) and ash layer diffusion control at high pyrolysis temperature (400–600℃). Crystallization behavior of biocomposites showed that small BPs in PLA biocomposites generated more cross-linking points in the PLA matrix, which constrained the movement of the molecular chain and acted as an effective nucleating agent in promoting the crystallization process. The pyrolysis behavior and mechanical properties analysis provide critical information for potential large-scale production of the PLA biocomposites.

Attempts to restore continuity of the dentition date back to ancient times, as evidenced by the numerous archaeological and written records found throughout the world. They served as material evidence of the existence of implantology in ancient civilizations and helped to restore the chronology of its development. For example, in about 2500 BC the Egyptians tried to strengthen teeth with diseased periodontium with gold ligature wire, and in 2000 BC in ancient China lost teeth were replaced with bamboo pegs. In different time intervals, different materials were used to make artificial teeth: sea shells, rose quartz, animal teeth and bones, porcelain, etc., teeth were tried to be replanted, transplanted from living and dead people. High percentage of postoperative infection, limited knowledge, religious prohibitions, skepticism of scientific elites acted as inhibiting factors at different stages of formation of implantology as an important field of dentistry. This article is devoted to the development of dental implantology and to the doctors and scientists who played a key role in the formation and development of this field of dentistry.

Elevations in cytosolic free calcium concentration constitute a fundamental signal transduction mechanism in plants; however, the particular characteristics of calcium ion (Ca2+) signal occurrence in plants is still under debate. Little is known about how stimulus-specific Ca2+ signal fluctuations are generated. Therefore, we investigated the identity of the Ca2+ signal generation pathways, influencing factors, and the effects of the signaling network under drought stress on Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz. Non-invasive micro testing and laser confocal microscopy technology were used as platforms to detect and record Ca2+ signaling in live root tip and leaf cells of P. edulis under drought stress. We found that Ca2+ signal intensity (absorption capacity) positively correlated with degree of drought stress in the P. edulis shoots, and that Ca2+ signals in different parts of the root tip of P. edulis were different when emitted in response to drought stress. This difference was reflected in the Ca2+ flux and in regional distribution of Ca2+. Extracellular Ca2+ transport requires the involvement of the plasma membrane Ca2+ channels, while abscisic acid (ABA) can activate the plasma membrane Ca2+ channels. Additionally, Ca2+ acted as the upstream signal of H2O2 in the signaling network of P. edulis under drought stress. Ca2+ was also involved in the signal transduction process of ABA, and ABA can promote the production of Ca2+ signals in P. edulis leaves. Our findings revealed the physiological role of Ca2+ in drought resistance of P. edulis. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for research on the response to Ca2+ signaling in P. edulis.

There are only a few published bat surveys from the southwestern Brazilian Amazon, but recent studies have reported additional bats species in the region. We provide the first list of bat species from Floresta Estadual do Antimary (Antimary State Forest) and record for the first time Glyphonycteris sylvestris Thomas, 1896 and Phylloderma stenops Peters, 1865 in the state of Acre, increasing to 64 the number of species known from this state. Our survey enlarges the known geographic range of G. sylvestris in Brazilian territory and improves the inventory of bat species in a poorly sampled region of the Amazon. 

Seaweed is the common name for countless species of marine plants and algae that grow in the ocean. The seaweed cultivated by bamboo raft, tube mesh and stone method and harvested generally by acid, alkali and water extraction. However, the mostly commercially available in market, which is extracted by processing of bio refinery method. These seaweeds consist of 80-90% moisture. The dry seaweed extracts contains 50% carbohydrates, protein 10-47% with high proportions of essential amino acids, 1-3% lipids and 7-38% minerals. The essential nutrients contain in seaweeds are nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, sodium, zinc, and copper. Seaweed extracts are available in market viz, Sagarika, Kelp, Sea Secret, Sivarika, Solumax, Biovita etc. The soil application of liquid seaweed extracts through drip @ 0.5-1 L-1 water and foliar @ 2-5 ml L‑1 of water at various critical growth stages of different crops. The application granules of seaweed were recommended @10-20 kg acre-1 during sowing or standing crops. The application of seaweed extracts either through drip or direct application to soil at lower concentrations were positively impact on germination, shoot growth, root growth, nutrient use efficiency, soil properties, soil microbes, biotic stress, abiotic stress and crop yields.

Traditional methods for evaluating the edibility of lipids involve the use of organic reagents and complex operations, which limit their routine use. In this study, nanocellulose was prepared from bamboo, and a colorimetric reading strategy based on nanocellulose composite hydrogels was explored to monitor the freshness of edible oils. The hydrogels acted as carriers for peroxide dyes that changed color according to the freshness of the oil, and color information was digitized using UV-vis and RGB analysis. The sensitivity and accuracy of the hydrogel were verified using H2O2, which showed a linear relationship between absorbance and H2O2 content in the range of 0–0.5 and 0.5–11 mmol/kg with R2 of 0.9769 and 0.9899, respectively, while the chromatic parameter showed an exponential relationship with R2 of 0.9626. Surprisingly, the freshness of all seven edible oil samples was correctly identified by the hydrogel, with linear correlation coefficients greater than 0.95 in the UV-vis method and exponential correlation coefficients greater than 0.92 in the RGB method. Additionally, a peroxide value color card was established, with an accuracy rate of 91.67%. This functional hydrogel is expected to be used as a household-type oil freshness indicator to meet the needs of general consumers.

Air pollution is changes of air arrangement from its normal state that is caused by the ingress of foreign materials or substances in the air. The resulting pollutants include SO2, NO2, CO2, O3, hydrocarbons, and heavy metals such as lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd). The impact of plant’s vehicle exhaust gas is seen from the leaf mesophyll damage especially in the palisade tissue and the reduced number of stomata. Responding to the problem, conducted research with the aim to know the influence of pollution on the amount of stomata on the plant bamboo rejeki (Dracaena reflexa) as ornamental plants absorb pollution in the area of Malang city using the method of polishing the acne (aceton). The results showed that the number of stomata in polluted areas of vehicle pollution decreased at each point compared to areas not polluted by vehicles. In the contaminated area the average number of stomata is at point one 49, the second point 42.5, and the third point 37, whereas in the area that is not contaminated with the average number of stomata at point one 60.5, the second point is 68, and the point three is 70,5. Damage or Decrease in the number of stomata occurs due to the entry of gas that is toxic through stomata with diffusion process, so that the liquid composition of the cell becomes disturbed and the cell becomes damaged and dead.

Aerts, R. (1997). Nitrogen partitioning between resorption and decomposition pathways: a trade-off between nitrogen use efficiency and litter decomposability? Oikos, 80(3), 603−406. Ahmedna, M., Marshall, W. E. & Rao, R. O. (2000). Granular Activated Carbons from Agricultural By-Products: Preparation, Properties, and Application in Cane Sugar Refining. LSU AgCenter: Bulletin Number 869. Albiker, D. & Zweifel, R. (2019). Pflanzenkohle im Futter oder in der Einstreu und ihre Wirkung auf die Stickstoffretention und Leistung von Broilern. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau. Kassel: Stiftung Ökologie and Landbau, (15),276−283. Al-Kindi, A., Schiborra, A., Buerkert, A. & Schlecht, E. (2017). Effects of quebracho tannin extract and activated charcoal on nutrient digestibility, digesta passage and faeces composition in goats. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 101(3), 576−588. Alshannaq, A. & Yu, J. H. (2017). Occurrence, toxicity, and analysis of major mycotoxins in food. Australian Veterinary Journal, 68(4), 146−148. Anukul, N. Vangnai, K. & Mahakarnchandkul, W. (2013) Significance of regulation limits in mycotoxin contamination in Asia and risk management programs at the national level. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 21(3), 227−241. Bakr, B. E. A. (2008). The effect of using citrus wood charcoal in broiler rations on the performance of broilers. An-Najah University Journal for Research − Natural Sciences, 22, 17−24. Beguin, F. & Frackowiak, E. (Eds.). (2009). Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems, (1st ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420055405 Benabdeljelil, K. & Ayachi, A. (1996). Evaluation of Alternative Litter Materials for Poultry. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 5, 203−209. Berk, J. (2009). Einfluss der Einstreuart auf Prävalenz und Schweregrad von Pododermatitis beimännlichen Broilern. (Effect of litter type on prevalence and severity of pododermatitis in male broilers). Berliner und Münchener tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 7, 257−263. Bisson, M. G., Scott, C. B. & Taylor, C. A. (2001). Activated charcoal and experience affect intake of juniper by goats. Journal of Range Management, 54, 274−278. Bolan, N. S., Szogi, A. A., Chuasavathi, T., Seshadri, B., Rothrock, M. J. & Panneerselvam, P. (2010). Uses and management of poultry litter. World's Poultry Science Journal, 66(4), 673−698. Burdock, G. A. (1997). Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives. Boca Raton: CRC. Cheng, C. H. & Lehmann, J. (2009). Ageing of black carbon along a temperature gradient. Chemosphere, 75(8), 1021−1027. Choi, J. S., Jung, D. S., Lee, J. H., Choi, Y. I. & Lee, J. J. (2012). Growth performance, immune response and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs by feeding stevia and charcoal. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 32(2), 228−233. Christophersen, A. B., Levin, D., Hoegberg, L. C., Angelo, H. R. & Kampmann, J. P. (2002). Activated charcoal alone or after gastric lavage: a simulated large paracetamol intoxication. British Journal of Clinical Pharamacology, 53, 312−317. Chu, G. M., Jung, C. K., Kim, H. Y., Ha, J. H., Kim, J. H., Jung, M. S., Lee, S. J., Song, Y., Ibrahim, R. I. H., Cho, J. H., Lee, S. S. & Song, Y. M. (2013a). Effects of bamboo charcoal and bamboo vinegar as antibiotic alternatives on growth performance, immune responses and fecal microflora population in fattening pigs. Animal Science Journal, 84, 113−120. Chu, G. M., Kim, J. H., Kang, S. N. & Song, Y. M. (2013b). Effects of dietary bamboo charcoal on the carcass characteristics and meat quality of fattening pigs. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 33(3), 348−355. Daković, A., Tomašević-Čanović, M., Dondur, V., Rottinghaus, G. E., Medaković, V. & Zarić, S. (2005). Adsorption of mycotoxins by organozeolites. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 46(1), 20−25. Darren, J. M., Beth, B. & Juan, J. V. (2020). Use of biochar by sheep: Impacts on diet selection, digestibility, and performance. Journal of Animal Science, 98(12), 1−9. Davidson, E. A., Chorover, J. & Dail, D. B. (2003). A mechanism of abiotic immobilization of nitrate in forest ecosystems: the ferrous wheel hypothesis. Global Change Biology, 9(2), 228−236. Di Natale, F., Gallo, M. & Nigro, R. (2009). Adsorbents selection for aflatoxins removal in bovine milks. Journal of Food Engineering, 95(1), 186−191. Diaz, S. (2004). The plant traits that drive ecosystems: Evidence from three continents. Journal of Vegetation Science, 15, 295−304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02266.x Erickson, P. S., Whitehouse, N. L. & Dunn, M. L. (2011). Activated carbon supplementation of dairy cow diets: Effects on apparent total tract nutrient digestibility and taste preference. American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists, 27, 428−434. European Biochar Foundation (EBC). (2012). European biochar certificate − guidelines for a sustainable production of biochar. Version 8.2 of 19th April 2019: Accessed: 30th September, 2021. European Biochar Foundation (EBC). (2018). Guidelines for EBC-feed certification. http://www.european-biochar.org/biochar/media/doc/ebc-feed.pdf: Accessed: 30th September, 2021. Feng, F., Yang, F., Rong, W., Wu, X., Zhang, J., Chen, S., He, Ch. & Zhou, J. M. (2012). A Xanthomonas uridine 5'-monophosphate transferase inhibits plant immune kinases. Nature, 485(7396), 114−118. Galvano, F., Pietri, A., Fallico, B., Bertuzzi, T., Scirè, S., Galvano, M. & Maggiore, R. (1996). Activated carbons: in vitro affinity for aflatoxin B1 and relation of adsorption ability to physicochemical parameters. Journal of Food Protection, 59(5), 545−550. Galvano, F., Piva, A., Ritiene, A. & Galvano, G. (2001): Dietary strategies to counteract the effects of mycotoxins: A review. Journal of Food Protection, 64, 120−131. Gerlach, A. & Schmidt, H. P. (2012). Pflanzenkohle in der Rinderhaltung. Ithaka Journal, 1, 80−84. Guo, J. & Lua, A. C. (2003). Textual and chemical properties of adsorbent prepared from palm shell by phosphoric acid activation. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 80, 114−119. Hagemann, N., Joseph, S., Schmidt, H., Kammann, C. I., Harter, J., Borch, T., Young, R. B., Varga, K., Taherymoosavi, S., Elliott, K. W., Albu, M., Mayrhofer, C., Obst, M., Conte, P., Dieguez, A., Orsetti, S., Subdiaga, E., Behrens, S. & Kappler, A. (2018). Organic coating on biochar explains its nutrient retention and stimulation of soil fertility. Nature Communications, 8(1), 163. Hansen, J., Sato, M. & Ruedy, R. (2012). Perception of climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(37), E2415−E2423. Hatch, T. P., Al-Hossainy, E. & Silverman, J. A. (1982). Adenine nucleotide and lysine transport in Chlamydia psittaci. Journal of Bacteriology, 150(2), 662−670. Hinz, K. S. J., Schättler, J. K., Spindler, B. & Kemper, N. (2019). Foot pad health and growth performance in broiler chickens as affected by supplemental charcoal and fermented herb extract (FKE): An on-farm study. European Poultry Science, 83, 13. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub63.2014.0043.5 Hinz, K., Stracke, J., Schättler, J. K., Kemper, N. & Spindler, B. (2019). Effects of Enriched Charcoal as Permanent 0.2 % Feed-Additive in Standard and Low-Protein Diets of Male Fattening Turkeys: An On-Farm Study. Animals, 9(8), 1−15. Huwig, A., Freimund, S., Käppeli, O. & Dutler. H. (2001). Mycotoxin detoxification of animal feed by different adsorbents. Toxicology Letters, 122, 179−188. International Biochar Initiative (IBI). (2015). Standardized product definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(6), 632. Islam, M. M., Ahmed, S. T., Kim, Y. J., Mun, H. S., Kim, Y. J. & Yang, C. J. (2014). Effect of sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) and charcoal supplementation as alternatives to antibiotics on growth performance and meat quality of ducks. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(2), 217–224. Johnson, K. A. & Johnson, D. E. (1995). Methane emissions from cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 2483−2492. Joseph, S., Pow, D., Dawson, K., Mitchell, D., Rawal, A., Hook, J., Taherymoosavi, S., Zwieten, L., Rust, J., Donne, S., Munroe, P., Pace,B., Graber, E., Thomas, T., Nielsen, S., Ye, J., Lin, Y., Pan, G., Li, L. & Solaiman, Z. (2015). Feeding biochar to cows: an innovative solution for improving soil fertility and farm productivity. Pedosphere, 25(5), 666−679. Kana, J. R., Teguia, A., Mungfu, B. M. & Tchoumboue, J. (2011). Growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with graded levels of charcoal from maize cob or seed of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. Tropical Animal Health Production, 43, 51−56. Keller, A., Litzelman, K., Wisk, L. E., Maddox, T., Cheng, E. R., Creswell, P. D. & Witt, W. P. (2012). Does the perception that stress affects health matter? The association with health and mortality. Health Psychology, 31(5), 677−684. DOI: 10.1037/a0026743 Kracke, F., Vassilev, I. & Krömer, J. O. (2015). Microbial electron transport and energy conservation − the foundation for optimizing bioelectrochemical systems. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 575. Kutlu, H. R., Ünsal, I. & Görgülü, M. (2001). Effects of providing dietary wood (oak) charcoal to broiler chicks and laying hens. Animal Feed Science Technology, 90(3), 213−226. Lavrentyev, A., Sherne, V., Semenov, V., Zhestyanova, L. & Mikhaylova, L. (2021). Use of activated charcoal feed supplement in diets of pigs. Earth and Environmental Science, 935. Lee, J. J., Park, S. H, Jung, D. S., Choi, Y. I. & Choi, J. S. (2011). Meat quality and storage characteristics of finishing pigs by feeding stevia and charcoal. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 31(2), 296−303. Leng, R. A. (2013). Interactions between microbial consortia in biofilms: a paradigm shift in rumen microbial ecology and enteric methane mitigation. Perspectives on Animal Biosciences. Animal Production Science, 54(5), 519−543. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13381 Leng, R. A., Inthapanya, S. & Preston, T. R. (2012). Biochar reduces enteric methane and improves growth and feed conversion in local "Yellow" cattle fed cassava root chips and fresh cassava foliage. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 24, 11. Li, Y., Yu, S., Strong, J. & Wang, H. (2012). Are the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus driven by the "FeIII-FeII redox wheel" in dynamic redox environments? Journal of Soils and Sediments, 12(5), 683−693. Louis, A., Mohammed, A., Andreas, B. & Regina, R. (2018). Influence of dietary wood charcoal on growth performance, nutrient efficiency and excreta quality of male broiler chickens. International Journal of Livestock Production, 9(10), 286−292. Mabe, L. T., Su, S., Tang, D., Zhu, W., Wang, S. & Dong, Z. (2018). The effect of dietary bamboo charcoal supplementation on growth and serum biochemical parameters of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquaculture Research, 49(3), 1142−1152. Maenz, D. D. & Classen, H. L. (1998). Phytase activity in the small intestinal brush border membrane of the chicken. Poultry Science, 77, 557−563. Majewska, T., Mikulski, D. & Siwik, T. (2009). Silica grit, charcoal and hardwood ash in turkey nutrition. Journal of Elements, 14, 489−500. Majewska, T., Pyrek, D. & Faruga, A. (2011). A note on the effect of charcoal supplementation on the performance of Big 6 heavy torn turkeys. Journal of Animal Feed Science, 11, 135−141. McFarlane, Z. D., Myer, P. R., Cope, E. R., Evans, N. D., Bone, T. C., Bliss, B. E. & Mulliniks, J. T. (2017). Effect of biochar type and size on in vitro rumen fermentation of orchard grass hay. West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte. 110 McHenry, J. M. (2010). There is no trade-off between speed and force in a lever system. Biology Letters, 7(6), 878−879. McKenzie, R. A. (1991). Bentonite as therapy for Lantana camara poisoning of cattle. Medical Toxicology and Adverse Drug Experience, 3(1), 33−58. McLennan, M. W. & Amos, M. L. (1989). Treatment of lantana poisoning in cattle [Lantana camara; activated charcoal]. Australia Veterinarian Journal, 4(3), 45. Mekbungwan, A., Yamauchi, K. & Sakaida, T. (2004b). Intestinal villus histological alterations in piglets fed dietary charcoal powder including wood vinegar compound liquid. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 33(1), 11−16. Mekbungwan, A. Thongwittaya, N. & Yamauchi, K. (2004a). Digestibility of soyabean and pigeon pea seed meals and morphological intestinal alterations in pigs. Journal of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, 66(6), 627−633. Mézes, M., Balogh, K. & Tóth, K. (2010). Preventive and therapeutic methods against the toxic effects of mycotoxins − a review. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 58(1), 1−17. Misihairabgwi, J. M., Ezekiel, C. N., Sulyok, M., Shephard, G. S. & Krska, R. (2017) Mycotoxin contamination of foods in Southern Africa: A 10-year review (2007 – 2016). Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(1), 43−58. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1357003 Naumann, H. D., Muir, J. P., Lambert, B. D., Tedeschi, L. O. & Kothmann, M. M. (2013). Condensed tannins in the ruminant environment: a perspective on biological activity. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1, 8−20. Neuvonen, P. J. & Olkkola, K. T. (1988). Oral activated charcoal in the treatment of intoxications. Journal of Animal Science, 83(8), 1939−1947. O'Toole, A., Andersson, D., Gerlach, A., Glaser, B., Kammann, C. I., Kern, J., Kuoppamäki, K., Piva, A., Casadei, G., Pagliuca, G., Cabassi, E., Galvano, F., Solfrizzo, M., Riley, R. T. & Diaz, D. E. (2005). Qualitative analysis of volatile organic compounds on biochar. Chemosphere, 85(5), 869−882. Odunsi, A. A., Oladele, T. O., Olaiya, A. O. & Onifade, O. S. (2007). Response of broiler chickens to wood charcoal and vegetable oil based diets. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(5), 572−575. Oso, A. O., Akapo, O., Sanwo, K. A. & Bamgbose, A. M. (2014). Utilization of unpeeled cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) root meal supplemented with or without charcoal by broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 98, 431−438. Phongphanith, S. & Preston, T. R. (2018). Effect of rice-wine distillers' byproduct and biochar on growth performance and methane emissions in local "Yellow" cattle fed ensiled cassava root, urea, cassava foliage and rice straw. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 28, 178. Pirarat, N., Pinpimai, K., Endo, M., Katagiri, T., Ponpornpisit, A., Chansue, N. & Maita, M. (2011). Modulation of intestinal morphology and immunity in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Research in Veterinary Science, 91, 92−97. Piva, A., Casadei, G., Pagliuca, G., Cabassi, E., Galvano, F., Solfrizzo, M., Riley, R. T. & Diaz, D. E. (2005). Qualitative analysis of volatile organic compounds on biochar. Chemosphere, 85(5), 869−882. Prasai, T. P., Walsh, K. B., Bhattarai, S. P., Midmore, D. J., Van, T. T. H., Moore, R. J. & Stanley, D. (2016b). Biochar, bentonite and zeolite supplemented feeding of layer chickens alters intestinal microbiota and reduces campylobacter load. PLOS ONE, 11(4), 406. Prasai, T. P., Walsh, K. B., Bhattarai, S. P., Midmore, D. J., Van, T. T., Moore, R. J. & Stanley, D., (2016a). Biochar, bentonite and zeolite supplemented feeding of layer chickens alters intestinal microbiota and reduces Campylobacter Load, PLOS ONE, 11(4), 0154061. Quaiyum, M., Jahan, R., Jahan, N., Akhter, T. & Islam, M. S. (2014). Effects of bamboo charcoal added feed on reduction of ammonia and growth of Pangasius hypophthalmus. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development, 5, 69−76. Radostits, O. M., Gay, C. C., Blood, D. C. & Hinchcliff, K. W. (2000). Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, nona edizione. Saunders, London, UK. Rafiu, T. A., Babatunde, G. M., Akinwumi, A. O., Akinboro, A., Adegoke, Z. A. & Oyelola, O. B. (2014). Assessment of activated charcoal vs synthetic toxin-binder on performance, nutrient utilization and meat-quality utilization of broilers fed infected diets. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 3(5), 219−224. Rao, S. V. R., Raju, M. V. L. N., Reddy, M. R. & Panda, A. K. 2004. Replacement of yellow maize with pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides), foxtail millet (Setaria italica) or finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in broiler chicken diets containing supplemental enzymes. Asian-Australian Journal Animimal Sciences, 17(6), 836−842. Rao, S. B. N. & Chopra, R. C. (2001). Influence of sodium bentonite and activated charcoal on aflatoxin M1 excretion in milk of goats. Small Ruminant Research, 41(3), 203−213. Totusek, R. & W. M. Beeson, W. M. (1953). The Nutritive Value of Wood Charcoal for Pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 12(2), 271−281. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1953.122271x Ruttanavut, J., Yamauchi, K., Goto, H. & Erikawa, T. (2009). Effects of dietary bamboo charcoal powder including vinegar liquid on growth performance and histological intestinal change in Aigamo ducks. International Journal of Poultry Science, 8(3), 229−236. Saleem, M., Law, A. D., Sahib, M. R., Pervaiz, Z. H. & Zhang, Q. (2018). Impact of root system architecture on rhizosphere and root microbiome. Rhizosphere, 6, 47−51. Scharman, E. J., Cloonan, H. A. & Durback-Morris, L. F. (2001). Home administration of charcoal: can mothers administer a therapeutic dose? The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(4), 357−361. Schirrmann, U. (1984). Aktivkohle und ihre Wirkung auf Bakterien und deren Toxine im Gastrointestinaltrakt. Silivong, P. & Preston, T. R. (2016). Supplements of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and biochar improved feed intake, digestibility, N retention and growth performance of goats fed foliage of Bauhinia acuminata as the basal diet. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 28, 113. Sivilai, B., Preston, T. R., Leng, R. A., Hang, D. T. & Linh, N. Q. (2018). Rice distillers' byproduct and biochar as additives to a forage-based diet for growing Moo Lath pigs; effects on growth and feed conversion. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 30, 113. Soo, J., Malik, B. A., Turner, J. M., Persad, R., Wine, E., Siminoski, K. & Huynh, H. Q. (2013). Use of exclusive enteral nutrition is just as effective as corticosteroids in newly diagnosed pediatric Crohn's disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 58(12), 3584−3591. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2855-y. Epub 2013 Sep 12. PMID: 24026403. Spokas, K. A., Novak, J. M., Stewart, C. E., Cantrell, K. B., Uchimiya, M., DuSaire, M. G. & Ro, K. S. (2011). Qualitative analysis of volatile organic compounds on biochar. Chemosphere, 85, 869−882. Steiner, C., Das, K. C., Melear, N. & Lakly, D. (2010). Reducing nitrogen loss during poultry litter composting using biochar. Journal of Environment Quality, 39(4), 1236. Steiner, C., Teixeira, W. G., Lehmann, J., Nehls, T., de Macêdo, J. L. V., Blum, W. E. & Zech, W. (2007). Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant and Soil, 291(1), 275−290. Struhsaker, T. T., Cooney, D. O. & Siex, K. S. (1997). Charcoal consumption by Zanzibar red colobus monkeys: its function and its ecological and demographic consequences. International Journal of Primatology, 18(1), 61–72. Sun, J., Hippo, E. J., Marsh, H., O'Brien, W. S. & Crelling, J. C. (1997). Activated carbon produced from an Illinois Basin 1080 Coal. Carbon, 35, 341−352. Moe, T. Shunsuke, K., Manabu, I. & Yokoyama Saichiro, Y. (2010). Effects of Supplementation of Dietary Bamboo Charcoal on Growth Performance and Body Composition of Juvenile Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 255−262. Toth, J. D. & Dou, Z. (2016). Use and Impact of Biochar and Charcoal in Animal Production Systems. In Guo, M., He, Z. and Uchimiya, M., Eds., Agricultural and Environmental Applications of Biochar: Advances and Barriers, Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, 199−224. Van Der Zee, F. P. & Cervantes, F. J. (2009). Impact and application of electron shuttles on the redox (bio) transformation of contaminants: a review. Biotechnology Advances, 27(3), 256−277. Van Der Zee, F. P., Bisschops, I. A. E., Lettinga, G. & Field, J. A. (2003). Activated carbon as an electron acceptor and redox mediator during the anaerobic biotransformation of azo dyes. Environmental Science and Technology, 37(2), 402−408. Van, D. T. T., Mui, N. T. & Ledin, I. (2006). Effect of method of processing foliage of Acacia mangium and inclusion of bamboo charcoal in the diet on performance of growing goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 30(3−4), 242−256. Weber, K. & Quicker, P. G. (2018). Properties of biochar. Fuel, 217, 240−261. Wild, M., Folini, D., Hakuba, M. Z., Schar, C., Seneviratne, S. I., Kato, S. Rutan, D., Ammann, C., Wood, E. F. & Kong-Langlo, G. (2015). The energy balance over land and oceans: an assessment based on direct observations and CMIP5 climate models. Climate Dynamics, 44, 3393−3429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2430-z Wittstock, U. & Gershenzon, J. (2002). Constitutive plant toxins and their role in defense against herbivores and pathogens. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 5(4), 300−307. DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(02)00264-9. PMID: 12179963. Youssef, M. A., El-Khodery, S. A., El-deeb, W. M. & El-Amaiem, W. E. A. (2010). Ketosis in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): clinical findings and the associated oxidative stress level. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 1771−1777. Yu, L., Yuan, Y., Tang, J., Wang, Y. & Zhou, S. (2015). Biochar as an electron shuttle for reductive dechlorination of pentachlorophenol by Geobacter sulfurreducens. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 1−10.

ABSTRACT Dense wood batten panels usually break in the glue line when loaded. This study demonstrates that thin veneers obtained from mature culms of Dendrocalamus asper by mechanical grinding are suitable for coating and reinforcing solid processed eucalyptus wood and eucalyptus batten panels. Tensile and bending tests were carried out on Corymbia citriodora timber and edge glued batten panels, with and without bamboo veneer reinforcement. The tensile test results showed that the bamboo veneers glued onto the wood and edge glued batten panels specimens acted as a mechanical reinforcement for both cases, when submitted to tensile forces parallel to the bamboo fibers. In bending tests, the edge glued batten panels specimens were tested transversally to the glue line, direction in which the panel showed the lowest mechanical resistance. The edge glued batten panels specimens without reinforcement with laminated bamboo exhibited a fragile behavior and ruptured abruptly along the glue line. A significant increase in the mechanical strength of the set was observed for the edge glued batten panels coated with laminated bamboo. In addition, the mechanical behavior changed in reinforced specimens, which ruptured slowly and gradually in the bending tests.

In West Africa, rampant urbanization is changing food systems, including the magnitude and composition of food flows and the length of supply chains. An increasing body of literature discusses pathways to sustainable transformation of urban food systems taking into account links between urban and rural spaces. Research and policy have focused on the role of cities as consumption centers receiving food from local, regional, and global hinterlands. This study aims at widening the perspective on the role of cities in food distribution, by bringing into focus a city's function as a consumption, aggregation, and disaggregation center. The analysis is based on a comprehensive set of primary data on food flows collected in four West African cities across different seasons. The analysis shows that the investigated cities are integrated into multi-scale urban and market networks. Their position within these networks interacts with their reliance on other territories for food supply and with their functions, such as the aggregation of goods. The capital cities of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and Bamako (Mali) relied more on lower-rank urban settlements further away, while Tamale, a secondary city in Ghana, acted as an assembly market for local rural producers and in turn supplied larger urban centers. Bamenda, a secondary city in Cameroon, acted as a consumption center sourcing mainly from its hinterland. Beyond that, city functions were context-specific and varied according to type of product and season. Extending the perspective on the role of cities has implications for policy, including bringing into focus and strengthening midstream segments, such as market and transport links.

Attaher Zacka Maïga was born on 10 May 1963 in Bia, Bourem Cercle, Gao Region, Mali. He has spent his life in the service of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, joining the Mali Red Cross as a volunteer in 1987 before working for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies as a nutritionist in a pilot centre for nutritional recovery and education in Bourem from January 1988 to June 1990. In 1990 and 1991 he acted as consultant to a number of organizations, including World Vision and UNICEF.In April 1992, Attaher Maïga joined the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) as a “resident” (i.e. local) employee. Since then, he has held many positions. From 1996 to 2000, he was in charge of the Gao office, which employed almost 100 staff, both resident and “mobile” (expatriate). He then took charge of the ICRC's programmes in northern Mali from 2001 to 2006, ran the organization's office in the Malian capital Bamako from 2007 to 2008 and was responsible for the Mali communication programme between 2009 and 2011. From November 2011 to November 2014, he was head of the ICRC's northern Mali sub-delegation, one of the first resident employees to lead an ICRC sub-delegation. Since 2015, Attaher Maïga has been Networking Coordinator for the ICRC's Mali delegation.In 1996, Mr Maïga initiated the ICRC's post-conflict programmes in his country, covering the fields of agriculture, veterinary services and health. In 2009, he launched a pilot migrant project in Kidal, northern Mali. These much-appreciated initiatives resulted in his being invited to participate in the 2010 Montreuil meeting, which laid the foundations for the reforms currently underway.Attaher was the first Mali focal point for the ICRC's Unit for Global Affairs. This role gave him a deeper understanding of trends in the Islamic world and enabled him to help the ICRC adjust its dialogue with Jihadist armed groups. Our interview with Mr Maïga highlights his extensive experience with one of the oldest humanitarian organizations and is an opportunity for him to share his understanding of the ICRC's interaction with the armed groups that controlled northern Mali in 2012, when he was representing the ICRC in the region.Attaher Maïga holds a degree in public administration from the Institut de Gestion et des Langues Appliquées aux Métiers, Bamako.

AbstractThe high‐performance and sustainable electrocatalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are essential for rechargeable Zn‐air batteries (ZABs). In this paper, a natural all‐components bamboo is provided as the carbon source, and melamine and cobalt chloride are provided as the nitrogen and cobalt sources, respectively. As a result, the unique helical carbon nanotubes (HCNTs) encapsulated cobalt nanoparticles are prepared, which are acted as ORR/OER electrocatalysts to improve ZABs performance. The resultant HCNTs contribute to high ORR/OER activities via exposing more Co─N sites, providing excellent electron conductivity, and facilitating mass transfer of the reactant. The HCNTs assembled rechargeable liquid ZABs showed a maximum output power density of 226 mW cm−2 and a low voltage gap of 0.85 V for 330 h cycles. The flexible all‐solid‐state ZABs achieved the maximum power density with 59.4 mW cm−2 and charge–discharge cycles over 25 h. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the increase of Co─N at HCNTs effectively regulates the electronic structure of Co, optimizing the binding affinity of oxygen intermediates and resulting in the low ORR/OER overpotentials. This work paves the way for transforming renewable bamboo biomass into versatile electrocatalysts, which boosts the development of next‐generation energy storage and conversion devices.

Severe droughts increase the forest flammability, especially if fires are recurrent. Considering that fires tend to alter the forest structure and reduce biological diversity, we analyzed the fire effect on the tree plant community and forest structure over a 10-year post-fire period. The study was carried out in two tropical forest fragments located in the eastern Acre State in southwestern Brazilian Amazon. In each fragment, we established three plots of 250 × 10 m2 in an unburned forest and three in a burned forest. In these plots, we collected all tree individuals with DBH≥10 following the RAINFOR protocol, with censuses made in 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020 and 2021. The fire significantly reduced the abundance, basal area, and aboveground biomass of tree species, and altered the species composition along the post-fire temporal gradient. The absence of differences in the species richness and species diversity between unburned and burned forests is probably related to the life cycle of bamboo. The results suggest that, 10 years after the fire, the structure and phytosociology of the forest have not yet fully recovered.

The study was conducted to analyse the comparative economic analysis and profitability of tomato production in selected districts of Punjab state. A primary data was collected in the year 2019-20 by using multistage stratified random sampling technique. Two top ranking districts namely Amritsar and Patiala on the basis of highest area under tomato crop were purposively selected in the Punjab state. A sample of 200 tomato growers were selected, 100 each from both the districts from 21 producing villages selected from Patiala and Amritsar district of Punjab state. The results of the study indicated that the average area under tomato crop was highest in case of Amritsar district i.e. 10.90 acres as compared to 2.98 acres in Patiala district. Majority of the farmers in both the districts were using hybrid varities. 575 variety is basically demanded by the factories or tomato companies and mostly preferred by processing firms. The total variable cost was estimated highest in case of Patiala district (Rs.59262.63/acre) as compared to Amritsar district (Rs.47779.15/acre) due to the difference in their cultivation methods (Bamboo staking vs open field cultivation), varietal difference, nursery preparation methods, seasonal and geographical difference. The returns over variable cost was found higher in case of Patiala district i.e. Rs. 85142.42 than Amritsar district (Rs.61882.74). The study concluded that the tomato cultivation in Patiala district was found more profitable than Amritsar district. It was recommended that the primary agricultural credit cooperative societies and other funding agencies should be persuaded to provide adequate short term credit facilities to cover the higher operational cost. Government should ensure the supply of hybrid seeds to tomato growers at subsidized rates and ensure better minimum support price to tomato growers so that farmers received price at least cost equal to the cost of production.

Biomass fuels contribute to the largest share of the energy uses in Bangladesh. The present study determines the household biomass fuel consumption pattern in the rural areas of Titas Upazila under Comilla district in Bangladesh using the stratified random sampling technique through semi-structured questionnaires. Data were collected from 84 households under three household land categories – poor (land area <0.10 acre), middle (land area 0.10-0.25acre) and well-off household (land area >0.25 acre). Households were found to depend largely on biomass fuel including firewood, branches, leaves and twigs, bamboo, agricultural residue (rice husk, rice straw) and cow dung mainly for cooking. Firewood was the dominant biomass fuel for well-off and middle households (28% and 25%) and branches of the tree were dominant fuel for poor households (24%). More than 40% well-off households collect major amount of fuelwood from their own homestead forests while 32% middle and 37% poor households collect tree biomass from agricultural lands. Villagers preferred mostly Albizia procera, Mangifera indica, Cocos nucifera, Tamarindus indica as fuelwood tree species. Households across three categories (poor, middle, well-off) spend 19%, 12% and 11% of their total income for buying biomass fuels, respectively. All of the three households used a traditional wood-burning oven. Among them 39% well-off households and 18% middle households used LPG. Decreasing forest resources impose threats on the availability of biomass fuels. About 70% of households think that fuelwood was a scarce resource because of the degradation of homestead forest and fuelwood production unsustainability. Villagers suggested for alternative fuel items to decrease the pressure on biomass fuel energy sources. They also prescribed inclusion of fast-growing tree species into plantation program at the homestead level. Moreover, they demanded their involvement in this plantation program. The outcome of this study might be helpful to formulate policies to meet future challenges in fuel consumption and their sustainable utilization.

(The 3rd ICATES 2021) “Innovative Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering for Sustainable Food, Water, Energy, and Environment” Banda Aceh, 21 September 2021 Extended Preface The ICATES is annual conference organized primary by the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala. This year, in the 3rd consecutive year 2021, ICATES conducted the 3rd conference with co-hosted by University Malaysia, Pahang (UMP), Agricultural Mechanization Research Center (PUSMEPTAN) Syiah Kuala University, South Aceh Poly-technique (Poltas Aceh Selatan) and LPPM Winaya Mukti. Surely, we plan to conduct this conference physically just like previous ICATES in August 2019. However, due to the unforseen circumstances of global pandemic COVID-19, the 3rd ICATES 2021 conference was carried out virtually as same as ICATES 2020 by zoom meeting platform. We took this option because this conference was already designated and funded. Keynote and invited speakers were also scheduled for this event. Many delegations and authors requested for this conference to be performed, even virtually, since they need it to cover their publication and sharing knowledge requirements. The conference itself was run as planned on 21st September 2021 with the support from virtual event organizer started from 8.00 am to 19.00 pm. The ICATES committee members were managed this event in a particular room as a studio along with two appointed MCs. The conference was officially opened by the Rector of Syiah Kuala University, Prof. Samsul Rizal and it is broadcast lively via YouTube platform with recorded participants reach 447 were joined. The main event was started by video presentation from the Keynote speaker Prof. Okke Batelaan from Flinders University, Australia, followed by invited speaker from UMP Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya. The discussion session was performed directly once the second speaker was completed his presentation. Then, the second session of keynote speaker was started after 20 minutes break with the speaker from University Technology Mara (UiTM) Dr.rer.nat Shahril Anuar Bahari, followed by the last invited speaker Dr. Joko Pitoyo from Indonesian Center for Agricultural Engineering Research and Development (ICAERD). Moreover, parallel sessions were started after all keynote speaker session and participants were divided into 8 breakout rooms in zoom platform based on their related sub-topics. The operator acted as virtual Host and Co-host to manage and ensure all presenters and participants were put in the right place. Each participant and presenter was identified by renaming their name to room number and author full name. Presenter was given about 10 minutes for power point presentation via Screen Sharing and 5 minutes for discussion and shifted to next presenter. During the conference, video capabilities were turned on to ensure dynamic conference. As the conference chair, I firmly believe that the success of a virtual conference like this event can be achieved by arranging a stimulating program. We sincerely hope that next forthcoming ICATES conference will be conducted lively in touch as previously ICATES event in 2019. Thus, everyone finds the conference is stimulating and enjoying. Cordially yours Conference Chair Dr. Safrizal, ST., M. Si List of International Scientific Committees, Steering Committees, Organizing Committees, Keynote Speaker Abstract, Waste Plastic: Recycle And Reuse For Sustainable Road Construction, Bamboo, A Great Plant for Green Plan, Review of Rice Transplanter and Direct Seeder to be Applied in Indonesia Paddy Field are available in this pdf.

Every act of art is able to reveal, balance and revive the relations between a territory and its inhabitants (François Davin, Southern Forest Sculpture Walk Catalogue)Introducing the Understory Art in Nature TrailIn February 2015, a colossal wildfire destroyed 98,300 hectares of farm and bushland surrounding the town of Northcliffe, located 365 km south of Perth, Western Australia (WA). As the largest fire in the recorded history of the southwest region (Southern Forest Arts, After the Burn 8), the disaster attracted national attention however the extraordinary contribution of local knowledge in saving a town considered by authorities to be “undefendable” (Kennedy) is yet to be widely appreciated. In accounting for a creative scene that survived the conflagration, this case study sees culture mobilised as a socioeconomic resource for conservation and the healing of community spirit.Northcliffe (population 850) sits on a coastal plain that hosts majestic old-growth forest and lush bushland. In 2006, Southern Forest Arts (SFA) dedicated a Southern Forest Sculpture Walk for creative professionals to develop artworks along a 1.2 km walk trail through pristine native forest. It was re-branded “Understory—Art in Nature” in 2009; then “Understory Art in Nature Trail” in 2015, the understory vegetation layer beneath the canopy being symbolic of Northcliffe’s deeply layered caché of memories, including “the awe, love, fear, and even the hatred that these trees have provoked among the settlers” (Davin in SFA Catalogue). In the words of the SFA Trailguide, “Every place (no matter how small) has ‘understories’—secrets, songs, dreams—that help us connect with the spirit of place.”In the view of forest arts ecologist Kumi Kato, “It is a sense of place that underlies the commitment to a place’s conservation by its community, broadly embracing those who identify with the place for various reasons, both geographical and conceptual” (149). In bioregional terms such communities form a terrain of consciousness (Berg and Dasmann 218), extending responsibility for conservation across cultures, time and space (Kato 150). A sustainable thematic of place must also include livelihood as the third party between culture and nature that establishes the relationship between them (Giblett 240). With these concepts in mind I gauge creative impact on forest as place, and, in turn, (altered) forest’s impact on people. My abstraction of physical place is inclusive of humankind moving in dialogic engagement with forest. A mapping of Understory’s creative activities sheds light on how artists express physical environments in situated creative practices, clusters, and networks. These, it is argued, constitute unique types of community operating within (and beyond) a foundational scene of inspiration and mystification that is metaphorically “rising from the ashes.” In transcending disconnectedness between humankind and landscape, Understory may be understood to both culturalise nature (as an aesthetic system), and naturalise culture (as an ecologically modelled system), to build on a trope introduced by Feld (199). Arguably when the bush is cultured in this way it attracts consumers who may otherwise disconnect from nature.The trail (henceforth Understory) broaches the histories of human relations with Northcliffe’s natural systems of place. Sub-groups of the Noongar nation have inhabited the southwest for an estimated 50,000 years and their association with the Northcliffe region extends back at least 6,000 years (SFA Catalogue; see also Crawford and Crawford). An indigenous sense of the spirit of forest is manifest in Understory sculpture, literature, and—for the purpose of this article—the compilation CD Canopy: Songs for the Southern Forests (henceforth Canopy, Figure 1).As a cultural and environmental construction of place, Canopy sustains the land with acts of seeing, listening to, and interpreting nature; of remembering indigenous people in the forest; and of recalling the hardships of the early settlers. I acknowledge SFA coordinator and Understory custodian Fiona Sinclair for authorising this investigation; Peter Hill for conservation conversations; Robyn Johnston for her Canopy CD sleeve notes; Della Rae Morrison for permissions; and David Pye for discussions. Figure 1. Canopy: Songs for the Southern Forests (CD, 2006). Cover image by Raku Pitt, 2002. Courtesy Southern Forest Arts, Northcliffe, WA.Forest Ecology, Emotion, and ActionEstablished in 1924, Northcliffe’s ill-founded Group Settlement Scheme resulted in frontier hardship and heartbreak, and deforestation of the southwest region for little economic return. An historic forest controversy (1992-2001) attracted media to Northcliffe when protesters attempting to disrupt logging chained themselves to tree trunks and suspended themselves from branches. The signing of the Western Australian Regional Forest Agreement in 1999 was followed, in 2001, by deregulation of the dairy industry and a sharp decline in area population.Moved by the gravity of this situation, Fiona Sinclair won her pitch to the Manjimup Council for a sound alternative industry for Northcliffe with projections of jobs: a forest where artists could work collectively and sustainably to reveal the beauty of natural dimensions. A 12-acre pocket of allocated Crown Land adjacent to the town was leased as an A-Class Reserve vested for Education and Recreation, for which SFA secured unified community ownership and grants. Conservation protocols stipulated that no biomass could be removed from the forest and that predominantly raw, natural materials were to be used (F. Sinclair and P. Hill, personal interview, 26 Sep. 2014). With forest as prescribed image (wider than the bounded chunk of earth), Sinclair invited the artists to consider the themes of spirituality, creativity, history, dichotomy, and sensory as a basis for work that was to be “fresh, intimate, and grounded in place.” Her brief encouraged artists to work with humanity and imagination to counteract residual community divisiveness and resentment. Sinclair describes this form of implicit environmentalism as an “around the back” approach that avoids lapsing into political commentary or judgement: “The trail is a love letter from those of us who live here to our visitors, to connect with grace” (F. Sinclair, telephone interview, 6 Apr. 2014). Renewing community connections to local place is essential if our lives and societies are to become more sustainable (Pedelty 128). To define Northcliffe’s new community phase, artists respected differing associations between people and forest. A structure on a karri tree by Indigenous artist Norma MacDonald presents an Aboriginal man standing tall and proud on a rock to become one with the tree and the forest: as it was for thousands of years before European settlement (MacDonald in SFA Catalogue). As Feld observes, “It is the stabilizing persistence of place as a container of experiences that contributes so powerfully to its intrinsic memorability” (201).Adhering to the philosophy that nature should not be used or abused for the sake of art, the works resonate with the biorhythms of the forest, e.g. functional seats and shelters and a cascading retainer that directs rainwater back to the resident fauna. Some sculptures function as receivers for picking up wavelengths of ancient forest. Forest Folk lurk around the understory, while mysterious stone art represents a life-shaping force of planet history. To represent the reality of bushfire, Natalie Williamson’s sculpture wraps itself around a burnt-out stump. The work plays with scale as small native sundew flowers are enlarged and a subtle beauty, easily overlooked, becomes apparent (Figure 2). The sculptor hopes that “spiders will spin their webs about it, incorporating it into the landscape” (SFA Catalogue).Figure 2. Sundew. Sculpture by Natalie Williamson, 2006. Understory Art in Nature Trail, Northcliffe, WA. Image by the author, 2014.Memory is naturally place-oriented or at least place-supported (Feld 201). Topaesthesia (sense of place) denotes movement that connects our biography with our route. This is resonant for the experience of regional character, including the tactile, olfactory, gustatory, visual, and auditory qualities of a place (Ryan 307). By walking, we are in a dialogue with the environment; both literally and figuratively, we re-situate ourselves into our story (Schine 100). For example, during a summer exploration of the trail (5 Jan. 2014), I intuited a personal attachment based on my grandfather’s small bush home being razed by fire, and his struggle to support seven children.Understory’s survival depends on vigilant controlled (cool) burns around its perimeter (Figure 3), organised by volunteer Peter Hill. These burns also hone the forest. On 27 Sept. 2014, the charred vegetation spoke a spring language of opportunity for nature to reassert itself as seedpods burst and continue the cycle; while an autumn walk (17 Mar. 2016) yielded a fresh view of forest colour, patterning, light, shade, and sound.Figure 3. Understory Art in Nature Trail. Map Created by Fiona Sinclair for Southern Forest Sculpture Walk Catalogue (2006). Courtesy Southern Forest Arts, Northcliffe, WA.Understory and the Melody of CanopyForest resilience is celebrated in five MP3 audio tours produced for visitors to dialogue with the trail in sensory contexts of music, poetry, sculptures and stories that name or interpret the setting. The trail starts in heathland and includes three creek crossings. A zone of acacias gives way to stands of the southwest signature trees karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor), jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), and marri (Corymbia calophylla). Following a sheoak grove, a riverine environment re-enters heathland. Birds, insects, mammals, and reptiles reside around and between the sculptures, rendering the earth-embedded art a fusion of human and natural orders (concept after Relph 141). On Audio Tour 3, Songs for the Southern Forests, the musician-composers reflect on their regionally focused items, each having been birthed according to a personal musical concept (the manner in which an individual artist holds the totality of a composition in cultural context). Arguably the music in question, its composers, performers, audiences, and settings, all have a role to play in defining the processes and effects of forest arts ecology. Local musician Ann Rice billeted a cluster of musicians (mostly from Perth) at her Windy Harbour shack. The energy of the production experience was palpable as all participated in on-site forest workshops, and supported each other’s items as a musical collective (A. Rice, telephone interview, 2 Oct. 2014). Collaborating under producer Lee Buddle’s direction, they orchestrated rich timbres (tone colours) to evoke different musical atmospheres (Table 1). Composer/Performer Title of TrackInstrumentation1. Ann RiceMy Placevocals/guitars/accordion 2. David PyeCicadan Rhythmsangklung/violin/cello/woodblocks/temple blocks/clarinet/tapes 3. Mel RobinsonSheltervocal/cello/double bass 4. DjivaNgank Boodjakvocals/acoustic, electric and slide guitars/drums/percussion 5. Cathie TraversLamentaccordion/vocals/guitar/piano/violin/drums/programming 6. Brendon Humphries and Kevin SmithWhen the Wind First Blewvocals/guitars/dobro/drums/piano/percussion 7. Libby HammerThe Gladevocal/guitar/soprano sax/cello/double bass/drums 8. Pete and Dave JeavonsSanctuaryguitars/percussion/talking drum/cowbell/soprano sax 9. Tomás FordWhite Hazevocal/programming/guitar 10. David HyamsAwakening /Shaking the Tree /When the Light Comes guitar/mandolin/dobro/bodhran/rainstick/cello/accordion/flute 11. Bernard CarneyThe Destiny Waltzvocal/guitar/accordion/drums/recording of The Destiny Waltz 12. Joel BarkerSomething for Everyonevocal/guitars/percussion Table 1. Music Composed for Canopy: Songs for the Southern Forests.Source: CD sleeve and http://www.understory.com.au/art.php. Composing out of their own strengths, the musicians transformed the geographic region into a living myth. As Pedelty has observed of similar musicians, “their sounds resonate because they so profoundly reflect our living sense of place” (83-84). The remainder of this essay evidences the capacity of indigenous song, art music, electronica, folk, and jazz-blues to celebrate, historicise, or re-imagine place. Firstly, two items represent the phenomenological approach of site-specific sensitivity to acoustic, biological, and cultural presence/loss, including the materiality of forest as a living process.“Singing Up the Land”In Aboriginal Australia “there is no place that has not been imaginatively grasped through song, dance and design, no place where traditional owners cannot see the imprint of sacred creation” (Rose 18). Canopy’s part-Noongar language song thus repositions the ancient Murrum-Noongar people within their life-sustaining natural habitat and spiritual landscape.Noongar Yorga woman Della Rae Morrison of the Bibbulmun and Wilman nations co-founded The Western Australian Nuclear Free Alliance to campaign against the uranium mining industry threatening Ngank Boodjak (her country, “Mother Earth”) (D.R. Morrison, e-mail, 15 July 2014). In 2004, Morrison formed the duo Djiva (meaning seed power or life force) with Jessie Lloyd, a Murri woman of the Guugu Yimidhirr Nation from North Queensland. After discerning the fundamental qualities of the Understory site, Djiva created the song Ngank Boodjak: “This was inspired by walking the trail […] feeling the energy of the land and the beautiful trees and hearing the birds. When I find a spot that I love, I try to feel out the lay-lines, which feel like vortexes of energy coming out of the ground; it’s pretty amazing” (Morrison in SFA Canopy sleeve) Stanza 1 points to the possibilities of being more fully “in country”:Ssh!Ni dabarkarn kooliny, ngank boodja kookoorninyListen, walk slowly, beautiful Mother EarthThe inclusion of indigenous language powerfully implements an indigenous interpretation of forest: “My elders believe that when we leave this life from our physical bodies that our spirit is earthbound and is living in the rocks or the trees and if you listen carefully you might hear their voices and maybe you will get some answers to your questions” (Morrison in SFA Catalogue).Cicadan Rhythms, by composer David Pye, echoes forest as a lively “more-than-human” world. Pye took his cue from the ambient pulsing of male cicadas communicating in plenum (full assembly) by means of airborne sound. The species were sounding together in tempo with individual rhythm patterns that interlocked to create one fantastic rhythm (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Composer David Pye). The cicada chorus (the loudest known lovesong in the insect world) is the unique summer soundmark (term coined by Truax Handbook, Website) of the southern forests. Pye chased various cicadas through Understory until he was able to notate the rhythms of some individuals in a patch of low-lying scrub.To simulate cicada clicking, the composer set pointillist patterns for Indonesian anklung (joint bamboo tubes suspended within a frame to produce notes when the frame is shaken or tapped). Using instruments made of wood to enhance the rich forest imagery, Pye created all parts using sampled instrumental sounds placed against layers of pre-recorded ambient sounds (D. Pye, telephone interview, 3 Sept. 2014). He takes the listener through a “geographical linear representation” of the trail: “I walked around it with a stopwatch and noted how long it took to get through each section of the forest, and that became the musical timing of the various parts of the work” (Pye in SFA Canopy sleeve). That Understory is a place where reciprocity between nature and culture thrives is, likewise, evident in the remaining tracks.Musicalising Forest History and EnvironmentThree tracks distinguish Canopy as an integrative site for memory. Bernard Carney’s waltz honours the Group Settlers who battled insurmountable terrain without any idea of their destiny, men who, having migrated with a promise of owning their own dairy farms, had to clear trees bare-handedly and build furniture from kerosene tins and gelignite cases. Carney illuminates the culture of Saturday night dancing in the schoolroom to popular tunes like The Destiny Waltz (performed on the Titanic in 1912). His original song fades to strains of the Victor Military Band (1914), to “pay tribute to the era where the inspiration of the song came from” (Carney in SFA Canopy sleeve). Likewise Cathie Travers’s Lament is an evocation of remote settler history that creates a “feeling of being in another location, other timezone, almost like an endless loop” (Travers in SFA Canopy sleeve).An instrumental medley by David Hyams opens with Awakening: the morning sun streaming through tall trees, and the nostalgic sound of an accordion waltz. Shaking the Tree, an Irish jig, recalls humankind’s struggle with forest and the forces of nature. A final title, When the Light Comes, defers to the saying by conservationist John Muir that “The wrongs done to trees, wrongs of every sort, are done in the darkness of ignorance and unbelief, for when the light comes the heart of the people is always right” (quoted by Hyams in SFA Canopy sleeve). Local musician Joel Barker wrote Something for Everyone to personify the old-growth karri as a king with a crown, with “wisdom in his bones.”Kevin Smith’s father was born in Northcliffe in 1924. He and Brendon Humphries fantasise the untouchability of a maiden (pre-human) moment in a forest in their song, When the Wind First Blew. In Libby Hammer’s The Glade (a lover’s lament), instrumental timbres project their own affective languages. The jazz singer intended the accompanying double bass to speak resonantly of old-growth forest; the cello to express suppleness and renewal; a soprano saxophone to impersonate a bird; and the drums to imitate the insect community’s polyrhythmic undercurrent (after Hammer in SFA Canopy sleeve).A hybrid aural environment of synthetic and natural forest sounds contrasts collision with harmony in Sanctuary. The Jeavons Brothers sampled rustling wind on nearby Mt Chudalup to absorb into the track’s opening, and crafted a snare groove for the quirky eco-jazz/trip-hop by banging logs together, and banging rocks against logs. This imaginative use of percussive found objects enhanced their portrayal of forest as “a living, breathing entity.”In dealing with recent history in My Place, Ann Rice cameos a happy childhood growing up on a southwest farm, “damming creeks, climbing trees, breaking bones and skinning knees.” The rich string harmonies of Mel Robinson’s Shelter sculpt the shifting environment of a brewing storm, while White Haze by Tomás Ford describes a smoky controlled burn as “a kind of metaphor for the beautiful mystical healing nature of Northcliffe”: Someone’s burning off the scrubSomeone’s making sure it’s safeSomeone’s whiting out the fearSomeone’s letting me breathe clearAs Sinclair illuminates in a post-fire interview with Sharon Kennedy (Website):When your map, your personal map of life involves a place, and then you think that that place might be gone…” Fiona doesn't finish the sentence. “We all had to face the fact that our little place might disappear." Ultimately, only one house was lost. Pasture and fences, sheds and forest are gone. Yet, says Fiona, “We still have our town. As part of SFA’s ongoing commission, forest rhythm workshops explore different sound properties of potential materials for installing sound sculptures mimicking the surrounding flora and fauna. In 2015, SFA mounted After the Burn (a touring photographic exhibition) and Out of the Ashes (paintings and woodwork featuring ash, charcoal, and resin) (SFA, After the Burn 116). The forthcoming community project Rising From the Ashes will commemorate the fire and allow residents to connect and create as they heal and move forward—ten years on from the foundation of Understory.ConclusionThe Understory Art in Nature Trail stimulates curiosity. It clearly illustrates links between place-based social, economic and material conditions and creative practices and products within a forest that has both given shelter and “done people in.” The trail is an experimental field, a transformative locus in which dedicated physical space frees artists to culturalise forest through varied aesthetic modalities. Conversely, forest possesses agency for naturalising art as a symbol of place. Djiva’s song Ngank Boodjak “sings up the land” to revitalise the timelessness of prior occupation, while David Pye’s Cicadan Rhythms foregrounds the seasonal cycle of entomological music.In drawing out the richness and significance of place, the ecologically inspired album Canopy suggests that the community identity of a forested place may be informed by cultural, economic, geographical, and historical factors as well as endemic flora and fauna. Finally, the musical representation of place is not contingent upon blatant forms of environmentalism. The portrayals of Northcliffe respectfully associate Western Australian people and forests, yet as a place, the town has become an enduring icon for the plight of the Universal Old-growth Forest in all its natural glory, diverse human uses, and (real or perceived) abuses.ReferencesAustralian Broadcasting Commission. “Canopy: Songs for the Southern Forests.” Into the Music. Prod. Robyn Johnston. Radio National, 5 May 2007. 12 Aug. 2014 <http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/intothemusic/canopy-songs-for-the-southern-forests/3396338>.———. “Composer David Pye.” Interview with Andrew Ford. The Music Show, Radio National, 12 Sep. 2009. 30 Jan. 2015 <http://canadapodcasts.ca/podcasts/MusicShowThe/1225021>.Berg, Peter, and Raymond Dasmann. “Reinhabiting California.” Reinhabiting a Separate Country: A Bioregional Anthology of Northern California. Ed. Peter Berg. San Francisco: Planet Drum, 1978. 217-20.Crawford, Patricia, and Ian Crawford. Contested Country: A History of the Northcliffe Area, Western Australia. Perth: UWA P, 2003.Feld, Steven. 2001. “Lift-Up-Over Sounding.” The Book of Music and Nature: An Anthology of Sounds, Words, Thoughts. Ed. David Rothenberg and Marta Ulvaeus. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan UP, 2001. 193-206.Giblett, Rod. People and Places of Nature and Culture. Bristol: Intellect, 2011.Kato, Kumi. “Addressing Global Responsibility for Conservation through Cross-Cultural Collaboration: Kodama Forest, a Forest of Tree Spirits.” The Environmentalist 28.2 (2008): 148-54. 15 Apr. 2014 <http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10669-007-9051-6#page-1>.Kennedy, Sharon. “Local Knowledge Builds Vital Support Networks in Emergencies.” ABC South West WA, 10 Mar. 2015. 26 Mar. 2015 <http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2015/03/09/4193981.htm?site=southwestwa>.Morrison, Della Rae. E-mail. 15 July 2014.Pedelty, Mark. Ecomusicology: Rock, Folk, and the Environment. Philadelphia, PA: Temple UP, 2012.Pye, David. Telephone interview. 3 Sep. 2014.Relph, Edward. Place and Placelessness. London: Pion, 1976.Rice, Ann. Telephone interview. 2 Oct. 2014.Rose, Deborah Bird. Nourishing Terrains: Australian Aboriginal Views of Landscape and Wilderness. Australian Heritage Commission, 1996.Ryan, John C. Green Sense: The Aesthetics of Plants, Place and Language. Oxford: Trueheart Academic, 2012.Schine, Jennifer. “Movement, Memory and the Senses in Soundscape Studies.” Canadian Acoustics: Journal of the Canadian Acoustical Association 38.3 (2010): 100-01. 12 Apr. 2016 <http://jcaa.caa-aca.ca/index.php/jcaa/article/view/2264>.Sinclair, Fiona. Telephone interview. 6 Apr. 2014.Sinclair, Fiona, and Peter Hill. Personal Interview. 26 Sep. 2014.Southern Forest Arts. Canopy: Songs for the Southern Forests. CD coordinated by Fiona Sinclair. Recorded and produced by Lee Buddle. Sleeve notes by Robyn Johnston. West Perth: Sound Mine Studios, 2006.———. Southern Forest Sculpture Walk Catalogue. Northcliffe, WA, 2006. Unpaginated booklet.———. Understory—Art in Nature. 2009. 12 Apr. 2016 <http://www.understory.com.au/>.———. Trailguide. Understory. Presented by Southern Forest Arts, n.d.———. After the Burn: Stories, Poems and Photos Shared by the Local Community in Response to the 2015 Northcliffe and Windy Harbour Bushfire. 2nd ed. Ed. Fiona Sinclair. Northcliffe, WA., 2016.Truax, Barry, ed. Handbook for Acoustic Ecology. 2nd ed. Cambridge Street Publishing, 1999. 10 Apr. 2016 <http://www.sfu.ca/sonic-studio/handbook/Soundmark.html>.