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Parsons, Tetyana. "In vitro comparison of microabrasion, CPP-ACP, CPP-ACFP and combination therapies on the remineralization of white spot lesions." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2014. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_cdm_stuetd/15.
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Objectives: To determine whether treatment of demineralized enamel white spot lesions with CPP-ACP paste, CPP-ACFP paste or microabrasion technique decreases lesion depth in vitro. Additionally, to determine whether treatment of demineralized enamel white spot lesions with microabrasion technique in combination with CPP-ACP paste or CPP-ACFP paste decreases lesion depth greater than any of the three techniques alone. Background: White spot lesions (WSLs) after the removal of orthodontic appliances remain a problem for clinicians and patients. Previous studies suggest that application of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP) may promote enamel remineralization. Recently, microabrasion of enamel was proposed as another treatment modality of white spot lesions. A review of literature showed that there was no comprehensive in vitro study that combined microabrasion, casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate for treatment of WSLs. Methods: A total of one hundred and twelve bovine incisor teeth were randomly assigned to seven treatment groups: 1. Control 1 (demineralization control), 2. Control 2 (remineralization solution control), 3. CPP-ACP paste, 4. CPP-ACFP paste, 5. Microabrasion, 6. Microabrasion with CPP- ACP paste, and 7. Microabrasion with CPP-ACFP paste.
Teeth in all groups were placed in demineralizing solution for 96 hours to produce artificial caries-like lesions. At the end of the 96 hr period, teeth in Control 1 group were sectioned to establish adequate amount of demineralization. The rest of samples were treated with assigned regimen once a day for 10 days and stored in remineralization solution. At the end of ten days, teeth were sectioned with a hard tissue microtome and observed under polarized microscopy to analyze enamel lesion depth. One-way ANOVA at α=0.05 was performed to assess difference in lesion depth between groups followed with post hoc Tukey's test. Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between groups (pConclusions: Based on the results from this study, we can conclude that: (1) treatment of WSLs with CPP-ACP paste, CPP-ACFP paste or microabrasion decreases lesion depth in vitro; (2) microabrasion in combination with CPP-ACP paste or CPP-ACFP paste did not decrease lesion depth greater than that observed with either paste technique alone; (3) both CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP pastes in combination with microabrasion treatments showed greater decrease in lesion depth than microabrasion alone.
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Calhoun, McKenzie L. "ACPE Accredited Continuing Education." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6889.
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Armaut, Elisabeth. "Estimation d'ensembles de niveau d'une fonction de profondeur pour des données fonctionnelles. Applications au clustering et à la théorie du risque." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ5021.
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Les fonctions de profondeur statistiques jouent un rôle fondamental dans l'analyse et la caractérisation des structures de données complexes. Les profondeurs fournissent une mesure de centralité ou d'excentricité pour une observation individuelle ou pour l'ensemble des données, ce qui aide à comprendre leurs positions relatives et leurs distributions sous-jacentes. Les concepts relatifs à la profondeur, tels qu'ils sont présents dans la littérature, trouvent leur origine dans la notion de profondeur de Tukey, également désignée sous le nom de profondeur médiane. Cette notion a été introduite par le statisticien John W. Tukey dans son article intitulé "Mathematics and the Picturing of Data" publié en 1975 [170]. La principale idée sous-jacente à la profondeur de Tukey consiste à généraliser la médiane univariée d'un jeu de données unidimensionnel en dimension supérieure.Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons aux profondeurs multivariées suivies des profondeurs fonctionnelles, pour lesquelles nous construisons une revue générale dans le Chapitre 1.Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, i.e. dans le Chapitre 2, nous entreprenons une étude rigoureuse des ensembles de niveaux des fonctions de profondeur multivariées et établissons plusieurs propriétés analytiques et statistiques. Tout d'abord, nous montrons que lorsque la profondeur multivariée sous-jacente est suffisamment régulière, la différence symétrique entre l'ensemble de niveaux de profondeur estimé et son équivalent théorique converge vers zéro en termes de volume d-dimensionel et de probabilité sous la distribution considérée. Outre ces contributions, la nouveauté du Chapitre 2, dans le cadre de la théorie du risque, réside dans l'introduction d'une mesure de risque basée sur une profondeur appelée Covariate-Conditional-Tail-Expectation (CCTE). Globalement, la CCTE vise à calculer un coût moyen sachant qu'au moins un des facteurs de risque en jeu est 'élevé' suivant une certaine direction. Cette dernière zone de risque est modélisée par un ensemble de niveau de faible profondeur. Contrairement à des mesures de risques fondées sur les queues de distribution, notre définition de CCTE est indépendante de toute direction grâce à l'implication des ensembles de niveaux d'une profondeur. Nous démontrons également que, lorsque la taille de l'échantillon tend vers l'infini, la CCTE basée sur la profondeur empirique est consistante par rapport à sa version théorique. Et nous fournissons les taux de convergence pour la CCTE, pour des niveaux de risque fixes ainsi que lorsque le niveau de risque tend vers zéro quand la taille de l'échantillon tend vers l'infini. Dans ce dernier cas d'étude, nous analysons de même le comportement de la définition originelle de CCTE basée sur une fonction de répartition, cas qui n'a pas été étudié dans [56]. En plus des simulations effectuées sur la CCTE, nous illustrons son utilité sur des données environnementales.La dernière partie de cette thèse, le Chapitre 3, conclut notre travail et consiste à définir une profondeur fonctionnelle générale pour des données fonctionnelles basée sur l'analyse en composantes principales fonctionnelles. Cela implique l'utilisation d'une profondeur multivariée générique. Dans cette optique, nous utilisons la décomposition bien connue de Karhunen-Loève comme outil pour pro- jeter un processus aléatoire centré et de carré intégrable le long d'une combinaison linéaire finie de fonctions orthogonales appelées composantes principales. À notre connaissance, il s'agit d'une approche novatrice dans le cadre des profondeurs fonctionnelles. Naturellement, nous proposons un estimateur de notre profondeur fonctionnelle pour lequel nous démontrons une consistance uniforme. Nous complétons enfin notre étude avec des simulations et des applications sur données réelles dans des problèmes de classifications, où notre nouvelle profondeur se révèle être au moins aussi performante que la plupart des concurrents classiquesStatistical depth functions play a fundamental role in analyzing and characterizing complex data structures. Depth functions provide a measure of centrality or outlyingness for individual observations or entire datasets, aiding in the understanding of their relative positions and underlying distributions. The concepts related to depth, as found in the literature, originate from the notion of Tukey's depth, also known as the median depth. This concept was introduced by the statistician John W. Tukey in his article titled "Mathematics and the Picturing of Data," published in 1975 [170]. The fundamental idea underlying Tukey's depth is to generalize the univariate median of a one-dimensional dataset in higher dimension. First, our interest focuses on multivariate depths followed by functional depths, both of which we build an overall review within Chapter 1. In the second part of this thesis, i.e. in Chapter 2, we undertake a rigorous study of multivariate depth-level sets and establish several analytical and statistical properties. First, we show that, when the underlying multivariate depth is smooth enough, then the symmetric difference between the estimated depth-level set and its theoretical counterpart converges to zero in terms of the d-dimensional volume and of the probability under the unknown distribution. Apart from these contributions, the novelty of Chapter 2 is the introduction and study of a depth-based risk measure called the Covariate-Conditional- Tail-Expectation (CCTE), within a risk theory setup. Roughly, the CCTE aims at computing an average cost knowing that at least one of the risk factors at hand is 'high' in some direction. The latter risk area is modelled by a level-set of low depth value. In contrast to risk measures based on distribution tails, our definition of CCTE is direction-free, owing to the involvement of depth level sets. We establish that, as the sample size goes to infinity the empirical depth-based CCTE is consistent for its theoretical version. We demonstrate consistency and provide rates of convergence for the depth- CCTE, for fixed levels of risk as well as when the risk level goes to zero as the sample size goes to infinity. In this last case of study, we also analyze the behavior of the original CCTE definition based on a distribution function, a case that was not studied in [56]. On top of several simulations performed on the CCTE, we illustrate its usefulness on environmental data.The final part of this thesis, Chapter 3, wraps up our work in which we contribute to defining a new type of depth for functional data based on functional principal component analysis. This includes using a generic multivariate depth. In this view, we use the well known Karhunen-Loève decomposition as a tool to project a centered square-integrable random process along some finite linear combination of orthogonal functions called the principal components. To the best of our knowledge, this is a novel approach in the functional depth literature. In this extent, we involve a multivariate depth function for the vector of the projected principal components. Naturally, we provide an estimator of our functional depth for which we demonstrate uniform consistency with a rate of convergence. We complement our study with several simulations and real data applications to functional classification, where our new depth equals or outperforms most of conventional competitors
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Ležák, Petr. "Testovací implementace protokolu ACP." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219478.
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In general this master’s thesis deals with access control methods and their individual modules and in particular with authentication of supplicants. There are listed authentication methods useful in the implementation of the ACP protocol. ACP protocol is also discussed including possibilities and uses. ACP message format is described in detail with AVP format and types. The transaction mechanism is also mentioned here. The main part of the thesis is focused on software design for protocol testing. Possibilities of the testing are discussed and test scenarios are suggested. Consequently, requirements for test software are listed and its implementation is designed. Furthermore, there is technical documentation of the program. The main ideas used in the program are explained in it. The purpose of each part of the program is written including links between them. Finally, there is a manual for the program. It also contains an illustrative example describing how to make and test a simple scenario of the authentication.
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Ojiambo, Colbert. "EU-ACP economic agreements and WTO/GATT compatibility : options for ACP countries under Cotonou Agreement." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28400.
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The member states of European Union (EU) and a group of African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states are currently negotiating for new trading agreements compatible with World Trade Organization‘s (WTO) rules. Whereas both the EU and the ACP states are in agreement that the new trading arrangements must be WTO compatible, there is no consensus on the format of the new trading agreements. The EU has insisted that the new trading arrangements should be in the form of free trade agreements, established under Article XXIV of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Unlike the previous EU – ACP trade agreements which were non – reciprocal, Article XXIV requires that the new trading agreements should be reciprocal. Consequently the EU has gone ahead to negotiate for reciprocal Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with some of the ACP states. Some ACP countries which are opposed to reciprocity have proposed that the new trading arrangements should be established under the provisions of Enabling Clause. Others have suggested that EU should attempt to apply for a WTO waiver. The Cotonou Agreement, under which the new trading agreements are being negotiated, provides that in case of those countries which are not ready to negotiate for EPAs, the EU should examine alternative possibilities, in order to provide these countries with a new framework for trade which is equivalent to their existing situation and in conformity with WTO rules. So far no alternative trading arrangements have been proposed. Although some ACP countries have agreed to negotiate for Economic Partnership Agreements under article XXIV of GAAT, there is no consensus on the interpretation of key provisions of Article XXIV. Under Article XXIV, the parties are required to remove substantially all trade barriers between themselves within reasonable time. The meaning of the phrases 'substantially all' and 'reasonable time‘ has remained controversial with each party giving an interpretation that favours its interests. Lack of consensus on the meaning of these phrases has hindered the conclusion of negotiations for EPAs. In a nutshell, the question of WTO compatibility presents the biggest hurdle to the conclusion of the new trading arrangements between the EU and the ACP group. This paper is an evaluation of the options available to the ACP countries to conclude WTO compatible trading arrangements with the EU. Chapter one of this paper is an introductory chapter which offers an overview of the entire paper. Chapter two sets out in details the historical background of the economic relationship between the EU and the ACP states. This chapter illustrates the historical background from which the new trading agreements have evolved to help the reader understand certain key features of the current economic partnership agreements. Chapter three looks at the GATT/WTO provisions relevant to the establishment of WTO compatible trading arrangements between EU and ACP countries. Particular emphasis is placed on Article XXIV, the Enabling Clause and the WTO waiver. Chapter four is the main chapter in which the paper explores the possibilities of concluding WTO compatible trading agreements under Article XXIV, Enabling clause and the WTO waiver. Chapter five draws the conclusions of this paper.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
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Clarke, Hayley Diana. "Investigations into β-ketoacyl-ACP Synthase III and enoyl-ACP reductase of plant fatty acid synthase." Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4484/.
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An antisense transgenic approach was taken in order to assess the importance of P-ketoacyl-ACP- Synthase III (KAS III) in regulation and initiation of de novo fatty acid synthesis in planta. The transgenic plants were generated in order to show whether alternative pathways exist to initiate fatty acid synthesis if the most direct route is lost. In order to develop such a study, a KAS III cDNA clone of 1622bp was isolated from a Brassica napus embryo library. This clone was used to generate an antisense construct containing a strong double 35S promoter and a CaMV poly A tail. The antisense vector was transformed into both Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana. Sixty-three antisense KAS III lines were generated in Brassica napus, along with 10 transgenic KAS III Arabidopsis thaliana lines. The open reading frame of the KAS III cDNA clone was overexpressed in E.coli to yield a novel protein of 45kDa. It was subsequently purified and used to raise KAS III polyclonal and sera. This provided an immunological tool that could detect KAS III in leaf and seed extracts in wild type Brassica napus. To analyse whether KAS III caused any pleiotropic effects on other FAS components such as down regulation of other FAS enzymes, a quantitative ELISA assay was developed to Enoyl- ACP-Reductase (ENR). This was the first such assay for the detection of ENR in plants and its development has required careful consideration of sample preparation. Levels of KAS III, ENR and (3-Keto-ACP-Reductase (BKR)) were assessed in developing leaf of wild type cultivars, along with total fatty acid levels in the growing leaf. Analysis of transgenic KAS III lines was performed in conjunction with the analysis of transgenic sense and antisense ENR Brassica napus that had become available during the study. Transgenic KAS III lines were seen to be slower growing, but were still able to grow to maturity, flower and set seed. This suggests that the KAS FU down regulation may lead to the use of alternative pathways in the synthesis of the initial condensation product acetoacetyl-ACP. Down regulation of ENR in some antisense KAS III lines suggest that a pleiotropic effect may have been exerted as a result of the lowering of KAS III levels. The analysis of the Tl generations for both KAS III and ENR during this study showed that certain lines possessed a phenotype which is characterised by a slower growing plant, where a change of seed morphology was observed along with a change in testa colour and a decrease in overall fatty acid levels in the seed.
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Pinhel, Midana Fernandes Augusto. "Cooperação UE-ACP – agricultura e desenvolvimento. A importância do sector agrícola no desenvolvimento dos países ACP." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8437.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais, Especialização em Relações InternacionaisA cooperação UE-ACP remonta da parte IV do tratado de Roma, que se iniciou com assinatura da primeira convenção de Lomé 1975, com objectivo de promover e acelerar o desenvolvimento económico, cultural e social dos países ACP a fim de contribuírem para a paz e a segurança mundial e promover um contexto político estável e democrático. Passadas três décadas, objectivo esse que ainda está longe de ser atingido. Em 2000, na cidade Cotonou, foi assinado um novo modelo da cooperação entre os dois actores internacionais que vai até 2020, a fim de responder as exigências das novas realidades internacionais. No nosso trabalho, abordamos as constantes transformações nas relações internacionais que têm influências directa ou indirectamente no quadro desta cooperação, nomeadamente a guerra fria e assim como a actual era da globalização económica que a suas abordagens seriam imprescindíveis para a compreensão deste quadro da cooperação. As condições socio-políticas dos países ACP também merecem uma atenção especial no nosso trabalho, sabendo que nenhum país consegue desenvolver-se com a instabilidade política e corrupção mas infelizmente continuam a ser uma realidade em vários países ACP, particularmente da África. A viragem da UE para os outros parceiros após a guerra fria, particularmente para os países da Europa de Leste motivada pelo insucesso de cooperação com os países em vias de desenvolvimento e pela perda da importância desses países na cena política internacional assim como pela segurança da própria Europa merece a nossa atenção neste trabalho. O principal objectivo da nossa investigação consiste em avaliar até que ponto a cooperação UE-ACP contribui para o desenvolvimento dos países ACP, particularmente a agricultura e as suas potencialidades para o desenvolvimento dos países ACP. As regras de comércio mundial que obriguem as pequenas indústrias dos países ACP a competirem com as indústrias dos países desenvolvidos com destaque do sector agrícola com consequência no crescimento económico, assim como a oportunidade do emprego que contribui e muito para o desenvolvimento dos países ACP.
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Jedlička, Zdeněk. "Přístupový systém založený na protokolu ACP." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219429.
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Work is focused on the possibility of implementation of ACP into applications for mobile devices using the Android operating system ogether with the implementation of this Protocol in the hardware device. Communication is based on standard TCP / IP and UDP protocol.
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Šarapatka, Bořivoj. "Phosphatase activities (ACP, ALP) in agroecosystem soils /." Uppsala : Dept. of Ecology and Crop Production Science, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a396.pdf.
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Polit, Montes de Oca Esteban. "Une n-acp d'un hypercube de donnees." Grenoble 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE21015.
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Extension du modele tucker3 pour l'analyse de cubes a plus de 3 modes. Utilisation d'une approche geometrique qui permet l'introduction de metriques dans chaque mode. On associe a un hypercube de donnees une forme n-lineaire qu'on approche par une forme n-lineaire de rang plus petit pouvant etre associee a un hypercube de dimensions reduites. Presentation d'un algorithme nomme tuckalsn pour resoudre ce probleme d'approximation. Tuckalsn est une extension de l'algorithme iteratif tuckals3 de kroonenberg et de leeuw. Definition des composantes principales de la n-acp. Elles sont une generalisation des cp de l'acp, et elles s'interpretent de facon analogue. Certaines proprietes d'optimalite sont respectees. On propose des representations graphiques pour les modes et des indices pour mesurer la fidelite avec laquelle la forme n-lineaire permet de reproduire le n-cube original de donneesThe model proposed by tucker for analysing 3 modes data sets is extended to the n-modes setting and metrics are introduced for analysing each mode. One assotiates an n-linear form to each n-mode data set and approches by an n-linear form of smaller rank, that defines a n-mode data set of reduced sizes, easier to analyse. We propose an algorithm named tuckalsn that solves the approximation problem involved in extending the iterative process given by kroonenberg and de leeuw. The latent variables, so obtained, are shown to extenoed principal components built by usual 2 modes pca, and received analogous interpretations. We discuss too the optimality properties of usual pca that remain true or not in the n-modes setting. Graphical representations as well as interpretative tools for reading them are proposed, such as indices meaning the global and elementwise quality and reliability of the approximation
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Etse, Koffi. "Le Togo et les accords ACP-CE." Poitiers, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008POIT3019.
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La suspension de la coopération européenne avec le Togo était fondée sur la cause avancée de "déficit démocratique". Celle-ci résulterait non seulement de la nature du régime politique du pays à laquelle le Constituant togolais devra remédier mais également de la pratique inconstitutionnelle caractérisée par des institutions politiques aux fondements démocratiques fragiles parce que contestées. Or la base juridique de cette suspension de la coopération ne pouvait se reposer sur un tel fondement dans les relations bilatérales entre la Communauté européenne et le Togo. Elle découlerait de la violation par ce pays de l'article 5 de la quatrième convention de Lomé relatif au respect des droits de l'Homme. L'impact de la suspension de la coopération européenne fut négatif tant pour le développement économique que celui social et humain du Togo. Ce pays se trouvait dès lors face à la nécessité et à la difficulté de reprendre la coopération avec les pays européens. Après les consultations engagées avec la Communauté européenne sur le fondement de l'article 96 de l'Accord de Cotonou, le gouvernement togolais devait mettre en œuvre les vingt-deux engagements pris à Bruxelles en avril 2004 et surtout organiser des élections législatives "libres, démocratiques et transparentes". Des résultats de ces élections, dépendront ou non la reprise pérenne de la coopération européenne et l'établissement de la démocratie dans le paysThe suspension of European Community (EC)'s relationship with Togo was founded on its' "democracy deficit". This would result not only from the nature of this country's regime but also from the unconstitutional practises which founded its' political institutions on light democracy. Futhermore, the juridical basis of this breaking off relationship was founded on Article 5 of the fourth Lome Agreement. The impact of this situation was severe for the economical, human and social country's development. Togo might renew its relationship with EC. After discussions at Brussels in April 2004 based on Article 96 of Cotonou Agreement, European Community has to measure the effectiveness of the 22 Togo's government undertakings. The important one is "free, democratic and fair" legislative elections which was also the ultimate condition of renewal European cooperation with Togo and democracy establishment in this country
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Polit, Montes de Oca Esteban. "Une n-ACP d'un hypercube de données." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376004830.
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Kolarík, Tomáš. "Implementace protokolu ACP do operačního systému L4." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219477.
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This thesis deals with the implementation of ACP protocol which serves to manage the access for operation system based on L4 microkernel. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with methods of access management in computer networks. It focuses primarily on AAA systems which make access management possible. Furthermore it describes in detail the ACP protocol, the types of messages and their feedback. The next theoretical part is dedicated to operation systems and in particular to their architecture and services. Then we get a closer look at L4 microkernel family, their philosophy and properties. We continue with a detailed description of the L4 application interface and its ways of expansion. The practical section deals with the implemented concept of system for ACP protocol support in computers. General concept is then applied in real implementation of ACP protocol into the L4 operation system environment based on the L4 platform. To assist, I also included a detailed tutorial explaining the modeling and compilation of software for this platform. At this point we describe the methods used at the implementation and the description of particular modules and features. The end of the thesis concludes the information about the ways of testing and the implementation properties.
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Nikabou, Lantame Jean. "Les conventions ACP-EU et les sanctions économiques de l'Union européenne contre les Etats ACP : le cas du Togo." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAA038/document.
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L’Accord de Cotonou, signé en juin 2000 entre l’Union européenne et les États d’Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique (ACP), se caractérise par un respect des droits de l’homme, des normes démocratiques et de l’État de droit d’une part, et la quête d’une conformité des normes aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), d’autre part. En effet, la politique de développement mise en place par l’Europe au profit des États ACP a vu le jour avec le Traité de Rome et la création du Fonds européen de développement au profit des ces pays. Pendant longtemps, le partenariat, essentiellement économique, a octroyé d’énormes avantages aux pays ACP en vue d’assurer leur développement. Depuis bientôt deux décennies que les normes politiques ont été insérées dans ce partenariat, force est de constater que quelques pays, dont le Togo, demeurent toujours réticents quant à l’instauration de réelles réformes démocratiques en vue d’assurer une véritable alternance politique. En dépit des sanctions infligées çà et là par l’Union européenne, ces pays trouvent un appui auprès de la Chine qui mène, avec les pays d’Afrique, un partenariat en toute exclusion de la société civileCotonou agreement, signed in June 2000, between the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Countries, is characterized by the respect of Human Rights, Democratic standards and Rule of Law in one side, and the quest for compliance with the standards principles of World trade Organization (WTO) in the other side. Since then the development policy implemented by Europe for ACP Countries was created with the Treaty of Rome which established European Development Funds, in favor of these countries. For many years, this partnership, mainly economic, has given huge benefits to ACP countries to ensure their development. For almost two decades that the political standards rules were introduced into this partnership, no doubt to notice that some countries, including Togo, are still reluctant to introduce real democratic reforms to ensure effective political changes. Despite sanctions here and there from the European Union, these countries find support from China who treats with African countries, a specific partnership excluding any Civil Society
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Mbala, Langa-Langa. "La problématique de la coopération Etats ACP/UE." Paris 8, 2002. https://octaviana.fr/document/181855232#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
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La coopération d'aide au développement est née au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Sans conteste, la Plan Marshall constitue un exemple frappant d'aide économique à une vaste échelle géographique. Toutefois, il y a une trentaine d'années, un évènement historique, la décolonisation, bouleversait les rapports internationaux. La vague des indépendances faisaient disparaître les liens juridiques qui unissaient colonisateurs et colonisés. Cette mutation profonde et définitive débouchait sur des rapports nouveaux fondés sur une volonté commune de développement. C'est ce qu'on appellera très vite la coopération. La coopération Etats ACP/UE a plus de quarante ans et son existence date de la création de la Communauté économique européenne qu'institue le traité de Rome du 25 mars 1957. Si les premiers rapports d'association CEE/Pays et territoires d'Outre-mer s'inscrivent dans le cadre défini par la quatrième partie du traité CEE, l'entrée en vigueur de la première convention de Yaoundé, le 20 juin 1964, modifie en profondeur ces rapports, notamment avec les indépendances des associés au traité qui réclament également leur indépendance économique, sans laquelle l'indépendance politique n'est qu'un vain mot. . .
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Hartgraves, Morri D. "Carbachol- and ACPD-Induced Phosphoinositide Responses in the Developing Rat Neocortex." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2640/.
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Signal transduction via the phosphoinositide (PI) second messenger system has key roles in the development and plasticity of the neocortex. The present study localized PI responses to individual cortical layers in slices of developing rat somatosensory cortex. The acetylcholine agonist carbachol and the glutamate agonist trans-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (ACPD) were used to stimulate PI turnover. The PI responses were compared to the distribution of the corresponding PI-linked receptors in order to investigate the regional ontogeny of PI coupling to receptors in relation to neural development. The method for assessing PI turnover was modified from Hwang et al. (1990). This method images the PI response autoradiographically through the localizaton of [3H]cytidine that has been incorporated into the membrane-bound intermediate, cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol. In each age group (postnatal days 4-30), carbachol resulted in more overall labeling than ACPD. For both agonists, the response peaked on postnatal day 10 (P10) and was lowest in the oldest age group. The laminar distribution of the carbachol PI response from P4-P16 corresponded fairly well with the laminar distribution of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding (Fuchs, 1995). However, in the subplate layer the carbachol response was strong while receptor binding was minimal. The carbachol response decreased after postnatal day 10, while the overall levels of receptor binding continued to increase. From P5 - P14, PI-linked metabotropic glutamate receptors are most concentrated in layer IV (Blue et al., 1997), whereas only on P6 was there a correspondingly high ACPD-initiated PI response in this layer. Unlike receptors, the PI response was strong in upper V (P4 - P12) and within layers II/III (P8 - P16). From P4 - P21, the subplate showed relatively high PI labeling compared to receptor binding. The several differences between the distribution of PI response and receptors suggest spatiotemporal heterogeneity of receptor coupling to second messenger systems.
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Xavier, José Rodolfo Ferreira [UNESP]. "Resolução da equação Laplace ao sistema multiprocessador ACP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132724.
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Hjemdahl, Moa. "Webbplats i WordPress : Modulär uppbyggnad med ACF plugin." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationssystem och –teknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-42147.
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The report is about the project with the aim of building a front-end solution on a website in the WCMS WordPress for the customer Photon Sports through the full-service agency Oh My. The website, which will be built from an already developed design, will showcase the company's product and include a function for interested parties to sign up for a waiting list. The structure must be made so flexible in terms of content that the customer can manage and update the website through the WordPress admin interface after the completed project. The modules and other elements that will build the subpages on the website are created with the WordPress plugin Advanced Custom Fields (ACF), self-written code in the languages HTML and PHP, CSS with Tailwind for styling, JS for functionality, and with WordPress' functions for mail and menus. The project results in a finished solution that is functional, responsive, available in different formats, and that lives up to the design requirements. The content of the website is flexible for the customer to handle and the basic idea of the WCMS comes in handy for both the customer and the developer, even if the usability of the admin interface does not always live up to its full potential. Results of technical tests such as validation of code and the speed of the website show points that do not reach the highest level but are concluded not to be fixed due to possibility or choice. The entire work with the project has shown lessons in method and approach, thoughts on possible further solutions to usability, and reflection on ethical and social parts of the project concerning accessibility and laws.Rapporten handlar om projektet med syftet att genom fullservicebyrån Oh My bygga en frontend lösning på en webbplats i WCMSet WordPress till kunden Photon Sports. Webbplatsen som ska byggas från en redan framtagen design ska visa upp företagets produkt och innehålla funktion för intressenter att skriva upp sig på en väntelista. Uppbyggnaden ska göras så pass flexibel innehållsmässigt att kunden ska själv kunna efter avslutat projekt hantera och uppdatera webbplatsen genom WordPress admingränssnitt. Modulerna och övriga element som ska bygga upp undersidorna på webbplatsen skapas med WordPress pluginet Advanced Custom Fields(ACF), egenskriven kod i språken HTML och PHP, CSS med Tailwind för styling, JS för funktionalitet, och med WordPress funktioner för mail och menyer. Projektet resulterar i färdig lösning som är funktionell, responsiv, tillgänglig i olika format och som lever upp till designens krav. Innehållet i webbplatsen är flexibelt för kunden att hantera och grundtanken med WCMSet kommer till sin användning för likväl kunden som utvecklaren även om användbarheten i admingränssnittet inte alltid lever upp till sin fulla potential. Resultat på tekniska tester som validering av kod och webbplatsens hastighet visar på punkter som inte når högsta nivå men får slutsaten att ej åtgärdas på grund av möjlighet eller val. Hela arbetet med projektet har visat på lärdomar i metod och förhållningssätt, tankar om möjliga vidare lösningar på användbarhet och reflektion över etiska och sociala delar i projektet som rör tillgänglighet och lagar.
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Xavier, José Rodolfo Ferreira. "Resolução da equação Laplace ao sistema multiprocessador ACP /." São Paulo : [s.n.], 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132724.
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Adjali, Mohamed Iqbal. "The soliton of the effective chiral action in the two-point approximation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:afd6bb9e-acef-4325-8d02-aaa02e456629.
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In this thesis, we study the "two-point approximation" for highly non-local effective actions, in the particular case of the Chiral Soliton Model of the nucleon. The nucleon in this model is regarded as being made of three valence quarks bound together by a meson field in a soliton form. Mesons are treated in mean field theory and the vacuum energy due to one-quark loops is included. The theory is defined with a finite cut-off in momentum space, consistent with an effective theory for the low-energy description of the strong interactions. We use the two-point approximation to calculate the vacuum correction to the chiral soliton energy for a variety of soliton profile functions, investigating the effect of different regularisation schemes. Results are little influenced by the choice of the cut-off, and are within 20% of exact calculations, done with the full inclusion of the Dirac sea. We then perform a dynamical calculation of the chiral soliton by including sea-quark effects self-consistently in the two-point approximation. We find a typical 20% (or less) deviation in the soliton energy from exact calculations. We apply a further "pole" approximation which leads to a significant algebraic simplification in the self-consistent equations. We show, in particular, that a simple numerical fit of the pole form to the two-point cut-off function yields essentially indistinguishable results from the latter. We finally calculate some static nucleon observables in the two-point approximation and find general agreement with exact calculations. In view of the results obtained, we may hope that the pole form of the twopoint approximation may prove to be a generally useful approach to similar problems involving highly non-local actions.
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Smith, Jeff Alfred. "The dynamics of solar filament channels." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/f63f777e-accf-483f-b920-0f553188ece4.
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This research seeks to expand understanding of the processes which occur in solar filament channels by both modeling and observational methods. Firstly, a cutting-edge area of Non-Linear Force Free modeling is significantly expanded to allow 3D multiwavelength models with 45 second cadence; this allows prediction of rapid changes to the structures under study. Three-dimensional multi-wavelength models of a coronal loop system are created, allowing the estimation of some of the temperature distribution in the plasma. The free energy released in an eruption is also estimated. In the following chapter, wave trains are observed in a solar filament, which I believe to be the first observations of their kind. These are interpreted as two very fast waves propagating across flux tubes in a solar filament, which in turn cause a succession of magneto-acoustic waves in different flux tubes. Following these exciting observations, the chapter attempts to explain the origin in terms of changes in the magnetic field. Finally, counter-streaming motions are observed and discussed. The ubiquity of fast motions in Extreme Ultra-Violet wavelengths is shown. These are interpreted as waves rather than mass flows and it is thus postulated that many features in other filaments which could be interpreted as mass flows may in fact be waves. Through analysis of the magnetic field, observations of motions propagating in both directions from the same area and observations of the “reversal” of motions in the same flux rope, this chapter also offers possible explanations for the fascinating phenomenon of counter-streaming.
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Strausz, Erzebet. "Being in discourse in IR : an experience book of 'sovereignty'." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/b9cf4406-b738-4bdd-acdf-96db14a436a3.
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This thesis focuses on the lived experience of social scientific practice and processes of subject formation in the academic discipline of International Relations. It draws inspiration from Michel Foucault’s philosophy and critical ethos of self-transformation with special emphasis on his early writings on aesthetics, knowledge and discourse as well as his late Collège de France lectures on ethics. The genre and project of the ‘experience book’ takes Foucault’s self-transformative ethos seriously by translating it into action, into actual practice. As such, it provides a first person narrative of some of the ways in which ‘we’, professionals of the field, become sub-jects of particular experiences in the ‘disciplinary life’ of IR as academic knowers, thinkers, readers and writers. Through a series of accounts of the self, that is, through my own attempts at narrative reconstruction of the constitution of my scholarly sub-jectivity in the subfields of ‘sovereignty’ discourses and what we may call ‘Foucaul-tian IR’, the thesis develops a subjective, insider’s view of the experience of being in discourse and some of its subjectivating effects. As a political project the very pro-cess of the writing of this thesis is an effort to negotiate these discursive forces: the thesis sets out to cultivate alternative subjectivities and modes of being in discourse for the self and others. Through the exploration of the desubjectifying potentials of narrative writing the experience books seeks to open up possibilities to remake scien-tific experience by problematizing some of those unreflected everyday academic practices that reinforce and perpetuate disciplinary identities. Ultimately, it seeks to work towards the transformation of academic practice (and academic experience) in-to a site of resistance to contemporary forms of government.
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Pang, Weiran. "Optically reconfigurable microwave and millimetre wave switches." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/08406d85-e3e1-4d27-acef-d905979c8ac8.
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Reconfigurability has become a desirable and essential feature of modern Radio-Frequency (RF) systems for wireless communications due to the unprecedented challenge to accommodate multiple bands in communication standards. Reconfigurable circuitry makes it possible to reduce the size and cost of the system by providing RF tuning instead of duplicating the same circuits for every desired band. Optical reconfiguration is distinguished by its elimination of an electrical bias system and ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI), while potentially providing fast switching compared with other conventional RF tunable approaches. This project is primarily interested in the new designs and characterisations of optically-tunable switches which remove the need of a diode junction and thus, inherently demonstrate high linearity and power-handling ability. In addition, the recent development of a semiconductor laser and Light Emitting Diode (LED)/Infra-Red Emitting Diode (IRED) techniques has enabled the achievement of high-intensity and spatial illumination in a pulsed tuning operation. These facts are the motivation for a new investigation of optically reconfigurable microwave and millimetre wave switches. Initial work focuses on generating an ElectroMagnetic (EM) simulation model and investigating the high insertion loss in the photoconductive switches presented in previous work. It then involves the use of improved designs for optically- controlled switches at microwave and millimetre wave frequencies. The RF characterisation of these proposed devices is performed in terms of insertion loss, isolation, nonlinearity, power- handling and switching speed. A novel, high-power optically controlled microwave microstrip switch is presented with superstrate structure through a low-loss glass substrate which reduces insertion loss to 1.11푑퐵 and simultaneously maintains good isolation of 20푑퐵 at 2퐺퐻푧. 3rd-order Input-referenced Intercept Point (IIP3) is measured up to +78.5푑퐵푚 in a two-tone nonlinearity test with maximum power handled at over 60푊 , which is reported for the first time. An optically reconfigurable Grounded-CoPlanar Waveguide (GCPW) microwave and millimetre-wave (mmW) switch has been designed and measured with good results showing an insertion loss of less than 3푑퐵 and isolation over 30푑퐵 in millimetre wave frequencies.
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Lim, Aaron Guanliang. "Mathematical modelling of the host-virus interaction in chronic HTLV-I infection and its impact on our understanding of viral persistence and pathogenesis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dc147f4f-bbe4-4291-acaf-44201ae9a2d2.
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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is a persistent human retrovirus characterised by life-long infection and risk of developing one of two major, clinically independent diseases: adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL), an aggressive blood cancer, and HAM/TSP, a progressive neurological and inflammatory disease. Infected individuals typically mount a large, chronically activated CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against HTLV-I-infected cells, but ultimately fail to effectively eliminate the virus. Moreover, the identification of determinants to disease manifestation has thus far been elusive. A central issue in current HTLV-I research is how the virus is able to persist despite strong immune pressure. To explore this issue, we adopt a mathematical modelling approach. Mathematical modelling can help us break apart the complex mechanisms of HTLV-I persistence and identify the underlying principles that govern successful viral propagation in the presence of host immunity. Understanding these interactions is a crucial step on the road to developing effective ways to disrupt the virus life-cycle and may help identify promising new treatment strategies to reduce the severity of HTLV-I infection and minimise the detriment due to associated disease. The objective of this thesis is to develop a consistent theoretical framework that can help shed light on specific, biologically relevant questions that are of interest to experimentalists and theoretical immunologists trying to understand the complicated host-pathogen dynamics of chronic infection by HTLV-I. In this thesis, we construct a series of mathematical models, each incorporating an increasing level of immunological detail, designed to explore the impact of three biologically significant features that have not been fully considered in previous mathematical models of HTLV-I: (I) the trade-off between proviral latency and activation, (II) the simultaneous expression of viral proteins, and (III) the role of antigenic variability. The results from investigation of these features in the various models help contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of persistent HTLV-I infection alongside virus-specific host immunity. Although our approach is primarily theoretical in nature, our research is principally driven by a desire to elucidate biologically and clinically relevant phenomena observed in HTLV-I and, for each of the models, we link our results to what is known from experimental observations and discuss their significance in a biologically meaningful context.
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Dall'Aglio, Patrick. "Structural studies on polyketide enzymes." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/22082f07-d6ef-47e1-ac8f-ba89ada01002.
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Polyketides are a class of secondary metabolites that includes compounds with antibiotic and anticancer properties. In type I polyketide synthesis, the individual activities are arranged into large | polyproteins, while in type II polyketide synthesis enzymes are encoded separately. Streptomyces coelicolor actinorhodin acyl carrier protein synthase (AcpS) IS a promiscuous enzyme involved in type II polyketide synthesis that catalyses the transfer of the phosphopantetheine chain from coenzyme A (CoA) to acyl carrier protein (ACP).
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Summers, Mark James. "Polymerization of nano-structured surfactant assemblies." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/e4abbe4b-807c-462f-acdf-dceb786d55d7.
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Sharma, Vikram Pramod. "Genetics and pathophysiology of coronal craniosynostosis revealed by next-generation DNA sequencing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cf124e89-aa52-4d76-ac0f-83208afa4b3a.
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This thesis further delineates the molecular genetic basis of a relatively common craniofacial condition, coronal craniosynostosis. It used whole-exome sequencing to identify novel disease genes in patients with non-syndromic coronal synostosis and negative genetic testing. Initially, 2 patients were identified with damaging, frameshift mutations in a gene not previously linked with craniosynostosis – Transcription Factor 12 (TCF12). A further intronic mutation was identified in a third patient. This gene encodes a transcription factor that dimerises with TWIST1, mutations of which cause Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, also associated with coronal synostosis. Screening 344 undiagnosed patients identified 35 further mutations, all with coronal synostosis with 14 cases arising de novo. This work was published and testing for TCF12-related craniosynostosis was translated clinically. Significant non-penetrance (60%) was identified in mutation-positive relatives and the genetic background was investigated. Firstly, analysis of parental origins of de novo mutations identified 6 of paternal origin and helped refine haplotype assignment. Secondly, haplotype analysis of TCF12-mutation carriers revealed modest correlation with phenotypic status, but this was insufficient to be useful in clinical testing. Thirdly, TCF12 haplotypes were analysed for association with non-syndromic coronal synostosis, but no significant association was found. Further exome sequencing revealed a de novo frameshift mutation in Transcription Factor 20 (TCF20) in a patient with coronal synostosis and autism, although the mutation only correlated with the latter phenotype. Analysis of 5 trios revealed a novel variant in myosin heavy chain 4 (MYH4) in 1 family, although its role in suture development is uncertain. Reviewing pooled exome data from 19 mutation-negative patients revealed no further disease genes. In summary, this thesis describes novel gene discovery, defines a new clinical entity and investigates genetic background of penetrant and non-penetrant individuals. Further exome sequencing identified another disease gene, a de novo mutation and compiled lists of damaging variants to allow future work.
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Auger, Peter. "British responses to Du Bartas' Semaines, 1584-1641." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:be0f89c2-c2e4-482d-ac8f-e867985ff72e.
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The reception of the Huguenot poet Guillaume de Saluste Du Bartas' Semaines (1578, 1584 et seq.) is an important episode in early modern literary history for understanding relations between Scottish, English and French literature, interactions between contemporary reading and writing practices, and developments in divine poetry. This thesis surveys translations (Part I), allusions and quotations in prose (Part II) and verse imitations (Part III) from the period when English translations of the Semaines were being printed in order to identify historical trends in how readers absorbed and adapted the poems. Early translations show that the Semaines quickly acquired political and diplomatic affiliations, particularly at the Jacobean Scottish Court, which persisted in subsequent decades (Chapter 1). William Scott's treatise The Model of Poesy (c. 1599) and translations indicate how attractive the Semaines' combination of humanist learning and sacred rhetoric was, but the poems' potential appeal was only realized once Josuah Sylvester's Devine Weeks (1605 et seq.) finally made the complete work available in English (Chapter 2). Different communities of readers developed in early modern England and Scotland once this edition became available (Chapter 3), and we can observe how individuals marked, copied out, quoted and appropriated passages from their copies of the poems in ways dependent on textual and authorial circumstances (Chapter 4). The Semaines, both in French and in Sylvester's translation, were used as a stylistic model in late-Elizabethan playtexts and Zachary Boyd's Zions Flowers (Chapter 5), and inspired Jacobean poems that help us to assess Du Bartas' influence on early modern poetry (Chapter 6). The great variety of responses to the Semaines demonstrates new ways that intertextuality was a constituent feature of vernacular religious literature that was being read and written in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Britain.
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von, Delft Annette Reingart. "Implications of HCV genotype 3 specific immunity on cross-reactive vaccine design." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f7daefac-3f4d-4040-ac6f-52c476d527be.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major global pathogen that infects an estimated 170 million people worldwide, and for which currently no vaccine is available. HCV is a highly diverse viral pathogen and exists as 6 major genotypes sharing only 75% sequence homology; developing a vaccine that is cross-reactive between genotypes is a major challenge. Defining immune responses that target different HCV genotypes will facilitate pan-genotypic T cell vaccine development. HCV genotype 3 (gt3) is now the most common infecting genotype in the United Kingdom and large parts of Asia; however, data regarding the T cell antigenic targets of this genotype is very limited. In this thesis, HCV gt3 specific T cell targets were defined in acute, chronic and spontaneously resolved infection: in chronic gt3 infection, T cell responses were low in magnitude and narrowly focused in specificity, similar to those previously reported for gt1; in contrast, resolved infection was associated with a higher magnitude and broader specificity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses across the genome. Overall, T cell specificity in gt3 infection was markedly different to that previously described for gt1, confirming that sequence differences between genotypes result in distinct immunological profiles. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that, though T cell responses induced by a potent T cell vaccine containing HCV gt1b non-structural regions do target epitopes dominant in natural infection, induced T cells show limited cross-reactivity against other genotypes. In this thesis, it was assessed whether T cells primed in natural gt3 infection are able to recognize viral sequence variants at dominant epitopes, which would make these potential targets in cross-reactive vaccine design. For seven gt3-specific T cell epitopes identified here as dominant, major sequence variability was observed within and between genotypes, and limited T cell cross-reactivity observed against identified viral variants. This suggests that regions frequently targeted in natural infection may not serve as attractive targets for cross-reactive vaccine design. These results informed the subsequent design of a cross-reactive vaccine based on fragments of HCV that are conserved between genotypes. A generic algorithm was developed to define viral regions conserved between major HCV genotypes (for 1a/1b, 1/3a, 1-6), and these were joined to form immunogens between 819 and 1543 AA long. Possible artificial, non-HCV epitopes formed by junctions were identified using online epitope prediction servers, and abrogated through the insertion of 2-6 amino acid linkers. To address the concern that conserved regions may not be immunogenic, epitopes described in natural HCV infection were mapped on HCV sequences, showing that conserved segments are well populated with epitopes; additionally, strong binding peptides were predicted for conserved segments using online epitope prediction programs, suggesting potential in vivo immunogenicity. In conclusion, HCV T cell specificity is distinct between genotypes, with limited T cell cross-reactivity between viral variants. Leading from this result, vaccine immunogens were designed entirely based on conserved viral regions. This work paves the way for future studies of novel HCV immunogens based on conserved viral segments between genotypes.
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Bradley, Daniel M. "A total synthesis of ACPD and HMG, with studies towards sphingofungin E." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289479.
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Casanova, Domenech Mª Elisa. "Evaluación de impacto del Protocolo del Azúcar CE-ACP." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1400.
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Con el ánimo de contribuir a la construcción de la nueva cooperación comercial entre la Comunidad Europea (CE) y los países de África, el Caribe y el Pacífico (ACP), esta tesis se centra en el estudio del actual régimen de acceso a productos agrícolas concedido por la CE al grupo ACP. En concreto, se realiza un análisis y una evaluación del Protocolo del Azúcar CE-ACP (o, formalmente, el Protocolo nº 3 sobre el azúcar ACP), el cual aparece, por primera vez, en el Convenio de Lomé firmado el 28 de febrero de 1975. La principal preocupación por este instrumento de cooperación en particular es que su contenido es más beneficioso que el los demás Protocolos de productos agrícolas. Así, este acuerdo comercial sobre el azúcar es el único que se basa en un compromiso de compra, por parte de la CE, y de venta, por el lado de los ACP, de unas cantidades especificadas en el marco de un elevado precio garantizado. En la práctica, estos compromisos especiales han implicado transferencias monetarias sustanciales y un nivel de estabilidad significativo de los ingresos de exportación de azúcar para algunos de los países ACP participantes, especialmente para aquellos que presentaron vínculos comerciales históricos con Gran Bretaña.
El objetivo final de este estudio consiste en proponer si el Protocolo del Azúcar CE-ACP debe ser integrado en los AAE o, por lo contrario, si es mejor mantenerlo bajo la posible exclusión permitida en el artículo XXIV del Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT). Esta investigación también presenta la opción para el Protocolo del Azúcar de ser incluido en el Sistema de Preferencias Generalizadas (SPG) de la CE, aunque las reducciones arancelarias y no arancelarias, junto a las exenciones específicas, sean menos generosas que las otorgadas a las importaciones europeas de productos ACP.
Con esta finalidad, en este estudio se efectúa una evaluación de impacto del Protocolo del Azúcar CE-ACP sobre el desarrollo económico de los países ACP beneficiarios. Con ello, se demuestra que las transferencias monetarias implícitas apropiadas por las empresas azucareras de los Estados ACP participantes no han logrado, en general, una expansión del bienestar económico de sus economías. Este resultado ha sido alcanzado utilizando distintos modelos econométricos: un modelo de regresión lineal, un modelo de corrección de errores y un modelo con datos panel. En consecuencia, concluimos que el Protocolo del Azúcar CE-ACP no ha funcionado como un verdadero instrumento de cooperación al desarrollo.
Para recomendar cómo mejorar las relaciones comerciales CE-ACP sobre el azúcar, el trabajo econométrico realizado se ha complementado con el análisis del funcionamiento del mercado internacional del azúcar (especialmente en relación a los precios y a los flujos comerciales). Asimismo, se ha considerado la reforma de la Política Agrícola Común ante los cambios que implicará en el mercado europeo del azúcar. Todos estos elementos nos permiten sugerir dos opciones alternativas al Protocolo, permitidas en el Acuerdo de Cotonú, con vistas a dirigir la cooperación comercial CE-ACP sobre el azúcar desde 2008, momento en el que está prevista la progresiva aplicación de los Acuerdos de Asociación Económica (AAE) CE-ACP.
Ambas opciones son compatibles con las normas de la Organización Mundial del Comercio y dependen de la decisión de cada Estado ACP respecto a la celebración de un AAE con la CE. Por un lado, para aquellos Estados ACP que decidan implementar un AAE, consideramos que el azúcar debería quedar cubierto en los esquemas resultantes de integración económica entre ambas Partes, lo que significa que se debería eliminar cualquier restricción que dificulte el comercio CE-ACP de azúcar.
Por otro lado, en el caso de que algunos países ACP no alcancen un AAE con la Comunidad Europea, creemos que el azúcar tendría que formar parte del SPG mejorado de la CE, que será el trato comercial más probable que la CE ofrecerá a estos países ACP, como a los demás países en desarrollo. En cualquier caso, el proceso de cambio debería acompañarse de la concesión de ayuda financiera y técnica dirigida a dichos países ACP para ayudarlos a reestructurar el sector del azúcar y, en general, apoyarlos a que se adapten a las nuevas condiciones económicas de un mercado más globalizado.
NOTA: Esta tesis recibió el "Premi Maspons i Anglasell" del "Patronat Català Pro Europa" (actualmente "Patronat Catalunya-Món") de la Generalitat de Catalunya a la mejor tesis doctoral en el bienio 2004-2005 (14a edición), el día 18 de abril de 2007.
IMPACT EVALUATION OF THE ACP-EC SUGAR PROTOCOL.
In order to contribute in constructing the new trade co-operation between the European Community (EC) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific States (ACP), this thesis focuses in the current European access regime for agricultural products originating from the ACP Group. To be exact, it is carried out an analysis and evaluation of the ACP-EC Sugar Protocol (or, formally, Protocol 3 on ACP sugar) appearing the first time, in the ACP-EC Convention of Lomé signed on 28th February 1975.
The principal reason for this particular co-operation instrument is that its provision is more beneficial than the other agricultural products Protocols. Thus, this commercial sugar agreement is the only one based on a purchase commitment from the EC and a sale commitment from the ACP beneficiary countries, of specified quantities, in the framework of a guaranteed high price -similar to the intervention price in the European sugar market-. In practice, this special trading agreement has implied substantial income transfers and a significant stability level of sugar export earnings for some of the ACP participant countries, especially those that presented historic sugar trading links with the United Kingdom.
The final goal of this study consists of proposing if the ACP-EC Sugar Protocol has to be integrated in the EPAs or, on the contrary, it is better to keep it under the possible exclusion permitted in article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). This research also presents the option for the Sugar Protocol to be included in the EC's Generalised System of Preferences (GSP), even though tariff and non-tariff reductions, together with the specific exemptions, are less generous than those granted to European imports of ACP products.
Within this aim, this study deals with an impact evaluation of the ACP-EC Sugar Protocol over economic development of ACP beneficiary countries. It demonstrates that the implicit income transfers by sugar companies from the ACP Sugar Group has not implied, in general, an economic welfare expansion for their economies. This outcome has been obtained using different econometric models: a linear regression model, an error correction model and a model with panel data. In consequence, we conclude that the ACP-EC Sugar Protocol has not functioned as a true development co-operation instrument.
In order to recommend how to improve the ACP-EC trade relations on sugar, that econometric study has been complemented with an analysis of the international sugar market functioning (especially, referring to prices and commercial flows). The changes the Common Agriculture Policy reform will imply on the European sugar market have been considered as well. All of these items allow us to suggest the two alternative options to the Protocol, permitted in the Cotonou Agreement, in order to lead the ACP-EC trade co-operation on sugar since 2008.
Both options are compatible with the World Trade Organisation rules and depend on the ACP State decision about the celebration of an EPA with the EC. On the one hand, for those ACP States that decide to implement an EPA, we consider that sugar should be covered in the resulting economic integration schemes between both parties, which means that any restriction on ACP-EC sugar trade should be eliminated.
On the other hand, in the case that some ACP countries do not achieve an EPA with the EC, we believe that sugar should take part of the improved EC's GSP, which will be the most probable trade treatment that the EC will offer to those ACP States, as well as to the rest of developing countries. In both cases, the change process should be accompanied with the granting of financial and technical assistance to these ACP countries in order to help them to restructure the sugar sector and, in general, to support them to adjust to the new economic conditions within more globalised market.
N.B.: Maspons i Anglasell Prize awarded by the Patronat Català Pro Europa
(presently, Patronat Catalunya-Món) of la Generalitat (government institution)
of Catalonia (Spain) for the best doctoral thesis in European integration for
the biennium 2004-2005 (14th edition), 18 April of 2007.
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Lindberg, Pär. "En studie av EU: s handelsavtal mot ACP länderna." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Geography, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10674.
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Fattigdom, underutvecklat jordbruk, infrastruktur och dåliga politiska strukturer ät idag vardag inom världens fattigaste länder. Många bilder vi ser från världens fattiga länder idag speglar ofta ett sådant samhälle. Det finns flera orsaker till detta och de är ibland många och komplicerade, främst beror det på fattigdom, brist på utbildning, hälsovård för barn, torka och översvämningar löper om vartannat, inhemska politiska konflikter, brist på rent vatten samt sjukdomar som HIV/AIDS. Ländernas behov av import, export och bistånd är en viktig faktor som inte får lämnas åt sidan och detta arbete kommer att handla mycket om just det. Ett av de stora problemen som länderna har är de exportproblem med sina egna producerade livsmedel som de inte får ut på USA: s och den europeiska marknaden.
Världen blir mer globaliserad och länder integreras genom handel med varor och tjänster, genom migration, finansiella flöden och genom utbyte av idéer och kunskap. Informationstekniken har underlättat för företag i i-världen att geografiskt dela upp sin produktion i olika delprocesser, där kontrollen bibehålls över hela produktionskedjan, vilket möjliggjort att delar av produktionen förläggs till u-länder.
Denna uppsats lyfter fram de konkreta orsaker som gör att många länder inom ACP regionerna har svårt att bli självförsörjande och leva utan bistånd. Denna uppsats är även mitt examinationsarbete inom lärarprogrammet vilket betyder att det finns en didaktiks koppling till min uppsats.
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Vellore, Loganathan Naveen Kumar. "Remineralizing with CPP-ACP effect of protocol in vitro /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39839515.
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Dickson, Anna-Kumari. "A political history of the ACP-EEC Sugar Protocol." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315984.
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Pereira, Sandra Maria de Jesus. "A cooperação UE-ACP: a dimensão política dos acordos." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/734.
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Mestrado em Economia e Estudos EuropeusEste trabalho analisa uma das vertentes da cooperação estabelecida entre a União Europeia (UE) e os países de África, Caraíbas e Pacífico (ACP), mais especificamente, a dimensão política dos acordos assinados entre estes dois grupos de Estados. Os principais aspectos da cooperação UE-ACP, desde o próprio conceito de cooperação, passando pelos princípios gerais da política comunitária de cooperação para o desenvolvimento, pela inevitável globalização da economia e por um breve historial dessa mesma cooperação, servem de quadro de referência à contextualização do objecto de estudo desta dissertação. Posteriormente, a abordagem mais detalhada das Convenções de Lomé e do Acordo de Cotonou permite destacar, sobretudo, os mais importantes traços característicos da vertente política destes acordos, indicando um progressivo reforço da parceria política UE-ACP. De facto, a evolução histórica desta relação só pode ser compreendida se tivermos em consideração o contexto da descolonização (Associação dos Países e Territórios Ultramarinos e as Convenções de Yaoundé), a nova ordem económica internacional (modelo Lomé), o término da Guerra Fria (revisão de Lomé) e os efeitos da globalização (Livro Verde e o Acordo de Cotonou). Os últimos 40 anos assistiram, assim, à progressão de uma parceria principalmente económica e comercial para uma cooperação a um nível mais global no qual as questões políticas residem. Alguns dos aspectos desta dimensão política das relações UE-ACP estão relacionados com a existência de um diálogo político reforçado, de "elementos essenciais" (nomeadamente, o respeito pelos direitos humanos, pelos princípios democráticos e pelo Estado de direito), de um "elemento fundamental" (a «boa governação») e de uma parceria baseada no desempenho, visando a eficácia da ajuda internacional, a redução e eliminação da pobreza, a integração dos países ACP na economia internacional e, finalmente, o desenvolvimento económico e social sustentável.
This work analyzes one of the sides of the cooperation established between European Union (EU) and the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries, more specifically, the political dimension of the agreements signed between these two groups of States. The main aspects of the EU-ACP partnership, from the own cooperation concept, passing for the general principles of the community policy on development cooperation, by the inevitable globalization of the economy and by a historial briefing of this same cooperation, serve of reference frame to the study object of this dissertation. Subsequently, the more detailed approach concerning the Lomé Conventions and the Cotonou Agreement allows to emphasizes, especially, the most important characteristic traces from the political component of these agreements, suggesting a gradual reinforcement of the political EU-ACP partnership. In fact, the historical evolution of this relationship can be only understood if we take into account the context of decolonisation (Association of Overseas Countries and Territories and Yaounde Conventions), the new international economic order (Lomé model), the end of the Cold War (Lomé revisited) and the effects of globalization (Green Paper and Cotonou Agreement). The last forty years have thus seen a progression from a mainly economic and commercial partnership to cooperation at a more global level within which political issues are addressed. Some of the aspects of this political dimension of the EU-ACP relationship are related with the existence of a strengthened political dialogue, "essential elements" (namely the respect for the human rights, the democratic principles and the rule of law), a "fundamental element" (the «good governance») and a partnership based on the performance, aiming the effectiveness of the foreign aid, the elimination and reduction of poverty, the integration of ACP countries into the international economy and, finally, the sustainable economic and social development.
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Astley, Janet. "Women in the police service : why do so few achieve the ACPO ranks?" Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.569893.
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Adopting a feminist criminological perspective this study will integrate literature relating to women in management and women in criminology in order to ascertain the barriers to women's career progression in policing. There is a plethora of reasons why women are apparently unsuccessful when it comes to promotion to higher ranks within police service and these relate not only to gender and the perceived 'glass ceiling' in society and police culture, but to the psychological and sociological barriers that women inadvertently self-impose. Underpinned by feminist ideology a range of methodologies were used including questionnaires, focus groups and finally in-depth life history interviews with senior ranking women in order to ascertain the discursive courses in relation to power, identity and hierarchy. Predicted societal demographic changes combining increased longevity of female survival rates will result in a gender imbalance in work forces. Inevitably numbers of working females, police service included, will naturally result in a necessity for female officers to achieve higher status reducing the divisive notion of homogenous groups. Organisational culture and behaviour implies that females in the police service are perceived as lacking commitment limiting the likelihood of progression for female officers. This research endeavours to contribute to future research and national policy to identify explicit barriers paving the way for change in the service reflecting the policing needs of 21st Century society.
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Wu, Xuan. "Improving Electric Grid Security: Defense Planning and Security Constrained ACOPF via Robust Optimization." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1543563463428344.
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McVitty, Debbie. "Familiar collaboration and women writers in eighteenth-century Britain : Elizabeth Griffith, Sarah Fielding and Susannah and Margaret Minifie." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:626a7d25-a7b8-448c-acef-cba199e63f54.
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Between 1740 and 1770, a number of women writers choose to make explicit in their printed texts their collaboration with a ‘familiar’: a family member or close friend. In so doing, they strategically enact their personal relationships through the medium of print in order to claim for themselves a level of literary power and delineate the terms on which they entered the marketplace as authors. This thesis argues that familiar relations expressed along a horizontal axis – those of husband, wife, brother, sister and friend – offer a relatively flexible model of familiar relations in which women could acquire a level of agency in self-definition, supported by ideologies that valued women’s contribution to the polite sphere of sociable conversation. It demonstrates that Elizabeth Griffith, Sarah Fielding, Jane Collier, and Susannah and Margaret Minifie not only engage in collaborative literary production that is thoroughly inflected with the pressures of their historical context but that through familiar collaboration women writers display their professional authorial personae and generate social and literary criticism. Through close readings of carefully selected collaborative texts in the corpus of each writer, including the material history of the texts themselves, and the relationships expressed through those texts, this thesis highlights the complexity with which family relations interacted with print culture in the period. Far from using the familiar relation as a means of modestly retiring to the domestic sphere these women writers used their familiar relations as a basis from which to launch, describe and defend their authorial careers.
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Dos, Santos Abade Leandro Alécio. "Human-carnivore conflict in Tanzania : modelling the spatial distribution of lions (Panthera leo), leopards (Panthera pardus) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta), and their attacks upon livestock, in Tanzania’s Ruaha landscape." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:073a48ab-336a-45a1-ac9f-bc6996c1f58b.
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Tanzania’s Ruaha landscape is an international priority area for large carnivore conservation, harbouring roughly 10% of the world’s lions, and important populations of leopards and spotted hyaenas. However, these large carnivore populations are threatened by intense retaliatory killing due to human-carnivore conflict on village land around Ruaha National Park (RNP), mostly as a result of livestock predation by lions, leopards and spotted hyaenas. Moreover, a current lack of ecological data on the distribution of these carnivores hinders the development of effective strategies for conservation and targeted conflict mitigation in this landscape. This study aimed to identify the most significant ecogeographical variables (EGVs) influencing the distribution of lions, leopards and spotted hyaenas across the Ruaha landscape, and to map areas of conservation importance for these species. In addition, the study assessed the influence of EGVs on livestock predation risk by these carnivores in the village land around RNP, and generated a predictive map of predation risk. The relative importance of livestock husbandry practices and EGVs in terms of influencing predation risk within enclosures was also investigated. Proximity to rivers was the most important variable influencing the distribution of large carnivores in Ruaha, and contributed to predation risk of grazing livestock. The traditional livestock husbandry adopted in bomas appeared insufficient to alleviate the inherent risk of predation by large carnivores. The study produced the first detailed maps of lion, leopard and spotted hyaena distribution in the critically important Ruaha landscape, and identified likely livestock depredation hotspots. These results will target conflict mitigation approaches around Ruaha, by identifying particularly high-risk areas for livestock enclosures and grazing stock. Improving husbandry in these areas could help reduce livestock depredation and retaliatory carnivore killing, therefore reducing one of the most significant conservation threats in this critically important landscape.
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Yong, Caleb Hoe-Kit. "Justice, legitimacy, and movement across borders : a political theory of international migration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7f94a135-778d-45cd-acdf-e5e15adba7f1.
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Existing moral reflection on immigration law and policy is caught in an impasse between (1) proponents of an individual right to free international migration and (2) proponents of a state’s right to control its borders. In Chapter 1, I examine arguments supporting an individual right to free international migration. I show that the case for this putative right cannot be settled solely by considering the strength of individuals’ interest in being able to cross international borders according to their choice. Rather, at a crucial point, the argument for an individual right to free migration turns on the truth of a particular conception of global justice. In Chapter 2, I examine arguments supporting a state’s right to control its borders. I contend that these arguments do not seek to defend the substantive justice of restrictive immigration policies, but rather the legitimacy of processes of political decision-making by which states unilaterally determine their own immigration policies. Abandoning this right-versus-right paradigm, I recast the debate by focusing on two distinct questions: (1) the question of justice in immigration, which substantively evaluates immigrant admission policy; and (2) the question of the legitimacy of immigration law enacted by procedures responsive only to states’ internal political decisions. I further propose that in articulating principles of justice in immigration, we should first develop a conception of global justice which will provide the background for our evaluation of immigration policy. In Chapter 3, I develop and defend a conception of global justice I call cooperation-based internationalism. I argue that co-citizens are joint participants in a scheme of cooperation which provides them with the social goods they need to lead autonomous lives. They therefore owe each other special duties of social justice. In addition, I argue for a duty of assistance which applies among all human persons globally. This duty requires developed states to assist developing states in establishing minimally just institutions. In Chapter 4, I develop a conception of justice in immigration against the background of cooperation-based internationalism. I argue that there is no requirement for states to allow open immigration. Nevertheless, I argue that co-citizens owe each other duties which impose significant moral constraints on immigration policy: states must (1) allow for family unification; (2) eschew policies that select immigrants based on criteria that unjustly call into question the fitness for citizenship of certain current members; (3) regulate labour immigration so that all current citizens benefit equally unless unequal gains benefit worse-off citizens. The duty of assistance is also imposes constraints on immigration policy. Developed states should (4) avoid immigration policies which cause brain drain harmful to international development and (5) admit and resettle refugees. In Chapter 5, I turn to the distinct question of the legitimacy of unilaterally-enacted immigration law. I argue that the application and enforcement of immigration law counts as a coercive exercise of political power which stands in need of justification. I examine the consent and natural duty of justice theories of political legitimacy, concluding that these influential theories cannot establish the legitimacy of immigration law. I conclude by considering the implications of the illegitimacy of immigration law for the evaluation of irregular migration.
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Joy, Joyce. "Models for testing contemporary ultrasound systems." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/8b886032-886e-4cfd-ac4f-287f367978ba.
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Medical ultrasound systems are undergoing continuous development. Five areas of particular recent interest are shear wave elastography, interventional ultrasound, microultrasound, and therapeutic ultrasound. These new developments motivate demand for new tissue models. The work discussed in this thesis presents different tissue models for these areas of contemporary ultrasound systems development. Acoustic test objects, known as phantoms, are the most widely used basis for testing medical ultrasound systems, but they have many limitations. Hence, the recent advancement in medical simulation, soft-embalmed Thiel human cadaver models being considered for their suitability as a model for testing shear wave elastography and interventional ultrasound systems. The results indicate significant similarities between the Thiel-embalmed cadavers, and human's in-vivo tissues in relation to their tissue stiffness measured with SWE. The use of these cadaveric models has also shown to bring benefits for interventional ultrasound systems testing and research. This is demonstrated with two specific case studies on ultrasound guided regional anaesthesia. Another aspect considered in this work is the suitability of Thiel-embalmed human breast tissues for testing therapeutic ultrasound systems. The results indicate that these models are unsuitable for therapeutic ultrasound systems testing because of their inability to produce lesions during sonication which can be seen visually or under histopathological examination. For testing microultrasound systems, mice preserved with the Thiel method have been assessed and shown to be a suitable model because of its small size, reusability and easier accessibility. This thesis has assessed the use of preserved human and animal tissue models for testing contemporary ultrasound systems.
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El-Aswed, Tarek. "Remote sensing of land cover changes in the Jeffara Plain, North-West Libya." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/e86e637e-30e9-4142-ac5f-ebef0e0090ce.
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In Libya groundwater is the key source of freshwater, providing an essential supplement to surface water sources. Libya is mostly arid and semiarid and sparsely populated large North African country with annual average precipitation rates of 200 nun. More than 950/0 of the country receives less than 100 mm, and as consequence, recharge of groundwater is extremely limited. Groundwater availability and quality are also vulnerable both to climate change and over-abstraction, and in regions where the water table has lowered there has been a consequent impact on agricultural activities. This research examines the impact of water table change on land cover (particularly agricultural activities) in part of the Jeffara Plain NW Libya, during the period 1988 to 2000 using remotely sensed data. Landsat Thematic Mapper 5 images from 1988, 1992, 1996 and 2000 have been used in addition to various thematic maps of the study area and bore-hole data to assess the nature and extent of change. A supervised Maximum Likelihood approach (ML) was used to classify each image into land cover classes that were likely to have been directly affected by groundwater changes, with resulting accuracies between 670/0 and 76%, obtained. The change in the extent of land cover classes in all images was clearly visible and occurred as either an increase or a decrease between successive dates. From the questionnaire survey, and interviewing local farmers, it is clear that groundwater changes (quantity and quality) have had a significant impact upon the vegetation cover and agricultura activities of the area. To verify the changes and assess new tools for image classification, a second approach was tested with the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) as alternative image classification method, and gave results with high accuracy (over 900/0), greater than those from the ML.
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Snaith, Mark Ian. "Argument revision and its role in dialogue." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/3dfef7e9-fbc0-418a-acdf-459ccd705bbd.
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In this thesis, a model for argument revision is presented, in terms of the expansion and contraction of a system of structured argumentation. At its core, the model uses the belief revision concept of minimal change, but without requiring a pre-determined entrenchment ordering to establish minimality. In the first part of the thesis, a model for argument revision is defined and described. Specified in terms of the ASPIC\+ framework for argumentation, the model is divided into two main concepts: argument expansion, whose goal is to make certain arguments acceptable in the system, possibly by adding them; and argument contraction, whose goal is to make certain arguments unacceptable in the system, possibly by removing them. The goal of a revision process can be achieved in multiple different ways, thus a method of choosing which, based on measures of minimal change, is also specified. The second part of the thesis demonstrates two applications of the model in the context of multi-agent dialogue. The first is used to assist a participant when faced with a need to update its commitment store during persuasion dialogue, while the second shows how a participant can use argument revision techniques to both assess and maintain a lie.The main contributions of the thesis are twofold. First, the characterisation of a model for argument revision, based on established belief revision principles but with a key difference. The model for argument revision demonstrates how it is possible to use measurable effects on the system when determining minimal change instead of relying on a pre-determined, qualitative entrenchment ordering.Second, the thesis demonstrates two applications of argument revision in dialogue. The first is in assisting an agent in retracting a commitment that has been defeated, and for which it can offer no defence. When retracting a claim, the participant may also be required to retract other claims from which the defeated one is a consequence. Applying argument revision techniques allow the participant to reason about what constitutes a minimal set of retractions, in terms of current commitments and potential future communications in the dialogue.The second dialogical application relates to the opposite of retraction; instead of choosing to retract an undefended claim, the participant could instead choose to lie in order to defend it. Argument revision allows the participant to not only assess whether or not lying is ``minimal'' (compared to retracting), but to also to maintain the lie, by using the measures of minimal change.Overall, the thesis shows that not only is justifiable argument revision possible without relying on a pre-determined entrenchment ordering, it is also a powerful tool for participants in a dialogue, assisting with dialogue move selection.
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Greenacre, Jonathan. "The regulation of mobile money." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6e559504-ac6f-47ac-8a32-c0030f963d3f.
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This thesis examines the regulation of 'mobile money'. This is an electronic payment and storage service provided by phone companies ('mobile money firms' or 'MM firms'). The first mobile money service, M-Pesa, was launched in Kenya in 2007. Since then, mobile money has spread rapidly throughout the developing world, particularly across Africa. A novel feature of mobile money is its ability to serve large numbers of people who do not have bank accounts, commonly labelled 'the unbanked'. The thesis offers a framework, based on a functional approach, to analyse the key regulatory and policy issues that arise when customersâ funds are stored and transferred within mobile money platforms. The objectives of this framework are drawn from traditional financial regulation, such as financial stability and consumer protection, and 'financial inclusion', which involves connecting the unbanked to formal, electronic payment and storage functions. The thesis makes three main claims. First, mobile money operates as a shadow retail deposit system. Mobile money is 'shadow' because a customer contracts with a non-banking firm. It is 'retail' because the system meets the payment needs of individuals for ordinary transactions. And the service is a 'deposit' system because a mobile money account provides payment and storage functions which are functionally equivalent to a bank deposit. Second, mobile money provides these payment and storage functions, functionally equivalent to a bank deposit, through a different legal structure to that used by a bank to provide deposit account services. This structure, which is established through private ordering, comprises a set of mechanisms by which the MM firm (the 'agent' in the service) and its associates credibly commit to safeguard the funds of the mobile money customers (the 'principals') for the purposes of providing payment and storage functions. Collectively, these commitments require the MM firm to maintain a 1:1 relationship between cash received from customers, which is stored within the system as highly liquid assets, and 'e-money' which customers use in the mobile money service. As a result, mobile money customers face primarily operational risks, usually without the credit and liquidity risks associated with banking. Third, public ordering can increase the efficiency of MM firms' commitments in addressing risks in mobile money platforms through adopting an 'active' approach to regulation. In this approach, the policymaker monitors a greater range of risks and more closely than what might be expected in other comparable principal-agent relationships, such as retail investors and financial intermediaries, and depositors and banks. This approach is appropriate because unbanked customers are likely to face significant information asymmetries with MM firms and coordination problems amongst themselves. This means they are unlikely to effectively monitor a range of risks to the service caused by the MM firm and its associates.
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Clarke, Ian Edward. "Inhibition of carotenogenesis in cell-free systems of Aphanocapsa and Phycomyces." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1985. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/3dace649-5639-446c-acef-31a08fe08ab9/1/.
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A number of herbicides have been identified as inhibitors of carotene biosynthesis. Because of the multiple effects associated with inhibition of carotenogenesis in vivo. it was considered opportune to investigate the effects of such compounds on carotene biosynthesis in cell free systems. The carotenogenic cell free system from Phycomyces blakesleeanus was optimized with respect to concentrations of NAD+, NADP , ATP, Mg2+ and Mn2+ . A new photosynthetically active, carotenogenic cell extract from Aphanocapsa that incorporates radioactivity from [2-14C] GGPP], was discovered and the cofactor requirements elucidated. The preparation from Aphanocapsa was used to investigate the structure-bleaching activity relationship of (i) a series of norflurazon and difunone derivatives with respect to phenyl ring substitution; (ii) a series of alkyl phenoxy-benzamides with respect to alkyl chain and phenoxy ring substitution. Selected alkyl phenoxy benzamides were also tested with the Phycomyces system. The Phycomyces extract was used to investigate the effects of a number of diphenyl compounds, e.g. diphenylamine, on in vivo carotenogenesis. Selected diphenyl compounds were tested against the Aphanocapsa system. A hypothetical mechanism for the inhibitory action of alkyl phenoxybenzamides and diphenyl compounds is discussed and a hypothesis forwarded to explain the super accumulation of radioactivity into phytoene under certain circumstances.
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Vujakovic, Peter. "Evaluation of Landsat MSS data for terrain analysis and rangeland management in the lower Okavango Delta Region, Ngamiland, Botswana." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1986. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/5b8660ed-eb30-48f1-acdf-85cf084d4a57/1/.
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The thesis examines the value of satellite data for terrain analysis and aspects of rangeland evaluation in Ngamiland, northern Botswana. The study area encompasses the main livestock production zone of the district. An analysis of terrain was considered integral to detailed analysis and use of satellite data for resource assessment and management. The terrain analysis was based on interpretation of multitemporal Landsat data, and aerial photography, supported by detailed field investigation. A number of classification procedures and computer based digital enhancement techniques were used to facilitate analysis and classification of the data. Terrain types were identified by relating image characteristics to terrain features, primarily vegetation patterns. Relationships between the Landsat data and various ground features related to rangeland resources were analysed. These were mainly related to vegetation parameters, including cover, structure and species composition. The most important factor investigated, was the relationship between cover values of woody vegetation and the satellite data. The results were used to develop a classification using the Landsat digital data. The usefulness of Landsat data for rangeland management, and the importance of adequate ground survey and other support data sources, is discussed in the light of results obtained.
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Nambiar, Divya. "Skill development and youth aspirations in India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:10b8396b-9101-46e4-ac7f-b720562fdec3.
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This doctoral thesis features two kinds of skill-training programmes implemented in Tamil Nadu (India) drawing on 18 months of fieldwork. The first explores how Nokia recruits and trains semi-skilled youth to work as Operators, in the Nokia SEZ, in Sriperumbudur. I contrast this with the case of Project SEAM: a state-funded skill-training programme, implemented by a private firm through a public-private partnership (PPP). SEAM trains rural, below-poverty-line youth, to work as sewing machine operators in India’s burgeoning garment clusters. I argue that contemporary India’s development trajectory is characterised by the confluence between an increasingly pluralised network state and rapidly proliferating network enterprises, which work together to establish new workplaces and design and implement skill-training programmes for India’s rural poor. Skill-training is used as a lens to examine the complex, symbiotic relationship between these two actors, who drive these new initiatives. Skill development programmes are predicated on the idea that aspiration is a positive, transformative force – a view that is echoed by social scientists like Appadurai (2004; 2013). I demonstrate how the network state and network enterprise, shape and mould youth aspirations, across the skill-training cycle: transforming (within mere weeks) unemployed, unskilled rural youth – into semi skilled workers, ready to work in the manufacturing sector. Youth aspirations are consciously heightened as a marketing strategy, to maximize enrollments into skill-training programmes. Aspiration is also actively taught as a valuable soft-skill, that young people must possess, to become a part of India’s new workplaces. Through an exploration of how young people encounter such initiatives, I question the idea that aspirations are positively transformational. I highlight the tension in youth experience - between aspirations elevated by the training program, and factory work’s harder realities - to illustrate the dark side of aspiration: characterized by disillusionment, disappointment and personal failure.
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Matheson, James Henry Edward. "Institutional capacity and multiple conditionality in ACP-EU development cooperation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1484/.
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The negotiations for the Mid-Term Review of the Fourth Lome Convention marked the introduction of multiple conditionality - economic adjustment and good governance - into the Lome relationship. It placed additional demands on the two parties, giving rise to the essential concern of this thesis: do the two sides possess the requisite institutional capacity to meet those demands. The introduction was not a sudden development. The origins of multiple conditionality lay in the Pisani Memorandum and its proposal of policy dialogue. The path from the proposal to multiple conditionality was assisted by developments within the Lome relationship, including the unintended effects of ACP initiatives. This thesis is thus, in one sense, the history of the Memorandum's legacy of inverted conditionality through policy dialogue. It is also an analysis of the capacities generated by the Convention and their applicability to multiple conditionality. My analysis of bargaining, operational and instrumental capacities demonstrates a weak ACP capacity and an asymmetrically greater EU capacity. My initial conclusion is that the EU is much more capable of meeting the demands of multiple conditionality. However, it too faces limits on its capacity, especially in dealing with the sociopolitical aspects of governance. This recognition highlights an ignored factor: there is a second legacy of the Pisani Memorandum. In addition to the instrument of policy dialogue, the Memorandum identified institutional capacity as the means to help overcome the problems of development. The new tale of two legacies illustrates an EU emphasis on policy control at the expense of capacity building. It has failed to perceive the importance of the link, in the Pisani Memorandum, between the instrument and the means. It forces me to amend my initial conclusion: neither side is adequately prepared for the demands of multiple conditionality.
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Buckshey, Sakshi. "Remineralizing action of CPP-ACP reagents on artificial carious lesions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46848915.
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AraÃjo, Sergio Xavier Barbosa. "Virtual screeningÂde possÃveis inibidores daÂtrans-enoil-ACP-redutase deÂMycobacterium tuberculosis." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10971.
Full textAbstract:
nÃo hÃA tuberculose à uma das principais causas de mortalidade no mundo, porÃm à uma doenÃa negligenciada por ser endÃmica de paÃses em desenvolvimento. Um dos principais pontos de tratamento da tuberculose à a morte do bacilo causador, o Mycobacterium tuberculosis, atravÃs da interrupÃÃo da produÃÃo de Ãcidos micÃlicos, componentes da parede celular do bacilo, usando como um dos alvos a enzima InhA, porÃm esta rota tambÃm à a principal causa de resistÃncia. O presente trabalho se propÃe a estudar a enzima InhA, realizando modelagens in silico de interaÃÃes entre a enzima e ligantes selecionados. Os ligantes estudados fazem parte de duas bibliotecas distintas, sendo uma de compostos orgÃnicos selecionados por sua similaridade com o substrato da enzima. A outra biblioteca à composta de complexos metÃlicos com o nÃcleo pentacianoferrato, variando-se o ligante auxiliar. A justificativa para esta classe de compostos ser utilizada se dà pelo fato de o complexo pentacianoisoniazidaferato (II) ter apresentado atividade anti-tuberculose tanto in vitro como por via oral em ratos. Os ensaios de docking foram realizados utilizando-se duas abordagens, uma completamente rÃgida e outra em que a proteÃna era rÃgida e o ligante era flexÃvel. Ambos os ensaios apresentaram boa correlaÃÃo entre os seus resultados, independentemente da funÃÃo de avaliaÃÃo utilizada. Observou-se que as melhores estruturas em termos de inibiÃÃo possuÃam uma quantidade razoÃvel de interaÃÃes hidrofÃbicas, de modo a manterem-se estÃveis no sÃtio de ligaÃÃo da enzima que possui baixa polaridade.
Tuberculosis is found among the main causes of mortality in the World, although is a neglected disease since it is endemic in developing countries. The main route of therapy of tuberculosis is the inhibition of InhA, enzyme that catalyses the production of mycolic acids, which is a component of bacillus cellular wall. This reaction also is the main point of resistance against TB drugs. In this work proposed the study of InhA enzyme, working specifically in silico modeling of enzyme-ligant interactions. These ligands distinguish themselves between two distinct libraries, one of them containing organic compounds selected by its structural similarity with the enzyme substrate, NADH. Due in vitro and orally activity in murine model against tuberculosis exhibited by the compound pentacianoisoniazideferrate (II), another library, containing the pentacianoferrate II moiety bind to an auxiliary ligand studied against que InhA target. The essays realized using ligand rigid and flexible docking both, although the protein always considered rigid. Both essays had acceptable correlation within its results, regardless the scoring function used. The leading inhibitors structures had in common a high stabilization of ligand-enzyme complex due hydrophobic interactions, something expected due polarity of the enzyme binding site