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1
McMahon, S. "John Ray (1627-1705) and the Act of Uniformity 1662." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 54, no. 2 (May 22, 2000): 153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2000.0105.
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John Ray was one of the most influential British natural philosophers of the 17th century. His model of natural history served as an organizing principle for the philosophic understanding of living nature and his works on natural theology were seminal. Many modern historians have placed Ray within the Puritan tradition, primarily based on Ray's choice, as an ordained Anglican priest, to leave his fellowship at Cambridge rather than subscribe to the Act of Uniformity in 1662. However, Ray left no explicit evidence of either his religious or political views during this period and his reasons for refusing to subscribe to the Act are not transparent. My analysis of his early Essex environment, his friends and associates at Cambridge University, his correspondence during the crucial years of 1660–62 and the strategies he pursued in his only contemporary published work, the Catalogus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam (1660) provide no evidence to situate Ray within a Puritan framework and much evidence to suggest that Ray remained committed to Anglican and loyalist principles throughout his career.
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Wykes, David L. "Protestant Dissent and the Law: Enforcement and Persecution, 1662–72." Studies in Church History 56 (May 15, 2020): 306–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2019.17.
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Religious Dissent was shaped by the law. The Act of Uniformity (1662) set out the terms of conformity, and those who could not accept those terms risked prosecution. A great many were convicted under the earlier Elizabethan and Jacobean recusancy statutes, but new laws, such as the Conventicle Acts (1664, 1670) and the Five Mile Act (1665), were also passed. Anthony Fletcher's essay, published in 1984, remains almost the only study of enforcement, in which he argued that the impact of the penal laws on Dissent has been exaggerated because the Conventicle Acts were not systematically enforced. A range of contemporary accounts will be used to suggest that their impact was greater than has been appreciated because of the enforcement of other statutes and the harassment of ejected ministers and their supporters.
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Fiddes, Paul S. "Baptists and 1662: the Effect of the Act of Uniformity on Baptists and its Ecumenical Significance for Baptists today." Ecclesiology 9, no. 2 (2013): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455316-00902004.
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The Act of Uniformity of 1662 had a much greater impact on the lives of Baptists in England and Wales than is indicated by the number of about 22 ejected from livings, since the Act was the symbolic focus of an attempt to impose religious uniformity more widely in society than merely in the practice of the clergy of the state church. Even before the Conventicle Act of 1664 (replaced by the second Conventicle Act of 1670), the 1662 Act encouraged revival and application of the Elizabethan Act of Uniformity of 1559, reinforced by the Religion Act of 1592, resulting in fines, imprisonment, threat of transportation and deaths in the unhealthy conditions of prison. The purpose of this article is not, however, to chronicle in detail the miseries caused by the series of Acts commonly called the ‘Clarendon Code’, but to explore the theological reasons why Baptists resisted the uniformity that was being attempted, drawing on two Baptist Confessions of faith written in the period. Uniformity is considered with regard to resistance to the Prayer Book, the requirement for reception of the Anglican eucharist as qualification for public office, and episcopacy. It is argued that the central theological reason for refusal of conformity in all these areas was an honouring of the rule of Christ in the congregation. Comparison is made in each of these areas with the life of the church today and especially with the ecumenical situation. The speculative suggestion is thus made that, had obedience to the rule of Christ been seen to be satisfied, Baptists could in principle have been drawn with other Nonconformists into a comprehensive national church. Less speculatively, it is urged that there are implications for ecumenical relations today.
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Johnson, Rosalind, and Roger Ottewill. "Memorializing 1662: Hampshire Congregationalists and the 250th Anniversary of the Great Ejection." Studies in Church History 49 (2013): 236–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400002163.
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Edwardian Congregationalists regarded 1662 as their annus mirabilis, to be venerated and celebrated in equal measure. For them it was the year when all that they revered, such as the enthronement of conscience, had been thrown into sharp relief by the Great Ejection. This event, which helped to shape the identity of historically minded Congregationalists, had acquired a mythical quality and become part of the denomination’s folk lore. The Ejection involved the removal of ‘some 2,000 ministers … from their livings because they could not swear their “unfeigned assent and consent to … everything contained and prescribed” in the new Prayer Book, or meet some of the other requirements of the new Act of Uniformity’. Many ejected ministers attracted followers, who became the founding members of Dissenting congregations which later evolved into self-governing Congregational churches.
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Clark, Richard. "How was the Church of England Restored in the 1660s? Bishop Hacket, the Act of Uniformity of 1662, and the Archdeaconry of Derby." Midland History 38, no. 1 (March 2013): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0047729x13z.00000000015.
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Wykes, David L. "‘To let the memory of these men dye is injurious to posterity’: Edmund Calamy’s Account of the ejected ministers." Studies in Church History 33 (1997): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400013358.
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Edmund Calamy is celebrated as the biographer of Restoration Nonconformity. His account of the sufferings of the ministers ejected from their livings following the Restoration religious settlement is well known to historians of Dissent. As a biographer he was responsible for rescuing many details and even the names of ejected ministers which would otherwise have been lost. His account remains therefore the pre-eminent source for the study of the early history of Nonconformity. In addition to the biographical details about individual ministers, he included much incidental information on the organization and structure of early Dissent. Nevertheless, the significance of his work went beyond the biographical accounts. Modern religious Dissent dates from the Restoration of Charles II and the passing of the 1662 Act of Uniformity, which saw about 2,000 ministers, preachers, and teachers suffer the loss of their livelihoods for their refusal to conform. The Great Ejection was, however, more than just an historical event. As A. G. Matthews, the compiler of the outstanding revision of Calamy’s list of ejected ministers, wrote:
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Morehen, John. "The English Anthem Text, 1549–1660." Journal of the Royal Musical Association 117, no. 1 (1992): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrma/117.1.62.
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The extensive repertory of English anthems composed between the passing of the Act of Uniformity (1549) and the cessation of church services precipitated by the Civil War during the 1640s has been the focus of such concentrated attention in recent years that, on first sight at least, few important facets appear to have languished in neglect. Amongst those aspects of the anthem which have been subjected to detailed scrutiny are the genre itself,' the associated printed and manuscript music sources, the many vexing problems of performance practice, and the anthem settings of most of the principal composers. One conspicuous omission from this research profile, however, is any survey of anthem texts, a subject of such fundamental importance as to refute any suggestion that the present understanding of the anthem genre is complete.
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Bursell, Rupert D. H. "The Seal of the Confessional." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 2, no. 7 (July 1990): 84–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00000958.
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The seal of the confessional was part of the canon law applied in England before the Reformation. It was also part of that law which was continued in force at the Reformation, as is confirmed by the proviso to canon 113 of the 1603 Canons. This proviso is still in force and proprio vigore binds the clergy of the Church of England. By the Act of Uniformity, 1662, the hearing of confessions was enjoined upon those clergy in certain circumstances; the law places no limit upon the frequency of their being heard. It is unsurprising that there are infrequent references to the seal of the confessional since the Reformation; such cases as there are are inconclusive. Nevertheless, although the seal of the confessional may be waived by the penitent, the refusal by an Anglican clergyman to disclose what was said within sacramental confession is based upon a duty imposed on him by the ecclesiastical law rather than upon an evidential privilege. An Anglican clergyman in breach of that duty would be in grave danger of censure by the ecclesiastical courts and such censure might well lead to his deprivation and possible deposition from Holy Orders. The ecclesiastical law is part of the general law of the land and must be applied in both the ecclesiastical and secular courts. Both courts must therefore enforce that clerical duty and uphold any refusal by an Anglican clergyman to answer questions in breach of the seal of the confessional.
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Maharini, Rismarika, and Yusnelti. "Pengaruh konsentrasi PEG 400 sebagai kosurfaktan pada formulasi nanoemulsi minyak kepayang." CHEMPUBLISH JOURNAL 5, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/chp.v5i1.7604.
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Kepayang oil has a high content of linoleic and oleic acids. Linoleic and oleic acids act as emollients in the cosmetic field. Nanotechnology is one of the latestinnovations that can be used in cosmetics preparation delivery systems because it can improve the drug delivery process. This study aims to examine the effect of PEG 400 on the formulation of Kepayang oil nanoemulsion. The concentrations of tween 80 and variation concentrations of PEG 400 used in F1, F2, and F3 are 36%: 0%, 36%: 24% and 36%: 14% using the SNEDDS method. The characteristics of nanoemulsion preparations include organoleptic, particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. The result of nanoemulsion production has the organoleptic form in bright yellow color and has a distinctive odor, the particle size in F1, F2 and F3 are 11.8, 13.2 and 11.3 with a polydispersity index of 0.315, 0.147 and 0.121 and zeta potential -16.2, 13.4 and 1.8. The effect of variations in surfactant concentration in the nanoemulsion formulations of kepayang oil is that the higher the level of PEG 400, it will reduce the pH and viscosity of the preparation, increase the particle size, the uniformity of droplet size uniformity, but does not affect the potential zeta value. The best formula is F2.
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IANNACE, ALESSANDRO. "A THREE-STEP VIEW FOR THE HISTORY OF GEOLOGY." Earth Sciences History 38, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 388–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-38.2.388.
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ABSTRACT The evolution of geology as an independent science can be envisaged as a relatively continuous process yet marked by three fundamental steps. These represented singularities which established significant advances in the epistemological and heuristic power of the discipline. This interpretation of history has to be strictly based on an evaluation of the epistemological basis of geology according to modern scholarship. The recognition of these ‘golden spikes’, albeit artificial, may help geologists to better grasp the philosophical position of geology with respect to other sciences. The first step was the publication of Steno's Prodromus in 1669, which established the methodological rules for decoding a geologic history from the geometrical arrangements of beds. The second step was the founding of the Geological Society of London in 1807, an act by which a new community recognized itself as a scientific and professional entity applying a novel methodology in the study of Earth. Their approach represented a synthesis of the Wernerian-historical and the Huttonian-causal methods. The third step was the emergence of plate tectonics in 1967, when the actualistic method (i.e. uniformity of laws and processes) could be extended to the interpretation of the whole lithosphere. At the same time, the heuristic power of historical geology was validated by independent, physico-mathematical testing.
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Nipps, Karen. "Cum privilegio: Licensing of the Press Act of 1662." Library Quarterly 84, no. 4 (October 2014): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/677787.
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Thompson, David M. "The Great Ejection of 1662: Memories, Interpretations and Justifications within Protestant Dissent, 1662-2012." Ecclesiology 9, no. 2 (2013): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455316-00902003.
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The Great Ejection of 1662 has been variously remembered by English and Welsh nonconformists in the 350 years since. But the process reveals a shift away from the issues of the mid-seventeenth century to first, a remembrance of suffering, and then a generalisation of the issues in terms of political freedom and liberty of conscience. Furthermore, the question of whether groups are prisoners of their collective memories or may be released to act differently by acts of mutual forgiveness is a pressing contemporary ecumenical issue. It is therefore suggested that historical sensitivity is an indispensable adjunct to effective ecumenical agreement.
13
Reutcke, Chelsea. "‘Very Knaves Besides’: Catholic Print and the Enforcers of the 1662 Licensing Act in Restoration England." Studies in Church History 56 (May 15, 2020): 288–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2019.16.
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This article explores the motivations of three enforcers of the Licensing Act of 1662 in regard to their treatment of the illicit Catholic book trade in London during the Restoration. As censors, the Stationers’ Company, the Surveyor of the Press, Roger L'Estrange, and the bishop of London, Henry Compton, were intended to unite the concerns of the book trade, the state and the church. However, each used the Licensing Act to pursue their own interests. Contemporaries and historians have both viewed the act as being unsuccessfully enforced; this article explores whether full enforcement was ever the goal. Using the case of Catholic print, it posits that it was precisely the act's flexibility that encouraged its repeated renewals. Moreover, exploring the print of the Catholic minority in London highlights the differences between the written law and the enforced law. Finally, this article suggests that at times there existed an informal toleration for the printers and booksellers engaged in Catholic book production that enabled books to escape detection and the Catholic book trade to continue despite the Licensing Act.
14
Gale, Chris. "Disciplinary Uniformity in Uniform—A Success of the Human Rights Act 1998?" Journal of Criminal Law 72, no. 2 (April 2008): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2008.72.2.489.
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Apart from an awareness of shameful treatment to some shell-shocked soldiers on active duty in the First World War, the subjects of military discipline in general and courts-martial in particular are unlikely to permeate the consciousness of the public at large or, indeed, the vast majority of criminal lawyers. This article explores some of the history of both, the current position in relation to courts-martial and the planned reforms under the Armed Forces Act 2006. That the Human Rights Act 1998 exposed some of the anomalities and worst practices of courts-martial is undeniable. It seems equally likely that the 1998 Act was at least a catalyst for the wholesale review and modernisation of military discipline carried out by the 2006 Act.
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Predelli, Stefano. "Determination and Uniformity: The Problem with Speech-Act Theories of Fiction." Erkenntnis 84, no. 2 (December 19, 2017): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-017-9959-2.
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Skinningsrud, Tone, and Randi Skjelmo. "Regional Differentiation and National Uniformity: Norwegian Elementary School Legislation in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century." Nordic Journal of Educational History 3, no. 1 (May 24, 2016): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36368/njedh.v3i1.66.
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Previous research on Norwegian educational reforms after 1814, the year when Norway became a constitutional state, has emphasized the conservatism of the elementary education acts of 1816 and 1827. Contrary to expectations for a constitutional state, these acts did not reflect a concern for fostering politically active citizens. Neither did they follow up the enlightenment idea of teaching secular knowledge to the common people. We raise a new question concerning post-1814 educational legislation in Norway: was there an increased emphasis on national uniformity after 1814? A close reading of the earlier 1739/41 acts and the 1827 act, including the Plan and Instruction from 1834, studies of the debates in the Norwegian Parliament 1815–1827 and the temporary 1816 act on elementary education, show that policy after 1814 emphasised national uniformity more than before. Despite continued local funding of elementary schooling, national policy and legislation promoted uniformity.
17
Teo, Marcus. "Public law adjudication, international uniformity and the foreign act of state doctrine." Journal of Private International Law 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 361–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2020.1846257.
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Krüger, Antonio, Albrecht Schmidt, and Jörg Müller. "Technological and Research Perspectives of Old-Age Ubiquitous Computing." GeroPsych 23, no. 2 (June 2010): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000012.
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Technological advances allow networked and context-aware computer systems to be integrated into devices, environments, everyday objects, and garments. The idea is that such smart environments and artifacts are able to perceive the users’ context and activity, anticipate their needs, and act to provide proactive support. Old-age ubiquitous computing has the potential to increase the length of time that both individuals and groups are able to lead independent lives, even at an advanced age. Examples of this range from smart reading-glasses that are capable of reading articles to the user, all the way to body implants designed to increase human perceptive, cognitive, and motor capabilities.
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Phillips, Michael, and Lara Mackintosh. "Learning about Architecture: The Act of Making and Being." International Journal of Architectonic, Spatial, and Environmental Design 11, no. 1 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2325-1662/cgp/v11i01/1-13.
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Bemelmans, Roger, Gert Jan Gelderblom, Nadine Spierts, Pieter Jonker, and Luc de Witte. "Development of Robot Interventions for Intramural Psychogeriatric Care." GeroPsych 26, no. 2 (January 2013): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000087.
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Social robots are more and more coming to be seen as having great potential for long-term care. However, the actual application of social robots in the provision of daily care depends on demonstrated added value of such systems. The availability of a technical system as such is insufficient for achieving added value. Rather, care interventions need to be defined in terms of the goal, target group, environment, and how care staff should act to pursue effective application of a robot system. For the seal robot Paro three such interventions have been developed in collaboration with psychogeriatric care professionals. These interventions also outline the application of Paro in care for a subsequent effectiveness study.
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Burke, Taylor. "The National Uniformity for Food Act: Implications for Public Health Policy and Practice." Public Health Reports 121, no. 5 (September 2006): 615–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335490612100518.
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Scholten, Matthé, Astrid Gieselmann, Jakov Gather, and Jochen Vollmann. "Advance Research Directives in Germany." GeroPsych 31, no. 2 (June 2018): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000184.
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Abstract. The fourth amendment to the German Medicinal Products Act (Arzneimittelgesetz) states that nontherapeutic research in incompetent populations is permissible under the condition that potential research participants expressly declare their wish to participate in scientific research in an advance research directive. This article explores the implementation of advance research directives in Germany against the background of the international legal and ethical framework for biomedical research. In particular, it addresses a practical problem that arises from the disclosure requirement for advance research directives. We show that, if the disclosure standard for advance research directives is set at a token level, nontherapeutic research in incompetent populations becomes practically impossible. To resolve this issue, we suggest the disclosure standard be set at a type level.
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Abrilahij, Afsaneh, and Thomas Boll. "A Qualitative Metasynthesis of Reasons for the Use or Nonuse of Assistive Technologies in the Aging Population." GeroPsych 32, no. 2 (June 2019): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000203.
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Abstract. Models of the use of assistive technologies (ATs) have only moderate value for predicting older people’s actual use of ATs. To find further predictors, we performed a systematic literature review and – applying an action-theoretical approach – a metasynthesis of seven qualitative studies about the reasons older people use or fail to use ATs. We found 25 reasons referring to user’s beliefs and desires (e.g., related to demand, act of using ATs, its consequences), 18 of which were not contained in existing AT use models. Some reasons generalized across ATs (e.g., perceived unreliability), whereas others (e.g., privacy concerns, desire to avoid burden to others) appeared specific to telealarm or smart-home technology. We discuss findings with respect to improving AT use models and developmental counseling.
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Delmotte, Charles. "Tax Uniformity as a Requirement of Justice." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 33, no. 1 (February 2020): 59–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2019.30.
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Barbara Fried takes the view that uniform taxation—that is, a single rate applicable to all income levels—cannot be defended on any grounds of justice. She goes further by saying that, of all possible rate structures, it might be “the hardest one”? to ground in “a”? theory of fairness. Using the contractarian-constitutional perspective advanced by John Rawls and James Buchanan, this article argues that tax uniformity can be seen as a requirement of justice. After modelling how the political world realistically decides to distribute tax shares (self-interested parties act under a majority constraint), I show how the uniformity principle could emerge from the constitutional contract. In other words, rational individuals would choose uniformity as a procedural constraint under a “veil of uncertainty”?; that is, with limited knowledge regarding their positions under the future application of the rule. Moreover, I elucidate how the uniformity requirement integrates generalized criteria of fairness and efficiency into fiscal politics as it precludes fiscal exploitation and constrains majorities, and their most influential subgroups, to opt for policies in the direction of the Pareto frontier, and as such promotes outcomes acceptable to all participants.
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Gately, D. J. "QUEENSLAND PETROLEUM ACT REVIEW AND REFORM." APPEA Journal 29, no. 1 (1989): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj88011.
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On 12 May 1988 amendments to the Queensland Petroleum Act of 1923 came into force. These empower the Governor- in- Council to appoint a Pipelines Tribunal to inquire into the operations of any existing or proposed pipeline. The Act now affirms the existence of the Secretary of Mines as a Corporation which can undertake all the aspects of an oil company from exploration to distribution of refined products. In particular, this corporation now has the sole right to construct and operate any pipeline in Queensland which extends beyond the boundaries of a lease. There was little or no dialogue with industry prior to the proclamation of these amendments.In comparison with the Petroleum Acts of South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory, the Queensland Petroleum Act contains many areas subject to ministerial discretion or which are no longer relevant to present- day administrative practices. The Queensland Government's proposal to issue a green paper discussing amendments to the Act, based on submissions from interested parties, is welcomed since it is in the interests of management of the exploratory oil industry to strive for uniformity of administration in each state.
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Holt, Geoffrey. "The Education of Catholics from the Act of Uniformity to the Catholic Relief Acts." Recusant History 27, no. 3 (May 2005): 346–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200031484.
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While there was considerable interest in education in sixteenth and seventeenth century England (it is unnecessary to remind ourselves that it was not compulsory) there can be little doubt that it had suffered much as the result of the changes brought about by the Reformation. The religious houses of men and women where boys and girls had received some schooling were swept away and the new grammar schools only partially filled the void. The universities too had been through a period of upheaval. By the end of the sixteenth century the State had laid it down that every schoolmaster had to have a licence to teach and that no children might be sent abroad for their education. The curriculum in the schools was narrow; despite proposals, which had little effect, to make education more practical, the choice of subjects was still largely dictated by theological considerations and Latin, Greek and Hebrew were predominant in the grammar schools. The State, of course, did little or nothing to help although some sequestrated revenues were allotted to education during the Commonwealth period.
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ROSE, JACQUELINE. "JOHN LOCKE, ‘MATTERS INDIFFERENT’, AND THE RESTORATION OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND." Historical Journal 48, no. 3 (September 2005): 601–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05004589.
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John Locke is famous for his liberal and tolerationist works, published in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution, which attacked the belligerent intolerance of the Restoration Church of England. But his early writings, the Two tracts on government, were composed in the period between 1660 and 1662 when the details of the church settlement were the subject of heated debate. The thought of the young Locke defended an uncompromising settlement which would rigidly enforce uniformity in religious worship and secure the restored monarchy from clerical subversion. Whilst scholars have previously focused on the changes in Locke's thought from royalist Anglicanism to whig toleration, this article focuses on the Tracts in their own right. By placing them in the context of the Restoration debate on adiaphora, ceremonial ‘matters indifferent’, the typicality or otherwise of Locke's early thought can be discerned. This article argues that the legalistic understanding of adiaphora meant that this debate touched on political authority and obedience as well as theological questions, not least because matters indifferent fell under the purview of the monarch as supreme governor of the church.
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Arnold, L. J. "The Irish court of claims of 1663." Irish Historical Studies 24, no. 96 (November 1985): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400034453.
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The modification of the Cromwellian land settlement in Ireland which followed the restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660 was regulated by two acts of parliament, one familiarly known as the act of settlement of 1662, the other as the act of explanation of 1665. They became the principal legal instruments upon which land ownership in the country was to rest for two centuries.The act of settlement was the statutory version, with the major addition of a preamble, of the so-called ‘Gracious declaration’ of 30 November 1660, a royal proclamation which enunciated the broad principles upon which the settlement was to be based. In its statutory form these principles were: the vesting in the king, as trustee for the purposes of the act, of all land confiscated since 23 October 1641 as a consequence of the rebellion, with the general exception of the land held on that date by the church and Trinity College, Dublin; the general confirmation to the adventurers and Cromwellian soldiers of the land they held on 7 May 1659; and the restoration of various classes of dispossessed proprietors, chiefly those catholics who could prove, before the commissioners appointed to execute the terms of the act, that they were innocent of having participated in the rebellion. Those found innocent were to be restored to their estates immediately without having to wait until the Cromwellian planters had first been ‘reprised’ (i.e. compensated) with land of equal value.
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Linsenmayer, T. F., E. Gibney, and J. M. Fitch. "Embryonic avian cornea contains layers of collagen with greater than average stability." Journal of Cell Biology 103, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 1587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.103.4.1587.
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A unique morphological feature of the embryonic avian cornea is the uniformity of its complement of striated collagen fibrils, each of which has a diameter of 25 nm. We have asked whether this apparent morphological uniformity also reflects an inherent uniformity of the structural and physical properties of these fibrils. For this we have examined the in situ thermal stability of the type I collagen within these fibrils. Corneal tissue sections were reacted at progressively higher temperatures with conformation-dependent monoclonal antibodies directed against the triple-helical domain of the type I collagen molecule. These studies show that the cornea contains layers of collagen fibrils with greater than average stability. The two most prominent of these extend uninterrupted across the entire width of the cornea, and then appear to insert into thick bundles of scleral collagen, which in turn appear to insert into the scleral ossicles, a ring of bony plates which circumscribe the sclera of the avian eye. Once formed, the bands may act to stabilize the shape of the cornea or, conversely, to alter it during accommodation.
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Selvan, R. Thirunirai, K. T. Parthiban, and B. Palanikumaran. "Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) Characterization of Neolamarckia Cadamba Genetic Resources." Current Agriculture Research Journal 7, no. 2 (August 24, 2019): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.7.2.15.
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Neolamarckia cadamba (Kadam) genetic resources were characterised Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) traits based on International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants12 guidelines. Twenty-five clones of kadam were characterised based on the morphological characters of leaf and bark with 12 descriptors. Among these 12 descriptors, 9 were qualitative traits viz., leaf shape, Leaf base shape, apex shape, leaf margin, leaf venation, base symmetry, Waxiness in upper side of leaf, bark colour and bark texture and 3 were quantitative characters viz., leaf length, leaf breath, leaf petiole length. The study exhibited significant variations among the genetic resources investigated for various DUS traits, which could act as reference traits for developing variety to protect the genetic resources through Intellectual Property Rights.
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Leicht, Michael. "Facing Globalization: More Social Capital and the Ability to Act as a Global Player as Response from the EU." Swiss Political Science Review 4, no. 4 (December 1998): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1662-6370.1998.tb00257.x.
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Bursell, Rupert. "The Clerical Declaration of Assent." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 18, no. 2 (April 15, 2016): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x16000053.
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Following the Reformation, uniformity was a key principle undergirding worship in the Church of England. The Crown claimed the prerogative to order the use of, and to alter, Church services in spite of the provisions of any Act of Uniformity, the Canons or any Declaration of Assent. This caused confusion among the clergy and others as to who had ‘lawful authority’ to permit such usages or changes. This confusion was exacerbated by episcopal claims to a jus liturgicum. Statute and case law, as well as the wording of the Declaration, also ensured rigidity in doctrinal adhesion. Since the Church of England (Worship and Doctrine) Measure 1974 and recent amendments to the Canons and the Declaration of Assent, this rigidity has been relaxed and clarity provided as to who may authorise services or permit departure from otherwise authorised forms of service.
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Zhu, Li, Xiao Deng, Jie Liu, Xinbin Cheng, and Tongbao Li. "Deposition of Cr Atoms Using Switching-Detuning Light Mask for Direct Atom Lithography." Current Nanoscience 15, no. 6 (October 11, 2019): 626–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413714666180925123758.
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Background: As progress on the nanofabrication has made semiconductor developed rapidly, there is an increasing need in precise pitch standards to calibrate the structure of devices at nanoscale. Nano-gratings fabricated by atom lithography are unique and suitable to act as precise pitch standard because its pitch distance is directly traceable to a natural constant. As the scaling down of nano-devices, it is very challenging to double the spatial frequency of nano-grating while keeping the self-traceability in atom lithography. Methods: In this study, the switching-detuning light mask is utilized for Cr atom lithography. During a single deposition process, the standing wave frequency is switching from positive detuning to negative detuning alternatively. Results: Nano-gratings fabricated using switching-detuning light mask is successfully replicated with double spatial frequency and self-traceability. Non-uniformity between neighboring Cr lines shows up with a corrected pitch of 107.15 Conclusion: Non-uniformity is mainly caused by the dipole force discrepancy between positive and negative detuning light mask. Therefore, to increase the high uniformity of nano-gratings, the deposition time of negative detuning should be at least twice as the positive detuning. On the other hand, to reduce the pitch uncertainty, it is necessary to reduce the distance between the atom beam and reflection mirror as close as possible. These two significant optimization designs are promising to increase the spatial frequency doubling performance with high uniformity and accuracy.
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Burns, Ryan. "Enforcing uniformity: kirk sessions and Catholics in early modern Scotland, 1560–1650." Innes Review 69, no. 2 (November 2018): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/inr.2018.0171.
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In the decades following the Scottish Reformation, Scottish parliaments passed a series of penal laws against Catholics and expressions of Catholic religious practice. In an act of 1594 the death penalty was prescribed on the first offence for wilfully hearing Mass; but no Scot was ever executed for hearing Mass. The same law of 1594 encouraged local presbyteries to convert any suspected Catholic under their jurisdiction. As historians of the Scottish Reformation begin to appreciate the crucial role that kirk sessions played in suppressing Scottish Catholicism, this article adds to recent studies which seek to offer a corrective to much previous scholarship on the persecution of Scottish Catholics – which tended to focus almost exclusively on civil enforcement – and explores the impact of parish church courts on Scottish Catholicism, highlighting the effectiveness of public penance, shaming, and psychological pressure as the most useful tools for enforcing uniformity.
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Remøe, Magnus, Ida Westermann, and Knut Marthinsen. "Characterization of the Density and Spatial Distribution of Dispersoids in Al-Mg-Si Alloys." Metals 9, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9010026.
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Al-Mg-Si alloys often contain small additions of, for example, Mn or Cr, to form dispersoids, which may act as nucleation sites for Mg2Si particles after homogenization. The purpose of adding Mn and Cr is to ensure a high density of uniformly distributed small β’-particles, which can be dissolved during further processing prior to the final age hardening step. However, their density and spatial distribution are critically dependent on the homogenization procedure. It is therefore important to have a robust and reliable method for assessing their spatial distribution. In the present work, an existing methodology for assessing spatial uniformity, the Global Shannon Entropy (GSE), was implemented and evaluated for different dispersoid structures characterized by scanning electron microscopy. This metric is highly dependent on the parameters used, but by careful selection of adequate parameters, it can be effective in detecting non-uniformity. An important weakness with the GSE was identified, and a modification to improve on the ability to differentiate degrees of non-uniformity is suggested. To evaluate the proposed methodology, the effect of heating rate on dispersoid precipitation behaviour during homogenisation of four Al-Mg-Si alloys with different Mn/Cr-content was investigated. In general, the dispersoid density increased with decreasing heating rates as longer times in the furnace resulted in particle coarsening. Slower heating rates were found to promote a more uniform dispersoid structure for most alloys investigated in this study. The metric with the new term demonstrated promising results, and improved the ability to differentiate degrees of spatial uniformity.
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Colbert, Gary J., and Dennis Murray. "An Assessment of Recent Changes in the Uniform Accountancy Act." Accounting Horizons 13, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.1.54.
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The Uniform Accountancy Act (UAA) is the product of a joint effort by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy. It is intended to serve as a model for public accountancy legislation by the individual states, and is designed to protect the public interest, promote high professional standards, and advance the goal of uniformity across jurisdictions. In response to growing dissatisfaction with the current status of professional accountancy regulation, the UAA was substantially revised in 1998. Based on existing rationales for governmental involvement in occupational licensing, we assess whether selected changes reflected in the revised UAA are consistent with its stated public interest objective. We conclude that many, but not all, of these changes are in the public interest. Based on an economic theory of regulation, the paper also examines the likelihood that the states will adopt the proposed changes. Because the CPA profession is well positioned to significantly influence accountancy regulations, we hypothesize that the UAA changes which are in the best interest of existing members of the profession will tend to be adopted more quickly and more pervasively.
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Carraway, J. Christopher. "Color as a Trademark under the Lanham Act: Confusion in the Circuits and the Need for Uniformity." Law and Contemporary Problems 57, no. 4 (1994): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1192064.
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Mulza, Giovana Eloá Mantovani. "PONTIFICADO E ELIZABETH l:." Revista Hydra: Revista Discente de História da UNIFESP 3, no. 5 (March 25, 2019): 308–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34024/hydra.2018.v3.9083.
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Neste trabalho, utilizamos como fonte um conjunto de documentos promulgados pela rainha inglesa Elizabeth I (1558-1603): Queen Elizabeth’s Proclamation to Forbid Preaching (1558), Elizabeth’s Supremacy Act, Restoring Ancient Jurisdiction (1559) e Elizabeth’s Act of Uniformity (1559). Mediante a problematização de tais decretos reais, permanecemos capazes de compreender um fenômeno secundarizado pela historiografia inglesa e brasileira: a disputa de poderes empreendida entre Elizabeth I e a Santa Sé romana. O conflito entre tais instituições consistiu em um resultado do fortalecimento do Estado da Inglaterra, fenômeno que implicou na contestação do poder temporal exercido pelo papado nessa nação. Nosso objetivo consiste em problematizar o antagonismo monárquicopontifical, apresentando aos leitores as conclusões que obtivemos no transcorrer do desenvolvimento de nossa pesquisa de iniciação científica. De imediato, adiantemos: consequências políticas e religiosas decorreriam dessa disputa, as quais influenciariam o desenrolar da história inglesa.
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Spielman, Bethany. "Pushing the Dead into the Next Reproductive Frontier: Post Mortem Gamete Retrieval under the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37, no. 2 (2009): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00376.x.
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During the last 115 years, the National Conference of Commissioners of Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) has promulgated more than 300 uniform or model acts. These acts have been drafted to produce uniformity among state laws, and to provide clarity and stability in critical areas of the law. Uniform Anatomical Gift Acts were promulgated in 1968 and again in 1987. The third and most recent revision of the Act was promulgated in 2006 and amended in 2007. This act (UAGA 2006) was placed on NCCUSL’s target list; that is, commissioners were asked to make its enactment a priority in their home states. In 2007, 20 states enacted UAGA 2006; by mid-2008, UAGA 2006 had been introduced or enacted in over a dozen more states and the District of Columbia. NCCUSL’s goal for UAGA 2006 is enactment in all states by 2009.
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Choquette, Marie. "L'âge de la responsabilité pénale." Les Cahiers de droit 25, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042601ar.
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The jurisdiction of the youth court depends on the age of the person who appears before it. Since the federal Young Offenders Act came into effect, the minimum limit has been established at twelve years of age. Consequently, sections 12 and 13 of the Criminal Code have been repealed. In the Province of Quebec, before Bill 60 came into effect, the lower age limit was fourteen years. Since the bill came into force, however, the Youth ProtectionAct has become essentially a law of protection and all federal offences must be treated in accordance with the Young Offenders Act. Many reasons persuaded the legislator to lower the minimum age from fourteen to twelve years of age, but it seems that the most convincing was a decline of the age of juvenile criminality. Finally, the Young Offenders ACt establishes the maximum age limit at eighteen years of age and standardizes that age accross Canada from April 1, 1985. Reasons of uniformity, equity and constitutionality have influenced the legislator in setting the upper age limit at eighteen years of age.
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Maneedaeng, Atthaphon. "High Uniformity of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Surfactant-Assisted Solvothermal Technique." Advanced Materials Research 1131 (December 2015): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1131.43.
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The aim of this study is to develop the synthetic procedure of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles by using surfactant-assisted solvothermal technique in order to produce highly uniform nanosize of ZnO particles. The solvothermal reaction evidently produces smaller ZnO particle sizes compared with those obtained from hydrothermal reaction. The zwitterionic surfactant is employed in this work and it typically works well under extremely conditions i.e. high pH levels, strong electrolytes, and high temperature. The key success of surfactant utilization in the solvothermal reaction is to create reversed micelles which act as nanoreactors or templates. Because micelle consist of polar cores that may occupy a finite amount of water forming a water pool for ZnO nanomaterial synthesis. Synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were obtained from solvothermal reaction at 180°C and 18 hours in a hydrothermal reactor. The ZnO colloidal particles were separated by paper filter and cellulose nitrate membrane, respectively. The XRD pattern shows that the structure of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles is hexagonal wurtzite and the use of surfactant does not interfere the crystal growth and structure. The particle size distribution reveals a high uniform ZnO nanoparticles obtained via this method. The UV absorption spectrum of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by this method presents exciton peak at approximate value of 365 nanometers. The energy band gap determined by Tauc plot is 3.31 eV. Moreover, TEM images confirm the particle size consistency showing the morphology of the prepared ZnO nanoparticles.
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Roark, Marc Lane. "Scaling Commercial Law in Indian Country." Texas A&M Law Review 8, no. 1 (May 2020): 89–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v8.i1.3.
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How do you drive economic enterprise in a financial desert? Indian tribes, academics, economists, and policy makers have considered the means and methods for energizing economic growth for forty years. Efforts such as the creation and promotion of the Model Tribal Secured Transactions Act (“MTSTA”) promise much toward creating conditions that would gather financial opportunity to tribal regions that experience poverty at a strikingly higher rate than any other place in the United States. And yet, while the law has been available for more than ten years, tribes have been reticent to adopt it. This Article fills the vacuum in the literature around the promise of uniform laws in Indian Country by describing the inherent tension that exists between downscaling uniform laws into tribal contexts and the localism that seeks to preserve localized values. This Article argues that tribal choices to accept uniformity or reject uniformity in these areas are built around a combination of formal associations and organic relationships designed to create “institutional thickness” in the face of other scarce resources.
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Gao, Yu-Xi, Jin-Wen Zou, Xiao-Feng Wang, Jie Yang, Zhuo Li, Yan-Yan Zhu, and Hua-Ming Wang. "An Approach to the Uniform Dispersion of Graphene Nanosheets in Powder Metallurgy Nickel-Based Superalloy." Materials 12, no. 6 (March 24, 2019): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060974.
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In this paper, a wet-chemical based method was adopted to acquire the uniform dispersion of graphene nanosheets (GNSs) in a powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy (FGH96) to fabricate a new GNSs reinforced FGH96 metal matrix composite. The surface of the FGH96 powder was modified using a hydrophilic surfactant named polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which has good wettability and strong hydrogen bonding between the –OH groups of PVA and oxygen groups of GNSs such as –COOH, –CHO, and –OH. It was shown that the GNSs displayed much better dispersion uniformity on the PVA modified FGH96 powder than the unmodified one. The existence of PVA improved the adsorptive capacity of the GNSs attached on the powder surface and prevented the agglomeration in the following thermal preparation process. Consequently, the micro-hardness of PVA modified composite with 0.1 wt.% GNSs reached 497.9 HV, 3.4% higher than the unmodified FGH96 alloy. Therefore, this preparation process could act as the foundation of a common strategy for the fabrication of GNSs in metal matrix composites with good dispersion uniformity, which may have great potential application in aerospace applications.
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Yusoff, Mohd Irwan, Leow Wai Zhe, Muhammad Irwanto Misrun, Mohd Fareq Abd. Malek, Amelia Abdul Razak, Gomesh Nair A/L Shasidharan, and Safwati Ibrahim. "Analysis Air Cooling Mechanism for Photovoltaic Panel by Solar Simulator." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i4.pp636-643.
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Measurement the outdoor efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels is essential, but it is not likely an exceptional circumstance at any given moment is always repeating itself. A solar simulator was designed and fabricated for the purpose of analyzing the performance of PV panel with and without an air cooling mechanism in indoor test. Twenty units of 500 W halogen lamps with build-in reflector support by the steel structure holder act as a natural sunlight. The uniformity of the solar radiation was measured in the test area. Two units of PV panel with same characteristics were experimental in three sets of uniformity of solar radiation, which are 620, 821 and 1016 W/m². The operating temperature of PV panel with an air cooling mechanism can be decreased 2-3 ˚C compared to PV panel reference. The PV panel with an air cooling mechanism can be increased in 3-7 % of maximum power output based on solar radiation. An overall method and procedure of the measurement by the solar simulator are discussed and proposed.
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Niemi, Matti Ilmari. "The Bologna Declaration and Free Movement of European Union Citizens in the Fields of Legal Education and the Legal Profession – Observations in Finland." Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 15, no. 4 (December 10, 2017): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1230.
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Finland is a member of the European Higher Education Area. The principles of the Bologna Declaration have become reality in certain respects. The form and structure of Finnish law degrees are uniform with the Bologna model. However, mobility and the free movement of students have only been realised in a limited sense. Finnish law degrees are still closed both in international and national respects. Uniformity of degrees is treated here as a means to carrying out free movement and the right of establishment as the principles of the European Union. Uniformity of degrees is a necessary precondition in recognising degrees earned in another country. Without the recognition of the workmanship and degree earned in a home country, it is very difficult to establish oneself in a host county. Both the basic treaties and the applicable directives of the European Union obligate member states to recognise degrees earned in other member states. There are, however, important exceptions and restrictions. Lawyers often work as judges, prosecutors, bailiffs and other officers. They are subject to exceptions and restrictions. As a rule, advocates have the freedom to provide services and establish themselves in a permanent way, and act as advocates in another member state. Even in this case, there are steps and restrictions. In practice, it is not easy to move to another member state and act as an advocate with the help of a law degree earned in the home state. Basically, the reasons for these difficulties are the differences between national legal systems.
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Wootton, R., and P. A. Flecknell. "Record-keeping requirements of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and how to meet them." Laboratory Animals 21, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367787781268710.
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The new Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 has significant implications in terms of record keeping. In many designated establishments, however, most of the records are already collected as part of good working practice and the new Act merely formalizes this situation. Recording the required information may be tedious, but it can be carried out using either a paper-based system or its computerized equivalent. The new legislation imposes no additional record-keeping requirements on personal licence holders and the real burden falls on the project licence holder, particularly for large projects involving several personal licence holders. In the case of an animal house operating a computerized system, considerable assistance with project record keeping can be given by the designated establishment and project status reports will be very helpful in this respect. Computerization also enables automatic production of cage labels which ensures uniformity of labelling and compliance with the Home Office guidelines.
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Gately, D. J. "QUEENSLAND PETROLEUM ACT — RUSTING ANACHRONISM OR WELL-OILED DISCRETION?" APPEA Journal 26, no. 1 (1986): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj85005.
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Petroleum legislation in Queensland has been in place for some 70 years. Today's explorer finds that many of his rights derive from concepts and practices formulated well before the advent of the complicated farmout and joint venture arrangements that increasingly form the framework of exploration activities.The primary tenement for exploration is the Authority to Prospect. However, the legislation is largely silent with respect to Authorities to Prospect, leaving the great bulk of issues arising out of that form of tenement to be determined by the Minster in his absolute and unfettered discretion; while the need for workable administrative practices will entail some uniformity, certainty as to the rights arising out of any Authority to Prospect can only be gained by reverting to the actual authority document.The explorer expects that his exploration rights (i) will not be unduly hampered by competing rights of land owners; (ii) will be capable of being dealt with and assigned in accordance with current industry practices; and (iii) will in the event of success lead to the grant to him of a production title. Those expectations are not entirely satisfied, and the paper recommends certain reforms, including:an express legislative statement that the holder of an Authority to Prospect has exclusive rights to explore in respect of the area the subject of his authority;that the holder of an Authority to Prospect satisfy the obligation to make compensation prior to entry by the lodging of a security bond;that compensation be determined at first instance in the Land Court;that the statutory right to the grant of a Petroleum Lease to the holder of an Authority to Prospect be restored.
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Piva, Michael J. "Getting Hired: The Civil Service Act of 1857." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 3, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 95–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031046ar.
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Abstract In 1857 the Province of Canada passed the Civil Service Act which made a first attempt to define uniform personnel policies for the emerging bureaucracy. Analysis of applications, examination results and appointments to the inside service between September 1857, when applicants first sat for examination, and the end of 1861, when the government undertook an internal survey of public employees, demonstrates that the reform potential of the Act was only partially realized. The introduction of the examination system strongly favoured applicants who resided in the provincial capital. Applicants were most frequently urban middle-class men born either in the United Kingdom or in Canada East. Many were young, although a significant number were over 30 years of age and had extensive labour market experience. Analysis of the employment histories of applicants shows that middle-class careers commonly involved frequent job changes in which workers moved from one employer to another and often back and forth between salaried employment and independence. The Civil Service examination proved elementary, yet it tested basic skills appropriate for the work of most public employees. Although examination results were sufficiently discrete to be used as a competitive examination, decision-makers treated the exercise as a qualifying examination and paid little attention to examination results. Very few successful candidates found employment in the Civil Service; those few were employed at all ranks within the service. Analysis of public employees in 1861 also demonstrates that, although experience was an important factor, seniority did not govern hiring, promotion or salary decisions. The evidence also suggests that patronage played at best a limited role in hiring decisions within the inside service while nepotism continued to exist. In the end The Civil Service Act proved a modest attempt to reform the bureaucracy by creating uniformity in ranks, procedures for appointment and promotion, and, most importantly, salary structures. Its successes proved even more modest.
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Gąsior, Weronika. "Cultural Scripts and the Speech Act of Opinions in Irish English: A Study amongst Irish and Polish University Students." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 12, no. 1 (June 22, 2015): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.12.1.11-28.
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Studies in pragmatics have been limited to a handful of illocutionary acts such as requests, apologies or compliments, and opinions remain underrepresented in the existing literature. In this paper I present the results of a study of opinions in Irish English, conducted in an intercultural environment of Irish-Polish interactions. Departing from a traditional approach of speech act realisation studies, I applied the theory of cultural scripts to analyse opinions. In contrasting the Irish and Polish formulas for expressing opinions, as well as sociopragmatic attitudes towards this speech act, a difference in the cultural scripts for opinions in each culture was observable. Apart from already documented Polish frankness in opinions, the study discovered also a rational approach to presenting good arguments to support one’s assertions among the participants. In relation to the Irish script for opinions, the findings are in line with previous classifications of opinions in Australian English, showing a certain level of variational uniformity amongst the English-speaking cultures in this regard.
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Zhihua, Liu, Xiong Ying, and Tu Chengxu. "Method to Control Unsteady Force of Submarine Propeller Based on the Control of Horseshoe Vortex." Journal of Ship Research 56, no. 01 (March 1, 2012): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.2012.56.1.12.
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The submarine propeller works in the submarine wake with severe circumferential nonuniformity, which causes the hydrodynamic force to act on the blade. This results in severe oscillation with the rotation of the propeller and impairs the hydrodynamics and noise performance of the submarine propeller. The horseshoe vortex generated at the hull-appendages junctions of the submarine has important influence on wake uniformity. In the present study, the state of the submarine horseshoe vortex is analyzed and a new method of vortex control baffler is presented. The aim is to weaken the horseshoe vortex. Based on the wind tunnel experiment and numerical simulation on the submarine model, the vortex control baffler can decrease the strength of the submarine horseshoe vortex and improve the uniformity of the submarine wake. Vortex control bafflers adapted for the fully appended SUBOFF model are designed, and the unsteady force of three kinds of propellers functioned after the SUBOFF model is calculated numerically. The results show that although the skew angle and blade number are different, the amplitudes of the unsteady force acting on the blades of all three propellers decreased by 50% to 80% due to the effects of the vortex control baffler.