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Jangam, Bhushan Praveen, and Badri Narayan Rath. "Cross-country convergence in global value chains: Evidence from club convergence analysis." International Economics 163 (October 2020): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2020.06.002.
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Mazzola, Fabio, and Pietro Pizzuto. "Great Recession and club convergence in Europe: A cross‐country, cross‐region panel analysis (2000–2015)." Growth and Change 51, no. 2 (March 12, 2020): 676–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/grow.12369.
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Schwebag, Mike. "Implementation of the Cross-border Care Directive in EU Member States: Luxembourg." European Journal of Health Law 21, no. 1 (February 13, 2014): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12341300.
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Abstract The Cross-border Care Directive sets up basic patient rights in case of cross-border healthcare. These rights concern both the country of affiliation and the country of treatment of the patient. The article briefly describes the state of the transposition in Luxembourg, with a focus on the draft act on patients’ rights and obligations. This new act on patient rights and obligations will apply without distinction to domestic and cross-border patients, thus transposing most of Luxembourg’s obligations as a country of treatment of a cross-border patient.
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Haider, Salman, and Vaseem Akram. "Club convergence analysis of ecological and carbon footprint: evidence from a cross-country analysis." Carbon Management 10, no. 5 (July 25, 2019): 451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2019.1640135.
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Nwobodo, Ofor. "Operational cooperation between the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Nigerian Red Cross Society." International Review of the Red Cross 38, no. 323 (June 1998): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400090987.
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The Nigerian Red Cross Society has its roots in the year 1917, when the country was still under British rule. In that year the British Red Cross for the first time organized a fund-raising event in Lagos. There followed the formation of what was then known as the Nigeria Central Branch of the British Red Cross Society, with headquarters in Lagos. The branch had divisions in the then three regions of the country — Eastern, Northern and Western — with headquarters respectively in Enugu, Kaduna and Ibadan. Once Nigeria achieved independence, on 1 October 1960, the Nigerian Red Cross Society was born through an act of parliament (“The Nigerian Red Cross Society Act of 1960”). Today, the Society has a branch in each of the country's 36 states as well as in Abuja, in the Federal Capital Territory.
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Lechman, Ewa. "Catching-up and Club Convergence From Cross-National Perspective a Statistical Study for the Period 1980–201." Equilibrium 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2012.021.
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The paper presents the analysis outcomes on the catching-up process. Additionally, it seeks to identify the “convergence clubs” in cross-national section. It implements a traditional analysis of convergence, tracking the catching-up process as well as the per capita income dynamics across time. The author finds no statistically significant relationship between an average annual GDP PPP per capita growth rates (as exponential growth rate) and initial GDP PPP per capita (as natural logarithm) in a selected group of countries. The author also identifies the existence of “rich country cluster” and “poor country cluster” in the analyzed sample. For the statistical analysis the author applies the country sample composed of 101 economies. All data concerning GDP PPP per capita are drawn from the IMF World Economic Outlook Database 2011. The time coverage is 1980-2010.
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Ghosh, Sriparna. "Regulation and entrepreneurial intention: cross-country evidence." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 6, no. 2 (August 21, 2017): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-02-2017-0004.
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Purpose Entrepreneurship, along with its effect on economic growth, has been a major topic of research for quite some time now. However, none of these studies employs the use of entrepreneurial intention, a key indicator of latent entrepreneurs, as a measure of entrepreneurship. Till now, some small-scale studies have been done using survey data, with results indicating that external entrepreneurial environment affects entrepreneurial intention. A handful of studies have also looked at the linkages between economic freedom and entrepreneurial activities. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach Using a panel data setting, this paper investigates the effects of economic freedom, especially regulation, on entrepreneurial intention. The empirical analysis uses data for 79 countries from 2001 to 2012. Findings The findings suggest that stricter credit market regulation reduces entrepreneurial intention whereas more stringent labor regulations restricts job availability and thereby encourage more people to take up entrepreneurship as a career choice. Research limitations/implications The entrepreneurial intention data available from GEM is a highly unbalanced data and the data also does not differentiate between latent entrepreneurship in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Practical implications Future research should focus more on latent entrepreneurship which is a rough estimate of future entrepreneurs. Social implications Entrepreneurship acts as a channel to improve economic growth by creating more jobs and the institutional qualities might act as a barrier for aspiring entrepreneurs to take up entrepreneurship as their career choices in developing countries. Originality/value This study has a twofold contribution in the literature. First, it is the foremost large scale study that deals with entrepreneurial intention using secondary data from Global Economic Monitor (GEM) report. Second, this study explores the linkages between economic freedom index and entrepreneurial intention.
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Gallucci, Carmen, Rosalia Santulli, and Riccardo Tipaldi. "Women on bank boards and risk-taking: A cross-countries analysis on the moderating role of masculinity." Corporate Ownership and Control 17, no. 3 (2020): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv17i3art5.
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This study examines the effects of board gender diversity on a bank’s risk by applying a moderate multiple regression analysis on a dataset covering the years 2008-2017 and comprising 110 banks from Germany, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland. Masculinity, a country-level cultural dimension incorporating the behavioural expectations surrounding men and women in a society, is used as a moderator. Results suggest that high country-level masculinity stresses the risk-aversion of a bank’s women directors, therefore compromising financial performance. To mitigate the negative effects of high country-level masculinity, this paper provides several suggestions. First, banks should change their stereotypical depiction of the “ideal worker”. Second, banks should question the cultural motives underpinning the entrance of women directors in the “boy’s club”. Last, banks should create a more egalitarian workplace where the distribution of rewards does not strengthen the privileges of the established elites.
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Kamar, E., P. Karaca-Mandic, and E. Talley. "Going-Private Decisions and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: A Cross-Country Analysis." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 25, no. 1 (November 17, 2007): 107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewn019.
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Klyver, Kim, Suna Løwe Nielsen, and Majbritt Rostgaard Evald. "Women's self-employment: An act of institutional (dis)integration? A multilevel, cross-country study." Journal of Business Venturing 28, no. 4 (July 2013): 474–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.07.002.
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Kolosnitsyna, M. G., and Yu E. Ermolina. "Public Spending on Education and Economic Growth: Cross-Country Analysis." Voprosy statistiki 28, no. 3 (June 29, 2021): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2021-28-3-70-85.
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This paper aims to identify the relationship between public spending on education and GDP in two groups of countries: members and non-members of the OECD, based on statistical and econometric methods, including the methodology for international comparative analysis. The two selected groups of countries differ in their level of economic development: the OECD, the so-called ‘rich countries club’, and the second group, relatively low-income developing countries. The first part of the article deals with theoretical and information and methodological issues related to research on the relationship between educational development and economic growth, in particular the general theory of human capital investment, human capital in endogenous growth models, principles for empirical estimates of the relationship between education spending and economic growth. In the second part of the article, were tested the hypotheses concerning key factors of economic growth. The authors based them on studied theoretical sources, empirical works, and the proposed statistical base of empirical calculations. The paper substantiated the degree of impact of various factors using different groups of countries as an example. Based on panel data for 1995–2018, we estimate econometric models of the relationship between GDP and education expenditures, using time lags. The results confirm the positive impact of total education spending on GDP in the long term. However, the results differ for the two groups of countries. While in rich countries, investment in all levels of education has a positive impact on GDP, in poor countries, only primary education has a positive return, while spending on secondary and vocational education reduces GDP. This may be due to the lack of demand for high-level education in economies with poorly developed technologies and labor markets. As conclusions, the authors formulate proposals of a managerial and methodological nature regarding the need to consider the country’s development level in its educational policy and choose investment directions that are adequate to the current needs of the economy. In countries with a low level of development and a low level of education for the majority of the population, diverting public resources to finance professional education may slow economic growth in the short term. Conversely, increased coverage of mass primary education may contribute to rapid growth in the near future.
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Peng Cui, Annie, M. Paula Fitzgerald, and Karen Russo Donovan. "Extended self: implications for country-of-origin." Journal of Consumer Marketing 31, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-01-2014-0820.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine country-of-origin (COO) effects from the theoretical angle of extended self and “otherness”. Traditional COO perspectives view COO as an important quality-related, informational cue used to form product evaluations, develop preferences and make purchase decisions. Design/methodology/approach – An experiment was conducted with the COO of a fresh milk product manipulated to examine these predictions. Data were collected from four samples, Americans living in the USA, Americans living in China, Chinese living in China and Chinese living in the USA. Findings – Results found that COO effects were stronger when consumers felt greater animosity toward the foreign country, were more ethnocentric and were less acculturated (i.e. conceptualized as a less expanded self). Additionally, negative product events were interpreted in light of self, in that reactions to an adverse act were stronger when “others” committed the act. American consumers living abroad were more heavily influenced by COO effects, and evidence suggests that this effect occurred because these Americans had a less expanded self than their Chinese counterparts. Originality/value – This study provides a unique angle which leads to a deeper understanding of COO effects which augments the traditional match hypothesis. Specifically, COO effects are stronger, the smaller one’s extended self (greater animosity and ethnocentrism, less acculturation), and that wrongdoings are interpreted in light of self (i.e. reaction to an adverse act is stronger when “others” commit the act). Few studies to date have focused on these factors as layers of armor that consumers use to protect their self and extended self-image in a cross-cultural context.
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Wickramagamage, Carmen. "Relocation as Positive Act: The Immigrant Experience in Bharati Mukherjee’s Novels." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 2, no. 2 (September 1992): 171–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.2.2.171.
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To define immigration as the activity of “coming to settle in a country that is not one’s own” (Oxford English Dictionary) is to invoke its opposite: the existence of, and departure from, a country that is one’s own. Such a definition of transnational migration suggests that in crossing borders at national check points an immigrant exchanges more than passports and citizenships; underlying the bureaucratic process that equates legitimate immigration with the possession of valid visas and authentic documents there is another vision of cross-border movement, in undertaking which the immigrant signifies a willingness to exchange the security that comes from living within the boundaries of a territory whose cultural geography is known for the uncertainty of life in a territory whose sociopolitical and cultural contours must be learned.
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Reyes, G. T. "Cross This Out: A Pedagogy of Disruption and Healing." Radical Teacher 114 (July 18, 2019): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/rt.2019.546.
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Critical courage and love require that we consider our own humanity's need for not only justice but also healing. Often, radical educators relentlessly focus on working towards social justice to the point where they neglect their own self-preservation, which includes processes and practices of healing. This article discusses how a pedagogy of disruption and healing were applied towards confronting a racist act of vandalism at a California public university. In discussing the values-centered, socio-historically grounded, and higher purpose-driven responses to the racist act, the author illuminates the four principles that grounded the disruptive and healing-centered actions. In making transparent the principles that informed the designed response, others can be able to make adaptations necessary for their own contexts. To assist with invoking one’s radical agency the author also reveals how other educators across the country have implemented these principles within their own contexts towards manifesting their own visions of a more healthy, just, and meaningful life that is rooted in an analysis of the conditions that inhibit that well-being in the first place.
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Mendez, Carlos. "Lack of Global Convergence and the Formation of Multiple Welfare Clubs across Countries: An Unsupervised Machine Learning Approach." Economies 7, no. 3 (July 17, 2019): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7030074.
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The cross-country convergence hypothesis is one of the central topics of long-run macroeconomics. This paper revisits this hypothesis in a context beyond GDP. It uses a novel welfare index that incorporates measures of consumption, leisure, life expectancy, and inequality. Based on a sample of 128 countries over the 1980–2007 period, the lack of global sigma and beta convergence is first documented. Next, the paper incorporates some recent developments from the unsupervised machine learning literature to evaluate the existence of local convergence. In particular, the application of a distribution-based clustering algorithm suggests the formation of three local convergence clubs. Under this classification, beta convergence is recovered for each club. However, only the core members of the richest club appear to be reducing their welfare differences in a way that is consistent with the strong notion of sigma convergence. Overall, these results re-emphasize the finding that beta convergence is necessary, but not sufficient for sigma convergence, even within convergence clubs and in a context beyond GDP.
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Elkabbani, Rola, Christian Richter, and Mona ElBannan. "Determining dividend payouts of the MENA banking industry: a probit approach." Economics and Business Letters 9, no. 3 (December 8, 2020): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.9.3.2020.221-229.
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The purpose of this cross-country study is to highlight the main determinants of the payout policy in the banking sector on a sample of MENA countries during the period of 2011-2016. Dividends act as a signaling tool to convey the bank’s overall stability and positive growth prospects. Large and profitable banks are more prone to distribute dividends. However, managers seek profitability and dividends distribution at the expense of high liquidity risk. Competition is the most influential determinant of dividend payout in the MENA region, in which dividends act as a control mechanism to reduce the agency costs between shareholders and managers.
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Niankara, Ibrahim, and Lee C. Adkins. "Youth Awareness and Expectations about GMOs and Nuclear Power Technologies within the North American Free Trade Bloc: A Retrospective Cross-Country Comparative Analysis." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 2 (May 2, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6020034.
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This study reports on the cross-country heterogeneity in youth awareness and expectations about genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and nuclear power technology (NPT) within the North American free trade area (NAFTA). Models are estimated with data on youth respondents from the USA, Canada and Mexico, using seemingly unrelated bivariate weighted ordered probit regression, with maximum simulated likelihood estimation. Our findings show that the diffusion of technology and information within the trade bloc, for the 20 years prior to the 2015 data collection period, did not significantly contribute to cross-country convergence in youth awareness and expectations about GMOs and NPTs. Indeed, with regard to awareness, compared to youth from the USA, those from Canada show 15% (GMOs) and 7.1% (NPT) more awareness, respectively; while youth from Mexico show 34.4% and 19.5% less awareness about GMOs and NPT, respectively. With respect to expectations about future developments of the two technological artifacts, compared to youth from the USA, those from Canada and Mexico are 34.4% and 39.9% more optimistic about GMOs, respectively, while 15% and 49.7% are more optimistic about NPT. Overall, our findings show that the youth population within NAFTA is 2.5% and 6.7% more optimistic about GMOs and NPT for each level of increase in their awareness about the two technologies, respectively. Theoretically, our results seem to reject the hypothesis of NAFTA being a technology convergence country club in the Schumpeterian view, while seemingly supporting the existence of heterogeneous growth regimes within NAFTA.
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Sodjinou, Roger, William K. Bosu, Nadia Fanou, Lucie Déart, Roland Kupka, Félicité Tchibindat, and Shawn Baker. "A systematic assessment of the current capacity to act in nutrition in West Africa: cross-country similarities and differences." Global Health Action 7, no. 1 (July 16, 2014): 24763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.24763.
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Valdas Adamkus, H. E. "Water policy differences between a western democracy and a country in economic transition." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 8 (April 1, 2002): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0159.
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Where environmental policy is concerned Western democracies and transition economies share more similarities than differences. Sound environmental policies require substantial investment. Public-private cooperation can play a major role in the search for solutions, but politicians, environmentalists and academics must act vigorously to ensure that big business does not acquire a final say in the implementation of environmental policy. Lithuania as a transition economy faces major environmental challenges, but international collaboration, including working with the European Union and cross-border cooperation with neighbouring states, is bringing good results. A major unifying factor for the Baltic Sea states is the continuing struggle to purify and protect the Baltic Sea.
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Hagan, Kenton L., Todd Hullfish, Ellen Casey, and Josh R. Baxter. "Tendon structure quantified using ultrasound imaging differs based on location and training type." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 1743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00723.2018.
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Achilles tendinopathy is 10 times more common among running athletes compared with age-matched peers. Load-induced tendon remodeling and its progression in an at-risk population of developing symptomatic tendinopathy are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to prospectively characterize Achilles and patellar tendon structure in competitive collegiate distance runners over different competitive seasons using quantitative ultrasound imaging. Twenty-two collegiate cross-country runners and eleven controls were examined for this study. Ultrasound images of bilateral Achilles and patellar tendons were obtained near the start and end of the collegiate cross-country season and the conclusion outdoor track season. Collagen organization, mean echogenicity, tendon thickness, and neovascularity were determined using well-established image processing techniques. Achilles tendon collagen was less aligned in runners compared with controls (28% greater) but improved slightly (7% decrease) after the completion of the track season. Conversely, patellar tendons in runners were similar to control tendons throughout the cross-country season but underwent collagen alignment (17% decrease) and tendon hypertrophy (21% increase). Our findings indicate that Achilles tendon structure in trained runners differs structurally from control tendons but is stable throughout training while patellar tendon structure changes in response to the transition in training volume between cross-country and track seasons. These findings expand upon prior reports that some degree of tendon remodeling may act as a protective adaptation for sport specific loading. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study we prospectively examined the Achilles and patellar tendon structure of distance runners to determine if continued training through multiple seasons elicits tendon remodeling or pathology. We found that Achilles and patellar tendons respond uniquely to the changing loads required during each season. Achilles tendon collagen alignment is mostly stable throughout the competitive cycle, but the patellar tendon structurally remodels following the transition from cross-country to track season.
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Chalip, Laurence. "The Future Past of the Amateur Sports Act: Developing American Sport." Journal of Coaching Education 4, no. 2 (August 2011): 4–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jce.4.2.4.
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The United States is struggling to hold its own in international competitions. The Amateur Sports Act mandates that the USOC and its NGBs should build American sport performances by fostering sport participation throughout the country, and by enabling sport research. However, data from the past 16 years of sport participation demonstrate that participation is declining in many of our key sports, while others show inconsistent or merely ephemeral growth. Further, sport research is no longer pursued by the USOC, and it is not funded by any U.S. government agency or private American foundation. Consequently, the American sporting culture is eroding, and the United States is becoming a client nation when it comes to sport research. A review of the formation of The Amateur Sports Act shows that it was formulated to address Cold War concerns. Consequently, the Act failed to consider sport development, as the Act’s primary purpose was to engender a rationalized private sport system through which to build teams that could beat communist athletes. A reassessment of The Amateur Sports Act in light of contemporary conditions, suggests that greater attention to participation and research are necessary, but that such attention will require establishment of a foundation to nurture sport participation and to fund sport research. The foundation’s mandate would include creation of clubs and leagues to enable year round and lifelong sport participation, enhancement of the availability of sport facilities for club and league use, guidance for grassroots development of sport, and establishment of clear pathways for athletes. The template for such a foundation was created in the 1960s but never implemented. The time is ripe for it to be implemented now either by incorporating its mandates into the new Foundation for Fitness, Sport, and Nutrition, or by establishing a foundation that specifically targets sport development.
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Yoon, Mi Yung, and Chungshik Moon. "Korean Bilateral Official Development Assistance to Africa Under Korea's Initiative for Africa's Development." Journal of East Asian Studies 14, no. 2 (August 2014): 279–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800008936.
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In the past several years, the Republic of Korea—a former least developed country (LDC) and aid recipient that became a donor—joined the “club of emerging donors” to Africa. In March 2006, President Roh Moohyun declared Korea's Initiative for Africa's Development. The initiative puts poverty reduction and socioeconomic development of African countries in the forefront. Using pooled cross-sectional time series data, in this study we examine the determinants of Korean bilateral official development assistance (ODA) to Africa for the period 1991–2011. The findings of the study suggest that the approach of Korean ODA does not differ significantly from that of many conventional donors whose ODA disbursement has had a dual purpose: to improve the welfare of developing countries and to serve self-interests.
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Carvalho de Oliveira, Dênio Ramam, Maurício de Pina Ferreira, and José Guilherme Silva Melo. "Application of partial cross-section precast system to save the Amazon forest." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, no. 6 (June 2010): 878–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l10-027.
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The Brazilian civil construction industry is one of the largest consumers of wood in the country. The majority of wood is used as formwork to build concrete structures and is discarded at the end of the construction process. This study presents an innovative structural system that uses a type of partial cross-section precast system with thin reinforced concrete flat plates, which are transported and assembled at the construction site and act as permanent formwork with structural function. The major advantages of this system include the reduction of transport costs; easier assembly of the structural elements because of its low weight; and the possibility of idealizing and designing rigid connections between structural elements, improvement of the structural behavior and postive impact on the material economy. This paper presents construction details, tests results, and some real cases where partial cross-section beams and columns were successfully applied in Brazil.
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Caban-Garcia, Maria T., Carmen B. Ríos Figueroa, and Karin A. Petruska. "The Impact of Culture on Internal Control Weaknesses: Evidence from Firms That Cross-List in the U.S." Journal of International Accounting Research 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 119–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jiar-51916.
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ABSTRACT This study addresses the impact of culture on the likelihood of U.S. foreign issuers reporting material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting (MWICs). Specifically, we explore whether Hofstede's (1980, 2001) country-level dimensions of power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and long-term orientation explain the likelihood of U.S. foreign issuers reporting internal control deficiencies under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). To assess whether home country guidance on internal control reporting influences U.S. foreign issuers detecting and reporting MWICs, we identify and control for the adoption of internal control guidance in foreign jurisdictions. Our results show that firms from countries with a high power distance and long-term orientation are more likely to report MWICs. In addition, we find that firms from countries that implement internal control guidance are less likely to report MWICs, suggesting that the effectiveness of U.S. foreign issuers' internal control over financial reporting is influenced by their home countries' regulation and oversight. These results are generally robust to a number of additional sensitivity tests. JEL Classifications: M14; M16; M48. Data Availability: Data are from publicly available sources.
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Suleiman, Ibrahim. "Corruption as Cankerworms towards Economic Development in Nigeria." American International Journal of Social Science Research 1, no. 1 (September 21, 2017): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v1i1.161.
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Corruption has been corrosively eating the fabrics of the Nigerian nation. Its persistence in the form of fraud, mismanagement, misappropriation, diversion of public funds, tax evasion, money laundering etc. has led Nigeria into unfortunate national and even international circle of criminal minded persons. This therefore has made the development of the country and its attendant benefits only a paper work or rather an illusion. This paper conceptualizes corruption beyond the point of public officers taking bribes and gratification, committing fraud, stealing public funds and assets to equally include, deliberate violation of standards for gainful ends which may be in cash or kind. It therefore, encompasses any decision, act or conduct that is considered pervasive to democratic norms and values. The method utilized by this work is incidence analysis and documentary research. The paper which is divided into five sections concluded that, only anti-corruption policies and programs anchored on ethical, balanced, independent, and self-sustained, people oriented can succeed in Nigeria and thereby ensure national economic development. The paper recommended among other things for a successful anti-corruption crusade in third world countries that, international agencies such as Paris Club, IMF, World Bank, UNO should review their policies and conditions to reflect war against corruption especially among third World leaders even while in office. That a mandatory involvement of all community based organizations be considered in annual budget formulation, monitoring and evaluation to avoids misappropriation and looting in the country.
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Giugni, Marco. "Welfare States, Political Opportunities, and the Mobilization of the Unemployed: A Cross-National Analysis." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.13.3.px4848183v2t073w.
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This article follows a revised political opportunity approach to argue that mobilization of underprivileged groups is constrained by the political opportunity structures provided by the institutional context of the country in which they act. Contrary to traditional opportunity theories, it is suggested that their mobilization also depends on a set of opportunities specific to the political or issue field most directly addressed by their claims. I propose to look for these specific opportunities in the institutional approaches to unemployment. I further maintain that such opportunities stem largely from the ways in which a given political or issue field is collectively defined. I apply a theoretical framework stressing both general and specific opportunities as well as the discursive context of claim making to original data on claim making in the unemployment political field in six European countries for the 1995-2002 period. The findings provide some support for the proposed theoretical framework, but also point to its shortcomings, especially in the lack of attention to economic factors.
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Menezes-Filho, Naercio, David Ulph, and John Van Reenen. "R&D and Unionism: Comparative Evidence from British Companies and Establishments." ILR Review 52, no. 1 (October 1998): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399805200103.
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U.S. research has found that unionization adversely affects research and development investment, consistent with the view that labor unions' rent-seeking activities act as a tax on innovation. In this U.K. study, preliminary analysis of two datasets (a cross-section of plants and a company panel for the years 1983–90) shows the same negative correlation. This correlation completely disappears, however, when controls are included for such factors as cohort effects and the availability of innovative technology in the industry. Moreover, R&D intensity appears to have been higher in enterprises where there were low levels of union density than in those where there was no union presence. Some evidence suggests that the difference between U.K and U.S. results may be due to cross-country differences in the prioritization of non-pay issues in bargaining.
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Wiśniewska-Mikosik, Joanna. "Organizational Culture as a Variable that Determines Effective Cross-cultural Management." Journal of Intercultural Management 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joim-2015-0026.
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Abstract Traditionally, organizational culture is strongly connected with the culture of a particular country or a region. In Poland more and more organizations have been paying attention to it since the beginning of transformation. Managers and employees are increasingly putting an emphasis on the intentional development of culture in their own business, also during trainings, as this is an important element of organizational success. However, in Poland, which is a conglomerate of various cultural patterns, specifying one common reference point as the main determinant and the basic element of organizational culture in Polish companies is not easy. The transfer of Polish cultural patterns into a different area usually creates problems. Polish organizations also struggle with adopting other cultural patterns. Globalisation and the process of “shrinking” the world lead to the development of international organizations. As a result, new types of organizational culture can be observed. This can be called a blend of cultures or multiculturalism. Managing in such conditions is cross-cultural management. Organizations, managers and employees have to act in such a way in order to, on the one hand, maintain their cultural identity, on the other hand, skilfully adapt and implement elements from other cultures. This gives organizations an opportunity to be creative and competitive in today’s market.
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Barmeyer, Christoph, Volker Stein, and Jenny Marie Eberhardt. "Third-country nationals as intercultural boundary spanners in multinational corporations." Multinational Business Review 28, no. 4 (August 24, 2020): 521–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbr-04-2019-0027.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the central roles, functions and competences of third-country nationals (TCNs) in intercultural boundary spanning in multinational corporations (MNCs): Why are TCNs particularly important for reducing complexity at the overlapping functional, geographic and external boundaries of MNCs with their related interferences and which role do they play as boundary spanners in cross-boundary collaboration? Design/methodology/approach After introducing the theoretical background on boundary spanning and TCNs, the methodology applied in this paper is a theory-driven, qualitative approach based on 13 in-depth semi-structured interviews with TNCs conducted in 10 MNCs. Findings The authors aggregate TCNs’ activities into four roles: disembedded cosmopolitan, intermediary, third party and team-related boundary spanner. They show that TCNs tend to understand the complex intercultural context between headquarters and subsidiaries, balance power asymmetries, use their in-between neutrality to create trust, and act in an interculturally highly competent way by using a great variety of intercultural and linguistic skills. The TCNs’ meta-competence permits a higher level, intellectual and abstract perspective, enabling TCNs to consider structures, objects and interactions from an affective distance. Research limitations/implications The differences between TCNs and “regular” expatriates or other interface managers are examined and methodological limitations as well as research implications are critically discussed. MNCs can intentionally assign TCNs with their related competence profiles when expecting boundary-spanning tasks. Originality/value This paper is one of the few published that undergirds the TCN concept with empirical data and illustrates the suitability of specific role-takers such as TCNs for some complex challenges in international and intercultural management settings.
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Das, Abhijit Ranjan, and Subhadeep Mukherjee. "Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in Indian Petroleum Companies: A Case Study of Selected PSUs." Think India 21, no. 3 (September 14, 2018): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v21i3.7758.
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is not a very new concept, it is an old concept. Earlier, in India it was optional to the company that they may contribute voluntarily towards CSR but after the Companies Act 2013, it was formally introduced in the business environment and was made mandatory for those companies whose net worth and profit cross a threshold limit. They should contribute 2% of the average net profit of just preceding three years profit. This paper primarily focuses on CSR practices of some selected public sector petroleum companies in India. The study has been conducted based on the Annual Reports of seven selected public sector companies. Five years of data on CSR spending from 2009–10 to 2014–15 were examined. Moreover, the pattern of expenses was also examined. Since petroleum companies are giants of the India economy and contribute significantly towards the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of our country. Thus it is necessary to look into how these companies are contributing towards CSR. An attempt has been made to examine the early impact of Section 135 of the Companies Act.
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Taylor, Bruce V., John F. Pearson, Glynnis Clarke, Deborah F. Mason, David A. Abernethy, Ernie Willoughby, and Clive Sabel. "MS prevalence in New Zealand, an ethnically and latitudinally diverse country." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 16, no. 12 (September 2, 2010): 1422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458510379614.
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Background: The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not uniform, with a latitudinal gradient of prevalence present in most studies. Understanding the drivers of this gradient may allow a better understanding of the environmental factors involved in MS pathogenesis. Method: The New Zealand national MS prevalence study (NZMSPS) is a cross-sectional study of people with definite MS (DMS) (McDonald criteria 2005) resident in New Zealand on census night, 7 March 2006, utilizing multiple sources of notification. Capture—recapture analysis (CRA) was used to estimate missing cases. Results: Of 2917 people with DMS identified, the crude prevalence was 72.4 per 100,000 population, and 73.1 per 100,000 when age-standardized to the European population. CRA estimated that 96.7% of cases were identified. A latitudinal gradient was seen with MS prevalence increasing three-fold from the North (35°S) to the South (48°S). The gradient was non-uniform; females with relapsing—remitting/secondary-progressive (RRMS/SPMS) disease have a gradient 11 times greater than males with primary-progressive MS ( p < 1 × 10-7). DMS was significantly less common among those of Māori ethnicity. Conclusions: This study confirms the presence of a robust latitudinal gradient of MS prevalence in New Zealand. This gradient is largely driven by European females with the RRMS/SPMS phenotype. These results indicate that the environmental factors that underlie the latitudinal gradient act differentially by gender, ethnicity and MS phenotype. A better understanding of these factors may allow more targeted MS therapies aimed at modifiable environmental triggers at the population level.
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Cockfield, Arthur J. "Sharing Tax Information in the 21st Century: Big Data Flows and Taxpayers as Data Subjects." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 67, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 1179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2019.67.4.sym.cockfield.
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In the last 10 years, governments have initiated several reforms to automatically exchange bulk taxpayer information with other governments (mainly via the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, the common reporting standard, and country-by-country reporting). This enhanced sharing of tax information has been encouraged both by technological change, including digitization, big data, and data analytics; and by political trends, including governments' efforts to reduce offshore tax evasion and aggressive international tax avoidance. In some cases, however, legal protections for taxpayer privacy and other interests are insufficiently robust for this emerging international sharing framework. Conceptually, taxpayers should be seen as "data subjects" whose rights are proactively protected by data protection laws and policies, including fair information practices. An optimal regime, which would balance the interests of taxpayers against those of tax authorities, should include a multilateral taxpayer bill of rights, a cross-border withholding tax that could be imposed in lieu of information exchange, and a global financial registry that would allow governments to identify the beneficial owners of business and legal entities.
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Sikandar, M. A. "Open Distance Learning System: A Critical Reflection on the Issues, Challenges and Opportunities of Open and Dual Mode Universities in India." Asian Journal of Managerial Science 8, no. 1 (February 5, 2019): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajms-2019.8.1.1445.
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The Open Universities and Dual Mode Universities in India are catering millions of Open Distance Learners (ODL) through its chain of Regional Centres and Learner Support Centres (Study Centres) across the country. In order to improve the Gross Enrollment Ration (GER), the regulatory bodies should act as facilitator rather than the administrator or inspector. Today, Open Distance Learning (ODL) offered by the Open Universities and Dual mode Universities in India is at cross roads because of multiple control and regulation by several regulatory bodies of the Central Government. A new approach is needed by the regulatory bodies as well as the Govt. of India to remove obstacles put forth by various Regulations restricting the very access of open and distance learning to reap the demographic dividends in the country. This paper critically analyzes the aspects that affect the ODL being offered through Open and Dual mode universities. The paper also critically highlights the challenges being faced by the ODL institutions as well as the opportunities available to them. The paper also touching the latest global trends related to distance and digital learning.
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Czubik, Paweł. "Foreign powers of attorney relating to real estate – the issue of the probative value of a document and the effectiveness of a legal act from the perspective of the land and mortgage registry court." Nieruchomości@ II, no. II (June 30, 2021): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9265.
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The role of foreign powers of attorney in contemporary legal and economic transactions is constantly growing. This is due to the widespread labour migration and, paradoxically, in the last year, also with difficulties in cross-border movement during the COVID-19 pandemic. In judiciary and notarial practice, the assessment of foreign documents, including powers of attorney, is a threestage process. Firstly, the court should pay attention to the probative value of a foreign document. In principle, it is equal to the probative value of a national document (Article 1138 of the Code of Civil Procedure). Only certain categories of documents require consular legalization. It is used when there is no bilateral agreement eliminating or reducing this requirement with the country where the document has been issued. In the case of many countries, legalization was replaced by the apostille clause provided for in the 1965 Hague Convention. Secondly, the court should analyse the formal effectiveness of the legal act, taking into account the principles derived from Article 25 of the 2011 Private International Law Act and, in some cases, bilateral agreements. Last but not least, thirdly, the court should examine the material effectiveness of the act. The governing law of the power of attorney may, pursuant to Article 23 of the Private International Law Act, be subject to the choice of law rule. This text is a guide for courts on how to deal with foreign powers of attorney in land and mortgage registry proceedings.
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Reynolds, Megan M. "Health Care Public Sector Share and the U.S. Life Expectancy Lag: A Country-level Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Health Services 48, no. 2 (January 19, 2018): 328–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731417753673.
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Growing research on the political economy of health has begun to emphasize sociopolitical influences on cross-national differences in population health above and beyond economic growth. While this research investigates the impact of overall public health spending as a share of GDP (“health care effort”), it has for the most part overlooked the distribution of health care spending across the public and private spheres (“public sector share”). I evaluate the relative contributions of health care effort, public sector share, and GDP to the large and growing disadvantage in U.S. life expectancy at birth relative to peer nations. I do so using fixed effects models with data from 16 wealthy democratic nations between 1960 and 2010. Results indicate that public sector share has a beneficial effect on longevity net of the effect of health care effort and that this effect is nonlinear, decreasing in magnitude as levels rise. Moreover, public sector share is a more powerful predictor of life expectancy at birth than GDP per capita. This study contributes to discussions around the political economy of health, the growth consensus, and the American lag in life expectancy. Policy implications vis-à-vis the U.S. Affordable Care Act are discussed.
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Holz, Manuel, and Jochen Mayerl. "Early days of the pandemic—The association of economic and socio-political country characteristics with the development of the COVID-19 death toll." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): e0256736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256736.
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This article examines cross-national differences in growth of deaths by COVID-19 over time in the first phase of the pandemic, during the time period of 31st December 2019 to 2nd April 2020. We seek to understand and explain country level reaction in the initial period of the pandemic. We explore socio-economic and socio-political country characteristics as determinants of deaths per day and we examine whether country characteristics act as moderating factors for different growth patterns of deaths per day over time. The country characteristics include variables about economy, globalization, health care and demography. We examine data published by the European Center of Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) in combination with World Bank data and a webscraping approach. Using a conditional growth model specified as a multilevel regression model with deaths by COVID-19 per day as the outcome variable, we show that economic variables are not significantly associated with decrease or increase of deaths by COVID-19. In contrast, variables about national health care mitigate the impact of the pandemic. Demography shows expected effects with an increase of growth of deaths in countries with a higher percentage of people older than 65 years. Globalization predicts the death toll as well: Social interaction between people is deadly on a short-term scale (in the form of tourism). Our results mirror frequent demands for global investment in national health systems.
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Ismail Shola, Ahmodu Tijani, and Dosunmu Kazeem Olanrewaju. "Effects of the Informal Cross Border Trade in Western Africa." Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, Ekonomi dan Bisnis 4, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51263/jameb.v4i2.102.
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Informal Cross Border Trade (ICBT) plays an important role in developing countries and act as accelerator of economic development, regional development of the borderland areas. It is a crucial coping measure for poor households; especially when unemployment is high and it also address mass poverty if the rules governing it take into consideration the interests of the poor and vulnerable groups in society. This paper is aimed at examining the effects of informal cross border trade in western Africa: a study of Nigeria and Niger, its strength and weakness on National and Regional development which is western Africa. This is a literature and library based paper which reviews related literatures from journal articles, texts, seminar papers, online search engines for assessment of the concepts. This paper perceive the following issues in Informal Cross Border Trade, its problem and approaches, reasons for ICBT in Nigeria and Niger, critical analysis of determinants in Nigeria and Niger, the positive and negative effects on the two selected countries in western African and recommend on way forward. It finds out that ICBT enables small‐scale entrepreneurs to escape poverty and to meet the education, housing and other basic needs. It’s also source of family income to the unemployed and a source of employment to our second citizen as a result of early retirement. It recommends that there should be bilateral agreement between Nigeria and Niger on creating an enabling, gender-sensitive environment for informal cross border traders so that they can easily engage in economic activity in order to protect their livelihoods. There is need to design appropriate policy incentives by the duo country governance in order to gradually incorporate a thriving ICBT sector into the formal economy.
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Luo, Yadong. "Toward a reverse adaptation view in cross-cultural management." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 23, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-08-2015-0102.
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Purpose – Contrasting local adaptation, which focusses on foreign multinationals learning about and adapting to local (host country) culture and environment, reverse adaptation refers to the case where an MNE’s local employees learn, assimilate and modify their personal behavior (e.g. values, norms) and professional competence (e.g. standards, goals, language, knowledge, capabilities) in order to fit the MNE’s global mindset and global competence set so that they can be internationally reassigned. The purpose of this paper is to take the first step toward addressing this nascent phenomenon and practice. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses combined inductive and ethnographic methods to explore the importance, process and practice of reverse innovation. This study defines reverse adaptation, illustrates the major driving forces underlying reverse adaptation, and suggests how MNEs should prepare for it. As reverse adaptation is a promising area for research, this paper also proposes a research agenda for international management scholars. Findings – MNEs need to act at both local and global levels in a way that recognizes the interdependence between the two. Too often global companies have approached their local talent needs in an uncoordinated and unproductive way. Reverse adaptation view suggests that MNEs can create a competitive advantage by taking a global approach to talent. Cultivating and transforming local talent to become global talent necessitates endeavor from a wide range of corporate, subsidiary and individual levels, in cultural, professional, structural, informational and organizational aspects. Originality/value – Reverse adaptation is a promising area of research because it provides the opportunity to enrich mainstream theories and literatures in a number of areas. This nascent phenomenon has not yet been studied, and this paper represents the first effort to do so. From both academic and practice viewpoints, reverse adaptation has a significant impact on global talent management, knowledge flow across borders, capability catchup and global integration design. Today’s glocalized business world, with heightened integration of world economy, creates an expectation for the continuing growth of reverse adaptation.
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Fonzi, Laura, Angelo Picardi, Valentina Monaco, Matteo Buonarroti, Elisabeth Prevete, Massimo Biondi, and Mauro Pallagrosi. "Clinician’s Subjective Experience in the Cross-Cultural Psychiatric Encounter." Psychopathology 53, no. 5-6 (2020): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000509489.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The clinical encounter is still at the core of the psychiatric evaluation. Since the diagnostic process remains basically clinical in nature, several authors have addressed the complexity of the clinical reasoning process and highlighted the role played by intersubjective phenomena and clinician’s feelings. Some recent studies have supported the view of a significant link between the clinician’s subjective experience during the assessment and the diagnosis made. In a globalized world, this issue requires a careful reflection, since cultural differences may affect the intersubjective atmosphere of the encounter, which may indirectly influence the clinician’s thinking. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We used a previously validated instrument, named <i>Assessment of Clinician’s Subjective Experience</i> (ACSE), to compare the clinician’s subjective experience during the evaluation of Italian patients with the subjective experience of the same clinician during the assessment of foreign patients. The 2 patient groups (<i>n</i> = 42 each) were individually matched for known potential confounders (age, sex, categorical diagnosis, and clinical severity). <b><i>Results:</i></b> We found no significant differences in mean scores on all ACSE dimensions (tension, difficulty in attunement, engagement, disconfirmation, and impotence), which suggests that cultural diversity did not substantially affect the clinician’s subjective experience. However, the lack of information about the native country and linguistic proficiency of about a quarter of foreign patients may have limited the possibility to detect subtle or specific differences, especially with regard to the clinician’s empathic attunement. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Although further investigation is needed, our preliminary findings may have significant implications for the reflection upon the clinician’s empathic experience as well as pragmatic consequences for the act of psychiatric diagnosis in the cross-cultural encounter.
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Mira, José Joaquín, Irene Carrillo, Ezequiel García-Elorrio, Daniela Campos D. E. Andrade-Lourenção, Patricia Campos Pavan-Baptista, Astolfo León Franco-Herrera, Esther Mahuina Campos-Castolo, et al. "What Ibero-American hospitals do when things go wrong? A cross-sectional international study." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 32, no. 5 (March 31, 2020): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzaa031.
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Abstract Objective To know what hospital managers and safety leaders in Ibero-American countries are doing to respond effectively to the occurrence of adverse events (AEs) with serious consequences for patients. Design Cross-sectional international study. Setting Public and private hospitals in Ibero-American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Portugal and Spain). Participants A convenience sample of hospital managers and safety leaders from eight Ibero-American countries. A minimum of 25 managers/leaders from each country were surveyed. Interventions A selection of 37 actions for the effective management of AEs was explored. These were related to the safety culture, existence of a crisis plan, communication and transparency processes with the patients and their families, attention to second victims and institutional communication. Main Outcome Measure Degree of implementation of the actions studied. Results A total of 190 managers/leaders from 126 (66.3%) public hospitals and 64 (33.7%) private hospitals participated. Reporting systems, in-depth analysis of incidents and non-punitive approaches were the most implemented interventions, while patient information and care for second victims after an AE were the least frequent interventions. Conclusions The majority of these hospitals have not protocolized how to act after an AE. For this reason, it is urgent to develop and apply a strategic action plan to respond to this imperative safety challenge. This is the first study to identify areas of work and future research questions in Ibero-American countries.
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Shafaq, Najibullah, and Walikhan Oryakhil. "Investigating the birth prevalence of congenital club foot in both Paktya and Kapisa provinces of Afghanistan." International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics 7, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20210618.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background: </strong>congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) or Clubfoot is one of the most common birth defects of the musculoskeletal system and affects 1 in every 1000 live births each year that cause mobility impairment. The purpose of this study is to investigating the birth prevalence of congenital club foot in both paktya and kapisa provinces of Afghanistan.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>This study is descriptive and cross-sectional that is done on all live birth babies in a one-year period in the Paktya regional hospital (paktya province) and Alberoni teaching hospital (kapisa province) of Afghanistan from September 2019 to September 2020 and in this study, all ethical considerations were considered. The variables that were examined in our study included the following: type of delivery, mother age, gender and birth weight of the baby, newborn legs were photographed on the first day of birth and evaluated by an orthopedic surgeon. Finally, statistical data were analyze by using SPSS software</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> In this study 35 cases of multiple births including 33 cases of twins and 2 cases of triplets were recorded and the rate of cesarean section was 5.96% in this group and data showed 99.65% of infant with no congenital talipes equinovarus or club foot abnormalities Subsequently, 0.35% or 36 people had congenital clubfoot which it had more incidence in male and bilateral form was more common.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on the results of our study we found that prevalence of clubfoot is about 3.5 per 1000 live birth similar to other low-income country which it’s rate was more. Because diagnosis and treatment of clubfoot in the early stages is more possible Therefore, timely recognition, diagnosis and treatment are significant and helpful to decrease medical expenses. Our result in this study support high prevalence of clubfoot anomaly in mentioned provinces of Afghanistan because of different genetic and environmental risk factor to provide practical suggestions we need more epidemiologic study in all over the Afghanistan to find them.</p>
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Campfens, Evelien. "Whose Cultural Objects? Introducing Heritage Title for Cross-Border Cultural Property Claims." Netherlands International Law Review 67, no. 2 (August 27, 2020): 257–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40802-020-00174-3.
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Abstract Cultural objects have a special, protected, status because of their intangible ‘heritage’ value to people, as symbols of an identity. This has been so since the first days of international law and, today, there is an extensive legal framework to protect cultural objects and to prohibit looting. Despite this, for as long as demand exists and profits are high, cultural objects continue to be looted, smuggled and traded. At some point, their character tends to change from protected heritage in an original setting to valuable art and commodity in the hands of new possessors. In this new setting, the legal status of such objects most likely will be a matter of ownership and the private law regime in the country where they happen to end up. This article suggests that, irrespective of the acquired rights of others, original owners should still be able to rely on a ‘heritage title’ if there is a continuing cultural link. The term aims to capture the legal bond between cultural objects and people, distinct from ownership, and is informed by international cultural heritage and human rights law norms. The proposition is that, whilst ownership interests are accounted for in national private law, legal tools are lacking to address heritage interests and identity values that are acknowledged in international law. Neither the existing legal framework for the art trade, based on the 1970 UNESCO Convention, nor regular ownership concepts appear particularly suited to solve title issues over contested cultural objects. The notion of ‘heritage title’ in a human rights law approach can act as a bridge in that regard.
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Nepal, Pashupati. "Mainstreaming of climate change risks security through mitigation and adaptation strategies in Nepal." Unity Journal 1 (February 1, 2020): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v1i0.35700.
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A combined effect of high mountains and highly concentrated monsoon rainfall and socio-economic conditions make Nepal a highly vulnerable country to climate change. Whereas Nepal barely shares emissions of Global Greenhouse Gases (0.027%), it is the fourth most vulnerable country in the world due to the effects of climate change. In this context, this paper aims to review the National Climate Change Policy, 2019 to identify the mainstreaming of mitigation and adaptation strategies in response to the climate change for different sectors and cross cutting sectors. Such an important policy document has for the first-time addressed climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies for different sectors and cross-cutting sectors. It has made provision of institutional set-up representing federal, provincial and local levels. Some of the new strategies under this policy include development and expansion of 'payment for ecosystem services', construct pond to collect rain water, make cycle lane in urban roads, increase carbon stocks, and use renewable technologies and manage climate finance. It has given sole responsibilities of functional coordination to the Ministry of Forest and Environment (MoFE) leaving other ministries as passive partners. This can create incoherence between and among the ministries and departments. The policy formulation and institutional set-up need to be complemented by legislation to achieve expected out-puts. Until now, there is not a single legal document in Nepal that exclusively addresses the climate change issue. Therefore, promulgation of Climate Change Act 2019 can resolve the problems of climate change in the spirit of this policy.
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Pamukoff, Derek N., and J. Troy Blackburn. "Comparison of Plantar Flexor Musculotendinous Stiffness, Geometry, and Architecture in Male Runners With and Without a History of Tibial Stress Fracture." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 31, no. 1 (February 2015): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2014-0127.
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Greater lower extremity joint stiffness may be related to the development of tibial stress fractures in runners. Musculotendinous stiffness is the largest contributor to joint stiffness, but it is unclear what factors contribute to musculotendinous stiffness. The purpose of this study was to compare plantar flexor musculotendinous stiffness, architecture, geometry, and Achilles tendon stiffness between male runners with and without a history of tibial stress fracture. Nineteen healthy runners (age = 21 ± 2.7 years; mass = 68.2 ± 9.3 kg; height = 177.3 ± 6.0 cm) and 19 runners with a history of tibial stress fracture (age = 21 ± 2.9 years; mass = 65.3 ± 6.0 kg; height = 177.2 ± 5.2 cm) were recruited from community running groups and the university’s varsity and club cross-country teams. Plantar flexor musculotendinous stiffness was estimated from the damped frequency of oscillatory motion about the ankle follow perturbation. Ultrasound imaging was used to measure architecture and geometry of the medial gastrocnemius. Dependent variables were compared between groups via one-way ANOVAs. Previously injured runners had greater plantar flexor musculotendinous stiffness (P< .001), greater Achilles tendon stiffness (P= .004), and lesser Achilles tendon elongation (P= .003) during maximal isometric contraction compared with healthy runners. No differences were found in muscle thickness, pennation angle, or fascicle length.
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M., Madhusudan, Arun Varghese, Akhil Raj V., Afreen A., Mohammed Anees K., Numan Siddique, and Tessy Thomas. "Perceptions and opinion of the medical students about the National Medical Commission Act: a cross sectional study from a medical college in North Kerala." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 5 (April 24, 2020): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20201978.
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Background: The National Medical Commission (NMC) Act, 2019 has come into force from August 2019 with the aim of addressing the shortcomings in the process of regulating medical colleges in the country and also in the wake of allegations of corruption against the 63-year-old Medical Council of India. However, it has been criticized for various reasons viz., it is over-centralized, it would lead to increased profiteering, corruption etc. In this context the present study was undertaken to find out the perceptions and opinion of the medical students about the NMC act.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done at a Medical College, Wayanad District, between August-January 2019. All the undergraduate medical students of the college were the study subjects. Data was collected using a predesigned and pretested self-administered questionnaire. The subjects were asked to give response to questions pertaining to NMC on a Likert scale of 1 to 5. Completed responses were obtained from a total 655 students.Results: The subjects strongly agreed with the 6 limitations of the NMC (median score 1) and agreed with 9 (median score 2) out of the total 15 limitations. The number of subjects agreeing (agree and strongly agree) was highest [574 (88.3%)] for “NMC is over-centralized”.Conclusions: The subjects agreed (strongly agree+agree) to all the limitations of the NMC. There was no disagreement to any of the limitations.
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Huang, Pengli. "The Making of a Modern Self: Vietnamese Women Experiencing Transnational Mobility at the China–Vietnam Border." Social Inclusion 8, no. 2 (April 28, 2020): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i2.2652.
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China–Vietnam marriages attract increasing public attention in China and trigger many discussions on the phenomenon of ‘Vietnamese brides.’ The discussions are often linked to the rapid modernization of the border areas since the 1990s, caused by the re-opening of the border, the prosperity of the transnational economy and the increase of cross-border mobility between the two countries. Guided by the qualitative research paradigm, 30 Vietnamese women in cross-border intimate relationships with Chinese men were interviewed to examine their motivation and their experience of transnational mobility at the China–Vietnam border. By challenging the popular image of Vietnamese women as pitiable and ignorant country bumpkins in public discourse, this study acknowledges that these women, like other modern women, have the capacity to imagine and desire, to make decisions and to act, caring a lot about self-development and expression. Comparably, these women may not be able to enjoy the relatively rich resources and capital like the economic elites, but they have strategically manipulated multifaceted and contradictory realities at the specific context of the China–Vietnam border to better their economic circumstances, and to reshape their personal, familial, and social relationships.
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Hussain, Asraf, Tripathi Garima, Bishnu Mohan Singh, Ramji Ram, and Raman Pal Tripti. "Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Nepalese Residents: A quick online cross-sectional survey." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 11, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v11i3.28485.
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Background: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease. It is caused by a novel virus belonging to a family known as corona virus. This virus was first identified in the month December 2019 in Wuhan, China Hubei province. Since its first identification it has spread globally. It was declared a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020 by WHO. Despite all efforts the virus continues to spread and WHO declared it a pandemic on March 11, 2020. In Nepal the first case was tested positive on23rd January and ever since numbers are increasing as days passed by. Residents of the country are the most important stakeholders to control the spread of such viruses. Nepal is a land locked country situated between India and China and is one of the vulnerable areas among SAARC nations. In spite of being such a vulnerable nation there was a lack of previous studies detecting the degree of awareness among Nepalese residents towards COVID 19.
Aims and Objectives: This study aims to assess the current level of awareness towards COVID 19 among Nepalese residents and to analyze their attitudes and practices towards COVID 19 which is very important for people’s active participation to control this pandemic. In this study we investigated Nepalese residents KAP towards COVID-19.
Material and Methods: This is cross sectional online study. A self-developed online questionnaire was completed by the participants. There were a total 29 questions among which 15 questions assessedknowledge, 6 questions assessed attitude and remaining 8 questions assessed practice.
Results: Among the respondents (n=760), 65.7 % were male, 50.3 % were healthcare workers, overall range of correct answers for knowledge questionnaire was 60.0-98.7%, that for attitude was 77.9-96.4% and for practice was 78.2-95.0 %. Participants with a medical degree had statistically significant better practice against COVID 19 compared with the general population.
Conclusion: Findings of this study show that knowledge among people of Nepal about COVID 19 is satisfactory. Yet a significant number of participants are lacking confidence when compared to other countries. Better practice against COVID requires a sense of responsibility, though the respondents with medical background had better sense of act against COVID prevention practice.
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Bjørnskov, Christian, and Stefan Voigt. "When Does Terror Induce a State of Emergency? And What Are the Effects?" Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 579–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002719865994.
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The relationship between terrorist activities and states of emergency has never been explored in a cross-country perspective. This article is a first step to change that. Given that a terror act has been committed, what are the factors that lead governments to declare a state of emergency (SOE)—or refrain from declaring it? And given that a SOE has been declared, what are the effects thereof? On the basis of seventy-nine countries all having Western-style constitutions, we find that more terrorist incidents increase the likelihood of a SOE. Interestingly, emergencies are less likely to be declared in election years, supposedly because governments believe them to be unpopular. Once a SOE is declared, it generally leads to substantially more government repression. Finally, countries already under a SOE are more likely to suffer from additional terror attacks, challenging the effectiveness of states of emergency.
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Pérez-Montiel, José A., and Carles Manera Erbina. "Autonomous expenditures and induced investment: a panel test of the Sraffian supermultiplier model in European countries." Review of Keynesian Economics 8, no. 2 (April 7, 2020): 220–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2020.02.05.
Full textAbstract:
This paper tests the main postulates of the Sraffian supermultiplier model for the case of 16 European economies during the period 1995–2018. We adopt the methodology of Girardi and Pariboni (2016) and extend it to a panel framework. We apply panel unit root, cointegration, and causality tests that are robust to endogenous regressors, cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity across countries. Our results are supportive of the Sraffian supermultiplier model. In a heterogeneous panel framework, autonomous demand and output follow a long-run equilibrium relationship and there exists panel long-run causality that goes unidirectionally from autonomous demand to output. We also empirically verify the investment accelerator (the mechanism that enables the dynamic stability of the model) by confirming the existence of same-sign panel causality running unidirectionally from the growth rate of autonomous demand to the investment share. Our results call for national economic policies aimed at promoting the components of autonomous demand that act as locomotives of growth in each country.
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Steenkamp, Lee-Ann. "Beneficial Ownership Provisions In Tax Treaties Between Developed And Developing Countries: The Canada/South Africa Example." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2013): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i9.8056.
Full textAbstract:
In the years since the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) adopted its first draft tax treaty in 1963, the world has experienced an astonishing surge in international trade and investment. The tax treatment of these cross-border transactions is affected by double tax agreements. As tax treaty networks will likely continue to expand, concerns about tax treaty abuse might be expected to grow. The extent to which a countrys tax treaty policy favours developing countries - or not - depends upon the extent to which the country is prepared to adopt provisions from the UN model tax convention as opposed to the OECD model. Developing countries, in particular, should carefully consider the design of their tax treaties so as to effectively combat tax avoidance without sacrificing foreign direct investment. To this end, the Canada/South Africa tax treaty is compared and contrasted with these two models. The concept of beneficial ownership is reviewed in this context. It is contended that a general definition in South Africa's Income Tax Act of 'beneficial ownership' would assist in the interpretation of the term for the purposes of South Africa's tax treaties. It is submitted that the scope for the source taxation of passive investment income (viz. dividends, interest and royalties) in the developing country could be magnified through treaty negotiations.