Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Acoustic finite element model'

Sound propagation in complex non-uniform mean flows is an important research area for transport, building and power generation industries. Unsteady flows are responsible for noise generation in rotating and pulsating machines. Sound propagates in ducts and radiates through their openings. Duct discontinuities and complex flow effects on acoustic propagation need to be investigated. Although it provides accurate results, the most commonly used Computational AeroAcoustics propagation method, the full potential theory, does not describe the whole physics. Turbofan exhaust noise radiation involves strong refraction of the sound field occurring through jet shear layer, as well as interaction between the acoustic field and the vorticity/entropy waves. The Linearised Euler Equations are able to represent these effects. Solving these equations with time-domain solvers presents shortcomings such as linear instabilities and impedance modelling, which can be avoided by solving in the frequency domain. Nevertheless the classical Finite Element Method in frequency domain suffers from dispersion error and high memory requirements. These drawbacks are particularly critical at high frequencies and with the Linearised Euler Equations, which involve up to five unknowns. To circumvent these obstacles a novel approach is developed in this thesis, using a high-order Finite Element Method to solve the Linearised Euler Equations in the frequency domain. The model involves high-order polynomial shape functions with unstructured triangular meshes, numerical stabilisation and Perfectly Matched Layers. The computational effort is further optimised by coupling the Linearised Euler Equations in the regions of complex sheared mean flow with the Linearised Potential Equation in the regions of irrotational mean flow. The numerical model is applied to aeroengine acoustic propagation either by an intake or by an exhaust. Comparisons with analytic solutions demonstrate the method accuracy which properly represents the acoustic and vorticity waves, as well as the refraction of the sound field across the jet shear layer. The benefits in terms of memory requirements and computation time are significant in comparison to the standard low-order Finite Element Method, even more so with the coupling technique.

This doctoral thesis concerns flanking transmission in light weight, wooden multi-storey buildings within the low frequency, primarily 20-120 Hz. The overall aim is to investigate how the finite element method can contribute in the design phase to evaluate different junctions regarding flanking transmission. Two field measurements of accelerations in light weight wooden buildings have been evaluated. In these, two sources; a stepping machine, and an electrodynamic shaker, were used. The shaker was shown to give more detailed information. However, since a light weight structure in field exhibit energy losses to surrounding building parts, reliable damping estimates were difficult to obtain. In addition, two laboratory measurements were made. These were evaluated using experimental modal analysis, giving the eigenmodes and the damping of the structures. The damping for these particular structures varies significantly with frequency, especially when an elastomer is used in the floor-wall junction. The overall damping is also higher when elastomers are used in the floor-wall junction in comparison to a screwed junction. By analysing the eigenmodes, using the modal assurance criterion, of the same structure with two types of junctions it was concluded that the modes become significantly different. Thereby the overall behavior differs. Several finite element models representing both the field and laboratory test setups have been made. The junctions between the building blocks in the models have been modeled using tie or springs and dashpots. Visual observation and the modal assurance criterion show that there is more rotational stiffness in the test structures than in the models. The findings in this doctoral thesis add understanding to how modern joints in wooden constructions can be represented by FE modelling. They will contribute in developing FE models that can be used to see the acoustic effects prior to building an entire house. However, further research is still needed.
Denna doktorsavhandling behandlar flanktransmission i flervåningshus med trästomme, inom det lågfrekventa området, främst 20-120 Hz. Det övergripande målet är att undersöka hur finita elementmetoden kan bidra i konstruktionsfasen för att utvärdera olika knutpunkters inverkan på flanktransmissionen. Två fältmätningar av accelerationer i trähus har utvärderats. I dessa har två olika lastkällor använts, i den första en stegljudsapparat och i den andra en elektrodynamisk vibrator (shaker). Det visades att shakern kan ge mer detaljerad information, men eftersom vibrationerna även sprider sig till omgivande byggnadsdelar vid fältmätningarna var det svårt att estimera tillförlitliga dämpningsdata även då shaker användes. Fältmätningarna följdes av två mätningar i laborationsmiljö. Dessa två experiment utvärderades med experimentell modalanalys, vilket ger egenmoder och dämpning hos strukturerna. Dämpningen för dessa trähuskonstruktioner varierar kraftigt med frekvens. Extra stora variationer registreras då en elastomer användes i knutpunkten mellan golv och vägg. Den totala dämpningen är generellt högre när elastomerer används i knutpunkten mellan golv och vägg i jämförelse med då knutpunkten är skruvad. Genom att analysera egenmoder och deras korrelationer (MAC), för samma trästruktur men med olika typer av knutpunkter, drogs slutsatsen att knutpunkten drastiskt förändrar strukturens dynamiska beteende. Flera finita elementmodeller av både fält- och laboratorieuppställningar har gjorts. I dessa har knutpunkterna mellan byggnadsdelar modellerats helt styvt eller med hjälp av fjädrar och dämpare. Visuella observationer av egenmoder och korrelationen dem emellan visar att det finns mer rotationsstyvhet i försöken än i finita elementmodellerna. Resultaten i denna doktorsavhandling har gett förståelse för hur knutpunkter i träkonstruktioner beter sig och kan simuleras med finit elementmodellering. Vidare kan resultaten bidra till utvecklingen av FE-modeller som kan användas för att kunna se de akustiska effekterna redan under konstruktionsstadiet. Dock behövs ytterligare forskning inom området.

In the context of interior noise reduction, the present work aims at proposing Finite Element (FE) solution strategies for interior structural-acoustic applications including 3D modelling of homogeneous and isotropic poroelastic materials, under timeharmonic excitations, and in the low frequency range. A model based on the Biot-Allard theory is used for the poroelastic materials, which is known to be very costly in terms of computational resources. Reduced models offer the possibility to enhance the resolution of such complex problems. However, their applicability to porous materials remained to be demonstrated.First, this thesis presents FE resolutions of poro-elasto-acoustic coupled problems using modal-based approaches both for the acoustic and porous domains. The original modal approach proposed for porous media, together with a dedicated mode selection and truncation procedure, are validated on 1D to 3D applications.In a second part, modal-reduced models are combined with a Padé approximants reconstruction scheme in order to further improve the efficiency.A concluding chapter presents a comparison and a combination of the proposed methods on a 3D academic application, showing promising performances. Conclusions are then drawn to provide indications for future research and tests to be conducted in order to further enhance the methodologies proposed in this thesis.

Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUTs) have demonstrated significant potential to advance the state of medical ultrasound imaging beyond the capabilities of the currently employed piezoelectric technology. Because they rely on well-established micro-fabrication techniques, they can achieve complex geometries, densely populated arrays, and tight integration with electronics, all of which are required for advanced intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) applications such as high-frequency or forward-looking catheters. Moreover, they also offer higher bandwidth than their piezoelectric counterparts. Before CMUTs can be effectively used, they must be fully characterized and optimized through experimentation and modeling. Unfortunately, immersed transducer arrays are inherently difficult to simulate due to a phenomenon known as acoustic crosstalk, which refers to the fact that every membrane in an array affects the dynamic behavior of every other membrane in an array as their respective pressure fields interact with one another. In essence, it implies that modeling a single CMUT membrane is not sufficient; the entire array must be modeled for complete accuracy. Finite element models (FEMs) are the most accurate technique for simulating CMUT behavior, but they can become extremely large considering that most CMUT arrays contain hundreds of membranes. This thesis focuses on the development and application of a more efficient model for transducer arrays first introduced by Meynier et al. [1], which provides accuracy comparable to FEM, but with greatly decreased computation time. It models the stiffness of each membrane using a finite difference approximation of thin plate equations. This stiffness is incorporated into a force balance which accounts for effects from the electrostatic actuation, pressure forces from the fluid environment, mass and damping from the membrane, etc. For fluid coupling effects, a Boundary Element Matrix (BEM) is employed that is based on the Green's function for a baffled point source in a semi-infinite fluid. The BEM utilizes the nodal mesh created for the finite difference method, and relates the dynamic displacement of each node to the pressure at every node in the array. Use of the thin plate equations and the BEM implies that the entire CMUT array can be reduced to a 2D nodal mesh, allowing for a drastic improvement in computation time compared with FEM. After the model was developed, it was then validated through comparison with FEM. From these tests, it demonstrated a capability to accurately predict collapse voltage, center frequency, bandwidth, and pressure magnitudes to within 5% difference of FEM simulations. Further validation with experimental results revealed a close correlation with predicted impedance/admittance plots, radiation patterns, frequency responses, and noise current spectrums. More specifically, it accurately predicted how acoustic crosstalk would create sharp peaks and notches in the frequency responses, and enhance side lobes and nulls in the angular radiation pattern. Preliminary design studies with the model were also performed. They revealed that membranes with larger lateral dimensions effectively increased the bandwidth of isolated membranes. They also demonstrated potential for various crosstalk reduction techniques in array design such as disrupting array periodicity, optimizing inter-membrane pitch, and adjusting the number of membranes per element. It is expected that the model developed in this thesis will serve as a useful tool for future iterations of CMUT array optimizations.

In the context of interior noise reduction, the present work aims at proposing Finite Element (FE) solution strategies for interior structural-acoustic applications including 3D modelling of homogeneous and isotropic poroelastic materials, under timeharmonic excitations, and in the low frequency range. A model based on the Biot-Allard theory is used for the poroelastic materials, which is known to be very costly in terms of computational resources. Reduced models offer the possibility to enhance the resolution of such complex problems. However, their applicability to porous materials remained to be demonstrated.First, this thesis presents FE resolutions of poro-elasto-acoustic coupled problems using modal-based approaches both for the acoustic and porous domains. The original modal approach proposed for porous media, together with a dedicated mode selection and truncation procedure, are validated on 1D to 3D applications.In a second part, modal-reduced models are combined with a Padé approximants reconstruction scheme in order to further improve the efficiency.A concluding chapter presents a comparison and a combination of the proposed methods on a 3D academic application, showing promising performances. Conclusions are then drawn to provide indications for future research and tests to be conducted in order to further enhance the methodologies proposed in this thesis.
Dans le contexte de lutte contre les nuisances sonores, cette thèse porte sur le développement de méthodes de résolution efficaces par éléments finis, pour des problèmes de vibroacoustique interne avec interfaces dissipatives, dans le domaine des basses fréquences. L’étude se limite à l’utilisation de solutions passives telles que l’intégration de matériaux poreux homogènes et isotropes, modélisés par une approche fondée sur la théorie de Biot-Allard. Ces modèles étant coûteux en terme de résolution, un des objectifs de cette thèse est de proposer une approche modale pour la réduction du problème poroélastique, bien que l’adéquation d’une telle approche avec le comportement dynamique des matériaux poreux soit à démontrer.Dans un premier temps, la résolution de problèmes couplés élasto-poro-acoustiques par sous-structuration dynamique des domaines acoustiques et poreux est établie. L’approche modale originale proposée pour les milieux poroélastiques, ainsi qu’une procédure de sélection des modes significatifs, sont validées sur des exemples 1D à 3D.Une deuxième partie présente une méthode combinant l’utilisation des modèles réduits précédemment établis avec une procédure d’approximation de solution par approximants de Padé. Il est montré qu’une telle combinaison offre la possibilité d’accroître les performances de la résolution (allocation mémoire et ressources en temps de calcul).Un chapitre dédié aux applications permet d’évaluer et comparer les approches sur un problème académique 3D, mettant en valeur leurs performances encourageantes. Afin d’améliorer les méthodes établies dans cette thèse, des perspectives à ces travaux de recherche sont apportées en conclusion.

QC 20120224

FP6 Marie-Curie Smart Structures
FP7 Marie-Curie Mid-Frequency

Scale modeling has been commonly used for architectural acoustics but use in other noise control areas is nominal. Acoustic scale modeling theory is first reviewed and then feasibility for small-scale applications, such as is common in the electronics industry, is investigated. Three application cases are used to examine the viability. In the first example, a scale model is used to determine the insertion loss of a rectangular barrier. In the second example, the transmission loss through parallel tubes drilled through a cylinder is measured and results are compared to a 2.85 times scale model with good agreement. The third example is a rectangular cuboid with a smaller cylindrical well bored into it. A point source is placed above the cuboid. The transfer function was measured between positions on the top of the cylinder and inside of the cylindrical well. Treatments were then applied sequentially including a cylindrical barrier around the well, a membrane cover over the opening, and a layer of sound absorption over the well. Results are compared between the full scale and a 5.7 times scale model and correlation between the two is satisfactory.

Recent progresses by the aircraft industry in the development of a quieter supersonic transport have opened the possibility of overland supersonic flights, which are currently banned by aviation authorities in most countries. For the ban to be lifted, the sonic booms the aircraft generate at supersonic speed must be acceptable from a human-perception point of view, in particular inside buildings. The problem of the transmission of sonic booms inside buildings can be divided in several aspects such as the external pressure loading, structure vibration, and interior acoustic response. Past investigations on this problem have tackled all these aspects but were limited to simple structures and often did not account for the coupled fluid-structure interaction. A more comprehensive work that includes all the effects of sonic booms to ultimately predict the noise exposure inside realistic building structures, e.g. residential houses, has never been reported. Thus far, these effects could only be investigated experimentally, e.g. flight tests. In this research, a numerical model and a computer code are developed within the above context to predict the vibro-acoustic response of simplified building structures exposed to sonic booms, at low frequency. The model is applicable to structures with multiple rectangular cavities, isolated or interconnected with openings. The response of the fluid-structure system, including their fully coupled interaction, is computed in the time domain using a modal-decomposition approach for both the structural and acoustic systems. In the dynamic equations, the structural displacement is expressed in terms of summations over the â in vacuoâ normal modes of vibration. The interior pressure is expressed in terms of summations over the acoustic modes of the rooms with perfectly reflecting surfaces (hard walls). This approach is simple to implement and computationally efficient at low frequency, when the modal density is relatively low. The numerical model is designed specifically for this application and includes several novel formulations. Firstly, a new shell finite-element is derived to model the structural components typically used in building construction that have orthotropic characteristics such as plaster-wood walls, floors, and siding panels. The constitutive matrix for these types of components is formulated using simple analytical expressions based on the orthotropic constants of an equivalent orthotropic plate. This approach is computationally efficient since there is no need to model all the individual subcomponents of the assembly (studs, sheathing, etc.) and their interconnections. Secondly, a dedicated finite-element module is developed that implements the new shell element for orthotropic components as well as a conventional shell element for isotropic components, e.g. window panels and doors. The finite element module computes the â in vacuoâ structural modes of vibration. The modes and external pressure distribution are then used to compute modal loads. This dedicated finite-element module has the main advantage of overcoming the need, and subsequent complications, for using a large commercial finite-element program. Lastly, a novel formulation is developed for the fully coupled fluid-structure model to handle room openings and compute the acoustic response of interconnected rooms. The formulation is based on the Helmholtz resonator approach and is applicable to the very low frequency-range, when the acoustic wavelength is much larger than the opening dimensions. Experimental validation of the numerical model and computer code is presented for three test cases of increasing complexity. The first test structure consists of a single plaster-wood wall backed by a rigid rectangular enclosure. The structure is excited by sonic booms generated with a speaker. The second test structure is a single room made of plaster-wood walls with two double-panel windows and a door. The third test structure consists of the first room to which a second room with a large window assembly was added. Several door configurations of the structure are tested to validate the formulation for room openings. This latter case is the most realistic one as it involves the interaction of several structural components with several interior cavities. For the last two test cases, sonic booms with realistic durations and amplitudes were generated using an explosive technique. Numerical predictions are compared to the experimental data for the three test cases and show a good overall agreement. Finally, results from a parametric study are presented for the case of the single wall backed by a rigid enclosure. The effects of sonic-boom shape, e.g. rise time and duration, and effects of the structure geometry on the fluid-structure response to sonic booms are investigated.
Ph. D.

Thesis (M.S. Engineering Acoustics) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1999.
"September 1999". Thesis advisor(s): Clyde L. Scandrett, Steven R. Baker. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-84). Also avaliable online.

This thesis presents a numerical methodology to predict the noise and vibration characteristics of large power transformers. The approach, which focuses on a vibro-acoustic finite element simulation, has been validated by appropriate experimental measurements and is shown to identify both the local and global acoustic behaviour of a transformer under nominal operating conditions. Furthermore, analysis methods presented in this thesis have illustrated a transformer's complex vibration characteristics that result in elevated noise levels. An understanding of such vibration characteristics together with acoustic predictions will better enable transformer manufacturers to consistently meet noise emission targets set by customers and regulators.

Incubators in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are known to produce high Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) that can have detrimental effects on infants. Currently measured SPL in NICU's using traditional incubators are above the recommended 45 dB[A] threshold value [1]. Due to operating equipment and environmental noise, the sound level that is perceived by the developing newborn can cause both short and long term hearing loss as well as psychological damage [1].This thesis presents a study on how passive noise control devices can be used to reduce SPL levels in incubator NICU environments. A combination of experimental testing coupled with Finite Element simulations were performed for a modern incubator. In the experimental portion, porous mattresses were analyzed to reduce SPL values. These same test scenarios were modeled using the FE software. Using this model, extensive studies were performed on an arrangement of porous mattress materials with simple foam shapes to determine sound absorbing characteristics of several designs. Data was collected and studied at a NICU at Children\'s Hospital in Norfolk, Va. Experimental work showed improvement in reducing SPL with multiple thicknesses for different sound absorbing mattresses. The experimental outcomes validated the FE simulation model by showing similar trends at the baby\'s ears. In simulation work, polyimide foam had the best low frequency performance while polyurethane had the greatest performance in middle and high frequencies. Designs that used full-width foam treatments across the incubator produced the overall greatest reduction in noise around the baby control volume by approximately 26%.
Master of Science

This research investigates the modeling of randomly distributed surface-breaking microcracks and their effects on higher harmonic generation in Rayleigh surface waves. The modeling is based on micromechanical considerations of rough surface contact. The nonlinear behavior of a single microcrack is described by a hyperelastic effective stress-strain relationship. Finite element simulations of nonlinear wave propagation in a solid with distributed microcracks are performed. The evolution of fundamental and second harmonic amplitudes along the propagation distance is studied and the acoustic nonlinearity parameter is calculated. The results show that the nonlinearity parameter increases with crack density and root mean square roughness of the crack faces. While, for a dilute concentration of microcracks, the increase in acoustic nonlinearity is proportional to the crack density, this is not valid for higher crack densities, as the microcracks start to interact. Finally, it is shown that odd higher harmonic generation in Rayleigh surface waves due to sliding crack faces introduces a friction nonlinearity.

Cette thèse porte sur la simulation et la réduction du bruit acoustique d’origine magnétique des alternateurs à griffes ainsi que sur la compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu dans la génération du bruit. La structure, les différents composants et les particularités du bruit acoustique de l’alternateur à griffes sont détaillés dans la première partie. La problématique ainsi que l’approche générale de cette thèse sont ensuite exposées. Cette approche se base sur la simulation du bruit acoustique d’origine magnétique. Un état de l’art des études sur le bruit acoustique d’origine magnétique des machines électriques est présenté dans la seconde partie. Les modèles électromagnétiques, mécaniques et acoustiques utilisés pour l’étude de ces machines ainsi que les principales solutions de réduction du bruit sont exposés. Les nouvelles approches de modélisation électromagnétique et vibro-acoustique de la machine à griffes sont développées dans la troisième partie. Deux modèles électromagnétiques sont étudiés : un modèle numérique qui repose sur l’utilisation de la méthode des éléments finis et un modèle hybride qui allie le modèle numérique à un modèle analytique. Ce dernier s’appuie sur la décomposition de l’induction magnétique dans l’entrefer en un produit d’une fonction de perméance avec une fonction de force magnétomotrice. Chaque fonction prend en compte les variations axiales dues à la géométrie des griffes. Ce modèle nécessite toutefois l’utilisation d’un modèle numérique afin de prendre en compte la saturation et les forces tangentielles. Un modèle mécanique purement numérique est ensuite construit. Il permet de prendre en compte la géométrie exacte des pièces ainsi que les contacts entre les pièces. Ce modèle mécanique est développé grâce à la corrélation avec des mesures et porte principalement sur trois parties de l’alternateur : le paquet de tôles du stator, le bobinage du stator et l’assemblage stator-paliers. Enfin, les simulations acoustiques avec les modèles numériques sont comparées aux mesures et permettent de retrouver les principaux pics de bruit des alternateurs. Dans la quatrième partie, des études de sensibilités sont menées afin de déterminer les paramètres les plus influents sur le bruit acoustique d’origine magnétique des machines à griffes. Ces études montrent l’influence importante de la géométrie du rotor, du bobinage stator et de la température sur le bruit. Les modifications de la structure ainsi que les imperfections étudiées (i.e. défauts de forme et excentricité) ont une influence moindre. Les caractéristiques des forces magnétiques ainsi que les influences des forces radiales et tangentielles sont ensuite exposées. Finalement, des exemples d’optimisation du rotor sont traités avec les deux modèles électromagnétiques (numérique et hybride). Un prototype est réalisé pour valider expérimentalement les résultats des simulations et un gain de 10 dB est obtenu sur la puissance acoustique
This thesis aims at simulating and reducing the acoustic noise due to magnetic forces of claw-pole automotive alternators. It also aims at improving the understanding of the noise generation mechanisms. In the first part, the assembly of the claw-pole alternator and its different parts are described. The particularities of the acoustic noise of the alternator are also given. Then, the problem as well as the global approach, based on the vibro-acoustic simulation, are explained. The second part is a review of the studies on the acoustic noise from a magnetic origin of electrical machines. The models used to study these machines as well as the main noise reduction solutions are detailed. In the third part, new electromagnetic and vibro-acoustic models are developed. Two electromagnetic models are considered : a finite element model and a hybrid model which couples the finite element model with an analytical model. This analytical model computes the airgap magnetic flux density as the product of a permeance and a magnetomotive force functions. Each function takes the variations of the claw-pole geometry along the axial direction into account. Saturation and tangential forces are taken into account thanks to the finite element model. Then, a finite element mechanical model is developed. Three unknown parameters of the model are determined thanks to the correlation between the model and experimental data, namely : the equivalent materials of the stator stack and the windings and the contact conditions between the stator and the brackets. Finally, acoustic simulations are compared with measurements. A good correlation is achieved between simulated and measured noise peaks. In the fourth part, sensitivity studies are carried out in order to determine the most influential parameters on the acoustic noise of claw-pole alternators. These studies show the significant influence of the claw-pole geometry, the stator windings and the temperature on the acoustic noise. Structural modifications and studied faults have a smaller influence. Characteristics of the magnetic forces as well as the influences of radial and tangential forces are then detailed. In the end, optimizations with the finite element and the hybrid models are presented. A prototype is built and acoustic measurements show a 10 dB decrease of the sound power level

Developing a robust pipe leak monitoring tool is essential as it continuously monitors pipeline health without disrupting normal operation. It is critical to understand the physical phenomena in the leakage area to develop a robust pipeline condition monitoring. This research project provides a better understanding of pipe leakage fluid dynamics and their influences on acoustic emission signal generation. The findings obtained from this project lay the groundwork for the development of a robust pipeline condition monitoring technique that could be implemented without disrupting normal operation. Such a monitoring tool would have significant financial, environmental, and social benefits.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Em muitos problemas do nosso cotidiano ocorre acoplamento entre a resposta acústica no interior de uma cavidade e a excitação estrutural em um de seus contornos flexíveis, bem como a resposta estrutural nestes contornos também está relacionada à fonte acústica da cavidade. Interior de automóveis, cabine de caminhões e fuselagem de aviões são apenas alguns exemplos práticos destes tipos de sistemas. Acoplamento implica que o comportamento dos sistemas acústico e estrutural não são independentes um do outro, e ambos devem ser considerados como um único sistema global. O propósito deste trabalho é avaliar a técnica de matrizes compactas na solução de problema de acoplamento vibroacústico em cavidades de geometria regular e irregular. Preliminarmente, a análise do acoplamento vibro-acústico é baseado no método dos elementos finitos e o conjunto de equações não simétricas que modela o movimento é discutida. A aproximação vibro-acústica por matrizes compactas é feita utilizando conceitos de impedância e mobilidade. No modelo de matrizes compactas, o acoplamento é obtido através da avaliação dos modos acústicos e estruturais desacoplados da cavidade e da estrutura flexível, respectivamente. Simulações numéricas utilizando o método dos elementos finitos e a técnica de matrizes compactas são apresentadas para modelos vibro-acústicos de geometria regular e irregular. Testes experimentais são realizados em uma cavidade irregular feita de PVC e aço. A metodologia de análise dos resultados é baseada nas FRF(s) definidas pelas relações entre a resposta em pressão acústica da cavidade e a força estrutural e entre a resposta em velocidade e a força estrutural aplicada sobre a superfície flexível. A comparação dos modelos numéricos e experimentais mostra o potencial da técnica de matrizes compactas.
In many systems of day-life occurs the coupling between the acoustical response in a cavity and a structural excitation on a flexible boundary, whereas the structural response in this same boundary is also related to acoustical excitation source. Car interiors, cabs of trucks and aircraft fuselage are a just a few practical examples of this sort of systems. Coupling implies that the acoustical and structural system behavior is not independent from each other, and therefore they must be considered as a global system behavior. The aim of this work is to evaluate a compact matrix formulation to solve vibro-acoustic problems in regular and irregular shape cavity. Preliminary, the vibro-acoustic coupling analysis is based on finite element method and the set of non-symmetric equation that represents the movement is discussed. The compact matrix formulation approaches have been done using impedance and mobility concepts. In compact matrix model, the coupling is obtained by evaluating the uncoupled acoustic modes and structural modes of the cavity and flexible structure, respectively. Numerical simulation using the finite element method and the compact matrix formulation are shown for regular and irregular shape cavity model. Experimental tests are evaluated in an irregular rigid cavity made of PVC and steel. The results analysis methodology is based on FRF(s) defined by the relationship between the pressure acoustic response in the cavity and structural force and between the velocity response and structural force applied on the flexible boundary. The comparison of numerical and experimental models shows the potential of the compact matrix formulation.

Cette these contribue a l'evolution du logiciel industriel de calcul vibroacoustique astryd developpe par la societe metravib r. D. S. Ce code scientifique est base sur la discretisation de l'equation temporelle de kirchhoff ou equation des potentiels retardes. La these comprend deux parties: * la premiere concerne l'amelioration du noyau scientifique du module de transfert de champs de donnees entre maillages incompatibles. Ce module, denomme lisa, calcule a partir d'un champ de donnees connu sur un maillage mecanique, son transfert sur un maillage acoustique sur lequel opere le code astryd. Les analyses et developpements effectues dans cette partie sont fondes principalement sur l'approximation diffuse, a partir de laquelle plusieurs methodes de transfert sont etudiees. Une comparaison avec la methode initiale (developpee par metravib r. D. S. ) basee sur un calcul de moyenne ponderee par des coefficients geometriques est donnee ; * la seconde partie concerne un elargissement des types de problemes traites par astryd. Elle consiste a modeliser l'influence d'un revetement de materiau absorbant sur le comportement acoustique de structures quelconques, ceci revient a ajouter un terme d'impedance de paroi localisee a l'equation des potentiels retardes. Cette partie presente l'etude de deux formulations: collocation et variationnelle (en temps). Dans le domaine temporel, le terme d'impedance de paroi fait apparaitre un produit de convolution que l'on remplace par un autoregressive moving average. Trois modeles d'impedance sont testes pour valider la methode developpee: une impedance constante, un systeme a un degre de liberte (masse-ressort-amortissement visqueux) et le modele de delany-bazeley

Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Keywords: basis functions; perfectly matched layers; PML; neck model; parallel plate resonator; finite element; circulator; glottal waveform; multi-transmission line; dielectric properties of human tissues; radiation currents; weighted residuals; non-acoustic sensor. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-107).

Orientador: João Antonio Pereira
Banca: Gustavo Luiz Chagas Manhães de Abreu
Banca: Edson Antonio Capello Sousa
Resumo: Em muitos problemas do nosso cotidiano ocorre acoplamento entre a resposta acústica no interior de uma cavidade e a excitação estrutural em um de seus contornos flexíveis, bem como a resposta estrutural nestes contornos também está relacionada à fonte acústica da cavidade. Interior de automóveis, cabine de caminhões e fuselagem de aviões são apenas alguns exemplos práticos destes tipos de sistemas. Acoplamento implica que o comportamento dos sistemas acústico e estrutural não são independentes um do outro, e ambos devem ser considerados como um único sistema global. O propósito deste trabalho é avaliar a técnica de matrizes compactas na solução de problema de acoplamento vibroacústico em cavidades de geometria regular e irregular. Preliminarmente, a análise do acoplamento vibro-acústico é baseado no método dos elementos finitos e o conjunto de equações não simétricas que modela o movimento é discutida. A aproximação vibro-acústica por matrizes compactas é feita utilizando conceitos de impedância e mobilidade. No modelo de matrizes compactas, o acoplamento é obtido através da avaliação dos modos acústicos e estruturais desacoplados da cavidade e da estrutura flexível, respectivamente. Simulações numéricas utilizando o método dos elementos finitos e a técnica de matrizes compactas são apresentadas para modelos vibro-acústicos de geometria regular e irregular. Testes experimentais são realizados em uma cavidade irregular feita de PVC e aço. A metodologia de análise dos resultados é baseada nas FRF(s) definidas pelas relações entre a resposta em pressão acústica da cavidade e a força estrutural e entre a resposta em velocidade e a força estrutural aplicada sobre a superfície flexível. A comparação dos modelos numéricos e experimentais mostra o potencial da técnica de matrizes compactas.
Abstract: In many systems of day-life occurs the coupling between the acoustical response in a cavity and a structural excitation on a flexible boundary, whereas the structural response in this same boundary is also related to acoustical excitation source. Car interiors, cabs of trucks and aircraft fuselage are a just a few practical examples of this sort of systems. Coupling implies that the acoustical and structural system behavior is not independent from each other, and therefore they must be considered as a global system behavior. The aim of this work is to evaluate a compact matrix formulation to solve vibro-acoustic problems in regular and irregular shape cavity. Preliminary, the vibro-acoustic coupling analysis is based on finite element method and the set of non-symmetric equation that represents the movement is discussed. The compact matrix formulation approaches have been done using impedance and mobility concepts. In compact matrix model, the coupling is obtained by evaluating the uncoupled acoustic modes and structural modes of the cavity and flexible structure, respectively. Numerical simulation using the finite element method and the compact matrix formulation are shown for regular and irregular shape cavity model. Experimental tests are evaluated in an irregular rigid cavity made of PVC and steel. The results analysis methodology is based on FRF(s) defined by the relationship between the pressure acoustic response in the cavity and structural force and between the velocity response and structural force applied on the flexible boundary. The comparison of numerical and experimental models shows the potential of the compact matrix formulation.
Mestre

[EN] This Thesis is focused on the development and implementation of efficient numerical methods for the acoustic modelling and design of noise control devices in the exhaust system of combustion engines. Special attention is paid to automotive perforated dissipative silencers, in which significant differences are likely to appear in their acoustic behaviour, depending on the temperature variations within the absorbent material. Also, material heterogeneities can alter the silencer attenuation performance. Therefore, numerical techniques considering all these features are required to guarantee the accuracy of the results. A literature review is carried out, mainly related to one-dimensional models, as well as to acoustic models for absorbent materials and perforated surfaces. However, plane wave model limitations make indispensable using alternative multidimensional methods. In addition, the possibility of using new acoustic elements is explored. These elements have as an objective being a potential alternative to the fibrous absorbent materials, which can have a negative impact on health. The Thesis considers the use of microperforated and sintered surfaces. The latter have, in some cases, a nearly constant acoustic impedance, whose value depends, among others, on the thickness and porosity of the plates. To avoid the limitations of plane wave models, a finite element (FE) approach is proposed for the acoustic analysis of dissipative silencers including a perforated duct with uniform axial mean flow and an outer chamber with a heterogeneous distribution of the absorbent material. On the other hand, property variations can be also produced by temperature gradients. In this case, a hybrid FE model has been derived for perforated dissipative silencers including: (1) Thermal gradients in the central duct and the chamber; (2) A perforated passage carrying non-uniform axial mean flow. A FE approach has been implemented to solve the pressure-based wave equation for a non-moving heterogeneous medium, associated with the chamber. Also, the governing equation in the central duct has been written and solved in terms of an acoustic velocity potential to allow the presence of an axially inhomogeneous flow. The coupling between both regions has been carried out by means of a perforated duct and its acoustic impedance, adapted here to include absorbent material heterogeneities and mean flow effects. It has been found that the presence of non-homogeneities can have a significant influence on the acoustic attenuation of a silencer and should be included in the theoretical models. Optimization techniques for industrial noise control devices are relevant, since they lead to the production of elements with better characteristics. Evolutionary algorithms are emergent techniques able to obtain a solution, even in those problems in which the traditional optimization have difficulties. Optimization techniques are combined with the FE method to achieve the maximum attenuation in the frequency range of interest. A multichamber silencer optimization problem is defined and several analyses are carried out to obtain the most suitable configuration for each application. Under certain assumptions of axial uniformity, several techniques have been considered to reduce the computational effort of a full 3D FE analysis for dissipative silencers with temperature gradients and mean flow. These are based on a decomposition of the acoustic field into transversal and axial modes within each silencer subdomain, and a matching procedure of the modal expansions at the silencer area changes through the continuity conditions of the acoustic fields. The relative computational efficiency and accuracy of predictions for the matching techniques are studied, including point collocation at nodes and Gauss points and also mode-matching with weighted integration. All of them provide accurate predictions of the attenuation and improve the computational cost of a FE calculation
[ES] Esta Tesis se centra en el desarrollo e implementación de métodos numéricos eficientes para el diseño y modelado de componentes de la línea de escape en motores de combustión interna. Merecen especial atención los silenciadores disipativos perforados de automóviles, ya que su comportamiento acústico puede sufrir variaciones importantes debidas a las variaciones de temperatura en el material absorbente, así como a las heterogeneidades de la fibra. Por tanto, se requieren técnicas numéricas que consideren estos casos para garantizar la precisión de los resultados. Se lleva a cabo una revisión bibliográfica que recoge los modelos de onda unidimensionales, así como modelos acústicos de materiales absorbentes y superficies perforadas. Sin embargo, las limitaciones de los primeros hacen indispensable el uso de modelos multidimensionales. Además se explora la posibilidad de usar nuevos elementos acústicos, cuyo objetivo es ser una alternativa potencial a los materiales absorbentes, que pueden tener un efecto negativo sobre la salud. La Tesis considera el uso de superficies microperforadas y sinterizadas. Estas últimas en algunos casos presentan una impedancia casi constante, cuyo valor depende, entre otras cosas, del espesor y la porosidad de las placas. Para evitar las limitaciones de los modelos de onda plana, se propone un enfoque en elementos finitos (EF) para el análisis acústico de silenciadores disipativos que incluyen un conducto con flujo medio axial uniforme y una cámara externa con una distribución heterogénea de material absorbente. Por otro lado, la variación de las propiedades también puede producirse por gradientes térmicos. En este caso, se propone una formulación híbrida de EF para silenciadores disipativos perforados que incluye: (1) Gradientes térmicos en el conducto central y la cámara; (2) Un conducto perforado que canaliza flujo medio axial no uniforme. Se ha implementado una formulación de EF para resolver la ecuación de ondas en términos de presión para el medio estacionario heterogéneo asociado a la cámara. Además, la ecuación asociada al conducto central, expresada en términos de potencial de velocidad acústica, permite la presencia de flujo axial no uniforme. El acoplamiento entre ambas regiones se ha realizado mediante un conducto perforado y su impedancia acústica y se ha adaptado para incluir la citada falta de homogeneidad. Se ha visto que las heterogeneidades pueden influir notablemente en la atenuación acústica de un silenciador, debiéndose incluir en los modelos teóricos. Las técnicas de optimización para componentes industriales de control de ruido son importantes, ya que producen elementos con mejores características. Los algoritmos evolutivos son técnicas emergentes capaces de obtener una solución, incluso cuando la optimización tradicional tiene dificultades. Las técnicas de optimización se combinan con el MEF para conseguir la máxima atenuación posible en el rango de frecuencias de interés. Se ha definido un problema de optimización de un silenciador multicámara y se han llevado a cabo varios análisis para obtener la configuración más adecuada para cada caso. Bajo ciertas hipótesis de uniformidad axial, se han considerado varias técnicas para reducir el coste computacional de un análisis 3D completo para silenciadores disipativos con gradientes de temperatura y flujo medio. Éstas se basan en la descomposición del campo acústico en modos axiales y transversales dentro de cada subdominio, y un procedimiento de acoplamiento de las expansiones modales en los cambios de sección del silenciador mediante las condiciones de continuidad de los campos acústicos. Se estudia la eficiencia computacional y precisión de las predicciones de las técnicas de acoplamiento, incluyendo colocación puntual en nodos y puntos de Gauss, así como ajuste modal. Todos ellos proporcionan predicciones precisas de la atenuación mejorando el coste
[CAT] Aquesta Tesi es centra en el desenvolupament i implementació de mètodes numèrics eficients per al disseny i modelatge de components de la línia d'escapament en motors de combustió interna. Mereixen especial atenció els silenciadors dissipatius perforats d'automòbils, ja que el seu comportament acústic pot patir variacions importants degudes a les variacions de temperatura en el material absorbent, així com a les heterogeneïtats de la fibra. Per tant, es requereixen tècniques numèriques que considerin aquests casos per garantir la precisió dels resultats. Es porta a terme una revisió bibliogràfica que recull els models d'ona unidimensionals, així com models acústics de materials absorbents i superfícies perforades. No obstant això, les limitacions dels primers fan indispensable l'ús de models multidimensionals. A més s'explora la possibilitat d'usar nous elements acústics amb l'objectiu que siguen una alternativa potencial als materials absorbents, que poden tenir un efecte negatiu sobre la salut. La Tesi considera l'ús de superfícies microperforades i sinteritzades. Aquestes últimes en alguns casos presenten una impedància gairebé constant. El seu valor depèn, entre altres coses, del gruix i la porositat de les plaques. Per evitar les limitacions dels models d'ona plana, es proposa un enfocament amb elements finits (EF) per a l'anàlisi acústic de silenciadors dissipatius que inclouen un conducte amb flux mig axial uniforme i una càmera externa amb una distribució heterogènia de material absorbent. D'altra banda, la variació de les propietats també es pot produir per gradients tèrmics. En aquest cas, es proposa una formulació híbrida d'EF per silenciadors dissipatius perforats que inclou: (1) Gradients tèrmics en el conducte central i la càmera; (2) Un conducte perforat que canalitza flux mig axial no uniforme. S'ha implementat una formulació d'EF per resoldre l'equació d'ones en termes de pressió per al medi estacionari heterogeni associat a la càmera. A més, l'equació associada al conducte central, expressada en termes de potencial de velocitat acústica, permet la presència de flux axial no uniforme. L'acoblament entre les dues regions s'ha realitzat mitjançant un conducte perforat i la seva impedància acústica i s'ha adaptat per incloure la esmentada falta d'homogeneïtat. S'ha vist que les heterogeneïtats poden influir notablement en l'atenuació acústica d'un silenciador i s'han d'incloure en els models teòrics. Les tècniques d'optimització per a components industrials de control de soroll són importants, ja que produeixen elements amb millors característiques. Els algoritmes evolutius són tècniques emergents capaces d'obtenir una solució, fins i tot quan l'optimització tradicional té dificultats. Les tècniques d'optimització es combinen amb el mètode d'elements finits (MEF) per aconseguir la màxima atenuació possible en el rang de freqüències d'interès. S'ha definit un problema d'optimització d'un silenciador multicàmera i s'han dut a terme diverses anàlisis per obtenir la configuració més adequada per a cada cas. Sota certes hipòtesis d'uniformitat axial, s'han considerat diverses tècniques per reduir el cost computacional d'una anàlisi 3D complet per silenciadors dissipatius amb gradients de temperatura i flux mig. Aquestes es basen en la descomposició del camp acústic en modes axials i transversals dins de cada subdomini, i un procediment d'acoblament de les expansions modals en els canvis de secció del silenciador mitjançant les condicions de continuïtat dels camps acústics. S'estudia l'eficiència computacional i precisió de les prediccions de les tècniques d'acoblament, incloent col·locació puntual en nodes i punts de Gauss, així com ajust modal. Tots ells proporcionen prediccions precises de l'atenuació millorant el cost computacional d'EF.
Sánchez Orgaz, EM. (2016). Advanced numerical techniques for the acoustic modelling of materials and noise control devices in the exhaust system of internal combustion engines [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/64090
TESIS

Although several studies have proven the accuracy of using a non-contact, air-coupled receiver in nonlinear ultrasonic (NLU) Rayleigh wave measurements, inconsistent results have been observed when working with narrow specimens. The objectives of this research are first, to develop a 3D numerical finite element (FE) model which predicts nonlinear ultrasonic measurements and second, to apply the validated model on the narrow waveguide to determine causes of the previously observed experimental issues. The commercial FE-solver ABAQUS is used to perform these simulations. Constitutive law and excitation source properties are adjusted to match experiments conducted, considering inherent effects of the non-contact detection, such as frequency dependent pressure wave attenuation and signal averaging. Comparison of “infinite” and narrow width simulations outlines various influences which impair the nonlinear Rayleigh wave measurements. When the wave expansion is restricted, amplitudes of the fundamental and second harmonic components decrease more significantly and the Rayleigh wavefronts show an oscillating interaction with the boundary. Because of the air-coupled receiver’s finite width, it is sensitive to these edge effects which alter the observed signal. Thus, the narrow specimen adversely affects key factors needed for consistent measurement of material nonlinearity with an air-coupled, non-contact receiver.

This thesis studies interactions between coupled acoustic domain(s) and enclosing rigid or elastic boundary. Boundary element-finite element (BE-FE) sound-structure interaction models are developed by coupling frequency domain BE acoustic and FE structural models using linear inviscid acoustic and elasticity theories. Flexibility in analyses is provided by discontinuous triangular and quadrilateral elements in the BE method (BEM), and a rectangular plate and a triangular shell element in the FE method (FEM). An analytical formulation is developed for an extended fundamental sound-structure interaction problem that involves locally reacting sound absorptive treatment on interior elastic boundary. This new formulation is built upon existing analytical solutions for a configuration known as the cavity-backed-plate problem. Results from developed analytical formulation are compared against those from independent BE-FE analyses. Analytical and BE-FE analysis results for a selection of cavity-plate(s) interaction cases are given. Single- and multi-domain BE analyses of cavity-Helmholtz resonator interaction are provided as an alternative to modal method of acoustoelasticity. A discrete-form of the existing BE acoustic particle velocity formulation is presented and demonstrated on a basic case study. Both the existing and the discretized BE acoustic particle velocity formulations could be utilized in acoustic studies. A selection of case studies involving fundamental configurations are studied both analytically and computationally (by BE or BE-FE methods). These studies could provide a basis for benchmark case development in the field of acoustics.

En imagerie acoustique comme en contrôle non destructif, la qualité des images obtenues en utilisant des réseaux de transducteurs à une ou deux dimensions dépend en grande partie du diagramme de rayonnement d'un transducteur élémentaire. L'objectif poursuivi dans cette thèse est la modélisation numérique du fonctionnement de tels transducteurs haute fréquence rayonnant dans un milieu fluide, dans la perspective de créer un outil efficace d'aide à la conception. Plus particulièrement, cette thèse concerne la modélisation bi-dimensionnelle des transducteurs haute fréquence en Niobate de Lithium (linbo#3) par la méthode des éléments finis, à l'aide du code Atila. Dans un premier temps, l'analyse modale de transducteurs a permis de définir la coupe optimale qui doit être utilisée pour les applications évoquées. De plus, les courbes de Fabian obtenues pour cette coupe ont été comparées avec succès aux courbes expérimentales, démontrant la précision de l'approche, même pour un matériau à forte anisotropie. Ensuite, l'analyse harmonique de ces transducteurs en rayonnement a exigé le développement d’éléments finis rayonnants monopolaires et dipolaires, ainsi que la mise au point d'un algorithme original d'extrapolation permettant le calcul du diagramme de rayonnement en champ lointain à partir des valeurs du champ proche. Plusieurs applications ont permis de valider cette approche: l’étude du rayonnement d'un cylindre infini immergé dans un fluide illimité, puis l’étude du rayonnement d'une source plane de largeur finie montée dans un baffle rigide ou dans un baffle mou. Enfin, les diagrammes de rayonnement de barreaux de linbo#3, de largeur comparable à la longueur d'onde, ont alors été calculés et comparés, avec une excellente concordance, aux diagrammes expérimentaux. Ces différents développements permettront désormais l'optimisation d'un transducteur élémentaire, quel que soit le matériau. La prise en compte de l'amortisseur arrière et, éventuellement, des couches d'adaptation pourra être envisagée. Le couplage acoustique entre transducteurs voisins pourra aussi être étudié. La directivité réelle d'une antenne pourra ainsi être calculée de façon plus précise.

De nombreux travaux dans la littérature se sont concentrés sur la modélisation vibro-acoustique de coques cylindriques raidies immergées, du fait des nombreuses applications industrielles, en particulier dans le domaine aéronautique ou naval. Cependant, peu d'entre elles prennent en compte des structures internes non-axisymétriques telles que des supports moteurs, des planchers ou des carlingages, qui peuvent avoir une influence importante sur le comportement vibro-acoustique du système. C'est pourquoi une méthode de sous-structuration baptisée CTF est présentée dans cette thèse. Elle est développée dans le cas général de deux structures minces couplées le long d'une ligne. Un ensemble de fonctions orthonormées, baptisées fonctions de condensation, est défini afin d'approximer les forces et déplacements à la jonction entre les sous-systèmes. Des fonctions de transfert condensées sont définies pour chaque sous-système découplé. L'utilisation du principe de superposition, de l'équilibre des forces et de la continuité des déplacements permet de déduire le comportement des sous-systèmes couplés. La méthode est d'abord développée et validée dans le cas de plaques, puis ensuite appliquée au cas d'une coque cylindrique raidie immergée couplée à des structures internes non-axisymétriques. Le système est dans ce cas décomposé en 3 familles de sous-systèmes : la coque cylindrique immergée décrite par une méthode semi-analytique basée sur la résolution des équations de Flügge dans le domaine des nombres d’onde, les structures internes axisymétriques (raidisseurs, cloisons) décrites par éléments finis axisymétriques et les structures non-axisymétriques décrites pas des modèles éléments finis. La méthode CTF est appliquée à différents cas tests afin de montrer l'influence des structures internes non-axisymétriques sur le comportement vibro-acoustique d'une coque cylindrique pour différents types d'excitations pertinents dans le domaine naval : une force ponctuelle, une onde plane acoustique et un champ de pression aléatoire (tel qu'un champ acoustique diffus ou une couche limite turbulente)
Many works can be found in the literature concerning the vibroacoustic modelling of submerged stiffened cylindrical shells, because of high interest in the industrial domain, in particular for aeronautical or naval applications. However, only a few of them take into account non-axisymmetric internal frames, as for instance engine foundations or floor partitions, that can play a role on the vibroacoustic behavior of the system. That is why a substructuring approach called the Condensed Transfer Function (CTF) approach is proposed in the first part of this thesis. The aim is to take advantage of both analytical models and element-based models, in order to be able to deal with the geometrical complexity, and to calculate at higher frequencies than with element-based methods only. The substructuring method is developed in the general case of thin mechanical structures coupled along curves. A set of orthonormal functions called condensation functions, which depend on the curvilinear abscissa along the coupling line, is considered. This set is then used as a basis for approximating and decomposing the displacements and the applied forces at the line junctions. Thanks to the definition and calculation of condensed transfer functions for each uncoupled subsystem and by using the superposition principle for passive linear systems, the behavior of the coupled subsystems can be obtained. The method is first developed and validated for plates and convergence criteria are defined in relation with the size of the basis of condensation functions. The CTF method is then applied to the case of a submerged stiffened cylindrical shell with non-axisymmetric internal frames. The system is partitioned in 3 types of subsystems: the submerged shell, the axisymmetric frames (stiffeners, bulkheads) and the non-axisymmetric frames. The submerged shell is described by a semi-analytical method based on the Flügge equations in the spectral domain. The axisymmetric frames are described by axisymmetric Finite Element models and the non-axisymmetric frames by Finite Element models. The CTF method is applied to different test cases in order to highlight the influence of non-axisymmetric internal frames on the vibroacoustic behavior of a submerged stiffened cylindrical shell, for different excitations particularly relevant in the naval domain: a point force, an acoustic plane wave, and a random pressure field (such as a diffuse sound field or a turbulent boundary layer for instance)

Master thesis deals with creating of the numerical model of the human vocal folds. Calculation algorithm is designed to include vocal chordsinteraction with the air flow. Analysis of the results achieved by the numerical simulations and calculations are focused on the pressure and velocity conditions in the areas under vocal folds, between vocal folds and above vocal folds. Movement and stress analysis of individual layers of vocal folds has been made. This analysis is limited only for physiological health vocal folds without pathology and disease. Modal analysis of structural and acoustic environment, backround research of vocal folds function and summary of some published overviews of numerical models is part of this work.

Master thesis deals with creating numerical model of the human vocal folds. Calculation algorithm includes interaction between vocal chords and the air flow. Modal analysis of structural and acoustic environment, backround research of vocal folds function and summary of some published overviews of numerical models are parts of this work. Analysis of the results achieved by the numerical simulations and calculations are focused on the pressure and velocity conditions in the areas under vocal folds, between vocal folds and above vocal folds. Movement and stress analysis of individual layers of vocal folds has been made. Impact of tissue thickness on resulting behaviour has been assessed.

The acoustic performance of dissipative silencers, including the effects of both a mean flow in the airway and an induced internal steady flow in the absorbent, are analysed. Finite element models, based upon the modified Galerkin method, have been derived for the determination of the noise attenuation of silencers, both by forced response and eigenvalue analysis. The corresponding computer programs, incorporating subroutines from the NAG Finite Element library, have been developed.

This thesis studied the finite element modeling of plane wave acoustic phenomena in ducts. The study looked into finite element factors such as shape functions, mesh refinement, and element distortion. The study concluded that the higher order shape function eight-node quadrilateral element gave considerably better results than lower order shape function four-node quadrilateral element. The eight-node element converged much faster to the analytical solution than the four-node element. The average error, taking all the cases in consideration, for the four-node element was around 30 % for a mesh refinement of about 14 elements per wavelength at 100 Hz frequency. The eight-node element in the other hand had average absolute errors of less than 1% under the same conditions. This section also found that the eight-node element was substantially more resistant to solution deterioration due to element distortion than the four-node element. For example distorting the four-node element up to 60* degrees usually increased errors very rapidly to above 100 % errors. The eight-node element on the other hand usually produced errors of less than 5 % for the same level of distortion. The study showed that the type of boundary condition used had a significant effect on the solution accuracy. The study demonstrated that the effect of the natural boundary conditions was more global. Meeting this kind of boundary condition through mesh convergence produced accurate results throughout the duct.
Master of Science

Preliminary results of a two-layer quasi-geostrophic box model of a wind-driven ocean are presented. The new aspects of this work in relation with conventional eddy models are a finite element formulation of the quasi-geostrophic equations and the use of no-slip boundary condition on the horizontal solid boundaries. In contrast to eddy resolving models that utilize free-slip boundary conditions our results suggest that the obtention of ocean eddies with the no-slip constraints requires a more restricted range of parameters, in particular much lower horizontal eddy viscosity eddy coefficients AH and higher Froude numbers F₁ and F₂. We show explicitly that a given range of parameters, which is eddy generating when the free-slip boundary condition is used, leads to a quasi-laminar flow in both, upper and lower, layers. An analytical model to interpret the numerical results is put forth. It is an extension of an earlier model of Ierley and Young (1983) in that the relative vorticity terms are of primary importance for the dynamics. Thus, it is shown that the boundary layer dynamics is active in the interior of the second layer, and it can be concluded from our method that for given F₁ and F₂ such that the lower layer geostrophic contours are closed, to the existence of the western boundary layer will prevent the homogenization of the potential vorticity so long as AH is large enough to stabilize the northwestern undulations of the flow.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

The main approach of this thesis was to develop a mathematical model that represents a rotary machine. Experimental data was used to define a finite element model (FEM). In order to obtain the experimental data, the rotary machine had to be balanced. An impact hammer test made it possible to obtain frequency response functions (FRF). The frequency response functions were curvefitted in order to obtain the mode shapes and natural frequencies. Mathematical models have been created with ABAQUS and Matlab. For the Matlab Model the assumption has been made that the rotor machine consists of a specific number of beam elements. The FEM matrices have been reduced with the Guyan Reduction Method to coincide with the DOFs of the experiment. Applying the method of the least square to an Error Function made it possible to obtain new values for the stiffness and damping of the bearings (). This made it possible to update the mathematical model. By applying the Model Assumption Criterion the theoretical model and those detected from the experimental measurement could be validated. The correlation for Mode Shapes 1 could be improved from 0.6647 to 0.8186 and for Mode Shape 2 from 0.0209 to 0.4208. Therefore, the created method could be proven to work. Additionally the whole theory has been validated with a very simplified model.

Ce travail porte sur la simulation de l’émission acoustique (EA) dans un microcomposite constitué d’une fibre de carbone et de matrice époxy. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de quantifier l’influence du milieu de propagation et du capteur sur le signal acoustique lié à la rupture d’une fibre, via une simulation par Eléments Finis réalisée à l’aide du logiciel ABABQUS®. De nombreuses études, basées sur des techniques de reconnaissance de formes, ont montré qu’il est possible de relier chaque signal d’EA aux différents mécanismes d’endommagement (rupture de fibre, fissuration matricielle, décohésion interfaciale fibre/matrice, délaminage, …). Cependant, la signature acoustique n’est pas universelle, elle dépend fortement du matériau, de la structure, des capteurs et du système d’acquisition. Dans l’analyse de EA qualitative, la propagation et les altérations du signal ne sont pas prises en compte. Dans ce contexte, la validation de la signature acoustique est délicate et les résultats difficilement généralisables. Une approche quantitative basée sur la simulation de l’EA et de toute la chaine d’acquisition est nécessaire afin de fiabiliser l’utilisation de l’EA et de donner de la robustesse au diagnostic et au pronostic. Dans ce travail, un modèle numérique de la rupture de fibre en carbone noyée dans une matrice époxy est établi. Ce modèle numérique est validé par comparaison avec les résultats d’essais. Une étude paramétrique est effectuée afin d’identifier l’effet des différents éléments formant la chaîne d’EA, notamment l’effet du milieu de propagation et du capteur. Une extension de ce modèle numérique est également proposée afin de simuler une autre source d’EA, la décohésion interfaciale fibre/matrice. Ces signaux virtuels d’EA pourront être utilisés en complément de données expérimentales afin de construire des bibliothèques pour des approches de prévision de durée vie basées sur des méthodes d’apprentissage automatique dans une approche de type PHM (Pronostic Heath management)
This work focuses on the modeling of acoustic emission (AE) in a microcomposite made of carbon fiber and epoxy matrix. The main objective of this thesis is to quantify the influence of the propagation medium and of the sensor on the acoustic signal related to the breakage of a fiber, via finite element simulations carried out using the ABABQUS® software. Several studies, based on pattern recognition techniques, have shown that it is possible to correlate each AE signal to the different damage mechanisms (fiber breakage, matrix cracking, interfacial fiber / matrix debonding, delamination, etc. ). However, the acoustic signature is not universal; it strongly depends on the material, the structure, the sensors and the acquisition system. In the AE qualitative analysis, propagation and signal modifications are not taken into account. In this context, the validation of the acoustic signature is delicate and the results are difficult to generalize. A quantitative approach based on the simulation of AE and the entire acquisition chain is necessary in order to make the use of AE more reliable and to give robustness to the diagnosis and prognosis. In this work, a numerical model of the carbon fiber failure embedded in an epoxy matrix is established. This numerical model is validated by comparison with the experimental results. A parametric study is carried out in order to identify the effect of the different parts of the AE chain, in particular the effect of the propagation medium and of the sensor. An extension of this numerical model is also proposed in order to simulate another AE source, the interfacial fiber / matrix debonding. These numerical AE signals can be used in addition to experimental data to build libraries for life prediction approaches, based on machine learning methods in a PHM (Prognosis Heath management) type approach

Dans le cadre de la lutte contre les nuisances sonores et vibratoires, cette thèse porte sur la modélisation numérique des structures amorties par dispositifs piézoélectriques shuntés. La première partie du travail concerne la modélisation par éléments finis de structures en vibrations avec des pastilles piézoélectriques shuntées. Dans un premier temps, une formulation éléments finis originale, qui utilise des variables électriques globales (différence de potentiel et charge dans chaque pastille piézoélectrique), est analysée et validée. Dans un second temps, différentes stratégies de réduction de modèle basées sur la méthode de projection modale sont proposées pour résoudre le problème électromécanique discrétisé par éléments finis à moindre coût. La convergence de ces modèles d’ordre réduits est ensuite analysée pour les cas de shunts résistif et résonant. La deuxième partie du travail est consacrée à l’optimisation du système électromécanique, dans le but de maximiser l’amortissement apporté par les dispositifs piézoélectriques shuntés. Pour cela, une procédure d’optimisation topologique, basée sur la méthode SIMP (Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization method), est développée pour déterminer les géométries et les emplacements optimaux des pastilles piézoélectriques. Cette procédure permet de maximiser le coefficient de couplage électromécanique modal entre les éléments piézoélectriques et la structure hôte, ceci de façon indépendante du choix des composants du circuit électrique. Les avantages de l’approche proposée sont mis en avant à travers un exemple de validation et un cas d'application industrielle. Enfin, la dernière partie du travail propose une approche numérique pour modéliser et optimiser la réduction du rayonnement acoustique de plaques minces dans le domaine des basses fréquences avec des éléments piézoélectriques shuntés. Cette approche est valable pour n’importe quelle plaque mince bafflée et non trouée, indépendamment des conditions aux limites. Un exemple d’application concernant l’atténuation du rayonnent acoustique d’une plaque avec renforts est présenté et analysé
Passive structural vibration and noise reduction by means of shunted piezoelectric patches is addressed in this thesis. The first part of the work concerns the finite element modeling of shunted piezoelectric systems. Firstly, an original finite element formulation, with only a couple of electric variables per piezoelectric patch (the global charge/ voltage), is analyzed and validated. Secondly, several reduced order models based on a normal mode expansion are proposed to solve the electromechanical problem. The convergence of these reduced order models is then analyzed for a resistive and a resonant shunt circuits. In the second part of the work, the concept of topology optimization, based on the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization method (SIMP), is employed to optimize, in terms of damping efficiency, the geometry of piezoelectric patches as well as their placement on the host elastic structure. The proposed optimization procedure consists of distributing the piezoelectric material in such a way as to maximize the modal electromechanical coupling factor of the mechanical vibration mode to which the shunt is tuned, independently of the choice of electric circuit components. Numerical examples validate and demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach for the design of piezoelectric shunt devices. Finally, the last part of the work concerns the numerical modeling of noise and vibration reduction of thin structures in the low frequency range by using shunted piezoelectric elements. An efficient approach that can be applied to any thin continuous plates in an infinite baffle, independently of the boundary conditions, is proposed. An application example of a thin plate with reinforcements is presented and analyzed

The Breast Implant Lifetime Study at Virginia Tech, on which this thesis is based, seeks to develop methods and data for predicting the lifetime of saline-filled implants. This research developed Finite Element Analysis (FEA) models to evaluate the stresses that are present in the silicone breast implant material under different loading situations. The FEA work was completed using the commercial codes PATRAN and ABAQUS. PATRAN was used for pre- and post-processing, while ABAQUS was used for the actual analysis and to add fluid and contact elements not supported by PATRAN. Many different loading situations and constraints were applied to these models, as well as variations in the material and model properties. Varying the Poisson's ratio of the implant material from 0.45 to 0.49 did not make a significant difference in the results. Changing the elastic modulus of the implant material from the modulus of a Smooth implant to the modulus of a Siltex implant had a noticeable effect on the stress results, increasing the maximum stresses by almost 8%. Changing the modulus of the surrounding tissue had marked effects as well, with stiffer tissue (E=300 psi) decreasing the implant's stresses by about 60% as compared to softer tissue (E=100 psi). A ten percent decrease in implant thickness yielded a 17% average increase in stress experienced by the implant. For both the 2.5" radius and the 4" radius tissue models, using CAX4 elements produced higher overall stresses in the tissue with the same loading conditions. However, in the 2.5" tissue model, the implant itself experienced less stress with the CAX4 tissue than the CAX3 tissue. In the 4" tissue model, the implant experienced more stress when surrounded by the CAX4 tissue elements. These models will be combined with implant fatigue data to develop a life prediction method for the implant membrane.
Master of Science

L’Emission Acoustique (EA) est une technique de contrôle non-destructif consistant en la mesure et l’interprétation de la signature acoustique de mécanismes d’endommagement. Dans l’approche conventionnelle (approche phénoménologique), l’interprétation des données issues des mesures par EA s’appuie sur des corrélations empiriques entre des caractéristiques de la source (le mécanisme d’endommagement) et le signal mesuré. Les modifications dues à la chaine d’acquisition de l’EA sont donc ignorées. Or, la propagation dans le matériau, la mesure par le capteur et le traitement par le système d’acquisition modifient la forme du signal et l’information qu’il transporte. Cela rend difficile l’identification de la source, et la comparaison des résultats issus d’essais effectués dans des conditions différentes. Une partie de la réponse à ces problèmes réside dans la prise en compte des étapes de transformation du signal d’EA. C’est l’objectif de l’approche quantitative de l’EA. Cette approche repose sur l’utilisation de techniques de modélisation pour évaluer l’impact de chaque étape de transformation sur le signal. Le premier volet de cette étude porte sur la validation des techniques utilisées pour simuler les étapes de transformation du signal d’EA. La méthode des éléments finis (MEF) est utilisée pour simuler la propagation du signal au sein du matériau. L’effet du capteur est quant à lui simulé par sa fonction de sensibilité, mesurée par la méthode de réciprocité, et utilisée comme fonction de transfert. Le second volet porte sur l’utilisation de ces techniques pour évaluer l’impact, sur le signal d’EA, des paramètres (position, temps de montée, amplitude) d’une source simple modélisée par des dipôles de force. Trois géométries d’éprouvette sont étudiées : une première éprouvette assimilable à une plaque, une seconde assimilable à une poutre de section rectangulaire et une dernière dont les dimensions sont intermédiaires entre une plaque et une poutre. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les signaux se propagent au sein des éprouvettes suivant des modes bien définis. Ces modes de propagation sont dépendants de la géométrie de l’éprouvette. Chaque source sollicite les modes différemment. Ainsi leur étude permet de réunir des informations sur la source afin de l’identifier. Par ailleurs, cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence des descripteurs pertinents pour l’identification des sources d’EA. Les descripteurs, corrélés entre eux, permettent une nette séparation des signaux en classes en fonction de la source. Ces résultats, obtenus en surface matériau, ne prennent pas en compte l’effet du capteur. Lorsque celui-ci est pris en compte, la signature modale des sources est modifiée ainsi que la valeur des descripteurs calculés. Cela conduit à un recouvrement des classes de signaux rendant plus difficile l’identification des sources
Acoustic emission (AE) is a non-destructive testing technique consisting in measuring and interpreting the acoustic signature of damage mechanisms. In a conventional treatment approach (phenomenological approach), the interpretation of data measured by AE is based on empirical correlations between the source (the damage mechanism) parameters and the measured signal. Therefore, the modifications due to the acquisition chain of acoustic emission are ignored. Yet, propagation of the waves in the material, measures made by the sensor and signal treatments made by the acquisition system modify the signal and the information it carries. As a consequence, identification of the source and comparison with results from other tests made in different conditions are difficult. To find a solution to these problems, one can take into account the different steps of the acquisition chain. This is the goal of Quantitative Acoustic Emission (QAE). This approach is based on modelling techniques to evaluate the impact of each step of the acquisition chain on the AE signal. The first part of this study concerns the experimental validation of the modelling techniques that were used in simulating the steps of the acquisition chain. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is used in simulating the signal propagation inside the material. The sensor effect on the signal is simulated by its sensitivity function, measured by the reciprocity method and used as a transfer function. The second part deals with using these techniques to evaluate the impact of simple AE sources on the AE signal. These simple sources are considered as a point source and modelled by dipole forces. Three tensile specimen geometries are studied: a first specimen that can be compared to a plate, a second specimen that can be compared to a beam and a third specimen of intermediate dimensions. The obtained results show the mechanical waves propagate inside the specimens as modes. These modes depend on the specimen geometry. Each source excites the wave propagation modes in a different manner. Consequently, studying the excited modes, one can gather useful information on the AE source to identify it. In addition, this study highlighted relevant signal parameters to identify AE sources. The correlation of these parameters allows segregating the signals as a function of the source. These results obtained at the material surface don’t take into account the sensor modifications on the signal. The sensor modifies the modal signature of the sources as well as the value of the calculated parameters. This leads to more difficulties in identifying the AE sources

This research work focuses on the analysis of multi-layered, anechoic tiles for underwater applications, especially in the field of communications. It is firstly shown how the sound absorbing properties of viscoelastic materials can be modified and enhanced by the proper use of fillers, such as lead oxide and mica. Successively, a new method for identifying the viscoelastic frequency-dependent properties of such materials from experimental data is presented. The method is based on a variational method analogous to the Hamilton Principle. It allows calculating hard-to-find properties such as the complex viscoelastic response functions and the complex Poisson ratio. After the materials properties have been determined, it is shown how they can be incorporated into the combined finite-element-boundary element method to provide accurate numerical solutions to the acoustic scattering problem. A tile made of three layers, a reflecting aluminium layer, an absorbing butyl rubber layer and a matching layer made of a regular grid of polyurethane cones is finally analysed in several scattering and geometrical configurations. The scattering patterns produced by a plane wave incident on the tile are plotted, discussed and compared with experimental data obtained from in-tank scattering measurements of a model tile.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 111).
Damping in MEMS resonators was studied experimentally and numerically. Quality factor measurements were performed on Draper gyroscopes made from boron doped silicon wafers with varying amount of germanium (0%, 2%, 23%, 30% ). The quality factors of gyroscopes with germanium were measured to be lower than those without germanium, due to increased anelastic damping. Specifically, the decreased thermal conductivity in the devices with germanium causes those devices to experience thermoelastic damping of a greater magnitude than the germanium-free devices. The amount of damping exhibited is found to be well explained by existing analytical expressions for thermoelastic dissipation in a beam model. The governing equations of thermo elasticity dictate that the amount of damping that a resonator undergoes is a function of both material properties as well as device geometry. Damping will become greatest at operating cycle times that are of the same scale as the thermal relaxation times of the device material. Due to the fact that analytical expressions exist for only a few simple geometries, a finite element model was developed to evaluate thermoelastic damping in more complicated geometries. The finite element model is demonstrated to be in good qualitative agreement with the analytical expressions, and is used to analyze the impact of design modifications such as the addition of fillets and anchors to a simple beam model. It is shown that depending on the size scale of the resonator (which dictates the amount of internal damping), these geometric modifications may either hinder or improve resonator damping characteristics.
by John P. Gorman.
S.M.

The prediction of sound generated from fluid flow has always been a difficult subject due to the nonlinearities in the governing equations. However, flow noise can now be simulated with the help of modern computation techniques and super computers. The research presented in this thesis uses the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the acoustic finite element method (FEM) in order to simulate the whistle noise caused by vortex shedding. The acoustic results were compared to both analytical solutions and experimental results to better understand the effects of turbulence models, fluid compressibility, and wall boundary meshes on the acoustic frequency response. In the case of the whistle, sound power and pressure levels are scaled since 2-D models are used to model 3-D phenomenon. The methodology for scaling the results is detailed.

This present thesis proposes a novel approach for coupling finite element and boundary element formulations using a Loop subdivision surface discretisation to allow efficient acoustic scattering analysis over shell structures. The analysis of underwater structures has always been a challenge for engineers because it couples shell structural dynamics and acoustic scattering. In the present work, a finite element implementation of the Kirchhoff-Love formulation is used for shell structural dynamic analysis and the boundary element method is adopted to solve the Helmholtz equation for acoustic scattering analysis. The boundary element formulation is chosen as it can handle infinite domains without volumetric meshes. In the conventional engineering workflow, generating meshes of complex geometries to represent the underwater structures, e.g. submarines or torpedoes, is very time consuming and costly even if it is only a data conversion process. Isogeometric analysis (IGA) is a recently developed concept which aims to integrate computer aided design (CAD) and numerical analysis by using the same geometry model. Non-uniform rational B-splines~(NURBS), the most commonly used CAD technique, were considered in early IGA developments. However, NURBS have limitations when used in analysis because of their tensor-product nature. Subdivision surfaces discretisation is an alternative to overcome NURBS limitation. The new method adopts a triangular Loop subdivision surface discretisation for both geometry and analysis. The high order subdivision basis functions have $C^1$ continuity, which satisfies the requirements of the Kirchhoff-Love formulation and are highly efficient for the acoustic field computations. The control meshes for the shell analysis and the acoustic analysis have the same resolution, which provides a fully integrated isogeometric approach for coupled structural-acoustic analysis of shells. The method is verified by the example of an acoustic plane wave which scatters over an elastic spherical shell. The ability of the presented method to handle complex geometries is also demonstrated.

This work describes a method of approximating a wind field for an urban environment for the purpose of dispersion modelling. Instead of using the classic Navier Stokes equation, a mass conserving wind model is evaluated. The model uses an empirical diagnostic study to approximate a stationary windfield that is forced to be convergence free using a least square variational technique. This work has shown that there is a way to approximate the mass conserving wind field for a large urban environment using Comsol Multiphysics and the Finite Element Method. Compared to wind tunnel experiment the large features of the main flow are present but the wind speed is underestimated. Among the iterative solvers tested Multi grid and Conjugate Gradient performed best. An urban city with 2 100 000 degrees of freedom had a solution time of around three minutes.
Detta arbete testar och utvärderar en metod for att approximera ett stationärt vind fält i en urban miljö i syfte att användas for spridnings beräkningar. Istället for att använda Navier Stokes ekvation används en massbevarande modell. Denna modell använder empirisk information for att approximera vind fältet. Fältet görs sedan massbevarande. Detta arbete visar att det ar möjligt att lösa modellen med Finita Element och Comsol Multiphysics för stora urbana miljöer på kort tid. Jämförelser med vindtunnel experiment visar att de stora virvlarna är synliga men att hastigheterna är lägre. Bland de iterativa lösarna som användes presterade Multigrid och Conjugat Gradient metoden bäst. En urban miljö med 2 100 000 frihetsgrader hade en lösningstid på ca 3 minuter.