Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Acides gras poly-insaturés'
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Pierre, Maud. "Effets des acides gras poly-insaturés oméga 3 et oméga 6 sur la fonction pulmonaire au cours d'une infection pulmonaire chronique à Pseudomonas aeruginosa chez la souris." Lille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIL2S006.
Full textNguemeni, Yonga Carine. "L'Acide Alpha-Linolénique (ALA), précurseur des acides gras poly-insaturés à longues chaînes oméga-3 : une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique face à l'accident vasculaire cérébral." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4100.
Full textThe severe deficiency in polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 family is a risk factor for stroke. The precursor of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Alpha-Linoleic Acid (ALA) is essential to humans, but humans do not possess the capability for its synthesis and ALA must therefore be present in out diet. Our work aimed to examine whether a global strategy based on ALA supplementation either by injections or by diets enriched with rapeseed oil, could protect against stroke-induced damages. To reproduce stroke, we used a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The effect of ALA treatment was evaluated on post-ischemic reperfusion, survival rate, hemispheric infarcts, neuroinflammation and antidepressant properties. Our results show that ALA injections may be useful to enhance functional recovery by combining acute neuroprotection to compensatory neuroplasticity and long-term recovery. A diet rich in ALA, significantly reduces the infarct volume and post-ischemic oxidative stress. Brain protection seems to be specifically associated to the rectification of the ω-6 / ω-3 ratio by increased ALA intake protection against strokes damages results from a drastic decrease in the post-ischemic expression of the CCL2 chemokine. It highlights for the first time the impact of ALA enriched diet on neuroinflammation. Overall, our data indicate that the rectification of ω-6 / ω-3 ratio by nutritional supplementation in ALA may be a new strategy helping to prevent and heal stroke-induced damage
Porta, Natacha. "Acides gras poly-insaturés, activation des récepteurs nucléaires PPAR-alpha, régime cétogène : effet anticonvulsivant chez le rongeur." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00343236.
Full textDans un premier temps, nous avons administré per-os, pendant 4 semaines un mélange d'AGPI contenant 70% d'oméga-3 et 25% d'oméga-6 à des rats Wistar. Les animaux ayant reçu la complémentation alimentaire par des AGPI présentaient une augmentation du seuil au PTZ comparable à celle obtenue chez les animaux ayant reçu un régime cétogène. Les animaux supplémentés par les AGPI ou ayant reçu le régime cétogène présentaient des variations plasmatiques en AGPI concernant l'acide arachidonique, l'acide alpha linolénique et l'acide eicosapentaenoïque. Aucune modification du statut nutritionnel ou des phospholipides cérébraux membranaires n'était retrouvée. Dans un second temps, nous avons administré pendant 14 jours de la nourriture contenant 0,2% de fénofibrate (agoniste des récepteurs PPAR-alpha) à des rats Wistar. Le traitement par 0,2% de fénofibrate conduisait à augmenter le seuil au PTZ et retarder le début de l'état de mal épileptique dans le modèle lithium-pilocarpine. Ces résultats étaient comparables à ceux obtenus avec le régime cétogène. En revanche le traitement associant le régime cétogène et le fénofibrate ne conduisait pas à moduler le seuil au PTZ chez les animaux.
Ces travaux ont permis de montrer que les AGPI ont des propriétés anticonvulsivantes, comparables à celles du régime cétogène. Ces propriétés anticonvulsivantes ont également été retrouvées suite à l'activation des récepteurs nucléaires PPAR-alpha par le fénofibrate. Les propriétés anticonvulsivantes portées par les AGPI ne sont pas liées à une variation de la composition des membranes cellulaires cérébrales en phospholipides. Les récepteurs nucléaires PPAR-alpha modulent quant à eux de nombreuses voies (métaboliques, inflammatoires, stress oxydant) via des variations d'expression génique et peuvent être activés par les AGPI. L'implication de ces différentes voies dans l'efficacité anticonvulsivante du fénofibrate, reste à explorer. Ces résultats, s'ils sont confirmés par des études complémentaires dans d'autres modèles, laissent penser qu'une simplification du régime cétogène pourrait être envisagée via l'utilisation des AGPI et/ou via l'activation des récepteurs nucléaires PPAR-alpha
Colas, Séverine. "Alimentation et sensibilité des tumeurs aux traitements anti-cancéreux : influence des acides gras poly-insaturés N-3." Tours, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR4014.
Full textSeveral studies have shown that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increase th eefficacy of anthracyclines. The general purpose of this thesis work was to understand th einteraction between n-3 PUFA and tumor sensitivity to treatment, using an autochthonous rat mammary tumor model. Our study showed that : alpha-tocopherol interferes with the n-3 PUFA induced chemosensitization of mammary tumors to epirubicin ; docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) sensitizes mammary tumors to radiation therapy (effect abolished by an alphatocopherol supply, suggesting that lipoperoxidation may be implied) ; the pivotal role of vascularization in tumor response to antitumoral drugs ; The DHA-induced enhancement of tumor response to epirubicin was accompanied by a decrease in tumor vascularization. Moreover, this chemosensitization was inhibited by alpha-tocopherol supply in a dose dependant manner
Labrousse, Virginie. "Conséquences fonctionnelles des relations neuroimmunes dans le cerveau immature et âgé : implication des acides gras poly-insaturés." Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21588.
Full textFer, Maude. "Voies métaboliques d'époxydations et d'hydroxylation des acides gras poly-insaturés à longue chaîne par les cytochromes P450 humains." Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES2002.
Full textSince the discovery of the third catalytic oxidative pathway of arachidonic acid by cytochromes P450, adding to those of lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases, it appeared that these oxylipids (i. E. Lipids containing 3 atoms of oxygen) have important biochemical and biological roles. The goal of this study was to reconsider the epoxidation and hydroxylation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) by 17 human recombinant cytochromes P450 (CYP). The fatty acids studied, 8,11,14-ETA (C20:3 n-6), 5,8,1 1-ETA (C20:3 n-9), AA (C20:4 n-6), EPA (C20:5 n-3) and DHA (C20:6 n-3), were analysed by gas or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry or to a radioactivity detector. We show that CYP2C and 2J2 are the main epoxigenases of these PUFAs. The effect of the number of double bounds and the length of the chain on the activity and the regioselectivity of the reactions depends on the CYP isoform. However, it appears clearly that all CYP2C subfamily members have two binding sites. The others CYPs from families 1 to 3 are also able to epoxidize PUFAs, either by a regioselective pathway, with CYP1A1, 2D6 and 2E1, the epoxydation then being limited to the fatty acids from the ω6 and ω3 families, or by a less regioselective pathway, with CYP1A2 and 3A4, which are able to epoxidize all the studied PUFAs. We also demonstrate that CYP4F are the main hydroxylases of the LC-PUFAs. The ω-hydroxylated compounds are the major products, implicating a strict positionning of the substrate in the active site. For all CYP4 famiiy isoforms, the presence of a double bound in position 14,15 and 17,18 or the absence ofthe 5,6 double bond in the PUFA C20 5,6 decrease the efficiency of formation of the ω-derivatives. This results in a weaker regioselectivity for EPA with a decreased ω/(ω-1) ratio. Similarly, DHA, which belongs to the co3 family, like EPA, shows a smaller ω/(ω-1) ratio than fatty acids from the ω6 and ω9 families. Nevertheless, CYPs from families 1 to 3, known to metabolise drugs, can also hydroxylate LC-PUFAs, preferentially at the (ω-1) position, with the exception of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 that hydroxylate on te bis-allylic positions. Our results are discussed in light of thermodynamic and steric factors that may influence the positioning of the substrate in the enzyme active site
Yessoufou, Akadiri. "Physiopathologie du diabète et de l'obésité : modulation nutritionnelle par le manioc du Bénin et les acides gras poly-insaturés de la famille n-3." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOMU07.
Full textThe etiology and the physiopathology of diabetes and obesity are comprised of various and complex phenomena. Although the prevalence of malnutrition modulated-diabetes mellitus is decreased, those of type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes mellitus and alcohol related-diabetes mellitus are increased. Our study has demonstrated that, irrespective to their etiology, diabetes and obesity are related to the alteration of the antioxidant status, lipid metabolism and immune status. Feeding cassava should not be recommended for diabetic patients as it aggravates the diabetic complications. Cassava may be consumed by non-diabetic subjects with sufficient protein content. Indeed, fish oil-enriched diet presents beneficial effects in diabetic animals and their macrosomic/obese offspring, as it improves antioxidant and immune status and corrects the hyperlipidaemia. As PPARα being activated by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and immunosuppressive and lipid catabolism activator, it may constitute a potential target molecule in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia and inflammatory state which characterize diabetes and obesity
Moussaoui, Noredine. "Formulation de liposomes à haute teneur en acides gras poly-insaturés n-3 adaptés pour la cosmétique et/ou les nutraceutiques." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12929.
Full textHamani, Djamel. "Place de l'arginine et des acides gras poly-insaturés de la série [omega]3 dans les effets d'un mélange de nutrition entérale immunomodulateur : études expérimentales chez le rat." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05P629.
Full textThe aim of our work was to study the mechanism of action of an immune enhancing diet (IED) in response to the aggression. The empirical elaboration on this mix of diets did not allow to answer which of the elements are responsible for their effects. In a first study we evaluated the contribution of Arg in the effects of an IED in a model of head injury. This study highlights the contribution of Arg to the effects of the IED (increased lymphocyte reactivity). However, conservation of the weight of the thymus induced by IED fall of the action of another nutrient, but only Arg was able to reduce the bacterial dissemination, which was not found with the IED. This result underlines the need to study the interactions between nutrients. In our second study, conducted on a model of aseptic inflammation, we evaluated the interactions between the ω3 PUFAs and Arg. As noted previously, Arg stimulates the lymphocyte reactivity and decreases the level of bacterial translocation. The ω3 PUFAs do not appear to be responsible for the loss of efficiency of Arg, but they are opposed to its activating effect on macrophages without allowing to explain the disappearance of its effect on the translocation with the IED. There would be in the IED one or several elements others than the ω3 PUFAs setting in the effect of Arg. The hypothesis is the likely track of antioxidants because the intestinal immunity relies on the innate immunity the bactericidal power of which is leaded by the oxydative burst. This hypothesis should be explored to provide some answers on the mechanism of action of IEDs
Judé, Sebastien. "Etude des effets des acides gras poly-insaturés n-3 sur les membranes des cellules cardiaques et mise au point d'un modèle d'arythmies spontanées chroniques induites par multiples embolisations des coronaires chez le chien." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR3310.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis work was to understand the anti-arrhythmic effects of n-3 PUFA. Our study showed that: i) the peroxidation products of DHA, rather than DHA itself, were responsible for the acute effects observed on potassium channels in rat isolated ventricular cardiac cells. Ii) a diet enriched with fish oil induced a modification of the fatty acid composition of cardiac membrane phospholipids in dog. Such changes in the fatty acids composition, especially in the PI fraction, could lead to a differential activation of PKC isoforms. Iii) reproducible spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias were not obtained in the experimental model of arrhythmias induced by multiple by multiple coronary embolisations in dog. Consequently, the anti-arrhythmic effects of n-3 PUFA could not be tested on this experimental model
Latour, Alizée. "Influence des Acides Gras Poly-Insaturés n-3 (oméga3) sur les intéractions Neurones/Astrocytes au cours du vieillissement cérébral : aspects cognitifs et cellulaires." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112081.
Full textA poor ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFA) status, favored by the low ω3/ω6 ratio in western diets, seems to contribute to cognitive decline in the elderly, but mechanistic evidence is lacking. We therefore explored the impact of ω3 status on the evolution of glutamatergic transmission and astrocytic functions in the hippocampus during ageing in rats. These processes are involved in memory formation and their dysregulation participates to the age-related brain damage leading to cognitive decline. We have compared 6 groups of rats aged 6 to 22 months fed ω3-deficient, ω3/ω6-balanced, or ω3 (fish oil) supplemented diets: Young ω3 Balanced (YB), Deficient (YD) or Supplemented (YS), and Old ω3 Balanced (OB), Deficient (OD) or Supplemented (OS) rats. We have evaluated synaptic efficacy and plasticity (electrophysiological recording), astroglial regulations (glutamate uptake and GFAP expression), neuronal markers (glutamate transporters and receptors), cognitive abilities (Barnes maze and Openfield) and analyzed brain fatty acids composition. Dietary modulation of ω3 intakes efficiently modified the incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, the main ω3 in cell membranes) in brain (-50% deficient vs balanced, +10% supplemented vs balanced). Ageing induced a 35% reduction of synaptic efficacy due to decreased pre-synaptic glutamate release, and a 30% decrease in the astroglial glutamate uptake associated to a marked astrogliosis (+100% GFAP). ω3 deficiency further decreased these hallmarks of ageing (OD vs OB rats: -35% synaptic efficacy, -15% glutamate uptake, +30% GFAP). On the opposite, ω3 supplementation increased synaptic efficacy (+25% OS vs OD) and seems to abolish astrogliosis (OS vs YS : no change in GFAP). Behavioural tests showed some increased effects of age in deficient rats and attenuated effects in supplemented ones. Our results characterize some specific age-related alterations of the glutamatergic synapse in the hippocampus that are aggravated by a dietary deficit in ω3 and attenuated by ω3 supplementation. In order to explore ω3 status on astrocytic activation, in vitro models of “old” astrocytes and “activated” by inflammatory cytokines which characterize the low-grade inflammation in brain aging, have been developed
Peyron-Caso, Élodie. "Régulation nutritionnelle de la masse grasse,du transport et des transporteurs de glucose GLUT4 chez le rat insulino-résistant nourri au saccharose : effets des acides gras poly-insaturés N-3." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077150.
Full textMantel, Marine. "Renforcement de la barrière épithéliale intestinale dans les maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin : une approche combinant nutrition lipidique et utilisation de bactéries propioniques probiotiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NANU1037.
Full textThe integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) is a crucial physiological parameter. It is compromised in many inflammatory conditions, from type I diabetes to autism and chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). There is a growing interest in dietary compounds capable of strengthening or restoring this IEB, which relies on the expression of key tight junction proteins such as ZO-1, in the prevention or treatment of various diseases. Recently, we have identified new ways to reinforce it. Firstly, by enhancing the expression of ZO-1 through the consumption of selected immunomodulatory strains of the dairy bacterium Propionibacterium freudenreichii (Pf). Secondly, the integrity of the IEB is also locally protected by the products of the metabolism of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) by intestinal cells. Essential PUFAs are provided through diet (borage oil or Evening prirose oil, dairy and meat). The enzymes involved in their metabolism are underexpressed in patients with IBD, limiting the beneficial effect of PUFA supplementation. Therefore, increasing the bioavailability of n-6 PUFAs remains na interesting therapeutic avenue. Furthermore, some strains of Pf are lipolytic and could potentially modulate the bioavailability and metabolismo of n-6 PUFAs in vivo. The overall objective of this Project is to investigate a potential aditive or even synergicstic effect between 1) n-6 PUFAs and 2) Pf on IEB
Pineau, Emmanuelle. "Formation des acides gras poly-hydroxylés et incorporation dans la cutine chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ052/document.
Full textPlants are sessile organisms that are not able to escape from difficult environmental conditions and therefore have to adapt to multiple abiotic and biotic stress to survive. Cutin is a part of the cuticle which plays a major role as a barrier for the plant. It’s a lipid polymer composed mainly by hydroxylated and epoxidized C16 and C18 fatty acids linked together by ester links involving the carboxyl and ω-hydroxyl functions of those fatty acids. Cutin plays also a role as a reservoir of molecules with fundamental physiological properties. With biochemical and genetic approaches, we characterized AtEH1, an epoxide hydrolase responsible for the formation of diols incorporated in Arabidopsis thaliana cutin. These diols are described as being involved in plant-pathogen interactions. We also showed that these compounds as well as others fatty acids derivatives are perceived by plants. We have also identified and characterized CYP77B1, an epoxidase that has a potential role in the formation of polyhydroxylated fatty acids incorporated in cutin
Qureshi, Abdul Wahid. "Les microvésicules splénocytaires effecteurs de la sénescence endothéliale : impact de l'âge et protection par apport nutritionnel d'une formule optimisée d'acides gras poly-insaturés eicosapentaénoïque et docosahexaénoïque, EPA/DHA 6/1." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ077.
Full textAgeing is associated with progressive endothelial senescence favoring endothelial and vascular dysfunction, often associated with cardiovascular diseases. We investigated in young, middle-aged and old rats (Y, MA, O) the impact of ageing on the shedding of spleen-derived leukocytes microvesicles (SMVs) and measured their pro-senescent effects in porcine primary coronary artery endothelial cells (ECs). Oxidative stress accumulates in spleen tissue and SMVs shedding increases with age. SMVs from MA, O but not Y rats induced premature endothelial senescence, with increased Senescence-Associated-β-galactosidase activity and up-regulated p53, p21, p16. SMVs shifted ECs towards a pro-inflammatory and pro-atherothrombotic phenotype with increased endothelial oxidative stress and down-regulated eNOS. Short-term intake of omega-3 EPA:DHA 6:1 but not EPA:DHA 1:1 reduced age-related oxidative stress and SMVs shedding in MA and O spleen tissues, and abolished SMVs-induced premature endothelial senescence in MA, most probably by reducing oxidative stress and preventing the activation of the local angiotensin system