Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Acidose – métabolisme'
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Remblier-Dejean, Catherine. "Influence d'une acidose lactique sur la concentration extracellulaire de dopamine dans le striatum : études par microdialyse chez le rat vigile." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT1802.
Full textMutel, Élodie. "Caractérisation d’un nouveau modèle murin de glycogénose de type 1a : du métabolisme glucidique à la thérapie génique." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10005/document.
Full textGlycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a) is a rare metabolic disorder due to an absence of glucose‐6 phosphatase (G6Pase) activity. G6Pase is the key enzyme of endogenous glucose production (EGP) and catalyzes the last step before the glucose release into the bloodstream. This function to produce glucose is restricted to the liver, the kidneys and the intestine. GSD1a is characterized by chronic hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly associated with hepatic steatosis and nephromegaly. The longterm complications of G6Pase deficiency include hepatocellular adenomas. The available animal model of GSD1a rarely survive over three months of age and the study of mechanisms of hepatocellular adenomas development cannot be investigated. So, we generated an original mouse model of GSD1a with a liver‐specific invalidation of catalytic subunit of G6Pase gene by an inducible CRE‐LOX strategy (L‐G6pc‐/‐ mice). In this work, we demonstrated that L‐G6pc‐/‐ were viable and totally reproduced the liver pathology of GSD1a, including the late development of hepatocellular adenomas. Then, we have begun liver gene therapy treatment using lentiviral and AAV vectors to correct the hepatic pathology. Finally, concerning glucose homeostasis, we have demonstrated that L‐G6pc‐/‐ were able to regulate blood glucose, during prolonged fast, even in the absence of hepatic glucose production. Rapidly, L‐G6pc‐/‐ mice were able to induce renal and intestinal gluconeogenesis thanks to a key role of glucagon and the development of a metabolic acidosis. These results provide evidence that the major role of the liver for EGP during fasting requires re‐examination
Chatel, Benjamin. "Fonction et métabolisme énergétique musculaires dans un modèle de souris drépanocytaires et identification des mécanismes responsables des échanges des protons entre le muscle et le sang." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0174.
Full textSickle cell disease (SCD) is the most frequent inherited disorder in the world. It is characterized by the synthesis of an abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS) and associated with impairments in oxygen delivery processes. If these abnormalities could impact skeletal muscle, this tissue has been rarely investigated. The aim of this thesis was to investigate muscular function and energetics in response to acute exercise, ischemia – reperfusion and endurance training in a mouse model of SCD, as well as identify the mechanisms involved in proton exchanges between muscle and blood.Sedentary and trained SCD mice were submitted to protocols of rest – stimulation – recovery and rest – ischemia – reperfusion during which muscular force and energetics (by magnetic resonance spectroscopy of phosphorus 31) were measured. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) haploinsufficient mice were also submitted to the stimulation protocol. Several muscles were sampled and permitted to analyze in vitro enzyme activities, content of proteins involved in pH regulation and some markers of oxidative stress.This thesis demonstrated that muscular function and energetics were impaired in SCD mice in response to both exercise and ischemia – reperfusion and that endurance training could alleviate some of these abnormalities, particularly acting on oxidative processes. We have also observed that MCT1 is involved in proton uptake by myocytes at rest, but its action is less important during exercise
Alves, de Oliveira Laurent. "Effets de l'acidose chronique et d'un excès de sulfate sur le métabolisme microbien de la thiamine dans le rumen." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10226.
Full textMutel, Élodie. "Caractérisation d'un nouveau modèle murin de glycogénose de type 1a : du métabolisme glucidique à la thérapie génique." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00858006.
Full textAdam, Clément. "Impact de l’acétoacétate sur la biologie des macrophages humains : analyse phénotypique et métabolique The roles of CSF s on the functional polarization of tumor‐associated macrophages." Thesis, Angers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANGE0049.
Full textIn case of inflammation or injury, macrophages must adapt and function in a hostile environment, such as an acidic environment. Indeed, excessive production and local accumulation of lactic acid, is a characteristic of inflammatory process and tissue damage. Currently, the metabolic adaptation of human monocytes and macrophages to acidosis and the nature of the factors that enable them to acquire a repair profile are poorly understood. In this study, we show that monocytes differentiated in vitro into macrophages in the presence of the acetoacetate, aketone body produced by the liver, show an increase in oxidative phosphorylation associated with the acquisition of a pronounced repair profile. In addition, ketone bodies and acetoacetate accelerate the rate of healing in an in vivo healing model. From a mechanistic point of view, monocytes differentiated into lactic acidosis accumulate depolarized mitochondria and show signs of mitophagy as well as a significant reduction in nutrient absorption making their survival dependent on autophagy. Interestingly, acetoacetate prevents the consequences of acid stress (maintaining integrity and mitochondrial function), allowing cells to survive without resorting to autophagy. Acetoacetate therefore appears as a unique metabolite to improve the tolerance of cells and tissues to damage induced by acidosis and a local factor promoting the generation of macrophages with a repair profile
Daher, Raed. "Implication de BMP6, GLRX5 et la H+/K+ ATPase dans les troubles du métabolisme de fer : de la physiologie à la pathologie." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC280.
Full textIron is an essential element for many biological processes. Its homeostasis is maintained by a closed mechanism based on its absorption in the intestine, its usage by the erythroid precursors for hemoglobin production, and its recycling and storage in the liver and spleen macrophages. Iron metabolism is under the negative control of hepcidin, a small peptide mainly synthesized by the liver. Hepcidin inhibits the intestinal absorption of iron and its release from macrophages. The deregulation of iron balance leads to the appearance of multiple pathological situations. Indeed, iron deficiency is the most frequent cause of anemia which can be sideroblastic or not, and the excess of iron leads to hemochromatosis which may be either primary (hereditary) or secondary. This thesis project consists of studying the functional mechanisms of some abnormalities, inherited or acquired, resulting in iron overload
Guelzim, Najoua. "Régulation du métabolisme secondaire de l'arginine et de la cystéine par l'acide alpha-linolénique. Implication dans la physiopathologie du syndrome métabolique." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00781861.
Full textBurthier, Jean Michel. "Les déficits en pyruvate déshydrogénase." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P176.
Full textRimbaud, Stéphanie. "Métabolisme énergétique dans l'hypertrophie de l'insuffisance cardiaque : évaluation d'une thérapie métabolique." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA114843.
Full textWhen the heart is submitted to an increase in workload, it adapts its mass resulting in cardiac hypertrophy (CH) which can progress towards heart failure (HF), characterized by important energetic disorders. Cardiac phenotype was assessed in different models of CH, with a physiological (gestation, training) or a pathological (hypertension) origin and revealed a harmonious increase in mitochondrial mass and function, in line with maintained cardiac function. Therefore energy metabolism disturbances appear to be a marker of HF and could be considered as a relevant therapeutic target in HF. Eight weeks treatment with resveratrol, a polyphenol with known metabolic effects, of Dahl salt-sensitive rats, an experimental model of cardiovascular dysfunction, induced multiple beneficial effects on survival, endothelial and cardiac function, and cardiac energy metabolism. Thus resveratrol could be an interesting candidate for an adjuvant metabolic therapy in HF
Arnoux, Philippe. "Contribution à l'étude du métabolisme énergétique de Propionibacterium acidi-propionici : caractérisation des métabolismes anaérobie et aérobie." Compiègne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990COMPD323.
Full textThis work is a part of an industrial project for the development of a propionic ferment, natural preservative of the bakery products. A culture medium is developed to obtain a fast growth and a high concentration of Propionibacterium acidi-propionici. We characterize the anaerobic metabolism of P. Acidi-propionici on glucose with the dry weight bacteria, propionic and acetic acids production. The dry weight bacteria/glucose (Yx/s) is (70 +- 1) g/M, this characterize a high energetic yield. The propionic acid/glucose yield (Yp/s) is (1,14 +- 0,04) MIM. The max : (0. 18 +- o. 01) h-1 allows a specific production rate of propionic acid (Qp) of (2,0 +- 0,2) mM/g. H. The inhibition constant of the growth by the product (Kp) is 4 mM/l of indissociated propionic acid. Ln aerobic conditions, these bacteria use the oxygen as electrons acceptor, then the propionic acidis not synthesized and the acetic acid becomes the major product allows with the unexpected synthesis of the a-cetoglutaric acid. The max is (0,19 +- o,01) h-1, Yx/s : (116 + 2) g/M hence 70 % more high than the anaerobic yield. We estimate the A TP/glucose yield to (9. 1 +- 0,4) M/M. The optimal performances of a production process of propionic ferments on a 40 g/l glucose medium, inoculated with 10 % v. /v. After 30 growth hours are : in anaerobic conditions: 20 g/l of propionic acid and 20 g/l of dry weight bacteria with a Qp = 1,2 mM/g. H ; in aerobic conditions: 30 g/l of dry weight bacteria which, after an anaerobic shift, have a Qp = 1,5 mM/g. H
Wauquier, Fabien. "Impact des acides gras sur le métabolisme osseux." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF1MM29/document.
Full textWith increasing lifespan, prevalence of age-related complications has grown including skeletal defects such as osteoporosis. Socio-economic consequences of these disorders represent a major public health problem worldwide and in this context, nutritional prevention strategies may be considered as a good option to be associated with usual therapies. However, biological activities of some nutrients have been too poorly deciphered in regards to their bone health potential. This is notably true concerning fatty acids and both their direct and indirect relationships with the skeleton. Age-related bone complications are often associated with a gradual establishment of a systemic low-grade inflammatory condition. This leads to high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 or tumor necrosis factor α which are known to favour osteoclast-induced bone resorption. Then, these high pro-inflammatory cytokines levels may contribute to age associated bone loss. We hypothesize that in this context, poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with known anti-inflammatory properties may counteract both the low-grade inflammation establishment and the associated bone loss. Thus, animals from the progeria mouse model SamP8 were used and were shown to exhibit osteoporosis at twelve months. Feeding these mice with a deletary (very high ω6/ω3 ratio) sunflower oil-based diet results in an exacerbated bone loss, associated with increased systemic and bone inflammation parameters as well as increased bone resorption markers. Either borage or fish oil supplementation of the sunflower oil-based diet result in high amounts of anti-inflammatory PUFAs in the diet (γ-linoleic acid with borage oil and ω3 with fish oil). Interestingly, mice fed with the two “supplemented” diets show reduced inflammatory parameters but also reduced levels of bone resorption markers and preserved bone mineral density. In this work, the bone health potential of some PUFAs was established and was linked to their systemic anti-inflammatory properties. Besides, fatty acids are increasingly studied as signalling molecules, able to modulate cell signalling by their interactions with specific receptors. A few years ago, long chain fatty acids were shown to be ligands of the membrane bound fatty acid receptor GPR40 (G Protein coupled Receptor 40). As we showed GPR40 expression in osteoclast precursors, we hypothesized that it may be involved in fatty acid-induced bone remodelling regulation. In this study, an osteoporotic phenotype was found in GPR40-deficient mice. This GPR40- mediated bone protection seems to involve an anti-osteoclastogenic effect. As a matter of fact, a GPR40 specific agonist led to blunted RANKL-induced osteoclastic differentiation in a GPR40-dependant way. In addition, this agonist was also able in vivo to counteract ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice. Thus, involvement of GPR40 in bone remodelling was established for the first time in this work, bringing to light a new mechanism in the fatty acid-induced modulation of bone metabolism
Varin, Alexis. "Caractérisation de nouvelles cibles de LXR et impact sur le métabolisme lipidique et l'athérosclérose." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS084/document.
Full textThe nuclear receptors LXRα and LXRβ are activated by oxygenated metabolites of cholesterol. They regulate the expression of numerous genes belonging to cholesterol and fatty acids metabolism, and play a central role in inflammation and innate immunity. LXR activation inhibits atherosclerosis development, by increasing cholesterol efflux from macrophages as well as reverse cholesterol transport and biliary excretion. In addition, LXR decreases cholesterol uptake and biosynthesis. Synthetic LXR agonists fed to mice significantly decrease inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions, by inhibiting several inflammatory cytokines. However, LXR also regulate lipogenesis and monounsaturated fatty acids synthesis, and LXR agonists supplementation is accompanied by side effects due to this regulation, such as a deregulated accumulation of fatty acids in the liver and an increase in circulating LDLs. Other mecanisms still need to be characterized, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis and the consequences on cell metabolism. Our work identify a new pathway regulated by LXR, the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The nuclear receptor LXR regulates all enzymes responsible for omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis, FADS1, FADS2 and ELOVL5. This regulation is accompanied by an increase in arachidonic acid incorporation in phospholipids, via LPCAT3 regulation, which subsequently primes human macrophages for an increased inflammatory metabolites secretion derived from arachidonic acid, such as Protaglandin E2, following a LPS stimulation. The regulation of this pathway by LXR has an effect on atherosclerosis, increasing omega-6 and omega-3 ployunsaturated fatty acids in atheroma plaques. Our results show therefore that LXR regulates polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis in addition to monounsaturated fatty acids and lipogenesis, and that this regulation has direct consequences on lipid profile of macrophages in vitro and in vivo as well as on their inflammatory response
Achard, fabienne. "Acides gras d'origine marine : métabolisme et effets sur la synthèse de prostacycline endothéliale." Lyon, INSA, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ISAL0087.
Full textThe investigated the role and metabolism of n-3 fatty acids from marine oil (eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids) in bovine aortic endothelial cells. First, we studied the anti-aggregant potential of endothelial cells enriched with EPA or DHA, and their capacity to synthetize prostacyclin. We showed that n-3 fatty acids treated cells were less active than control cells in inhibiting platelet aggregation and in producing prostacyclin, and these phenanena have been positively correlated. In the second part, the metanolic fate of EPA and DHA was studied. He found that they were actively interconverted by endothelial cells, leading to DPA accumulation. In addition, enrichment with n-3 fatty acids modified the cellular concentration of other fatty acids, especially those of the n-6 series. Only EPA altered arachidonic acid concentration in phospholipids. Last, the inhibitory mechanisms displayed by n-3 fatty acids upon the prostacyclin Sjmthesis are analyzed. We observed that prostacyclin formation in n-3 fatty acids enriched cells was similarly inhibited whatever the source of arachidonic acid: endogenous or exogenous. These results suggest that the investigated fatty acids act rather on the enzymic conversion of arachidonic acid than on its avai1ability. We also found a decreased 1eve1 of PGHS-1 and of its transcript in enriched cells, suggesting some transcriptional effects
Ximenes, da Silva Adriana. "Métabolisme énergétique cérébral : effet d'une déficience en acides gras polyinsaturés." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066493.
Full textLabbé, Gilles. "Inhibition de la B-oxydation mitochondriale des acides gras par divers médicaments." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P619.
Full textLandry, Mantha Olivier. "Une nouvelle approche d’isotopomique pour identifier les dysrégulations du métabolisme des protéines et des acides aminés lors du développement du syndrome métabolique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA009/document.
Full textAlthough the different components of the metabolic syndrome (MS) are likely to affect protein and amino acid (AA) metabolism, the available data are few and often contradictory, due to the heterogeneity of presentation of this syndrome and the limitations of classical approaches to investigate nitrogen metabolism. The present thesis work uses a novel isotopomic approach, based on the measurement of the natural abundance of stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) in tissue proteins and AA to identify alterations in protein metabolism occurring during the nutritional induction of MS in rats. Our results allow to validate experimentally the predictions of a multi-compartimental model developed in the laboratory and showing that the δ15N reflects the differential orientation of AA between anabolic (proteosynthesis) and catabolic (oxidation) pathways. We have also shown that under certain conditions, the δ13C can allow to estimate the proportion of carbons in AA and tissue proteins issuing from dietary proteins, carbohydrates and lipids respectively, thus providing information on the metabolic flexibility of individuals. The measurements of δ15N and δ13C in proteins and AA, alone or combined with the measurement of protein synthesis rates after administration of deuterated water, then allowed us to highlight the changes in protein and AA metabolism occurring during perinatal and post-weaning exposure to a high-fat high-sugar diet, as well as those associated with individual differences in sensitivity to the induction of a MS by the same kind of diet. These alterations are tissuespecific and differ according to whether they result solely from differences in individual sensitivity to diet or whether they are also attributable to differences in the carbohydrate/lipid balance of the diet. Altogether, our results show that the development of MS is associated with changes in AA metabolic partitioning between the anabolic and oxidative pathways, differently affecting the liver, muscle, intestine and adipose tissue, and with an altered metabolic flexibility in muscle. This work opens the way to human studies, based on the measurements of δ15N and δ 13C in accessible pools
Lapillonne, Alexandre. "Étude du métabolisme des acides gras polyinsaturés chez l'enfant." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T006.
Full textTavernier, Blanche. "Régulation de la voie de la cynurénine : influence de l'inhibition de synthèse de sérotonine sur les concentrations cérébrales d'acide cynurénique et d'acides aminés." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P133.
Full textChouinard-Watkins, Raphaël. "Débalancement du métabolisme des acides gras polyinsaturés à longues chaînes chez les porteurs de l'apolipoprotéine E ε4." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9475.
Full textKhuat, Hoang Bao Truc. "Étude de métabolisme de Corynebacterium glutamicum au cours de procédés aéro-anaérobies et ses applications en génie métabolique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0294/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is the study of Corynebacterium glutamicum metabolism, and of its potentialities, during an aero-anaerobic process. After a first phase during which the oxygen was supplied to favor the bacterial growth, the anaerobic phase was induced by the stopping of the oxygen supply and the decreasing of the agitation speed. In these culture conditions, lactate was the main metabolite produced. The production of this organic acid has been increased by modifying the transition time between the aerobic and the anaerobic phases. C. glutamicum 2262 was able to produce up to 27 g/l lactate during a batch process and up to 55 g/l during a fed batch process. To exploit the lactic acid synthesis pathway of C. glutamicum for ethanol production, the PDC and ADH genes from Zymomonas mobilis were expressed under the control of the endogenous promoter of ldhA, in the wild-type strain and in a ldhA-disrupted strain of C. glutamicum 2262. Although the ethanol productivities of these engineered strains were relatively low, the depletion of ldhA resulted in the increases of ethanol final concentration up to 15 times. A similar strategy was applied for the production of itaconate. As previously for the ethanol production, the final concentration of itaconate remained very low despite of some modifications of the process
Juillet-Chambrier, Cécile. "Sensibilité à l'insuline du métabolisme du glucose chez le patient agressé." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T286.
Full textIdrissi, Taghki Abdelghani. "Etude du type métabolisme intégré entre embryons de colza natif et transgénique : analyse et compréhension de la modification induites dans les lignées transgéniques de colza et de lin : analyse enzymatique et métabolique." Compiègne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009COMP1798.
Full textThe importance of these unusual structures for fatty acids, the development of genetic engineering and the identification and isolation of many genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of lipid metabolism in plants, have provided new perspectives for the production of vegetable oil with a higher value in field crops. In this perspective, REFLAX and PAGIOS programmes were developed. The aim of these projects is the production of unusual fatty acids in agronomie plants (rapeseed and flan), through the creation of a new ,biosthetic pathway for branched fatty acids in the plast. Rapeseed plants were transformed with four bacterial enzymes: TD, KS, PCCA and PCCB. These proteins were identified as key enzymes in the synthesis of branched fatty acids. The level of methylmalonyl-CoA, a precursor of the methyl branched fatty acid synthesis, was amplified thanks to the introduction of these four genes. However the accumulation of methyl branched-chain fatty acids in rapeseed plants transformed, remains very low (<2%). To get a deeper understanding of this low production of BFA, we incubated whole rapeseed embryos, at different stages of development, in presence of 13C-labelled glucose and observed the label redistribution by NMR. The NMR and biochemical analysis showed that the synthesis of BFA was very low and transient (only at 15 J). Biomass synthesis fluxes were similar between native and transformed plant. The central carbon metabolism was not affected by the introduction of these genes. However, an accumulation of' pyruvate and kétobutyrate and a low accumulation of branched Chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) at the transformed lines were observed
Peter, Magali. "Profil et métabolisme des acides gras dans les tissus de la perche comme Perca fluviatilis L." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL025N/document.
Full textPerca fluviatilis L. (Eurasian perch) is characterized by a low intramuscular amount of lipids (<2%) and a high poly-unsatured fatty acid (PUFA) content. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is present in a high proportion (40% of total fatty acid). The aims of this work are twofold: first to analyse the factors that could influence the lipid metabolism of Perca fluviatilis L. and second to identify factors that could explain the elevated contents of DHA in this fish. Assumptions, which have been tested to explain the high concentration of DHA, are a selective incorporation of this fatty acid and the ability of this fish to transform 18:3n-3 present in the diet into higher PUFA n-3, EPA and DHA; typical capacity of freshwater fish (bioconversion assumption). Three experiments have been conducted to test these assumptions. First, we described lipid composition of the different tissues, which play a role in lipid metabolism, by distinguishing total, neutral and polar lipids. Second, we identified and classified the factors influencing the lipid content and fatty acid composition by using a multifactorial approach. Third, we analysed the effect of diet fatty acid composition on PUFA n-3 tissues composition, enzymatic activity and genes expression, which code for enzymes implicated in fatty acid bioconversion. As Perca fluviatilis L. genome is not sequenced for the moment, the first work was to construct experiments for dosing enzymatic activity and gene expression in this species. Concentration of DHA was elevated in all the tissues we analysed, showing the good nutritional quality of Perca fluviatilis L. In the fillet, lipid content was stable. PUFA content was high (40-60% of total fatty acid), with elevated contents in DHA (35-45% of total fatty acid), which was the main fatty acid of this tissue. Lipid content in the liver and the fat tissue was variable according to the type of food. Adipose tissue, that is the lipid storage tissue in this species, was composed of 85-90% of lipid, of which 30-50% are mono-unsatured fatty acids (MUFA), mainly 18:1n-9. Liver fatty acid composition presented characteristics in an intermediate position between fatty acid composition of the fillet and the adipose tissue, but DHA was still the most abundant fatty acid. Our results were in accordance with literature. They added informations on the distribution and the concentration in neutral and polar lipids (NL and PL) of the tissues we studied (fillet NL/PL=50/50; Liver: NL/PL=60/40; adipose tissue: NL/PL=90/10), and on their composition in fatty acid (polar lipids are mainly composed of PUFA whereas neutral lipids are richer in saturated fat acids). Our results showed that the profile in fat acid depended on the tissue and the type of lipids. Our assumption of the ability of Perca fluviatilis L. to transform PUFA was verified because we were able to detect delta 6 desaturase in the liver, intestine, and brain. Moreover, the activity of this enzyme was put in evidence in the liver. Our assumption of selective incorporation of some fatty acids was also verified, MUFA being preferentially absorbed in the adipose tissue and PUFA in the fillet and the liver. Regarding the effect of factors we studied, our results showed that a differential determinism existed according to the type of fatty acid. The nature of lipids contained in the diet was the most important factor. This factor could influence the profile of fatty acid in the tissues through a direct effect or in interaction with other factors. Although the diet is the main factor of variation, our results showed that under condition of limited growth and for a fish with a commercial size, a content of 3% of DHA and 2% of EPA in the diet was sufficient to obtain, in the fillet, a composition in fatty acids of good quality for consumers with a limited bioconversion of PUFA
Iraqui, Houssaini Ismaïl. "Métabolisme des acides aminés aromatiques chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211859.
Full textPlourde, Mélanie. "Etude des effets physiologiques des acides alpha-linoléniques conjugués." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOS058.
Full textSentex, Emmanuelle. "Régulation du métabolisme des lipides cardiaques par la trimétazidine." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOS049.
Full textClaudel, Thierry. "Rôle du récepteur nucléaire FXR dans le métabolisme lipidique." Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL2P005.
Full textProst, Isabelle. "Production d'acides gras branchés, par génie génétique, dans des embryons de lin : études préliminaires sur le colza." Compiègne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003COMP1439.
Full textRobichaud, Philippe-Pierre. "Le métabolisme des acides gras et des glycérophospholipides chez les lymphocytes T humains." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28353.
Full textPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as arachidonic acid (AA), are precursors of bioactive lipid mediators involved in several biological processes, but also in the progression of certain inflammatory diseases and cancers. The availability of these fatty acids (FA) depends on the remodeling mechanisms that control their incorporation and redistribution in glycerophospholipids (GPL) as well as their release. Inhibition of CoA-independent transacylase activity (CoA-IT) has demonstrated the potential for the remodeling of AA as a therapeutic target against inflammatory and proliferative diseases. Boilard and Surette demonstrated that CoA-IT activity is induced in proliferating human T lymphocytes and that its inhibition only induces apoptosis in proliferating T cells and not in resting cells. On the other hand, little was known about the changes in the FA composition of the GPL following the induction of the proliferation of the T lymphocytes and still less on the identity of the enzymes involved. In this thesis, we first measured GPL FA composition in resting and proliferating human primary T lymphocytes as well as in the Jurkat lymphocyte cell line. The activation of the T cells proliferation induces major changes in the FA profile contained in the GPL and the Jurkat line resembles much more proliferating T lymphocytes than resting T cells. At the level of the FA content of the GPL, the mass of most FA has increased significantly following the induction of proliferation, but the monounsaturated FA has the most significant increase. Unlike other FA, the total mass of AA in cellular GPL was not affected by T-cell proliferation induction, but the AA was significantly redistributed in the different classes and subclasses of GPL. This redistribution is not only associated with the induction of CoA-IT activity, but also a significant induction of the incorporation of AA in GPL. We have also demonstrated that proliferating T cells and Jurkat cells have a very high capacity for elongation and desaturation of PUFA omega-3 and omega-6 of 18 and 20 carbons compared to resting cells. To explain these observations, we measured the expression of several enzymes potentially involved in the biosynthesis of FA and in the GPL remodeling in resting and proliferating T cells. We have demonstrated an induction of the fatty acid synthase (FASN), the stearoyl- CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), the fatty acid desaturases 1 and 2 (FADS1 and FADS2), the fatty acid elongase 5 (ELOVL5) as well as several acyl-CoA synthetases (ACS), lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLAT) and phospholipases A2 (PLA2) expression in proliferating T cells compared to resting T cells. Many carcinoma cells require the stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) to proliferate. The knockdown of SCD1 in Jurkat cell line affects the desaturation of palmitic acid (16:0 to 16:1 n-7), but does not appear to affect the desaturation of stearic acid (18:0 to 18:1 n-9) and cell proliferation. The stearoyl-CoA desaturase-5 (SCD5) could be a compensating element responsible for maintaining cellular oleic acid (18:1 n-9) and proliferation capacity. We also demonstrated that the ELVOL5 knockdown in proliferating T cells and Jurkat cells significantly altered the profile of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA and effectively blocks the elongation of 18 and 20 carbon PUFA, but had no effect on survival and proliferation. For the enzymes potentially involved in the remodeling of AA, their involvement remains to be elucidated and the identity of the CoAIT is not yet known. We have also demonstrated that the use of an AA analogue, AA-alkyne, as a research tools to study the remodeling of AA and the production of lipid mediators requires certain precautions because it is not used by cellular enzymes exactly like AA. We also published a review discussing recent studies on the control of the availability of PUFA to produce lipid mediators in inflammatory cells as well as aspects that remain unknown. A better understanding of the control of the distribution of PUFA in GPL and their availabilities could lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of inflammatory and proliferative diseases.
Tourdot-Maréchal, Raphaëlle. "Etude du métabolisme de l'acide malique chez Leuconostoc oenos." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOS056.
Full textAoun, Manar. "Modulation nutritionnelle du métabolisme lipidique et de la mitochondrie (structure et fonction) : effet des lipides et des polyphénols." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20116/document.
Full textHigh fat and high sugar diets and lack of physical activity are believed to contribute to the increasing rates of obesity in wealthy societies. This trend is associated with a parallel increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Diets contains different types of lipids, and not only the quantity but also the quality of dietary lipids modulates lipid metabolism and are involved in these nutritional associated pathologies. Moreover, the quality of dietary lipids influences the biological membrane composition and thus their functions. So, membrane fluidity, cellular signalisation pathways, protein translocation into and across the membrane and many enzymatic activities, which are crucial for cell functions, are influenced by membrane lipid composition. However, some dietary nutrients as polyphenols may also modulate lipid metabolism and thus prevent against hepatic steatosis and/or IR. In that aim, this work was designed to determine, firstly, the preventive effect of polyphenols in rats fed a high fat high sucrose diet and, secondly, the impact of the quantity and the quality of dietary lipids, on triglycerides (TG) and membranes phospholipids (PL) content and/or fatty acid composition and on lipid metabolism in the whole tissue and particularly in mitochondria. Indeed, mitochondria are both a major site for fat metabolism and the main source of reactive oxygen species in hepatocytes and they are postulated to play a central role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and IR. Our results showed clearly that polyphenols modulate differently lipid metabolism in tissues. In liver, polyphenols prevent lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis by activating fatty acid oxidation. In skeletal muscle, polyphenols regulate membrane fatty acids composition and fatty acid and glucose transporters expression, thus preventing lipid accumulation and enhancing glucose transport. These modifications may prevent IR in skeletal muscle. In addition, dietary fatty acids quantity and quality influenced significantly fatty acids composition of membrane phospholipids from liver mitochondria, particularly cardiolipin; and thus altered mitochondria functions and liver lipid metabolism which could play a role in the NAFLD pathogenesis
Leplaix-Charlat, Laurence. "Effets des acides gras et du cholestérol alimentaires sur le métabolisme des lipides et des lipoprotéines aux niveaux plasmatique et hépatique chez le veau préruminant : conséquences sur la composition lipidique des tissus." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30085.
Full textLecomte, Catherine. "Le métabolisme intermédiaire chez le rat après exposition à l'hypoxie intermittente : étude de l'utilisation et des effets du malate de citrulline." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10149.
Full textLutt, Marie-Amélie. "Les folates : métabolisme, besoins et carences, domaines de prescription à l'hôpital." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P235.
Full textAlleman, Fabien. "Etude du catabolisme des acides aminés chez deux lignées de poulets génétiquement maigres ou gras." Tours, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOUR4028.
Full textFougère, Hélène. "Régulation nutritionnelle du métabolisme des lipides chez la vache et la chèvre laitières." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC056/document.
Full textA comparative study of the nutritional regulation of lipid metabolism in dairy cows and goats was performed to identify the mechanisms and clarify the specificities of these 2 ruminant species in order to better control milk fat yield and quality. The effects of diets containing no additional lipid (CTL) or supplemented with corn oil (5% dry matter intake (DMI)) and wheat starch (COS), marine algae powder (MAP) (1.5% DMI), or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) (3% DMI), on milk fat plasticity and composition, and on indicators of ruminal, intermediary and mammary metabolisms were studied in cows and goats (n=12 per species) conducted simultaneously according to a 4x4 Latin square design. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on milk yield in both species. Conversely, species-specific response of milk fat content to dietary treatment were observed: in cows, milk fat content was lowered by COS (-45%) and MAP (-22%) and increased by HPO (+13%) compared with CTL, and in goats, only MAP had an effect compared with CTL by decreasing milk fat content by 15%. The major differences observed for COS among species were attributed 1/ at differences in the polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) ruminal biohydrogenation (RBH) processes with a greater stability of the classical RBH pathways in goats; 2/ at the intermediary metabolism, with an increase in circulating lipids in goats suggesting a higher availability of long chain FA for mammary gland (MG). Responses on MAP treatment were attributed to similar mechanisms among species but different to those outlined for COS in terms of indicators of ruminal and intermediary metabolisms. In cows, HPO was characterized by an increased in milk 16:0 et cis-9 16:1 suggesting a favoured transport and/or uptake of 16:0 in this species. Whatever the dietary treatment the mammary lipid metabolism studied by the mRNA abundance of few lipogenic genes was not related with milk FA yields. Our results demonstrated that the milk fat plasticity in two closely related ruminant species is controlled by different mechanisms depending on species and dietary treatments. We produced a database on 24 animals of 2 species receiving 4 dietary treatments. The dataset analysis allowed us to enhance our knowledge on regulation mechanisms of milk fat synthesis. This research project will contribute for the development of monitoring tools based on milk composition phenotyping, and to propose husbandry strategies that modulate animal performance
Diraison, Frédérique. "Étude du métabolisme des acides gras libres, des triglycérides et du cholestérol à l'aide d'isotopes stables, chez le sujet normal." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1T002.
Full textGuiraud, Pascale. "Métabolisation de l'acide vanillique par les micromycètes : relation avec la production de phénoloxydases extracellulaires." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE18002.
Full textDo, Thi Thu Huong. "Perturbations du métabolisme glucidique et azoté dans des modèles d'obésité induite par le régime hyperlipidique ou par les glucocorticoïdes." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066065.
Full textObesity becomes a worldwide epidemic due to over-nutrition, but also to drug treatments, particularly glucocorticoids (GCs). The aim of this work was to identify the mechanisms involved in obesity induced by high-fat diet or by GCs. High-fat diet-induced obesity model was used to characterize intestinal disturbances: an elevated amino acids absorption capacity, a delayed transit time and an increased intestinal permeability and an altered gut microbiota, which can further modulate nitrogen and energy balance. Meanwhile, GC-induced obesity model revealed differential effects of GCs on fat depots. Adipogenesis and an early increased macrophage infiltration were restricted to visceral adipose tissue with a differential macrophage polarization between visceral and subcutaneous fat pads. Visceral macrophage infiltration was responsible for GC-induced insulin resistance. Moreover, GC exposure resulted in opposite phenotypes of glucose metabolism in two distinct genetic murine backgrounds that could be explained by a strain-dependent pancreatic adaptation. Taken together, our work highlights adaptive mechanisms of peripheral organs during obesity
Joffin, Nolwenn. "Impact de la citrulline sur le métabolisme du tissu adipeux." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05T006/document.
Full textObesity is frequently associated with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, related to metabolic and endocrine dysregulation of white adipose tissue (WAT). During aging, the loss of muscle mass may be associated with obesity and defines the concept of sarcopenic obesity. Treatments implemented to counteract these conditions showed a very partial success. It is therefore appropriate to develop original alternative strategies that could lead to targeted therapies. Our team studies the metabolic regulation of WAT, the major source of energy storage in the body. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glycerol are released in the blood from stored triglycerides through lipolysis and used as a source of energy for other tissues. In addition to their β-oxidation, NEFA are re-esterified in part, a process that limits their release in the blood. Glyceroneogenesis is the pathway necessary to NEFA re-esterification in the fasting state. Previous studies showed that administration of citrulline (CIT) for three months to aging rats induced a decrease of approximately 40% of the visceral WAT mass. This non-protein amino acid is given as a dietary supplement during aging or sports to increase muscle mass. We studied the effects of CIT on explant cultures of rat WAT. In the first part of this work, we show that CIT exerts a direct lipolytic and anti-glyceroneogenic effect on explants from rats whether young or old. However, the release of NEFA from the explants of young rats is limited by an increase in the oxidative capacity of the tissue. During aging, WAT mass augments in parallel to the increase in a pro-inflammatory state. To understand the influence of these two parameters regardless of age, we studied in the second part of this work, the effects of CIT on WAT explants from young rats fed a control (CD) or high fat (HFD) diet. We show an CIT-induced increase in lipolysis and beta-oxidative capacity of WAT from rats whatever the diet, while glyceroneogenesis is reduced. However, NEFA are selectively released from WAT of HFD rats, in connection with a drastic reduction of their re-esterification. NO is a mediator of these effects. In the third part of this work, we show that CIT acts directly on WAT from CD and HFD rats to induce the expression of uncoupling protein, UCP1, in line with the potential "browning" of WAT by this amino acid. These effects were not observed in explants from old rats. Altogether our results establish the basis for future investigations aimed at elucidating the mechanisms by which CIT reduces body fat and open new therapeutic perspectives to fight overweight and sarcopenic obesity
Moro, Joanna. "Impact de la déficience en acides aminés indispensables sur le métabolisme protéique et énergétique, et identification de signatures métaboliques." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASB001.
Full textThe availability of protein sources for human nutri-tion is a major concern due to global demographics, economics and nutritional transitions. Protein intakes must cover the need for nine indispensable amino acids (IAA). It is important that this need is met in order to avoid situations of protein and energy me-tabolism imbalance. Various studies have been de-veloped to determine this need: nitrogen balance, the factorial method, and methods using stable iso-topes. However, these methods are difficult and invasive, and the obtained values of needs present significant differences. It is therefore necessary to develop more precise and non-invasive approaches, such as metabolomics, as recommended by the FAO.The objectives of this thesis are to assess the impact of protein and IAA (lysine and threonine) deficiency on protein and energy metabolism and to identify markers of deficiency for these two amino acids in the growing rat. Severe levels of deficiency (85%; 75%) in protein and lysine and threonine decrease weight and lean mass and increase food intake. These effects are associated with a decrease in protein synthesis and an increase in energy metabolism in low protein diets. These effects seems to be mediated by FGF21. Analyses of metabolomics in urine show that variations in pipecolate and taurine indicate lysine and threonine deficiencies, respectively
Vallet, Marion. "Altérations de l'état acide base et maladie rénale chronique : mécanismes et conséquences." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066592.
Full textMetabolic acidosis occurs frequently during the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms are still unclear. Moreover, whether metabolic acidosis is an independent factor of CKD progression remains uncertain. Our first goal was to describe the changes in acid-base status and to describe the factors associated to these changes in patients with CKD. We analyzed the data of the NéphroTest study cohort that enrolled patients with all-stages and all-causes CKD. Metabolic acidosis is associated with a defect in urinary ammonia excretion leading to a renal tubular acidosis. This defect occurs at an early stage of CKD, before the onset of overt metabolic acidosis. Fasting urinary ammonia excretion is highly dependent on glomerular filtration rate but also on plasma potassium concentration, urinary pH and treatment. Twenty-four hours ammonia excretion is also influenced by diet. Secondly, we tested whether changes in acid-base status were associated with renal outcomes. A lower urinary ammonia excretion was associated with a faster rate of decline in glomerular filtration rate while plasma bicarbonate concentration or overt acidosis were not. The association was stronger with fasting than with 24-hours ammonia excretion. These results suggest that the inability to excrete the daily acid load is deleterious regarding renal outcomes and that alkali-based therapy should be used earlier than currently advised
M'Rini, Christine. "Métabolisme de l'acide arachidonique du macrophage dans l'hypersensibilité immédiate." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30008.
Full textVaique, Émilie. "Synthèse de triglycérides structurés ou fluorescents pour l' étude du métabolisme lipidique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13917/document.
Full textBiologists are very interested in the use of molecules obtained by a well-controlled synthesis because such molecules are well characterized and of high purity. First, we synthesized pure structured triglycerides in other words lipid molecules in which fatty acids are esterified onto a known position of the glycerol backbone. The introduced polyunsaturated fatty acids belong to the omega 3 series (linolenic (LNA),eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA acids). As the bioavailability of lipids depends upon their position on the glycerol skeleton , we prepared triglycerides esterified with omega 3 fatty acids either qt one of the external positions or at the internal one. The use of these structured lipids was validated byr in vivo studies on rats that showed a good assimilation of LNA whatever its position was. Secondly, we synthesized an ? linolenic acid as methyl ester labeled with a fluorophore To obtain in fine a fluorescent triglyceride. This last one will be use for the spatio-temporal follow-up, in culture cell, of the LNA. The synthesized molecules are a promising tool to better understand the triglycerides’ metabolism in the human being
Galindo, Carlos Eduardo. "Effet des acides aminés sur le métabolisme du glucose chez la vache laitière." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27282/27282.pdf.
Full textVianey-Liaud, Christine. "Contribution à l'exploration biochimique des déficits héréditaires de la β-oxydation des acides gras." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO1W239.
Full textDegournay, Anthony. "Compréhension du métabolisme central et lipidique chez les plantes et les levures oléagineuses : approche fluxomique." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2438/document.
Full textGrowing world population and depletion of fossil resources have led to an increasing food and energy demand. While oleaginous plants are mostly cultivated for their fruits or their seeds in food industry, they are also valued in as an alternative to petrochemicals (biolubricant, biofuels). The production of lipids and unusual fatty acids increased the interest for unicellular organisms: yeasts. The aim of this work is to study two biological models: flax seed (Linum usitatissimum), whose oil is made up of 57% omega-3, and yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, exploited as a biotechnological chassis. The approach used to understand lipid metabolism is fluxomics. In addition, the development of a predictive model based on isotopic labelling (MFA) or constraint-based one (FBA) allows a dynamic analysis of the metabolism. The comparative study of three flax lines (with different oil and omega-3 levels) provided a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to lipid accumulation (up to 44.2 g.100 gDW-1). Therefore, we have been able to show that sucrose assimilation and starch remobilization are essential for fatty acid precursors and cofactors synthesis. Strong involvements of cytosolic glycolysis (G3P, acetyl-CoA) and pentose phosphate pathway (NADPH) have been noted, while protein and cell wall synthesis are limiting steps. In addition, PDAT would be a central enzyme for the incorporation of PUFA into TAGs. The study of three Yarrowia lipolytica strains also helped us to better understand yeast metabolism. The assimilation of an alternative carbone source to glucose, glycerol, led to a major metabolic redirection towards gluconeogenesis. The TAG synthesis flux especially uses glycolysis and a part of TCA cycle to convert citrate into acetyl-CoA. Kennedy pathway optimizations (GPD1 and DGA2 gene overexpression) allowed a lipid content improvement: +72% compared to a strain optimized for the synthesis of unusual fatty acids (LRO1 gene expression, encoding for a PDAT enzyme). The main competitive pathways are carbohydrate synthesis (glycogen) and citrate secretion (here repressed thanks to slow glucose assimilation. PDAT (LRO1 gene) also led to unusual fatty acid accumulation
Schmidt, Isabelle. "Oxydation des acides gras dans le muscle squelettique du porc nouveau-né développant une thermogénese de frisson." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30007.
Full textFavé, Gaëlle. "Stratégies d'amélioration de la biodisponibilité des acides gras : approches physico-chimiques et enzymatiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00689483.
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