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1
Seaton, George Merle. "Views of school superintendents on schools and acquired immune deficiency syndrome." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77833.
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The purpose of the study was to describe the personal views of superintendents and their opinions of their school boards' views in regard to schools and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The population for this study included the superintendents identified by a panel of jurors, on the basis of reputational excellence, for inclusion in"The Executive Educator 100" and published in the February 1987 issue of the Executive Educator.
The study utilized survey research methodology to address the following questions: what are the personal views of superintendents, what are the relationships between these views and certain demographic characteristics and what are the relationships between the superintendents' responses and their opinion of their school boards' views?
Eight items were identified on which superintendents were most evenly divided in their response. These items included the following statements: the current curriculum was sufficient for students to develop a comprehensive understanding of the causality and nature of AIDS, schools should be responsible for the shaping of attitudes and responses of students to the possibility of transmission of AIDS, schools should provide counseling for family members of student AIDS victims, an AIDS education inservice program should be mandatory for all certificated personnel, the school curriculum should specifically address the moral and values issues associated with AIDS, students with AIDS should be excluded from participation in contact sports programs, persons with AIDS should not be protected by Federal antidiscrimination legislation, and district policies should not differentiate between AIDS and any other communicable disease or virus. Superintendent response was found to be affected by respondents' sex, promotion to the superintendency, the identification of AIDS as an issue affecting schools, years experience in education, community description of district served, race, district enrollment size and whether or not the respondent had participated in an AIDS information workshop. There was a high degree of concurrence between the superintendents' views and their beliefs of their school boards' views regarding schools and AIDS. Only the issues of condom distribution in schools indicated an anticipated conflict in opinion.Ph. D.
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Shelby, R. Dennis. "The experiences of gay men whose partners contract acquired immune deficiency syndrome." Click here for text online. The Institute of Clinical Social Work Dissertations website, 1989. http://www.icsw.edu/_dissertations/shelby_1989.pdf.
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Dissertation (Ph.D.) -- The Institute for Clinical Social Work, 1989.A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Institute of Clinical Social Work in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
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Bergerson, Sara L. "Quantitative measurement of body composition in individuals with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12302008-063338/.
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Fountain, Renee-Marie. "A study of grade six student images, concerns, questions and knowledge about Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29713.
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This research examines rural, pre-adolescent student images, concerns, questions and knowledge about the disease Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). A secondary objective is to determine if responses are influenced by gender. A qualitative survey was administered to six classes of Grade 6 students (n = 131), within two public education districts in the province of British Columbia. Student participants had no previous formal AIDS education instruction. Pupil images, concerns, questions and knowledge concerning AIDS are investigated by means of open-ended, survey questions requiring both pictorial and written responses. The study is designed, conducted and analyzed from a generative learning theory perspective. By ascertaining specific student concerns surrounding AIDS it is hoped that educators will be able to design AIDS curriculum that is both developmentally appropriate for and conceptually befitting to early adolescent needs.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
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Hatrick, Edgar B. "A national study of school board members' opinions about Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and education." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53940.
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The major purpose of this study was to ascertain the opinions of school board members about Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) as it relates to the curriculum of America's public schools and employment and other policies governing those schools. The presence of the AIDS virus in the general population presents school board members throughout the nation with potentially volatile choices to be made about dealing with this infectious disease in the public school setting. In addition to the opinion survey, data were also gathered from this national sample of school board members about practices already in place related to sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS.
Descriptive research methodology was utilized in this study. A nationwide sample of school board members was identified from the list of subscribers of The American School Board Journal using a stratified random sampling technique. Of the approximately 25,000 subscribers who are school board members, the researcher surveyed an 18% random sample by means of a mailed questionnaire. The study was sponsored by The American School Board Journal, published by the National School Boards Association, the national professional organization for school board members in the United States.Ed. D.
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Kachik, Joseph Robert. "Reactions of mental health professionals to the death of clients from acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1127.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 178 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 158-168).
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Okoh, Nacole. "Education preparation: knowledge and attitudes of msw students toward Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and sexually transmitted diseases." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1991. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3213.
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This study describes and compares the results of a survey of 53 masters of social work students to determine the nature and extent to which their educational preparation included instruction on acquired immune deficiency syndrome and sexually transmitted diseases. The study also assessed the social work students' attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS and STDs, as well as their attitudes toward the role of social work education and the profession in addressing the HIV/AIDS and STD epidemics. To obtain this purpose the investigator developed a 56-item questionnaire. One of five hypotheses generated was accepted. Results showed that social work students need to increase their exposure to HIV/AIDS and STD related issues.
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Suggs, Jaquelyn E. "Acquired immune deficiency syndrome education and training: effects on shelter workers' attitudes toward homeless persons with AIDS." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1989. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1829.
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Persons with AIDS have joined the ranks of the homeless as a result of housing evictions and loss of employment. For many of them, shelters are their only viable option. However, persons with AIDS have received negative treatment in shelters from shelter workers who are fearful of catching the disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of AIDS education and training on three dimensions: knowledge, fear and moral judgement. This study examined the responses of 40 shelter directors and service providers to the Shelter Director.s and Service Providers Survey immediately before and after a 60 minute educational program on AIDS. Survey respondents, representing 55 shelters in Atlanta, GA, were primarily black females ranging in ages 20 to 65. Ttests and frequency analysis were computed for each of the dimensions. Results showed no significant differences between pre and posttest scores on all dimensions. Implications for shelter directors and social workers are also included.
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Bouton, Pola Lopez. "An exploration of the non-medical home care needs of persons with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/691.
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Scherer, aus Pullach Patricia. "Diagnose HIV+ trauma oder chance? : das human immunodeficiency virus uns das acquired immune deficiency syndrome als "voodoo-formeln" der moderne /." München : Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/38175768.html.
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Machethe, K. F. "The level of antiretroviral drug resistance at Nkensani Hospital Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Treatment Site." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1227.
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Giridharan, Neha, and Christine Aguilar. "Clinical and economic characteristics associated with inpatient cases of non-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-defining malignancies in the United States, 2005-2009." The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623582.
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Class of 2012 AbstractSpecific Aims: To evaluate disease- and patient-related characteristics, mortality, and charges associated with non-AIDS defining malignancies (NADM) among inpatient settings in the United States from 2005 to 2009. Methods: This retrospective cohort investigation utilized nationally-representative hospital discharge records from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (H-CUP) Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Inclusion criteria included adult inpatients ≥18 years with a diagnosis of HIV or AIDS and malignant neoplasms. Multivariate regression analyses were used to assess inpatient mortality and charges. Main Results: Overall, 104,488 were included. Average age associated with each case was 46.9 years (±10.66), with 21.9% cases being female (n=22,868). The mean length of stay was 8.6 days (±10.5) and inpatient mortality occurred in 7.7% of cases (n=8,035). The mean number of procedures performed was 2.3 (±2.5) and the mean number of diagnoses on record was 9.5 (±4.4). Charges for each episode of care averaged $59,483 (±85,748), summing to a national bill of $6.14 billion (2011 dollars) over the five-year course. A higher number of cases were associated with teaching hospitals (74.1%), the south (42%), large metropolitan areas (75.1%), median household income in the 0-25th percentile (41.2%), and Medicaid payers (34.3%). Increased mortality was associated with increased age, increased number of diagnoses and procedures, and the comorbidities of anemia, coagulopathy, lymphoma, and fluid and electrolyte disorders. Conclusions: This investigation of NADMs suggest a considerable clinical and economic burden of illness, summing to a 7.7% inpatient death rate and $1.3 billion in charges per year.
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Nqaba, Nokuthula. "An exploration into the challenges teachers face in implementing HIV/AIDS initiatives and programmes in primary schools: a case study of two primary schools in Nyanga Township." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4129.
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Magister Artium - MATwenty years into democracy and South Africa like many of the world‟s nations still faces manifold challenges in dealing with HIV/AIDS. This disease affects millions of people in various forms; socially, economically and politically. HIV/AIDS is considered to be a global pandemic (UNAIDS, 2011). The largest group at risk appears to be people between the ages of 15 and 24. One crucial way of dealing with this pandemic is through education since the emphasis is on prevention. It is against this background that this study explored the challenges teachers face in implementing HIV and AIDS initiatives and programmes in two primary schools in Crossroads, in the Nyanga region, in the Western Cape. It appears that research on this topic is not normally carried out in primary schools. I therefore start from the premise that literature on the topic, especially in this empirical field (primary schools), is limited. The conceptual lens used to understand this complex issue is the Bio-ecological Systems Model of Bronfrenbrenner (1977). Teachers operate within various contexts and their teaching is often influences by their experiences, knowledge and attitudes (Tayob, 2010:3). Furthermore, it appears that the implementation of HIV/AIDS initiatives and programmes at primary school level is dependent on the relationship between many systems. The complexities of understanding these relationships warrant the use of this model within this study. Methodologically, this study employed a qualitative case study research design to investigate this contemporary phenomenon. I employed in-depth qualitative data collection procedures which included: a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis. The findings indicate that educators are seriously constrained by lack of support from school management and parents when engaging in HIV/AIDS initiatives or programmes at respective primary schools. The study also reveals that educators are not well trained to offer counselling to deal with HIV/AIDS related matters and it becomes worse with those infected. In addition, this study reveals that embedded cultural beliefs play a huge impeding factor in attempts to participate in HIV/AIDS initiatives and programmes, which are aimed to empower both educators and learners. The study therefore recommends a need for stronger financial muscle and support from schools management team to ensure that time set aside for life orientation classes be utilised effectively for the benefit of learners with priority on HIV/AIDS studies and initiative programmes. A strategic inclusion of parents, religious and traditional leaders with the Department of Basic Education and all relevant partners is very critical to achieve the fight against the struggle with HIV/AIDS through means of education at all levels within the sector and beyond.
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Thompson, Judy. "The health literacy needs of women living with human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immuno deficiency syndrome who attend the wellness clinic at the Jubilee Hospital in Hammanskraal." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/657.
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Koski, Kathryn A. "A survey of the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of University of Wisconsin-La Crosse students regarding acquired immune deficiency syndrome /." Connect to online version, 1990. http://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/45285.
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O'Neil, William M. "Interindividual variation in drug metabolism among patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0015/NQ44538.pdf.
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O'Neil, William M. 1953. "Interindividual variation in drug metabolism among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus and patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35034.
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How HIV-related disease and medication affect the capacity to metabolize drugs was investigated in 110 HIV-positive patients including 43 with AIDS. The probe drugs acetaminophen (APAP), dextromethorphan (DM), and caffeine were used to assess the in vivo activities of glucuronidation/sulphation, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2). Genotypes, determined using PCR-based amplification and restriction fragment length analysis, were assigned for the latter 2 polymorphic pathways. Forty-five patients comprised the longitudinal component of the primarily cross sectional study. Urinary analyses for probe drugs and their metabolites and the compiled medical and treatment histories of the subjects were effected. The distribution of the NAT2 phenotype was unimodal and skewed toward slow acetylators as opposed to the 50:50 bimodal distribution expected. The genotype distribution was 52:48 slow:fast as expected. There were 18 discrepancies between genotype and phenotype: 12 slow acetylators with fast genotypes and 6 fast acetylators with slow genotypes. The role of disease progression in NAT2 expression was evident. Among patients whose genotype was fast the incidence of AIDS was higher in those with slow phenotypes (6/12) than those with fast phenotypes (2/14). Longitudinally, changes in phenotype from fast to slow were associated with progression of HIV-related disease. Neither APAP glucuronidation nor sulphation were affected by disease state or progression. The concomitant administration of dapsone appeared to decrease APAP-sulphation whereas zidovudine appeared to decrease APAP-glucuronidation. The data also indicated that APAP-glucuronidation may be reduced in patients who are underweight. The CYP2D6 genotype distribution between extensive (EM) and poor ( PM) metabolizers was 59:2 as expected. However, 2 of the patients with an EM genotype expressed a PM phenotype and 4 others were less extensive DM metabolizers than any of the patients being tre
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Swan, Rosemary O. "AIDS: a comparative analysis of the attitudes of nurses and social workers toward persons with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1990. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1639.
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The intent of this study was to examine the degree to which contact with working persons with AIDS, fear of contagion, homophobia, and knowledge about AIDS influences the service attitudes of nurses and social workers who work with persons with the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
The subjects of this stUdy were 38 participants, 19 nurses and 19 social workers who were purposively selected from the staff at Georgia Regional Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia.
The instrument used in this comparative study was a 33 item, self-administered questionnaire which was designed by the researcher. A series of question were developed using both a Likert scale and a True/False measurement of responses. All questionnaire were administered during a five-day period.
The analysis was completed utilizing the Statistical package for the Social Sciences X (SPSSX). The t-test was used to test significance to differences. The results of this study found that there is no statistically significant difference in the attitudes of nurses and social workers toward persons with AIDS.
It can be concluded that the attitudes of nurses and social workers toward persons with AIDS is guided by knowledge, skills and professional values rather than moral judgements and personal feelings.
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Silva, Wilson Aparecido. "A experiência de conviver com HIV/Aids na velhice." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47134/tde-16122009-102915/.
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Embora a velhice seja uma realidade biológica, os significados que lhe são atribuídos são construções sociais e históricas e se constitui em categoria de análise complexa e heterogênea. O aumento de casos de HIV/Aids entre pessoas acima de 60 anos e adultos tem sido reportado por pesquisadores e tido ampla repercussão na mídia, pois os dados mostram o aumento de casos proporcionais de HIV/Aids entre idosos e adultos comparado as outras faixas de idade. Entre as razões para esse aumento figuram a maior oferta de fármacos contra disfunção erétil, o baixo uso de preservativos nessa geração e o atraso no diagnóstico. A velhice é cercada por uma série de preconceitos e estereótipos (ageism) em razão da idade ou geração e o HIV/Aids nessa fase da vida gera perplexidade, pois rompe com o estereótipo da velhice como uma fase marcada pela assexualidade, recolhimento e passividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de apresentar experiências de pessoas acima de 60 anos convivendo com HIV/Aids em uma cidade histórica de Minas Gerais, colocando em cena dois aspectos pouco estudados, que iluminam duas dinâmicas importantes da epidemia: a interiorização e o aumento dos casos em pessoas nessa faixa etária. A pesquisa foi realizada principalmente a partir de entrevistas com mulheres e homens, acima de 60 anos que eram acompanhados no Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento em DST/aids (CTA) e com diagnóstico sorológico positivo para o HIV/aids. Participaram da pesquisa três mulheres e um homem, com idades variando entre 60 e 76 anos, com pouca escolaridade, renda e com um tempo de diagnóstico variando de 5 a 9 anos. As entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas e os conteúdos foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. A análise dos resultados mostra diferentes estratégias adotadas para o enfrentamento da questão do viver com HIV/Aids, sendo a principal delas a tática do silêncio, do segredo e da ocultação da condição de pessoa convivendo com HIV/Aids, como forma de evitar ainda mais as situações de estigma e discriminação que ocorrem de maneira mais evidente nas relações familiares e na vida cotidiana por meio de diversos constrangimentos. Um aspecto específico do conviver com HIV/Aids nessa fase da vida é o agravamento da diminuição gradual da rede de relações sociais freqüente entre os idosos. Este trabalho mostra que as dimensões sociais de vulnerabilidade, especialmente a pobreza, as desigualdades de gênero, o estigma e a discriminação marcam a experiência de conviver com HIV/Aids na velhice. A superação de tais dimensões constitui-se em processo histórico de transformações amplas nas estruturas sociais, políticas e econômicas, nas relações sociais de gênero e na desconstrução de preconceitos e estigmas.Although old age is a biological reality, the meanings ascribed to it are social and historical constructions and constitute a complex and heterogeneous analysis category. Increase in HIV/AIDS cases among people over 60 years old and adults has been reported by researchers, gaining wide repercussion in media, since data show a proportional increase in HIV/AIDS cases among elders and adults compared to other age brackets. Amongst the reasons for such increase are: a greater supply of medicines for erectile dysfunction, low use of condoms in such generation, and delayed diagnosis. Old age is surrounded by a number of prejudices and stereotypes (ageism) because of age or generation and HIV/AIDS in such period of life causes perplexity, since it breaks with the stereotype of old age as a period characterized by asexuality, withdrawal, and passiveness. The purpose of this project was to present experiences of people over 60 years old who live with HIV/AIDS in a historical city in Minas Gerais, drawing the attention to two aspects that have little investigation, lighting up two important dynamics of epidemic: internalization and increase in cases of people in such age bracket. The research has been carried out mainly from interviews with women and men over 60 years old who were followed up at DST/AIDS Testing and Counseling Center (CTA) and had HIV/AIDS-positive serological diagnosis. Three women and one man aged between 60 and 76 years old, with little education, income, and diagnosis time varying from 5 to 9 years have participated in the research. The interviews have been recorded and transcribed, and the contents have been submitted to analysis. The analysis of the results shows different strategies used for confrontation of the matter of living with HIV/AIDS, and the main one is the tactic of silence, secrecy and concealment of the condition of persons living with HIV/AIDS as a way to avoid even more stigma and discrimination situations that occur more evidently in family relationships and daily life through several constraints. A specific aspect of living with HIV/AIDS in such period of life is the aggravation of social relationships network fading, often among elders. This project demonstrates that the social dimensions of vulnerability, especially poverty, gender inequalities, stigma and discrimination define the experience of living with HIV/AIDS in old age. Overcoming these dimensions is a historical process of wide transformations in social, political, and economic structures, in gender social relationships, and in the deconstruction of prejudices and stigmas.
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Wilkinson, Mary Ann. "The impact of neurolinguistic programming rapport skills training for registered nurses on one-on-one teaching of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome prevention." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54461.
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Nurses teach to maintain health and prevent disease. Rapport and good communication skills are especially required when teaching such sensitive subjects as prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Neurolinguistic programming (NLP) is a communication technique that proposes to enhance rapport. Rapport is enhanced by the use of a combination of verbal and nonverbal techniques where the individual is matched and mirrored by the interviewer and verbal communication follows the sensory system most preferred by the speaker.
The study investigated the effect of NLP as a rapport builder and teaching technique in one-on-one nurse-client teaching transactions including client satisfaction with the relationship and retention of knowledge of AIDS prevention information.
A quasi-experimental design was used. Volunteer nurses were trained to teach AIDS prevention. Their adult volunteer clients were the treatment group. The control group of clients were taught by the nurses using the basic AIDS prevention curriculum. The two groups were compared according to the results of pre-test/post-test knowledge scores and satisfaction ratings for the nurse teacher.
Data was analyzed using analysis of covariance and analysis of variance. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Qualitative A data was collected after the completion of the teaching that supported usefulness of the techniques for teaching. Further studies were recommended.Ed. D.
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Rocha, Sheila da. "Campanhas de prevenção HIV/AIDS : multimodalidade da linguagem e modelos culturais." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2015. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1045.
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O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar e comparar a linguagem multimodal em campanhas de prevenção HIV/Aids, concentrando-se, principalmente, na perspectiva da Linguística Cognitiva, incorporando a abordagem de fatores regionais, culturais e identitários, implicados na produção dessas campanhas. Para isso, também investigam-se as diretrizes apontadas por modelos de atenção e políticas públicas de saúde no Brasil, em especial ao caso da Aids, e como o marketing social atua na intenção de criar melhores condições de vida para todos, utilizando a publicidade como uma ferramenta de propagação desses conceitos. Nesta pesquisa, são levantadas e analisadas metáforas e metonímias multimodais cujo apelo traz marcas de regionalidades diversas, observando de que forma a linguagem publicitária utiliza esses recursos para provocar reações de natureza atitudinal e comportamental em seu públicoalvo. Para atender a essa proposição, o corpus é formado por oito cartazes e dois outdoors de campanhas publicitárias lançadas em diferentes regiões do país entre 2009 e 2015, passados mais de 30 anos do surgimento da epidemia. A investigação fundamenta-se na Teoria da Metáfora Conceitual, proposta por George Lakoff, Mark Johnson e autores associados, bem como nos estudos sobre multimodalidade, desenvolvidos, especialmente, por Charles Forceville. Através deste estudo, conclui-se que as metáforas/metonímias verbais e visuais evidenciam traços regionais, culturais e identitários, aproximando a linguagem do seu público-alvo e salientando especificidades que acionam o processo perceptivo dos receptores, contribuindo para a eficácia das mensagens que estimulam a mudança de hábitos e comportamentos.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-10-21T17:20:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Sheila da Rocha.pdf: 3934207 bytes, checksum: 8b5ff522622d2bcba744140aa72925ed (MD5)
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The objective of this dissertation is to analyze and compare the multimodal language from campaigns that prevent HIV/AIDS, mainly focusing in the Cognitive Linguistics perspective by incorporating the approach of regional, cultural and identity factors that are present in the production of these campaigns. In view of that, the guidelines indicated by models of care and public health policies in Brazil were investigated, notably in the case of AIDS. The study also evaluates how social marketing works in an attempt to create better living conditions for all through the use of advertising as a tool to help spreading these concepts. In this research, metaphors and multimodal metonymies, hich appeal to several regions with different characteristics, are brought to light and analyzed. This approach method is used to observe how the advertising language uses these features to provoke reactions of attitudinal and behavioral nature on the target audience. In order to meet this proposition, a corpus was built with the use of eight posters and two billboards of advertising campaigns that were spread in different parts of the country between 2009 and 2015, more than 30 years after the emergence of the epidemic. The study is based on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory proposed by George Lakoff, Mark Johnson and associated authors, as well as in studies of multimodality especially developed by Charles Forceville and other authors cited in the course of the analysis. Through this study is possible to conclude that verbal and visual metaphors/metonymies show regional, cultural and identity traces, bringing together the language of the target audience and highlighting specifics that drive the perceptual process of receivers, which contributes to the effectiveness of the messages that stimulate change of habits and behaviors.
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Giridharan, Neha, Christine Aguilar, and Grant Skrepnek. "Clinical and Economic Characteristics Associated with Inpatient Cases of Non-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-Defining Malignancies in the United States, 2005-2009." The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614431.
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Class of 2012 AbstractSpecific Aims: To evaluate disease- and patient-related characteristics, mortality, and charges associated with non-AIDS defining malignancies (NADM) among inpatient settings in the United States from 2005 to 2009. Methods: This retrospective cohort investigation utilized nationally-representative hospital discharge records from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (H-CUP) Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Inclusion criteria included adult inpatients ≥18 years with a diagnosis of HIV or AIDS and malignant neoplasms. Multivariate regression analyses were used to assess inpatient mortality and charges. Main Results: Overall, 104,488 were included. Average age associated with each case was 46.9 years (±10.66), with 21.9% cases being female (n=22,868). The mean length of stay was 8.6 days (±10.5) and inpatient mortality occurred in 7.7% of cases (n=8,035). The mean number of procedures performed was 2.3 (±2.5) and the mean number of diagnoses on record was 9.5 (±4.4). Charges for each episode of care averaged $59,483 (±85,748), summing to a national bill of $6.14 billion (2011 dollars) over the five-year course. A higher number of cases were associated with teaching hospitals (74.1%), the south (42%), large metropolitan areas (75.1%), median household income in the 0-25th percentile (41.2%), and Medicaid payers (34.3%). Increased mortality was associated with increased age, increased number of diagnoses and procedures, and the comorbidities of anemia, coagulopathy, lymphoma, and fluid and electrolyte disorders. Conclusions: This investigation of NADMs suggest a considerable clinical and economic burden of illness, summing to a 7.7% inpatient death rate and $1.3 billion in charges per year.
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Parsonson, Ian Malcolm, and kimg@deakin edu au. "SYPHILIS AND AIDS: HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL COMPARISONS." Deakin University. School of Humanities, 1992. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20031118.111824.
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Drawing on the literatures of history, sociology, epidemiology, and microbiology, this thesis compares syphillis with human immunodeficiency virus, with special reference to the social and historical factors likely to be relevant to the control or eradication of acquired imune dificiency syndrom (AIDS).
The sudden appearance of a new disease causing suffering and death in a community, engenders apprehension and fear which is often manifested as hysteria against, and vilification of, those who have the disease. This fear is greatly increased should the disease be sexually-transmitted.
Syphilis in a venereal form, occured in Europe toward the end of the 15th Century. Initially it was an acute, fulminating disease which rapidly spread through Europe and Asia. Attempts to control the disease have gone through periods of either partial successes or massive failures and have ended in frustration for the authorities.
When the syndrome of acquired immune deficiency (AIDS) was first reported, it was seen in Western countries in homosexual men. However, as non-homosexual community members and children became infected, it became apparent to authorities that a pandemic was accurring. Within a few years, the disease was identified worldwide. Isolation of the virus (HIV-1), and development of test for detection of carriers, plus restoration of clean blood and blood-product supplies, have reassured the community to some extent.
The history of syphilis shows that neither the epidemiological medical, nor the economic political approaches to disease control work, although there are positive aspects resulting from both. It is social responses that will offer the most hope in the long term for the control of AIDS and other sexually-transmitted diseases.
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O'Connor, Pamela Margaret. "Stigma and discrimination of Indian women living with HIV/AIDS : perceptions and experiences of women in Mumbai, India." Thesis, Curtin University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1986.
Full textAbstract:
Stigma and discrimination are now recognised as major factors in the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). To date, research has focused on how to change individual responses to stigma and discrimination without exploring the social and structural dimensions. Complex community and societal dimensions, such as culture, power and difference need to be explored if progress is to be made in coping with stigma and discrimination. India now has HIV/AIDS prevalence figures to rival sub Saharan Africa. The disease has spread from high-risk populations such as intravenous drug users and commercial sex workers into the general population. Married, monogamous, heterosexual women in slum communities are highly vulnerable. Factors such as caste, class, ethnic group, poverty and social expectations present formidable layers of stigma for these women. They have also faced discrimination since before their birth. HIV/AIDS imposes yet another layer of stigma and discrimination upon their shoulders. The aims of the study were firstly to investigate whether stigma and discrimination existed for these women by documenting and analysing literature on the individual, societal and cultural situation of Indian women living with HIV/AIDS (IWLWHAs). Secondly, the study aimed to identify, evaluate and explore the psychosocial needs and coping strategies of IWLWHAs, to determine the barriers to accessing health services, and describe community perceptions as they were experienced by the participants.This qualitative research study examined the multiple layers of stigma and discrimination experienced by women infected and affected by HIV/AIDS in a low socio-economic area of Mumbai, India. This was achieved by interviewing women who were benefiting from a home-based service - Positive Living - An integrated home-based care programme for people living with HIV/AIDS under the auspices of the KJ Somaiya Hospital in Mumbai. This programme provides a nutrition and home-based service to the nearby community slums. The conceptual framework used for this study was developed to evaluate the effects of natural disasters such as tsunamis, floods and earthquakes. HIV/AIDS is no less of a tragedy for individuals, families and communities. Within this framework, human capacity or the ability of individuals to cope is linked to social ecology - the relationship between individuals and their community. This dimension overlaps with culture and values. Three other dimensions affect humans - economic status, the environment and living conditions, and physical health. I have developed this framework further to examine threats and strengths which arise from these dimensions, and which affect human resilience. An exploratory case study was considered the most suitable approach to explore these areas, as it permits more sensitivity and richer data, and enhances rigour. In-depth interviews of 45 women in three different age groups, home visits and observations, focus group discussion, key informants, narratives, vignettes and photographs were supported by documentary data collection in triangulation of the data. A reflective journal recorded observations and perceptions in the field during three months in India.Results from the combined data indicated that IWLWHAs experienced discrimination in their families, communities and health care settings. Fear of future discrimination ensured secrecy which, in turn, prevented them accessing community services which would provide emotional and physical support. A range of reactions was demonstrated by the affected women, half of whom were also infected which added to their burden. Women who could not disclose their condition were extremely isolated, lacked family and community support, feared the future and felt hopeless. Despite their appalling living conditions of poverty, overcrowding, prevalence of disease and pollution, the women displayed a sense of pride, dignity and resilience. Culturally appropriate strategies are necessary to address the lack of education and awareness as only two of the 45 women had any knowledge of HIV/AIDS before their own diagnosis which often followed their husbands' positive status. In addition, the social and cultural dimensions which affect these women have to be explored and examined in order to strengthen the 'shock absorbers' of the family. The community health workers and co-ordinator of the home-based service were vital in providing emotional support and health information to the women. Finally, no change is possible unless men take responsibility for their sexual mores. Policy makers and programmes have to look further for strategies which would engage men in the process to change their attitudes and thus protect vulnerable women and children.
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Magcai, Dintletse Maria. "Black farm workers' beliefs on HIV and AIDS / Dintletse Maria Magcai." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4979.
Full textAbstract:
In this dissertation, the argument is the understanding of the beliefs of Black farm workers regarding HIV and Aids and how these beliefs that protect them from being infected, will lead to the formulation of suggestions for a belief-sensitive approach, which can be incorporated by health care professionals in HIV and Aids-prevention programmes for Black farm workers.
Several authors stress the fact that if any HIV and Aids programme is to be implemented successfully, the health care profession should strive to know more about the beliefs of the community, in this case Black farm workers, so that there can be sound human relations and effective programmes.
Based on the problem statement for this study the following research questions were asked:
1. What are the beliefs of black farm workers regarding HIV and Aids?
2. How do these beliefs protect them from being infected?
3. Based on the answers to the first two questions, what suggestions can be formulated regarding a belief-sensitive approach in HIV and Aids-prevention programmes for Black farm workers?
The objectives were in line with these questions, namely to explore and describe the beliefs of Black farm workers regarding HIV and Aids; to explore and describe how these beliefs protect them from being infected; and to formulate recommendations, specifically suggestions regarding a belief-sensitive approach in HIV and Aids-prevention programmes for Black farm workers.
The study followed a qualitative, explorative and descriptive approach. A participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approach was used to collect data. 'Lekgotla' was used as a strategy to collect data.
The results indicated that Black farm workers do have beliefs about HIV and Aids. Most of the beliefs they uphold protect them from being infected, however there are some marginal beliefs that can put them at risk of being infected.
Suggestions, which health care professionals can incorporate in HIV and Aids-prevention programmes for Black farm workers, were formulated based on the results, a literature control and ensuing conclusions. Beliefs of Black farm workers that protect them from being infected could be included in the suggestions for prevention strategies. Health care professionals involved in prevention strategies should actively listen to Black farm workers’ beliefs in order for these strategies to be successful.Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Cupido, Rudy Angus. "HIV/AIDS : knowledge, attitudes and occupational risk perceptions of physiotherapists in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5236.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Public Health - MPHHuman Immune-deficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a major public health problem. Globally, the number of new HIV infections is decreasing but the total number of people living with the disease is increasing. An estimated 5.7 million South Africans are currently living with the disease. The life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in South Africa has slowly increased due to the availability of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART). The progressive "chronicity" of HIV may be associated with a variety of impairments and disabilities for people living with HIV. This emphasising the increasingly important role that physiotherapists play to minimize the disabling impact of the disease and improve quality of life for PLHIV. The aim of study was to determine the HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and the occupational risk perception of physiotherapists practicing in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. This study utilized a cross sectional descriptive quantitative survey to collect data. The data was collected via a structured self-administered postal questionnaire. The questionnaires were captured in Microsoft Excel and analysed statistically using CDC Epi-Info version 3.5.1. Data was analysed descriptively and the chi-square test, T-tests and ANOVA was used to identify any statistically significant relationship between variables. The results of the study identified that the physiotherapists in the study have "high" general HIV related knowledge, although major gaps regarding HIV prevention and transmission still exists. The physiotherapists expressed a positive attitude towards PLHIV, while they perceive themselves to be at low risk of HIV transmission risk when managing PLHIV. The physiotherapists with more than 10 years' experience had significantly better HIV related knowledge compared to those with less than 10 years' experience while the attitudes of married physiotherapists towards PLHIV were significantly less favourable than those who were not married. There is a need for intervention strategies to address the HIV knowledge gaps of physiotherapists. Intervention strategies need to address physiotherapists HIV prevention and transmission knowledge.
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Mashingaidze, Mavis. "The Effect of Direct Contact on Public Attitudes Towards People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Zimbabweans." ScholarWorks, 2010. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/832.
Full textAbstract:
Stigma surrounding HIV and AIDS poses a significant threat to the curtailing of the epidemic by acting as a barrier to HIV testing and disclosure of serostatus. Previous research in the United States found personal knowledge of someone with HIV/AIDS to be a predictor of lower levels of HIV/AIDS-related stigma. However, no study to date has examined this relationship in Zimbabweans. Allport's contact hypothesis was hypothesis was the theoretical frame used to assess the effect of direct contact on public attitudes towards people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Zimbabweans with the goal of identifying areas of stigma reduction. Stigma surrounding HIV and AIDS poses a significant threat to the curtailing of the epidemic by acting as a barrier to HIV testing and disclosure of serostatus. Previous research in the United States found personal knowledge of someone with HIV/AIDS to be a predictor of lower levels of HIV/AIDS-related stigma. However, no study to date has examined this relationship in Zimbabweans. This study surveyed English-speaking adult Zimbabweans from anywhere in the world. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, and hierarchical stepwise multiple regression were used for analysis. Personal knowledge of someone with HIV/AIDS and the beliefs about HIV/AIDS transmission through casual contact emerged as the statistically significant predictors of stigma in the final model (r = -.172, p < .01, and r = .281, p < .001, respectively. There was an inverse correlation between personal knowledge of someone with HIV/AIDS and stigma. Potential positive social change contributions include a mobilized population with a common goal of eradicating HIV/AIDS, seeking HIV/AIDS testing services, disclosure of HIV serostatus, and seeking treatment leading to control of HIV transmission.
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Colby, Jason Wayne. "The effects of housing on the biological, psychological, and sociological functioning of homeless persons with Human Immuno Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2379.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of housing services on the bio-psycho-social functioning of homeless persons with HIV/AIDS. Ideally, taking a homeless person with HIV/AIDS and returning them to a healthy state would be a goal of any social service intervention.
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Buffon, Viviane Raquel. "Avaliação da genotoxicidade espermática em pacientes HIV/AIDS usuários de terapia antirretroviral de alta potência." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2015. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1580.
Full textAbstract:
A Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) é doença causada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Apesar dos benefícios proporcionados pela terapia de supressão viral, algumas doenças como lipodistrofia, doenças cardiovasculares e infertilidade aumentaram a sua prevalência. No paciente com AIDS, considera-se a carga viral e o uso de terapia antirretroviral como possíveis agentes de genotoxicidade. Apesar do espermograma não poder detectar a causa precisa da infertilidade, o mesmo ainda é o exame mais realizado para averiguar a qualidade seminal. Por outro lado, a integridade do DNA do espermatozóide tem sido proposta como um parâmetro adicional de qualidade do sêmen. O ensaio cometa alcalino detecta a genotoxicidade de células germinativas humanas e pode ser usado para demonstrar a capacidade de uma substância interagir com o material genético das células gonadais. O presente estudo incluiu 50 pacientes com AIDS, atendidos no Ambulatório de Infectologia do Município de Caxias do Sul e no Ambulatório da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, sendo analisados dois grupos: usuário de terapia antirretroviral e naive. Realizou-se espermograma e o ensaio cometa alcalino, comparando com o número de linfócitos T CD4+, a carga viral, a idade, etc. Os dados demonstraram que o uso de antirretrovirais reduziu a genotoxicidade espermática, mas não se encontrou correlação com o espermograma. O presente trabalho demonstra que o ensaio cometa alcalino é um método eficiente para mensurar a genotoxicidade espermática dos pacientes portadores do vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-02-10T16:43:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Viviane Raquel Buffon.pdf: 1789718 bytes, checksum: f0beb1ba820312cad56cf0055072f96d (MD5)
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The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. Despite all the benefits provided by the viral suppression therapy, some diseases such as lipodystrophy, heart diseases and infertility increased their prevalence. In patients with AIDS, viral load and anti-retroviral therapy are possible agents for genotoxicity. The World Health Organization guidelines are reference for semen analysis and sperm DNA integrity has been proposed as an additionalparameter for semen quality and a potential predictor of fertility. The alkaline comet assay has the potential to detect genotoxic human germ cells and can be used to demonstrate the ability of a substance or metabolite to interact directly with the genetic material of gonadal cells. The study has included 50 patients with AIDS treated at the Outpatient Center for Infectious Diseases and at the University of Caxias do Sul Clinical Center, evaluated as two groups: one treated with anti-retroviral therapy and the other was a naive group. Semen and sperm genotoxicity were analysed by alkaline comet assay, comparing CD4 cell count, viral load, age and other factors of potential genotoxicity between the two groups. Data showed that the use of any anti-retroviral class has reduced sperm genotoxicity. This study shows that the alkaline comet assay is a eficcientmethod to measure sperm genotoxicity in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.
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Kanene, Cuthbert. "Assessment of the coverage and quality of HIV diagnosis, prevention and care activities within the TB programme in Livingstone District, Zambia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4506.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Public Health - MPHIn recognition of high dual burden of tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency virus(HIV) in Sub-Saharan Africa, the World Health Organization (WHO, 2004) provided guidance for implementing integrated HIV/TB services. This strategy has been implemented using different models ranging from partial to fully integrating, and evaluations of these models have been conducted to determine their effectiveness. The aim of this study was to describe and contrast the effectiveness of different models of implementation of HIV and TB integration at primary care level within the Tuberculosis (TB) programme in Livingstone District, Zambia The specific objectives of the study included; 1. To describe the models of integrated HIV and TB services that are currently implemented at four health facilities within the TB programme in Livingstone District at primary health care level. 2. To describe and contrast the coverage and quality of HIV diagnosis in the Tuberculosis(TB) programme achieved in the different facilities representing fully and partially integrated models of service delivery. 3. To describe and contrast the coverage and quality of HIV prevention activities in the Tuberculosis (TB) programme achieved in the different health facilities representing fully and partially integrated models of service delivery. 4. To describe and contrast the coverage and quality of HIV care activities received by coinfected clients in the Tuberculosis (TB) programme in the different facilities representing fully and partially integrated models of service delivery. 5. To describe the quality and outcomes of TB diagnosis and treatment in the different facilities representing fully and partially integrated models of service delivery. A research design using quantitative methodologies: a cross sectional survey and structured observations or review of patient records (quantitative) were used. The records of 814 TB clients notified in 2010 served as the study population while the sample of 464 (232 from partially and 232 from fully integrated) were randomly selected. Two data collection tools namely: patient record and HIV/TB register review; facility staff interviews (key informant interviews) were used and the results were analyzed using Epi info statistical package. In the study, all respondents gave informed consent and no personal information was collected from the retrospective record review. The HIV prevention interventions in this study were rated below 30% except for of HIV education (97%). Statistically significant differences (p-value<0.001) existed for condom provision at facility level. Poor performance reported for STI screening (below 2%) and PMTCT information (below 15%). The HIV testing rate was 94% among TB clients which was higher than the counseling coverage of 88%. Statistically significant differences (p value <0.001) at facility level existed for clients who received HIV test results. Sixty three percent (63%) of TB clients were also co- infected with HIV. ART assessment for TB clients was below 40% and statistically significant differences (p value=<0.001) between facilities were identified for this indicator. ART assessment of TB clients at the same facility they tested for HIV was above 50% for all facilities. The continuation of cotrimoxazole was poor at 38% and statistically significant differences (p value=<0.001) were identified for this indicator between facilities. Sputum testing was 85% while the cure rate was poor at 28% average for all facilities. Statistically significant differences (p-<0.001) were noticed at model level for clients cured. Although HIV prevention and care services were introduced in the TB program in Livingstone,they were not comprehensive enough to respond to the high HIV and TB co-infectivity. For HIV prevention, other than HCT and HIV education, the rest of the critical interventions such as condom provision, STI screening and treatment, and PMTCT intervention were neglected. The HIV care services such as ART assessment and CPT implementation were also poor. There is need to put in place systems to improve these services in the district to improve treatment outcomes. The differences that were noted in performance for the majority of the indicators were mainly at facility level as being a fully integrated facility did not guarantee effective integration or better performance.
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Onyebuchi, Iroezindu Michael. "Prevalence of HIV-related opportunistic diseases amongst HAART patients at the Federal Medical Centre in Owerri, Nigeria." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5200.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Public Health - MPHBackground: The hallmark of HIV infection is immunosuppression which predisposes to unusual infections and malignancies generally known as opportunistic diseases (ODs). Globally, ODs are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Since the advent of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), a significant decline in AIDS progression and ODs has been observed globally. However, most of the evidence suggesting sustained decline in AIDS progression and ODs has come from high-income settings with relatively less burden of ODs in the pre-HAART era. The findings of studies in high-income settings may not be generalizable to resource-limited settings. Lack of information regarding the burden of ODs in HAART-experienced populations in Nigeria and the risk factors for their occurrence has made it difficult to fully assess the sustained efficacy of HAART in the country. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for HIV-related opportunistic diseases amongst HAART patients at the Federal Medical Centre (FMC) in Owerri, Nigeria. Study design and setting: A quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted with 354 adult HIV-infected patients 15 years and above, who were on HAART for a minimum of 12 weeks at the HIV clinic of the FMC, Owerri, South-east Nigeria. Patients currently manifesting an OD whose onset ante-dated the commencement of HAART were excluded. The participants were recruited by simple random sampling. Data collection: Using a structured questionnaire, data was collected by clinicians through interviews, physical and laboratory examinations for patients that provided informed consent and met the study criteria. The questionnaire captured patient’s socio-demographic information and other relevant clinical/laboratory data. Data Analysis: The data was analysed using Epi info version 3.5.1 and Open Epi Version 2.2.1. Descriptive statistics for HIV-related ODs were carried out using percentages and frequencies tables for categorical variables and means (SD) or medians (IQR) for numerical variables. In univariate analysis, the Chi-square test was used to determine significance of association between OD and socio-demographic and clinical variables while the Student "t"-test was used to compare group means. Logistic regression model (multivariate analysis) was used to determine the independent risk factors for the occurrence of ODs using parameters that had a p-value of <0.25 on univariate analysis. All reported p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 41.1 ± 10.0 years; and females were in the majority (65.8%). Over 40% of them were rural dwellers, 50.4% belonged to the lower socioeconomic class, and 55% had a monthly household income less than 20,000 Naira. Fifty percent (50%) of them had advanced immunosuppression at first presentation. The median duration of HAART (3 years) paralleled the median duration of HIV diagnosis (3.4 years) and HAART adherence rate was 78%. The overall prevalence of ODs was found to be 22.4%. Among the 76 patients diagnosed with ODs, the leading conditions were candidiasis (38.2%), TB (34.2%), dermatitis (25%), chronic diarrhoea (6.6%) and sepsis (6.6%). The independent risk factors for the occurrence of ODs were household income less than 20,000 Naira (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.1), HIV duration of less than 3 years (AOR= 2.1, 95% CI 1.1- 4.2), advanced WHO clinical stage at baseline (AOR= 8.1, 95% CI 4.0-16.4), baseline haemoglobin less than 10 g/dl (AOR= 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-56.1), current CD4 cell count less than 200 cells/μl (AOR= 3.0, 95% CI 1.14-6.2), and HAART non-adherence (AOR= 5.4, 95% CI 2.6-11.2). Past history of TB was found to be a strong predictor of TB (AOR= 5.3, 95% CI 1.4-20.2). Conclusions: Opportunistic diseases are common in patients receiving HAART in Nigeria and candidiasis and TB remain the leading conditions. Late presentation and HAART non-adherence are among the strongest risk factors for ODs in patients receiving HAART. Others include duration of HIV diagnosis less than 3 years, presence of anaemia at the time of first presentation and having a low CD4 cell count while on HAART. Beyond these clinical risk factors, poverty increases the risk of developing an OD during HAART and may emerge a strong determinant of HIV-related ODs in developing countries. Recommendations: A high index of suspicion for ODs remains necessary in HAART patients. Health education on HIV screening and early presentation should be intensified. PLHIV who are anaemic before commencement of HAART, those with low CD4 cell count despite HAART use, and low-income earners should become target groups for a more aggressive evaluation for ODs. Prophylaxis for TB and fungal infections in the absence of active disease should be widely implemented in developing countries. HAART adherence should be intensified.
32
Akhiwu, Patrick. "Home Based Care (HBC) providers knowledge attitude and perception of identification treatment and referrals of common symptoms of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Botswana." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20352.
Full textAbstract:
Home based care is a major intervention in the management of HIV/AIDS and other illnesses in need of palliative care, especially in situations where resources are limited. The challenges associated with HIV/AIDS infection in Botswana resulted in the training of home based care volunteers (HBCV) to assist in the fight against HIV/AIDS. The HBCV regularly visit and assist ill patients at home. They provided support with home activities and basic health care. They are to note changes in their clients' condition, and, if necessary, report to the home based team at the clinics f or further action. The purpose of this study was to explore their knowledge, attitude, and perception in the identification, management, and referral of common symptoms of HIV/AIDS. METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study of thirty three HBCV participants using a semi - structured interview guide was carried out. Closed and open ended questions were used to collect sociodemographic data and explore their knowledge, attitudes, and perception in relation to the identification, management, and referral of common symptoms of HIV /AIDS. A 5 point Likert scale was used to access their confidence with caring for different symptoms. The response to the open - minded ended question were coded and analysed qualitatively using thematic analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Most of the participants were women. The study revealed that fatigue, weakness and pain were the symptoms most identified by HBCV. Other symptoms like diarrhoea were also identified with HBCV demonstrating satisfactory basic knowledge and management of these symptoms. They were aware of common symptoms of opportunistic diseases like tuberculosis and the need to refer such patients. Majority of HBCV were "comfortable" or "very comfortable" with their role of referring patients for symptom management. This study exposed the negative experiences of HBCV, which included stress, fatigue, helplessness, dealing with difficult families, fear of HIV infection, and death of clients. It also highlighted their positive experiences of community appreciation, financial reward, providing symptom relief, spiritual development, increased knowledge, and having a sense of "Botho" (humanness and community responsibility). This study showed the knowledge of the HBCV in relation to HIV/AIDS and associated symptoms. It also presented their attitude and perceptions with the management and referral of these symptoms.
33
O'Connor, Pamela Margaret. "Stigma and discrimination of Indian women living with HIV/AIDS : perceptions and experiences of women in Mumbai, India." Curtin University of Technology, Centre for International Health, 2008. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17628.
Full textAbstract:
Stigma and discrimination are now recognised as major factors in the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). To date, research has focused on how to change individual responses to stigma and discrimination without exploring the social and structural dimensions. Complex community and societal dimensions, such as culture, power and difference need to be explored if progress is to be made in coping with stigma and discrimination. India now has HIV/AIDS prevalence figures to rival sub Saharan Africa. The disease has spread from high-risk populations such as intravenous drug users and commercial sex workers into the general population. Married, monogamous, heterosexual women in slum communities are highly vulnerable. Factors such as caste, class, ethnic group, poverty and social expectations present formidable layers of stigma for these women. They have also faced discrimination since before their birth. HIV/AIDS imposes yet another layer of stigma and discrimination upon their shoulders. The aims of the study were firstly to investigate whether stigma and discrimination existed for these women by documenting and analysing literature on the individual, societal and cultural situation of Indian women living with HIV/AIDS (IWLWHAs). Secondly, the study aimed to identify, evaluate and explore the psychosocial needs and coping strategies of IWLWHAs, to determine the barriers to accessing health services, and describe community perceptions as they were experienced by the participants.This qualitative research study examined the multiple layers of stigma and discrimination experienced by women infected and affected by HIV/AIDS in a low socio-economic area of Mumbai, India. This was achieved by interviewing women who were benefiting from a home-based service - Positive Living - An integrated home-based care programme for people living with HIV/AIDS under the auspices of the KJ Somaiya Hospital in Mumbai. This programme provides a nutrition and home-based service to the nearby community slums. The conceptual framework used for this study was developed to evaluate the effects of natural disasters such as tsunamis, floods and earthquakes. HIV/AIDS is no less of a tragedy for individuals, families and communities. Within this framework, human capacity or the ability of individuals to cope is linked to social ecology - the relationship between individuals and their community. This dimension overlaps with culture and values. Three other dimensions affect humans - economic status, the environment and living conditions, and physical health. I have developed this framework further to examine threats and strengths which arise from these dimensions, and which affect human resilience. An exploratory case study was considered the most suitable approach to explore these areas, as it permits more sensitivity and richer data, and enhances rigour. In-depth interviews of 45 women in three different age groups, home visits and observations, focus group discussion, key informants, narratives, vignettes and photographs were supported by documentary data collection in triangulation of the data. A reflective journal recorded observations and perceptions in the field during three months in India.
Results from the combined data indicated that IWLWHAs experienced discrimination in their families, communities and health care settings. Fear of future discrimination ensured secrecy which, in turn, prevented them accessing community services which would provide emotional and physical support. A range of reactions was demonstrated by the affected women, half of whom were also infected which added to their burden. Women who could not disclose their condition were extremely isolated, lacked family and community support, feared the future and felt hopeless. Despite their appalling living conditions of poverty, overcrowding, prevalence of disease and pollution, the women displayed a sense of pride, dignity and resilience. Culturally appropriate strategies are necessary to address the lack of education and awareness as only two of the 45 women had any knowledge of HIV/AIDS before their own diagnosis which often followed their husbands' positive status. In addition, the social and cultural dimensions which affect these women have to be explored and examined in order to strengthen the 'shock absorbers' of the family. The community health workers and co-ordinator of the home-based service were vital in providing emotional support and health information to the women. Finally, no change is possible unless men take responsibility for their sexual mores. Policy makers and programmes have to look further for strategies which would engage men in the process to change their attitudes and thus protect vulnerable women and children.
34
Mohau-Buthelezi, Mildred Ntombenhle Mamoketsi. "A social work study on the impact of HIV/AIDS in the South African Post Office in Durban." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01302004-104401.
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Albuquerque, Jaqueline Galdino. "Conhecimento deficiente acerca da HIV/AIDS em adolescentes do sexo masculino." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2008. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/1765.
Full textAbstract:
ALBUQUERQUE, Jaqueline Galdino. Conhecimento deficiente acerca do HIV/AIDS em adolescentes do sexo masculino. 2008. 76 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Enfermagem) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Fortaleza, 2008.Submitted by denise santos (denise.santos@ufc.br) on 2012-01-17T16:05:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_jgalbuquerque.pdf: 530086 bytes, checksum: 9f768e2e556e59dbf43206ec16808d3a (MD5)
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The prevalence of infections sexually transmitted in adolescents has been presenting high numbers when it comes to the cases of HIV contamination. Among the factors that contribute to the increase of vulnerability the knowledge stands out, sometimes inadequate and inconsistent, what constitutes an important aspect in the adoption of preventive measures against HIV, being the school an important space to investigate what information these adolescents have on this epidemic. Facing this, it was aimed to identify the nursing diagnosis, the deficient knowledge concerning HIV/AIDS in male adolescents. This is a descriptive study of the transversal type with quantitative approach. The population consisted of male adolescents, from 12 to 18 years, of one public school and one private. The sample was composed by 326 students. The data were collected in the months of June and July 2008, through a questionnaire containing the data data referring to the identification of the nursing diagnosis in study. The age averages of the students were of 15.25 and 14.52 years, for thoses in the public and private institutions respectively. Most were single. The diagnosis was identified in 97.2% of the researched, being the inadequate performance in a test the most present defining characteristic. The performance inferior to 80.0% in the indicators used to this evaluation was of 68.4% regarding the knowledge on general aspects of HIV/AIDS; 72.1% to the contamination forms; and the referring percentages to the correct use of the male preservative and the prevention forms were respectively 52.5% and 61.3%. Concerning the referring factors it was frequently found the lack of familiarity with the information resources. Among the means mentioned to the knowledge acquisition on HIV/AIDS, we have the health professionals, the lectures, the hospitals and the teachers. About the searched resources, it was seen that the lectures, the internet, the teachers and the parents are among the most mentioned. The friends were the option of few adolescents. Regarding the referring factor - lack of interest in learning - the students that told never had looked for information justified such conduct mainly because of the lack of opportunity, indifference and because they don’t give importance to the theme. It was concluded that the knowledge deficiencies found were related with the use of the term bearer as reference to the soropositives, the existence of differences between being contaminated and develop or not AIDS, the virus transmission through the sexual act with only one partner without the use of preservative, as well as the contaminated mother to the child, the sexual relationship with vaginal and anal penetration without condom, and through blood donation. About the use of condom, the alternatives that presented smaller percentage of success were referring to the use of lubricants, the storage and the insertion. Therefore, the nursing interventions of educational nature should reinforce the existent knowledge and give priority the found deficits, in a way to focus the nursing actions in the acquisition of favorable results to increase the knowledge of these adolescents regarding HIV/AIDS.
A prevalência das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis nos adolescentes vem apresentando números elevados no que se diz respeito aos casos de contaminação pelo HIV. Dentre os fatores que contribuem para o aumento da vulnerabilidade, destaca-se o conhecimento, por vezes inadequado e inconsistente, que se traduz em um aspecto importante na adoção de medidas preventivas contra o HIV, sendo a escola um importante espaço para se investigar que informações esses adolescentes possuem sobre essa epidemia. Diante disso, objetivou-se identificar o diagnóstico de enfermagem Conhecimento Deficiente acerca do HIV/AIDS em adolescentes do sexo masculino. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa. A população consistiu de adolescentes, do sexo masculino, de 12 a 18 anos, pertencentes a uma escola pública e uma particular. A amostra foi de 326 estudantes. Os dados foram coletados nos meses de junho e julho de 2008, através de um questionário contendo os dados relativos à identificação do diagnóstico de enfermagem em estudo. As médias de idade dos alunos foram de 15,25 e 14,52 anos, para aqueles pertencentes às instituições pública e privada, respectivamente. A maioria era solteira. O diagnóstico foi identificado em 97,2% dos pesquisados, sendo o desempenho inadequado em um teste a característica definidora mais presente. O desempenho inferior à 80,0% nos indicadores utilizados para a avaliação desta foi de 68,4% quanto ao conhecimento sobre os aspectos gerais do HIV/AIDS; 72,1% para as formas de contaminação; e as porcentagens referentes ao uso correto do preservativo masculino e às formas de prevenção foram, respectivamente, de 52,5% e 61,3%. Acerca dos fatores relacionados, encontrou-se, freqüentemente, a falta de familiaridade com os recursos da informação. Dentre os meios citados para a aquisição de conhecimento sobre o HIV/ADS, têm-se os profissionais de saúde, as palestras, os hospitais e os professores. Quanto aos recursos procurados, viu-se que as palestras, a internet, os professores e os pais estão entre os mais citados. Os amigos foram a opção de poucos adolescentes. Quanto ao fator relacionado – falta de interesse em aprender - os estudantes que relataram nunca terem buscado informação, justificaram tal conduta, principalmente, em virtude da falta de oportunidade, do desinteresse e de não darem importância ao tema. Concluiu-se que as deficiências de conhecimento encontradas relacionaram-se com o uso do termo portador como referência às pessoas soropositivas, a existência de diferenças entre estar contaminado e desenvolver ou não a AIDS, a transmissão do vírus através do ato sexual com parceiro fixo sem o uso do preservativo, assim como da mãe contaminada para a criança, da relação sexual com penetração vaginal e anal sem camisinha, e por meio da doação de sangue. Quanto ao uso do condon, as alternativas que apresentaram menor percentual de acertos foram referentes ao uso de lubrificantes, ao acondicionamento e à inserção. Portanto, as intervenções de enfermagem, de natureza educativa, devem reforçar os conhecimentos existentes e priorizar os déficits encontrados, de modo a focalizar as ações de enfermagem para a obtenção de resultados favoráveis ao aumento do nível de conhecimento desses adolescentes quanto ao HIV/AIDS.
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Fonteh, Pascaline Nanga. "Gold compounds with anti-HIV and immunomodulatory activity." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24951.
Full textAbstract:
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) that subsequently develops remain major health concerns even after three decades since the first cases were reported. Successful therapeutic measures to address HIV/AIDS consist mostly of combinations of drugs targeting viral enzymes including reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (PR) and integrase (IN) as well as entry steps of the viral life cycle. The remarkable benefits (e.g. improved quality of life) derived from the use of these agents are unfortunately limited by toxicity to the host and the development of drug resistant viral strains. Drug resistance limits the repertoire of drug combinations available. Unfortunately, because latent forms of the virus exists, therapy has to be life-long and with new infections occurring every day, resistant strains tend to spread. To circumvent these problems, new drugs that inhibit resistant strains or work against new viral targets have to be developed. The history of gold compounds as potential inhibitors of HIV prompted this study in which twenty seven compounds consisting of gold(I), gold(III) and precursors from five classes were tested for drug-likeness, anti-HIV and immunomodulatory effects using wet lab and in silico methodologies. Cytotoxicity determination was done using viability dyes and flow cytometry. Cell proliferation profiles were monitored using the carboxyflourescein succinimidyl ester dye dilution technology and a real time cell analyser for confirming viability dye findings. The compounds’ effects on viral enzymes was determined using direct enzyme assays and in silico molecular modelling techniques. H and P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies for determining stability revealed that the backbone chemical shifts of the compounds were relatively unchanged after one week (-20 and 37 ºC) when dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide. Eight of the gold compounds had drug-like properties comparable to clinically available drugs when in silico predictions were performed. The 50% cytotoxic dose of the compounds in human cells was between 1 and 20 μM (clinically relevant concentrations for gold compounds). Three gold(I) compounds inhibited viral infectivity at non-toxic concentrations and two gold(III) compounds did so at cytostatic (anti-proliferative mechanism that is also antiviral) concentrations. In the immunomodulatory assay, cytokine levels were altered by five compounds with one gold(I) and a gold(III) compound significantly reducing the frequency of CD4+ cells (an anti-viral function) from HIV+ donors (p= 0.005 and 0.027 respectively) when multi-parametric flow cytometry was performed. Inhibition of RT activity was predicted in in silico studies to be through interactions with the ribonuclease (RNase) H site although with poor stereochemical orientation while favourable binding predictions with the IN cofactor binding site were observed for some gold(III) complexes. Compounds predicted to interact with the RNase H site of RT and the IN cofactor site require structural modification to improve drug-likeness and binding affinity. The drug-like compound(s) which inhibited viral infectivity and lowered CD4+ cell frequency have potential for incorporation into virostatic cocktails (combination of cytostatic and directly anti-viral agent). Cytostatic agents are known to be less prone to drug resistance and because they lower CD4+ cell frequency, such compounds can potentially limit HIV immune activation.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Biochemistry
unrestricted
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Medeiros, Amira Rose Costa. "Consequências clínicas e metabólicas da insegurança alimentar familiar em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS: um estudo coorte." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2017. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8998.
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Food insecurity (FI) reaches 22.6% of the Brazilian population, but its prevalence and consequence in people living with HIV/Aids (PLWHA) are little known in Brazil. The consequences were studied in PLWHA, considering its effect on clinical morbidity associated with HIV/Aids, on the metabolic changes of HIV Lipodistrophic Syndrome, cardiovascular risk (CVR) and adherence to treatment. A cohort of 400 PLWHA accompanied on a reference service in the State of Paraíba, between March 2015 to May 2016, which were classified in two groups for exposure to FI, obtained by Brazilian Range of food insecurity and accompanied by a year to evaluate the outcomes. Described if the frequencies of socio-demographic variables, clinical, laboratory and the CVR; through its association with FI, using the Chi square and Mann-Whitney tests. Instrument devised to assess adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Using Kaplan-Meier estimators and Nelson-Aalen to estimate survival. The Logrank test compared the curves for variable, and we used Cox regression model to estimate the risk associated with each outcome. Devised decision tree model to identify individuals with viral load (VL) detectable. The sample was characterized by most male (61.5%), race/color brown (54.8%), mean and median age of 44 years, 57.1% education; incomplete elementary school, 48.5% were retired, 32.8% with per capita incomes between 1/3 to 1/2 minimum wage in force. The average time to diagnosis was 7.8 years and use of HAART was 6.9 years. The prevalence of was 70.7% 399 of PLWHA, being higher in households with children under 18 years old, and FI afflicted 19.5 percent of these people. Moderate or severe FI (MFI/SFI) was associated with female sex, race/color; white, low education, low income per capita, being unemployed, not being adherent to HAART and have undetectable VL. There was no difference between the groups for levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum proteins, glucose, lipid profile and body mass index. Individuals in MFI/SFI were more smokers, sedentary and with higher levels of ultra sensitive protein C. The CVR was classified as high 7.9, 40.7% of PLWHA and when used, respectively, the Framingham risk score and the Overall risk score, and not related to MFI/SFI. The Accession score 42 presented 63% of accuracy to detect the PLWHA with undetectable VL and 58.5 percent ranked as adherents. Poor adherence to HAART increased by 1.6 times the risk for care in the hospital, at 1.7 times the risk to introduce infectious diseases associated with HIV/Aids and immunodeficiencies in 1.9 times the risk to submit to undetectable VL after 12 months. The MFI/SFI was associated with worse survival to seek care at the hospital, introduce infectious diseases associated with HIV/Aids immunodeficiency and have CD4 count less than 350 cells/mm3, during the following 12 months. Individuals adhering to treatment in food safety or FI take had better survival for present undetectable VL. Being in MFI/SFI increased by 1.7 times the risk to seek care at the hospital, 1.9 times the risk for infectious disease associated with HIV/Aids immunodeficiency and 1.7 times the risk for HIV/Aids related diseases not associated with immunodeficiency, during the following 12 months. At the end of this period the VL was undetectable in 76.7 percent of 322 individuals, each with their own new tests. The evaluation of VL, CD4 cell count and treatment adherence was able to predict correctly 80.0% of PLWHA regarding detectable after 12 months VL from rules obtained by the decision tree model. The FI is a stressor that worsens the clinical evolution of PLWHA in the following 12 months, such as vulnerability to be better investigated and valued for the effective control of the Aids epidemic.
A insegurança alimentar (IA) atinge 22,6% da população brasileira, porém sua prevalência e consequência em pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids (PVHA) são pouco conhecidas no Brasil. Estudaram-se as consequências da IA em PVHA, considerando seu efeito sobre a morbidade clínica associada ao HIV/Aids, sobre alterações metabólicas da Síndrome Lipodistrófica do HIV, o risco cardiovascular (RCV) e a adesão ao tratamento. Realizou-se uma coorte de 400 PVHA acompanhadas em serviço de referência no Estado da Paraíba, entre março de 2015 a maio de 2016, que foram classificadas em dois grupos quanto à exposição à IA, obtida pela Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar e acompanhadas por um ano para avaliação dos desfechos. Descreveram-se as frequências das variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, laboratoriais e o RCV; com sua associação com IA, utilizando os testes quiquadrado e Mann-Whitney. Elaborou-se instrumento para avaliar a adesão à terapia antirretroviral (TARV). Utilizaram-se os estimadores de Kaplan-Meier e Nelson-Aalen para estimar a sobrevivência. O teste Logrank comparou as curvas por variável, e utilizou-se modelo de regressão de Cox para estimar o risco associado a cada desfecho. Elaborou-se modelo de árvore de decisão para identificar os indivíduos com carga viral (CV) detectável. A amostra caracterizou-se por maioria do sexo masculino (61,5%), raça/cor parda (54,8%), média e mediana da idade de 44 anos, 57,1% com escolaridade até ensino fundamental incompleto, 48,5% eram aposentados, 32,8% com renda per capita entre 1/3 a 1/2 salário mínimo vigente. O tempo médio de diagnóstico foi de 7,8 anos e de uso de TARV foi de 6,9 anos. A prevalência de IA foi de 70,7% em 399 PVHA, sendo maior nos domicílios com menores de 18 anos, e a IA grave acometeu 19,5% dessas pessoas. A IA moderada ou grave (IAMo/IAG) esteve associada ao sexo feminino, à raça/cor não branca, à baixa escolaridade, baixa renda per capita, estar desempregado, não ser aderente à TARV e ter CV detectável. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para níveis de hemoglobina, hematócrito, proteínas séricas, glicemia, perfil lipídico e índice de massa corporal. Indivíduos em IAMo/IAG eram mais tabagistas, sedentários e com maiores níveis de Proteína C ultrassensível. O RCV foi classificado como alto em 7,9 e 40,7% das PVHA quando se utilizaram, respectivamente, o Escore de Risco de Framingham e o Escore de Risco Global, e não se relacionou com IAMo/IAG. O Escore de Adesão 42 apresentou acurácia de 63% para detectar as PVHA com CV detectável e classificou 58,5% como aderentes. A má adesão à TARV aumentou em 1,6 vezes o risco para atendimento no hospital dia, em 1,7 vezes o risco para apresentar doença infecciosa associada à imunodeficiência do HIV/Aids e em 1,9 vezes o risco para apresentar CV detectável no seguimento de 12 meses. A IAMo/IAG esteve associada com pior sobrevida para procurar atendimento no hospital dia, apresentar doença infecciosa associada à imunodeficiência do HIV/Aids e ter contagem de CD4 menor que 350 células/mm3, durante o seguimento de 12 meses. Indivíduos aderentes ao tratamento em segurança alimentar ou IA leve tiveram melhor sobrevida para apresentar CV detectável. Estar em IAMo/IAG aumentou em 1,7 vezes o risco para procurar atendimento no hospital dia, em 1,9 vezes o risco para doença infecciosa associada à imunodeficiência do HIV/Aids e em 1,7 vezes o risco para doença relacionada ao HIV/Aids não associada à imunodeficiência, durante o seguimento de 12 meses. Ao final deste período a CV estava indetectável em 76,7% dos 322 indivíduos, que dispunham de novos exames. A avaliação da CV, contagem de células CD4 e adesão ao tratamento foi capaz de predizer corretamente 80,0% das PVHA quanto à CV detectável após 12 meses a partir de regras obtidas pelo modelo de árvore de decisão. A IA é um estressor que piora a evolução clínica de PVHA no seguimento de 12 meses, destacando-se como ponto de vulnerabilidade a ser melhor investigado e valorizado para o controle efetivo da epidemia de Aids.
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Gerrits, Ilza. "Die swanger vrou se keuse tot MIV-toetsing / I. Gerrits." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/758.
Full textAbstract:
The prevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women is still on the rise despite existing
preventive programmes aimed at reducing HIV-transmission. Voluntary counselling
and testing during pregnancy is the key entry point in the prevention of mother-to-child
transmission (Department of Health, 2000:16; Birdsall et al. 2004:3). Women
are often diagnosed as being HIV-positive for the first time when they attend
antenatal clinics and consent to HIV testing (UNAIDS, 1997).
The objective of this study was to determine the pregnant women's experiences of
voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) and to explore and describe the impeding
and facilitating factors that played a role in their choice whether or not to consent to
HIV testing after having received pre-test counselling. By understanding the
impeding and facilitating factors that play a role in the pregnant woman's choice to
undergo HIV testing, recommendations could be made to possibly improve the
uptake of HIV testing among pregnant women.
The population studied in this research consisted of pregnant women making use of
antenatal clinics in the Potchefstroom sub-district. Purposive sampling was used to
select participants with the assistance of mediators who were working in the local
clinics and the hospital. The sample size was determined by data saturation, which
was reached after 10 interviews.
A qualitative design was used and data was collected by means of semi-structured
interviews. Data analysis was carried out simultaneously with data collection. In
consensus discussions, the researcher and the co-coder reached consensus on the
main and sub-themes. The main themes are the facilitating and impeding factors
that play a role in the pregnant women's choice to undergo HIV testing.
Based on findings, it was concluded that facilitating and impeding factors that play a
role in the pregnant woman's choice to HIV testing do indeed exist. Impeding factors
identified were: fear of a positive status; fear of stigmatization and discrimination;
fear of lack of support; lack of opportunity to consider their choice to undergo HIV testing;
lack of trust that confidentiality will indeed be honoured; fear of knowing
possible positive HIV-status that can lead to feelings of depression and mental
anguish; differences between counsellors' and pregnant women's characteristics.
Facilitating factors consist of the desire to be aware of own HIV status; desire to
protect the baby; sufficient information and the importance of trust and confidentiality.
Recommendations were subsequently made to make HIV counselling and testing
services to pregnant women more user-friendly in order to facilitate the pregnant
woman in her choice concerning HIV-testing. Heeding these recommendations will
possibly lead to more pregnant women's HIV status being known by the time they go
into labour. Recommendations were made that pregnant women be counselled for
HIV testing during their first antenatal visit and the HIV-testing being offered to them
during the second visit. Research findings reveal that most pregnant women need
time to consider their choice to undergo HIV testing and to prepare themselves for
the test. Most pregnant women felt that they would possibly consent to HIV testing
during their second antenatal visit.Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
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Shrestha, Ram Krishna. "Management and analysis of HIV -1 ultra-deep sequence data." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8466.
Full textAbstract:
Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThe continued success of antiretroviral programmes in the treatment of HIV is dependent on access to a cost-effective HIV drug resistance test (HIV-DRT). HIVDRT involves sequencing a fragment of the HIV genome and characterising the presence/absence of mutations that confer resistance to one or more drugs. HIV-DRT using conventional DNA sequencing is prohibitively expensive (~US$150 per patient) for routine use in resource-limited settings such as many African countries. While the advent of ultra deep pyrosequencing (UDPS) approaches have considerably reduced (3-5 fold reduction) the cost of generating the sequence data, there has been an even more significant increase in the volume of data generated and the complexity involved in its analysis. In order to address this issue we have developed Seq2Res, a computational pipeline for HIV drug resistance test from UDPS genotypic data. We have developed QTrim, software that undertakes high throughput quality trimming of UDPS sequencing data to ensure that subsequently analyzed data is of high quality. The comparison of QTrim to other widely used tools showed that it is equivalent to the next best method at trimming good quality data but outperforms all methods at trimming poor quality data. Further, we have developed, and evaluated, a computational approach for the analysis of UDPS sequence data generated using the novel Primer ID that enables the generation of a consensus sequence from all sequence reads originating from the same viral template, thus reducing the presence of PCR and sequencing induced errors in the dataset as well as reducing. We see that while the Primer ID approach does undoubtedly reduce the prevalence of PCR and sequencing induced errors, it artificially reduces the diversity of the subsequently analysed data due to the large volume of data that is discarded as a result of there being an insufficient number of sequences for consensus sequence generation. We validated the sensitivity of the Seq2Res pipeline using two real biological datasets from the Stanford HIV Database and five simulated datasets The Seq2Res results correlated fully with that of the Stanford database as well as identifying a drug resistance mutations (DRM) that had been incorrectly interpreted by the Stanford approach. Further, the analysis of the simulated datasets showed that Seq2Res is capable of accurately identifying DRMs at all prevalence levels down to at least 1% of the sequence data generated from a viral population. Finally, we applied Seq2Res to UDPS resistance data generated from as many as 641 individuals as part of the CIPRA-SA study to evaluate the effectiveness of UDPS HIV drug resistance genotyping in resource limited settings with a high burden of HIV infections. We find that, despite the FLX coverage being almost three times as much as that of the Junior platform, resistance genotyping results are directly comparable between both of the approaches at a range of prevalence levels to as low as 1%. Further, we find no significant difference between UDPS sequencing and the "gold standard" Sanger based approach, thus indicating that pooling as many as 48 patient's data and sequencing using the Roche/454 Junior platform is a viable approach for HIV drug resistance genotyping. Further, we explored the presence of resistant minor variants in individual's viral populations and find that the identification of minor resistant variants in individuals exposed to nevirapine through PMTCT correlates with the time since exposure. We conclude that HIV resistance genotyping is now a viable prospect for resource limited setting with a high burden of HIV infections and that UDPS approaches are at least as sensitive as the currently used Sanger-based sequencing approaches. Further, the development of Seq2Res has provided a sensitive, easy to use and scalable technology that facilitates the routine use of UDPS for HIV drug resistance genotyping.
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Xia, Jianhong. "Integrated Health Services for Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS in China: Challenges and Strategies." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367713.
Full textAbstract:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has emerged as a major global health threat in the last three decades (UNAIDS and WHO, 2013). Mother-To-Child Transmission (MTCT) of HIV increases the risk of HIV being transmitted from high risk populations to the general population, taking a heavy toll on children’s health (UNICEF, 2013). Prevention of MTCT (PMTCT) measures have effectively reduced the risk of MTCT in many developed countries; however difficulties in service delivery and various access issues impede implementation of PMTCT in resource limited countries (UNICEF and WHO, 2013), including China. Hence, it is imperative that we investigate better ways to implement PMTCT to reduce the risk of MTCT of HIV.
A priority strategy to reduce MTCT of HIV promoted by WHO is the integration of HIV prevention and treatment services with maternal and child health services (WHO, 2011b). This requires a shift in the management model from providing stand-alone prevention of HIV services to integrative PMTCT services. However, the effectiveness of integrated PMTCT services delivery is uneven across different health service systems around the world (Youngleson et al., 2010). In particular, delivery of integrated services is very difficult in complex health systems such as that in China.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Juvenal, Biraguma. "Peripheral neuropathy and quality of life of adults living with HIV/AIDS in Rulindo District in Rwanda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3156_1269548496.
Full textAbstract:
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a common neurological complication occurring in the asymptomatic and symptomatic stages of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection. The pain and other symptoms caused by PN can impair functional ability and limit physical activity that could affect quality of life (QoL). Additionally, studies done on quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS have shown that, HIV-related neurological syndromes, including PN, significantly reduce QoL. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy amongst and the quality of life of adults living with HIV/AIDS attending the out-patient clinic at Rutongo Hospital in Rulindo District in Rwanda.
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Cirino, Ferla Maria Simas Bastos. "Ações de prevenção ao HIV/AIDS na estratégia saúde da família sob a ótica da vulnerabilidade programática." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7141/tde-05072011-073909/.
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As ações de prevenção ao HIV/aids na ESF foram objetos desse estudo, cujo objetivo foi analisá-las, sob a ótica da vulnerabilidade na sua dimensão programática, identificar como as equipes de saúde da família reconhecem a vulnerabilidade ao HIV/aids nos seus territórios; descrever as ações de prevenção direcionadas às populações reconhecidas pelas equipes como vulneráveis e caracterizar as dificuldades, as potencialidades e os desafios na prevenção ao HIV/aids na ESF. Para alcançar tais objetivos optou-se por um estudo exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se a metodologia do Estudo de Caso. O conceito de vulnerabilidade, em sua dimensão programática, foi usado como quadro teórico. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com gerentes de UBS de Saúde ou pessoas indicadas por eles e mediante técnica de grupo focal com equipes de saúde da família. O estudo foi conduzido no período de junho a dezembro de 2009, em 11 Unidades do distrito de Capão Redondo, região sul do Município de São Paulo, Brasil. Os resultados apontam que as equipes reconhecem a vulnerabilidade ao HIV/aids em seus territórios atrelada à dimensão individual, fundamentada na noção de risco da epidemiologia tradicional, identificando grupos ou comportamentos de risco. Fundamentadas nos mesmos conceitos, percebeu-se o predomínio de intervenções informativas, de caráter prescritivo e normativo, que tinha como principal finalidade a mudança de comportamento do indivíduo. Ações fortemente baseadas no modelo biomédico hegemônico. Como dificuldades encontradas destacaram-se àquelas relacionadas ao processo de trabalho das equipes, que apontam sobrecarga de trabalho pelas demandas dos programas prioritários; alta rotatividade dos profissionais e falta de capacitação dos mesmos para a prevenção ao HIV. A maior potência da ESF na prevenção da aids encontra-se no princípio da longitudinalidade, que permite qualificar o reconhecimento da vulnerabilidade do território e planejar as ações de prevenção de acordo com as necessidades da população. O maior desafio apontado pelas equipes está em reconhecer o processo de produção e reprodução social como determinante da vulnerabilidade ao HIV. Por fim, conclui-se que o modelo técnico-assistencial vigente na atenção básica, apesar de sua reconhecida potencialidade, ainda apresenta práticas embasadas na noção de risco e no modelo biomédico hegemônico, determinando, assim, a vulnerabilidade programática na prevenção ao HIV/aids.Actions to prevent HIV/AIDS in the FHS were objects of this study, whose objective was to analyze them from the perspective of vulnerability in its programmatic dimension, to identify how the family health teams recognize the vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in their territories; describe the preventive actions directed to the populations recognized by the teams as vulnerable and characterize the problems, potentiality and challenges in the prevention of HIV/AIDS. To achieve these goals was chosen an exploratory study with a qualitative approach, using the methodology of the Case Study. The concept of vulnerability in its programmatic dimension, was used as a theoric framework. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews with managers of Basic Health Units or people appointed from them and through focus group technique with family health teams. The study was conducted from June to December 2009, in 11 units in the district of Capão Redondo, south of São Paulo city, Brazil. The results show that teams recognize the vulnerability to HIV / AIDS in their territories linked to the individual dimension, grounded in the notion of risk in traditional epidemiology, identifying risk groups or risk behaviors. Reasoned on the same concepts, it was noted the predominance of interventions informational, and normative and prescriptive character that had as main purpose to change the behavior of individual. Actions strongly based on the hegemonic biomedical model. As difficulties faced stood out to those linked to the process of work teams, which aim to work overload by the demands of the priority programs, high turnover and lack of professional training to prevent HIV/AIDS. The biggest potential of the FHS is in the principle of longitudinality, which allows to qualify the recognition of the vulnerability of the territory and to plan preventive actions according to the needs of the population. The biggest challenge is appointed by the teams in recognize the process of social production and reproduction as a determinant of vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. Finally, we conclude that the current technical health care model in primary care, despite its recognized potential also presents practices based in the notion of risk and the hegemonic biomedical model, thus determining the programmatic vulnerability in preventing HIV/AIDS.
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Maleka, Nelisiwe Elma. "An assessment of knowledge of HIV/AIDS amongst secondary school learners of Kwazulu-Natal: an exploratory study of Bergville rural district." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2481_1363788139.
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The main purpose of the study was to assess and explore the knowledge of HIV/AIDS among secondary learners in rural Bergville district of KwaZulu-Natal. A stratified random sample of 100
learners was selected from two secondary schools in the area. Data was collected using a questionnaire and interviews were scheduled with the teachers from the selected schools. The
questionnaire was administered to a sample of 54 learners from school A and 46 from school B. The mean age was 16, with age range from 13-20. The participants were enrolled for grade
8-12 in both schools. Both qualitative and quantitative data on learnersâ knowledge and perception about HIV/AIDS, condom use and sexual issues including their attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS were collected in the questionnaire. Chi-square test was used for statistics purpose to test if the HIV knowledge of learners were associated with gender, culture and
religion. Qualitative interviews with 9 teachers from both schools were conducted. The main purpose of the interviews was to investigate the management of HIV/AIDS in public schools in rural
areas. Furthermore, to assess the learnerâs attitude towards HIV/AIDS education provided in schools. The results showed that the learners in Bergville district were more knowledgeable of
HIV/AIDS through HIV/AIDS education in schools that had limited effect on gender, culture and religion. Quantitative findings presented, indicated no significant differences between those
learners attending church and cultural activities that offer
HIV/AIDS awareness programmes and those who do not with regard to the knowledge of HIV/AIDS. However, culture stood out to be associated with one item on the knowledge of whether school children can get HIV/AIDS (p-value = 0.04). On average, the level of knowledge of HIV/AIDS between female and male learners was similar. The major findings on both quantitative and qualitative findings confirmed that learnersâ knowledge levels were very high for modes of transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS. Despite this knowledge, poor
behavioural change among learners is a major setback thus increasing high risk of contracting HIV. Adequate knowledge about issues of cure, HIV testing and treatment was of concern in the findings in this study. Furthermore, data from qualitative interviews with the teachers highlighted the lack of multisectoral response to HIV/AIDS in Bergville rural communities which thus
compromise the effectiveness in management of HIV/AIDS in schools. In summary, the study revealed some of the challenges faced by teachers and learners in regard to HIV/AIDS education.
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Lamohr, Clive. "Perceptions and attitudes of employees toward voluntary HIV/AIDS testing: a South African case study." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8115_1184927881.
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The devastation caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is having a major impact on both the social and economic environment in South Africa. HIV/AIDS hits at the core of the businesses structure - the bottom line. In the absence of a cure for the disease or an effective vaccine, the challenge for all the stakeholders is how to successfully contain and limit the impact of the disease. Intervention programmes such as awareness, knowledge sharing and sero-prevailance testing have the potential to limit HIV/AIDS infections and reduce high-risk behaviours. Whilst education and awareness programmes have been relatively successful in highlighting the dangers of HIV infection, perception, attitudes and behaviours of employees towards HIV/AIDS have dampened voluntary HIV screening initiatives. Many South African organisations have commendable HIV/AIDS education and awareness programmes, however, a concerning fact is that employees are reluctant to avail themselves to voluntary HIV/AIDS testing. Stigmatising attitudes toward persons living with HIV/AIDS may reduce people&rsquo
s willingness to have themselves tested for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This may increase the risk of transmission. It may also lead to increased absenteeism in the workplace, and workdays lost resulting from excessive sick.
The aim of the study was to establish what the perceptions and attitudes are of employees at different levels of the organisation with regard to HIV/AIDS testing. A further aim was to identify possible reasons for the poor employee response to voluntary HIV/AIDS testing. It was thus important for this research to gauge employee knowledge, attitude and behaviour toward HIV/AIDS in order for organisations to develop strategies for effective HIV/AIDS counselling and testing programmes.
The data for this study was collected by means of a self report questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of employees across all levels of the organisation using the convenient sample approach to identify the respondents. Two hundred and forty six (246) out of a total of 600 questionnaires distributed were returned, making the response rate a credible 41%.
The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyse the data obtained from the questionnaire. Both inferential and descriptive statistical approaches were used to analyse the data. The Analyses Of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether differences exist in the perceptions and attitudes of employees at different levels and groupings in the organisation. Additionally post hoc tests (i.e. the Scheffe test) were applied to all comparisons of means after the analysis of variance.
The findings of this research are important for the role of HIV/AIDS testing and awareness/preventions strategies implemented in South Africa. It provides more insight as to why employees resist HIV/AIDS testing. It can furthermore assist organisations in developing strategies for implementing effective HIV/AIDS awareness and/or prevention programmes. More specifically, the findings identified ways in which organisations can redesign their intervention programmes so as to encourage a greater number of employees to submit to voluntary HIV/AIDS testing.
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Sant'Anna, Paulo Afrânio. "Um estudo dos arquétipos nos sonhos de portadores do HIV." Universidade de São Paulo, 1996. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47133/tde-12042004-121817/.
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Este estudo discute a AIDS enquanto um fenômeno simbólico para indivíduos a partir da experiência clínica e do referencial teórico da psicologia analítica.A técnica utilizada foi a análise de registros de sonhos. Durante 22 meses foram registrados 125 sonhos de 9 de pessoas infectadas pelo HIV, e os sintomas relacionados à AIDS. Destes foram selecionadas três séries oníricas totalizando 74 sonhos, segundo os critérios: idade, sexo, orientação sexual, escolaridade, nível sócio-econômico, período de infecção, período de coleta de dados, local de atendimento e número e qualidade dos sonhos registrados. A análise foi realizada primeiro, a partir das associações e dos dados coletados durante as sessões, procurando verificar as relações entre os sonhos e o momento de vida do indivíduo. A seguir, identificou-se a constelação arquetípica mais presente em cada série, amplificando-a a nível arquetípico e relacionando-a com a situação psicológica do sujeito. Procurou-se também averiguar o movimento de compensação e/ou adaptação do inconsciente à experiência de vida marcada pela AIDS. E por último, analisou-se as três séries em conjunto procurando destacar os pontos relevantes para a compreensão do fenômeno da AIDS como um todo. A análise dos dados indica que a AIDS, enquanto fenômeno simbólico, pode ser inserida em um movimento de reestruturação amplo da personalidade. A compensação parece dar-se dentro deste processo e não em relação ao evento da AIDS isoladamente. Porém, foram registradas constelações do Self durante os eventos somáticos mais graves, o que pode indicar um esforço compensatório frente a uma situação de ameaça à vida. Os sintomas menos graves foram acompanhados pela emersão de conteúdos da sombra com os quais parecem ter uma relação simbólica. As várias referências ao mito de Dioniso ao longo das séries pode indicar, que a nível coletivo, a epidemia da AIDS faz parte de um movimento compensatório à cultura judaico-cristã-apolínea, que visa redimensionar a consciência, através da integração dos elementos instintivos da psique.This study focuses on AIDS while a symbolic phenomenon in individuals, based on clinical experience supported by the analytical psychology theory. The technique used in this work was dream analysis. In a period of 22 months it was registered 125 dreams of 9 people infected with HIV, as well as the symptoms related to AIDS. It was selected three series of dreams totaling 74 dreams according to: age, sex, sex orientation, scholarship, social-economic level, period of infection and data registration, counseling place and amount of registered dreams. First, the analysis was made, from the associations and therapy sessions' data, in order to verify the relations between dreams and the individual situation. Next it was identified the archetypal constellation present in each series. This archetypal constellation was amplified at archetypal level and related to the psychological situation of the individual. It was also verified the compensation and the adaptation movement in relation to AIDS. Finally, the three series were analyzed all together and the significant aspects to the comprehension of AIDS phenomena were discussed. The data analysis suggests that AIDS, while a symbolic phenomenon, can be understood as part of a great movement of personality change. The compensation movement seems to take place in this process and not in relation to AIDS. However, Self constellations were registered during the most serious somatic events, what can denote a compensation in face of a threatening life situation. Less serious somatic events were followed by the emergence of shadow contents, with which they seem to have a symbolic relation. Many references to Dioniso myth can indicate at a collective level, a compensatory movement against the Judaic-Christian-Apolinean culture that aims the consciousness transformation by integrating the instinctive elements of the psyche.
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Kenana, Motlatsi Queen. "An evaluation of the attitudes and understanding of HIV/AIDS that underpins the decision to comply or not comply with prenatal HIV/AIDS testing." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9853_1256911768.
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This study aimed to explore the attitudes to HIV testing among a group of black, low socio-economic status pregnant women from Gugulethu, South Africa. The key research interest was to evaluate the attitudes and understandings of HIV/AIDS that underpin the decision to comply or not comply with prenatal HIV testing. Theories of health behaviour concur that the extent to which an individual will engage in a given health behaviour, such as HIV test compliance, will be a function of the extent to which a person believes she is personally susceptible to the particular illness and her evaluation of the severity of the consequences of contracting the disease.
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Moura, Ana DÃbora Assis. "EducaÃÃo em saÃde com prostitutas na prevenÃÃo das DST/Aids: reflexÃes à luz de Paulo Freire." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2007. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=827.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorAs doenÃas sexualmente transmissÃveis (DST) sÃo consideradas risco ocupacional para as prostitutas, podendo ser prevenidas com o uso do preservativo. Faz-se necessÃria uma conscientizaÃÃo acerca da sua importÃncia mediante a EducaÃÃo em SaÃde, pois esta à a estratÃgia mais eficiente na prevenÃÃo das DST/Aids, trazendo mudanÃa de comportamentos, valores e atitudes. Diante de toda a problemÃtica que à a prostituiÃÃo e sua relaÃÃo com as DST, interessou compreender o trabalho realizado pelas prostitutas da AssociaÃÃo das Prostitutas do Cearà - APROCE no que se refere à prevenÃÃo das DST/Aids. Nesse contexto, este estudo objetivou analisar o trabalho educativo realizado pelas prostitutas da APROCE no que se refere à prevenÃÃo das DST e Aids, e verificar se essa EducaÃÃo em SaÃde estimula a reflexÃo, criticidade, mudanÃa de comportamento, ou à somente um repasse de informaÃÃes. Dessa forma, despertou-se para a relaÃÃo do objeto de estudo com a abordagem teÃrica baseada nas reflexÃes de Paulo Freire, pois âmudanÃaâ, ao lado de âconscientizaÃÃoâ, à um âtema geradorâ da prÃtica teÃrica de Paulo Freire. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, inspirada na teoria e prÃtica de Paulo Freire e analisada segundo a Teoria CrÃtica. Os dados foram agrupados de acordo com as etapas em que foram coletados: Observando as Educadoras Sociais e Dialogando com as Educadoras Sociais. Posteriormente, dividida a segunda parte em duas categorias: o perfil e o diÃlogo com as educadoras sociais. No diÃlogo com as educadoras sociais, foram identificados seus sentimentos quanto ao trabalho realizado; as principais dificuldades; os pontos facilitadores; como percebem seus resultados; os pontos mais e menos importantes do trabalho que realizam. Conclui-se, portanto, que conscientizar-se da importÃncia da prevenÃÃo das DST e Aids, e mudar de comportamento, nÃo sÃo tarefas simples, pois vÃrios fatores interferem na vida da prostituta. As estratÃgias de EducaÃÃo em SaÃde utilizadas pela AssociaÃÃo nÃo estimulam a reflexÃo, criticidade, mudanÃa de comportamento, como se deseja e espera, mas jà deu um grande passo, pois repassa informaÃÃes e entrega freqÃentemente o preservativo para as prostitutas, e, como essa à uma aÃÃo que acontece hà alguns anos, muitas mulheres jà mudaram de comportamento. Devem ser realizados projetos, estratÃgias mais eficazes, para que conscientizaÃÃo e mudanÃa aconteÃam em um menor espaÃo de tempo. Para obtenÃÃo desse fim, foram elaboradas estratÃgias metodolÃgicas de EducaÃÃo em SaÃde na prevenÃÃo das DST/Aids para prostitutas
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) are considered an occupational risk for prostitutes, and they can be prevented with the use of condom. A conscientization about its importance through health education is necessary, as it is the most efficient strategy in STD/Aids prevention, what will bring changes in behavior, values and attitudes. In face of all this problematic situation of prostitution and its relation with STD, we got interested in understanding the work carried out by the prostitutes from the Association of Prostitutes from Cearà - APROCE concerning STD/Aids prevention. In this context, this study objectified to analyze the educational work carried out by the prostitutes from APROCE concerning STD and Aids prevention, and to verify if this Health Education estimulates reflexion, criticism and behavior change, or if it is only an information provider. This way, we awakened to the relation between the object of study and the theoretical approach based on Paulo Freireâs reflexions, considering that âchangeâ, together with âconscientizationâ, is a âtheme generatorâ of Paulo Freireâs theoretical practice. It is a qualitative research inspired in Paulo Freireâs theory and practice, and analyzed according to the Critical Theory. The data were grouped according to the stages they were collected: Observing Social Educators and Dialoguing with Social Educators. Later, the second part was divided in two categories: the profile and the dialogue with social educators. In the dialogue with social educators their feelings about the work done were identified, as well as the main difficulties; the facilitator points; how they perceive their results; and the most and least important points of their work. Therefore, we can conclude that being aware of the importance of STD and Aids prevention and changing behavior are not easy tasks because many factors interfere in prostitutesâ lives. The Health Education strategies used by the Association are not estimulating reflexion, criticism and behavior change as expected, but it has given a great step, as they provide information and condom to prostitutes. And, as it is an action that has happened for some years, many women have already changed behavior. More efficient strategies and projects must be carried out so that conscientization and change happen in a shorter period of time. For the obtention of this aim, Health Education methodological strategies in STD/Aids prevention for prostitutes were elaborated
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Moratioa, Gugulethu. "Psychosocial factors that affect adherence to antiretroviral therapy amongst HIV/AIDS patients at Kalafong hospital." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08052008-122226.
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Spies, Margaretha. "The biopsychosocial factors influencing HIV/AIDS patient adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) a Social Work study /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08112008-165506.
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Lima, Marcia de. "Vulnerabilidade de gênero e mulheres vivendo com HIV e Aids: repercussões para a saúde." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5137/tde-16012013-120058/.
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Estudou-se a experiência de mulheres vivendo com HIV e aids também conviverem com situações de violência por parceiro íntimo, e as repercussões destes entrecruzamentos para o cuidado de sua saúde. Tomamos como referência o conceito de vulnerabilidade já formulado para a AIDS e retrabalhado especificamente para as questões de gênero, permitindo explorar o conceito nas situações de violência doméstica contra as mulheres. Partiu-se do pressuposto que os contextos do HIV/Aids podem gerar situações de violência de mulheres soropositivas e que as representações amorosas, o ideal de conjugalidade e de família podem influenciar no impacto do cuidado da saúde das mulheres. Foram realizadas 20 entrevistas em profundidade com mulheres em acompanhamento do HIV/Aids, inseridas nos Serviços de Saúde da Rede Especializada em DST/Aids da cidade de São Paulo, na modalidade história de vida. Encontraram-se diversos contextos da vulnerabilidade, denominada de gênero, nas narrativas produzidas, na infância, adolescência e fase adulta, reforçando padrões hegemônicos de gênero ao longo dos diferentes ciclos de vida dessas mulheres. O estudo aponta que as experiências do adoecimento na revelação do diagnóstico é o elemento disparador de medos e sofrimentos em decorrência da reação dos parceiros e a das preocupações com os filhos. O diagnóstico do HIV é o momento não só do contato com a doença, mas de desvelar ou reconhecer situações de violência. É a partir das concepções e contextos de vida que as mulheres identificam o modo de se situarem no enfrentamento do HIV e da violência. O cuidado da saúde foi abordado tanto como cuidado de si, quanto na relação com os serviços de saúde, o que mostrou a grande preocupação representada pelas dificuldades que, em função de suas condições de portadoras do HIV, essas mulheres viam para se manterem na condição tradicional de cuidadoras, dentro das referências do padrão social de gênero, quer em torno de seus adoecimentos e expectativas de vida futura, quer para com os filhos. Tais preocupações surgem como justificativas da manutenção da família diante de parceiros violentos. Embora presente, observou-se que o tema violência não é pauta na atenção à saúde da mulher vivendo com HIV e aids, nos serviços de saúde especializados. A vulnerabilidade de gênero destaca-se pela ênfase na condição materna, em que por ela e para ela as mulheres dão significados às suas vidas, ao adoecimento e ao cuidado.This work studied the experience of women living with HIV and AIDS also live with situations of violence by their intimate partner and the implications of these intersections for their health care. We took as reference the concept of vulnerability already formulated to AIDS and adapted for gender issues, allowing explore it in situations of domestic violence against women. We started from the assumption that the contexts of HIV / AIDS can lead to situations of domestic violence involving HIV positive women and that the representations of love, the ideal of marital and family can influence on health care of these women. We made 20 in-depth interviews with women living with HIV / AIDS, followed on STD / AIDS reference centers of the Municipality of São Paulo, using living history method. We found in the narratives several contexts of the so called gender vulnerability occurred in childhood, adolescence and adulthood, reinforcing hegemonic gender patterns over the different life cycles of these women. The study shows that the fact of the diagnosis disclosure to be made during an illness is the element that triggers fear and suffering in relation to the reaction of the partners and worries with their children. The time of HIV diagnosis is not only the moment of contact with the disease, but also the time to uncover or recognize situations of violence. It is through conceptions and contexts of life that women identify how to locate themselves in the struggle against HIV and violence. Health care was addressed as much as caring for oneself as well in relation with the health services. This approach showed the great concern about the difficulties perceived by these women in order to keep the condition of traditional caregivers within the references of hegemonic social pattern of gender, either about their illnesses and future life expectations either about children. Such concerns arise as a justification for maintaining the family when there is coexistence with a violent partner. Although present, it was observed that violence is not an issue discussed in health care of women living with HIV and AIDS in specialized health services. The vulnerability of gender of these women is distinguished by an emphasis on maternal condition which gives meaning to their lives, illness and care.