Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Acides gras 3-hydroxylés (3-AGH)'
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Véquaud, Pierre. "Développement et application de nouveaux marqueurs d’environnement d’origine bactérienne en milieu terrestre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS475.
Full textTo date, the only biomarkers that can be used for temperature and pH reconstruction in terrestrial environments are bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (branched GDGTs or brGDGTs). This PhD work focused on the development and application of other proxies of bacterial origin, 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH FAs). The analysis of the abundance of 3-OH FAs and brGDGTs in 49 soils sampled in the French Alps made it possible to quantify the influence of environmental parameters other than temperature on the distribution of brGDGTs and 3-OH FAs. In parallel, microcosm experiments carried out on 4 of these soils for 1 year at different temperatures did not reveal any change in the relative abundances of 3-OH FAs but an increase in the proportion of certain brGDGTs. A first global calibration of 3-OH FAs as temperature and pH proxies was proposed from 168 soil samples globally distributed. This work demonstrated the interest of new approaches using machine learning to establish biomarker calibrations. Finally, an improved global calibration of brGDGTs as temperature and pH proxies in terrestrial environments was proposed (FROG model). These different calibrations were successfully applied and validated on paleoclimatic archives. This work enabled to refine the understanding of the influence of different environmental variables on the distribution of membrane lipids (3-OH FAs and brGDGTs) used as environmental proxies in terrestrial environments, and to propose new statistical approaches to establish environmental proxies calibrations
Pineda, Catherine. "Les acides gras Oméga 3 polyinsaturés : ont-ils un rôle antiathérogène ?" Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2PE71.
Full textSehl, Anthony. "Impact de la forme moléculaire et supramoléculaire de vectorisation des acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 sur leur biodisponibilité : étude physico-chimique et in vivo chez le rat." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0065.
Full textThe latest data from the cross-sectional national French dietary study show that dietary intakes of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are significantly lower than those recommended by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES). Considering their physiological roles, improving their dietary intake has became a nutritional priority. The control of the different forms of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty (n-3 LC-PUFA) intake represents an interesting way to address this issue. In this context, this thesis aims at studying the influence of the molecular form (phospholipids (PL) vs triglycerides (TG)) and/or supramolecular form (continuous phase, emulsion, liposomes) of n-3 LC-PUFA towards their bioavailability.The experimental approach consisted in characterizing the different forms of n-3 LC-PUFAs by coupling various physicochemical methods (optical microscopy, granulometry, measurement of primary and secondary oxidation products, enzymatic lipolysis). The data obtained made it possible to propose some mechanistic hypothesis for the bioavailability studies conducted in rat. Thus, in a second step, the in vivo study made addresses (1) the intestinal absorption of fatty acids following a single dose of lipids and (2) the lipid tissue accretion following an 8-week diet.The data obtained from the intestinal absorption study indicate that the molecular form of n-3 LC-PUFA targeting (marine TG vs marine PL, in continuous phase) does not influence their intestinal absorption but rather their incorporation into lymphatic lipids, which are the main carriers for dietary fatty acids in the organism. Conversely, structuring marine PL (emulsion or liposomes) improves the EPA and DHA absorption, but differently according to the supramolecular form. The results concerning tissue accretion show that, after 8-week diet, the tissue enrichment in n-3 LC-PUFA is different according to the molecular form of targeting. The consumption of marine TG favours the incorporation of n-3 LC-PUFA into hepatic lipids, while the supplementation of diets with marine PL targets DHA preferentially to brain and retina.All these results show that the molecular form of targeting (PL vs TG) of n-3 LC-PUFA can be a way for managing their tissue incorporation, whereas the supramolecular organization (emulsion or liposomes) can be envisaged to monitor their intestinal absorption
Mies, Frédérique. "Régulation du canal sodium épithélial par les acides gras polyinsaturés n-3." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210514.
Full textLe canal sodium épithélial bloquable par l’amiloride (ENaC) est une protéine intégrale de la membrane apicale des épithéliums impliqués dans l’absorption du sodium. Deux fonctions majeures sont directement liées au fonctionnement d’ENaC. D’une part, la régulation de la balance sodée par le rein et donc de la pression artérielle et d’autre part, la clairance du fluide alvéolaire pulmonaire.
Le transport vectoriel de sel et d’eau à travers ces épithéliums à jonctions serrées repose sur un transport actif de sodium entraînant un flux osmotique d’eau. Ce transport de sodium s’effectue en deux étapes: l’entrée apicale, par diffusion, facilitée via ENaC, et la sortie basolatérale, active, par les pompes Na+/K+ ATPases.
Ces dernières années, un intérêt grandissant est porté sur les acides gras polyinsaturés à longues chaînes de type oméga 3 (PUFAs) et leurs implications dans divers processus physiologiques. Entre autres effets, les PUFAs modulent différents types de canaux ioniques (canaux Na+ dépendant du voltage, Ca++ L-type, K+).
Les études in vivo impliquant un effet à long terme des PUFAs décrivent des mécanismes inhibiteurs. Cependant, lors d’une étude précédente, axée sur la composition lipidique des membranes de cellules rénales en culture et l’influence de l’ajout d’acides gras saturés et insaturés sur le transport du sodium, nous avons constaté que les acides gras polyinsaturés à longues chaînes de type oméga 3 augmentaient la réabsorption du sodium. Ces résultats pourraient être intéressants, car les canaux sodiques de l’épithélium alvéolaire sont en contact direct avec le surfactant, dont la composition lipidique varie en fonction de l’apport alimentaire en PUFAs. Chez les prématurés humains, le syndrome de détresse respiratoire est une des causes les plus fréquentes de mortalité. Dans un certain nombre de cas, on peut restaurer une fonction pulmonaire satisfaisante par l’administration de surfactant.
Dans ce travail, nous avons opté pour une approche fondamentale des mécanismes de régulation du canal sodium épithélial par l’acide eicosapentanoïque (EPA, C 20:5, n-3). Des études électrophysiologiques, biochimiques et d’imagerie cellulaire ont été réalisées sur la lignée cellulaire A6 de rein d’amphibien, qui sert d’épithélium modèle pour l’étude d’ENaC depuis plus de 25 ans. Cette lignée exprime des canaux sodiques très sélectifs et possède des propriétés électrophysiologiques facilitant l’étude de leur régulation.
Ce travail nous a permis de mettre en évidence de nouveaux mécanismes fondamentaux dont la pertinence physiologique et /ou clinique ne pourra être établie qu’en transposant cette étude sur un modèle in vivo, comme nous le proposons dans les perspectives.
Dans le présent travail, nous avons étudié :
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Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ghandour, Rayane. "Effet des acides gras polyinsaturés sur la conversion des adipocytes blancs en adipocytes brites." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4010/document.
Full textThere are two types of thermogenic adipocytes able to use fatty acids and glucose to produce heat. We distinguish brown adipocytes from the brown adipose tissue and ‘’brite’’ adipocytes which occur into the white adipose tissue. Recently, the characterization of functional brown and brite adipocytes in adult humans has led to the consideration of their use to treat obesity by increasing energy expenditure. My thesis project was to study the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, on the conversion of white into brite adipocytes, in vitro and in vivo, in humans and rodents respectively. We demonstrated that arachidonic acid ω6, precursor of prostaglandins, has 1) an inhibitory effect on the recruitment of brite adipocytes via prostaglandins E2 and F2α and 2) an activatory effect via prostacyclin. In fact, prostacyclin induces the conversion of white into brite adipocytes through the IP receptor and the PPARs signaling pathways. Based on human present nutritional recommendations, we demonstrated that a supplementation of ω3 fatty acids in mice diet was able to inhibit the negative effect of ω6 fatty acids and activate brown adipose tissue. Our data highlights the importance of arachidonic acid bioavailability on the biology of adipose tissue and reinforce the idea that an equilibrate ω6/ω3 ratio is a tool that can be used to prevent overweight obesity and associated metabolic disorders
Correia, Maria Marta de Ascensao Teixeira. "Rôle des acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 sur la régulation de l’inflammation et le processus de tumorigenèse déclenché par Helicobacter pylori." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA114846.
Full textH. pylori infection is extremely common worldwide and is recognized as a major etiological factor in chronic active gastritis, gastric duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer development. H. pylori eradication treatment has not changed to a large extent in the last decades and can raise some concern mainly due to recurrence of infection, and most importantly, acquired resistance to classically used antibiotics. In this context, the use of compounds other than antibiotics that could decrease H. pylori infection in a safe way could provide an alternative to tackle this problem. It is known that H. pylori extracts cholesterol from host cell-membrane rafts, modifies it into an α-glycosylated form, and uses this mechanism to increase its survival. The main aim of this thesis work was to explore the role of different non-antibiotic molecules in inhibiting H. pylori growth. Among molecules known to affect in vitro H. pylori growth and viability are certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Within the many molecules available, we concentrated our efforts on the study of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We also pursued the hypothesis that DHA affects survival of H. pylori by modulating the host epithelial cell levels of fatty acids and cholesterol availability.Our results show that DHA inhibits H. pylori growth both in vitro and in vivo, and attenuates the host inflammatory response. Additionally, we demonstrate that DHA induces morphological and cell wall protein composition changes that altogether decrease bacteria-gastric epithelial cell adherence, inflammation and survival. Also, we demonstrated that DHA alters cholesterol levels in epithelial cells, thereby influencing H. pylori ability to uptake and use epithelial cholesterol. This will ultimately impair H. pylori survival. Importantly, the combination of DHA and antibiotic standard treatment decreased the recurrence of H. pylori infection in a mouse model. Our results have gathered important evidence to pave the way for DHA use in the clinical setting and in prophylactic/preventive strategies against H. pylori infection
Plé, Aude Marie-Laure. "Effet de l'acide docosahexaenoïque (DHA), un acide gras polyinsaturé de la famille n-3, dans l'activation des cellules T." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS057.
Full textIn this study, we investigated the role of docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 PUFA, in the regulation of calcium, Src tyrosine kinase signaling and activation of TRPC3/6 channels. Furthermore, in mouse T regulatory cells we have shown that DHA via an inhibition of IL-10 induces in vivo and in vitro an inhibition of cell proliferation. The analysis of chemokines shows that DHA exert an effect on T reg migration and adhesion by regulating the expression of ERK1/2 and Akt protein. DHA modulates cell functions directly in the form of free fatty acid or, indirectly in etherified form at the sn-2 position in diacylglycerol (DAG). Classically, calcium influx is achieved following intracellular calcium stores depletion, through a mechanism termed as store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) entry (SOCE), via the opening of SOC channels that can be CRAC (Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels) channels or TRPC (Canonical Transient Receptor Potential) channels. Among TRPC channels, TRPC3/6/7 channels are those which are regulated by DAG. In Jurkat T cells, only TRPC3 and TRPC6 were present and express differentially in relation to cell cycle and proliferation. In U937 cells, DHA induced increases in [Ca2+]i via the opening of CRAC channels and activation of PKC. . . By a physiological point of view, we have demonstrated that DHA-induced Ca2+ signaling can initiate apoptosis pathway, as assessed by the measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and caspase-3 activation. Together, these observations suggest that DHA exert immunomodulatory effects in part, by decreasing pHi, increasing [Ca2+]i and inhibiting PKC/MAP kinase pathway. Ngl
FISCHER, MARIE-CHRISTINE. "Les proprietes nutritionnelles de la lignee lipidique n-3 en pathologie cardio-vasculaire." Strasbourg 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR15065.
Full textDrouin, Gaëtan. "Métabolisme et intérêt nutritionnel de l’acide docosapentaénoïque n-3 : modulation du statut tissulaire en acides gras n-3 par les lipides laitiers alimentaires chez le rat." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B020/document.
Full textThe optimization of tissue status in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) is one of the current goals in human nutrition. Indeed, many beneficial effects on human health have been demonstrated for these different n-3 LCPUFA. However, the bioconversion of these derivatives from their food precursor, α-linolenic acid, is limited in humans and it does not meet the needs of the organism. Among this family of fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have been widely studied in contrast to those of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). The first objective of this work was to study the impact of dietary supplementation with DPA on fatty acid metabolism and lipid metabolism in healthy rats. For this, a method for purifying DPA with high purity and in large quantities by liquid chromatography was first established. This result helps future research of the in vivo effects of DPA, poorly commercially available. After its nutritional supplementation, DPA was incorporated into multiple tissues and it has affected the n-3 LCPUFA tissue compositions of specific organs such as the liver, heart, lung, spleen and the kidney. Thus, supplementation with DPA could be a source of EPA, DPA, and to a lesser extent DHA. Finally, compared to supplementation with EPA or DHA, DPA was the most potent n-3 LCPUFA to improve triglyceridemia and cholesterolemia in animals. This information will certainly contribute to a greater consideration of DPA both in nutritional studies and in the direction of future nutritional recommendations. The second area of research focused on the ability of a partial incorporation of dairy lipids in the diet to increase the tissue status in n-3 LCPUFA. Incorporation of dairy lipids in the diet increased DHA status in brain and retina and DPA status in the other studied tissues. In addition, the induction of conversion of n-3 LCPUFA from their precursor by dairy lipid was complementary with the DPA supplementation to increase n-3 LCPUFA status in tissues. These results fit into a context of infant nutrition, during which the incorporation of n-3 LCPUFA is maximal in nervous tissues. Thus, these results provide interesting data for both companies and health professionals to recommend infant formulas containing dairy lipids for consumption
Pierre, Maud. "Effets des acides gras poly-insaturés oméga 3 et oméga 6 sur la fonction pulmonaire au cours d'une infection pulmonaire chronique à Pseudomonas aeruginosa chez la souris." Lille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIL2S006.
Full textChauvin, Lucie. "Voies de signalisation impliquées dans la sensibilisation des tumeurs mammaires au docétaxel par les acides gras polyinsaturés n-3." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR3309/document.
Full textChemotherapy-resistant tumor cells are a major cause of cancer treatment failure. Preclinical studies show that polyunsaturated omega-3 long chain fatty acids (AGPIn-3LC), provided by food, improve the efficacy of chemotherapy without increasing side effects. AGPIn-3LCs are incorporated in cancer and stromal cells. This thesis aimed to identify molecular mechanisms involved in the increased sensitivity of mammary tumor cells to docetaxel. We have shown that docetaxel induces a resistance mechanism via activation of PKC/ERK and Akt pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival. Modification of the membrane lipid environment by AGPIn-3LCs supplementation inhibits these signaling pathways and increases the efficacy of docetaxel in mammary tumor cell lines and in a preclinical rodent model of native mammary tumors. Moreover, in this mammary tumor model we have found another molecular target regulated by AGPIn-3LCs: epiregulin, a member of the EGF family. AGPIn-3LCs inhibit epiregulin-VEGF induced in endothelial cells and induce a remodeling of tumor vasculature. Furthermore, AGPIn-3LCs act on the tumor microenvironment directly. This thesis work provides additional arguments for the use of AGPIn-3LCs as adjuvant molecules to reduce the resistance of breast tumors to anticancer agents
Leyrolle, Quentin. "Rôle des acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 dans le développement cérébral normal et pathologique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/LEYROLLE_Quentin_va.pdf.
Full textThe perinatal dietary intake in n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs n-3 and n-6), also known as ‘omega-3’ and ‘omega-6’, is essential for brain development. As these lipids cannot be de novo synthesized by the body, they must be provided by the diet according to a ratio of one n-3 PUFA for four n-6 PUFAs. Western diet has dramatically evolved over the past 70 years, towards excessive omega-6 consumption and reduction in omega-3 intake. This correlated with an increasing number of children with neurodevelopmental pathologies. However, the link between perinatal nutrition and neurodevelopment remains poorly understood. The main objective of my thesis was to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which a reduction in perinatal n-3 PUFA dietary intake alters neural networks shaping, focusing on the interactions between glial cells (namely microglia and oligodendrocytes) and neurons. Our results show that perinatal n-3 PUFA deficiency leads to 1) an alteration of microglial and oligodendrocytes functions during brain development; 2) an increase in microglia-mediated dendritic spines pruning and deficits in myelination process; 3) the establishment of dysfunctional neural networks in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex; 4) deficits in learning, sociability and occurrence of anxiety behaviors. Moreover, n-3 PUFA deficiency during the perinatal period exacerbates the deleterious effects of a prenatal maternal immune activation (MIA). Low n-3 PUFA intake 1) increases the maternal and fetal inflammatory response to MIA; 2) increases the duration and extent of MIA effects on neuronal morphology and microglia-neuron interactions; 3) alters the inflammatory reactivity of intestinal lymphocytes, that persists at adulthood 4) induces memory deficits and hyperactivity in offspring in adulthood. Overall, the present work specified some of the mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA deficiency affects the developing brain by highlighting its detrimental effect on microglia and oligodendrocytes function and showing how its sensitizes the brain to other developmental insults
Pinel, Alexandre. "Etude comparative des effets biologiques des acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 (ALA, EPA, DHA) : importance dans la prévention de l'obésité et du syndrome métabolique." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF1MM22.
Full textObesity is characterized by an excess of adipose tissue (AT) mass and may be caused by multiple factors. It is associated with an increased risk of the development of insulin-resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome, leading to type 2 diabetes. The impairment of lipid storage in the AT play a central role in obesity-associated disorders, as it leads to ectopic lipid accumulation and peripheral IR notably in muscles. In this context, the quality of dietary lipids may play a role in the regulation of AT and muscle metabolisms. In fact, palmitic acid (PAL), a saturated fatty acid (SFA) induces lipogenesis, inflammation and lipotoxicity favoring IR in many tissues. On the contrary, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (3) have protective effect against obesity-associated disorders. Among them, linolenic (ALA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) specific effects remained partially described.This work aimed at exploring the specific effects of 3 on metabolic disorders and the development of obesity. Mechanisms were studied in C2C12 muscle cells during PAL-induced IR and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes to determine the impact of 3 on adipocyte differentiation. In vivo, the effects of 3 were investigated by supplementating C57BL/6 wild-type or leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice with ALA, EPA or DHA during a high fat / high sucrose diet (mimicking a western diet).In C2C12 muscle cells, co-incubation of 3 with PAL induced a similar decrease in the content of lipotoxic compound and improved glucose uptake, whereas only EPA and DHA restored -oxidation and insulin signaling activation. Furthermore, EPA and DHA were more potent to reduce PAL-induced inflammation compared to ALA. In mice, only EPA improved whole body glucose homeostasis compared to ALA and DHA. While EPA reduced body fat gain, DHA induced hypertrophy in AT, increased leptin secretion and decreased those of adiponectine. In cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, preadipocyte differentiation was also induced by DHA compared to ALA and EPA and might explain the hypertrophy observed in mice.In conclusion and in our experimental conditions, ALA, EPA and DHA have common effects on in vitro lipid and glucose metabolism but also specific effects, demonstrating that EPA would be more interesting to limit IR in vivo compared to DHA or ALA. DHA favored hypertrophy of AT and disturbance of adipokine secretion involved in peripheral regulation of insulin sensitivity, notably in muscle
Zhang, Ying. "Pancreatic islet function in long-chain polyunsaturated [omega-3] fatty acid-depleted rats." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/241307.
Full textZeghichi, Hamri Sabrina. "Effets des acides gras oméga-3 sur la cardioprotection : étude des acides gras oméga-3 chez le rat et chez des patients porteurs d'un défibrillateur automatique implantable." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10049.
Full textAlthough the Mediterranean diet (MED) is considered the optimal diet to prevent coronary heart disease (CHD), it is still unknown whether adoption of MED may result in improved myocardial resistance to ischemia-reperfusion injury and may potentially prevent ventricular arrhythmias. Accordingly, the first experimental study was carried out to investigate whether a diet low in saturated fats and omega-6 fatty acids (Ω6) but rich in plant and marine omega-3 fatty acids (Ω3), a typical MED fatty acid profile, may result in smaller infarct size and better left ventricular function (L VF) recovery in a rat model of regional ischemia¬reperfusion. Results demonstrate a great accumulation of Ω3 and a parallel decrease of arachidonic acid in plasma, cell membranes and cardiac mitochondria. Also, the MED rats developed smaller infarct size compared with the control groups (p
Chelly, Jean Luc. "Les acides gras polyinsaturés essentiels de la série N-3 et les huiles de poisson." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P065.
Full textHassan, Aktham. "Effet modulateur des acides gras oméga-3, de l'argine et de la glutamine dans 3 modèles d'inflammation intestinale." Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUER004.
Full textColin, Julie. "Le vieillissement membranaire cérébral : conséquences fonctionnelles et protection par les acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 alimentaires." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0078/document.
Full textOne of the marked societal phenomena in recent decades is the aging of populations due to continually increasing lifespans and as a result, a considerable surge in the number and proportion of elderly, particularly in Western countries. In this demographic context, the rise of chronic diseases related to aging, including Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia, has become a major public health issue. The impact of modifiable environmental factors, evolution of the pathogenic mechanisms involved, and the lack of curative treatments illustrates the need for the development of interventions to prevent or delay the onset of these aging-related diseases. The present work demonstrates the importance of using age-adapted study models and experimental methods with the goal towards slowing or delaying age-related deleterious processes. Secondly, our results have identified membranes as an essential part for normal brain function. The composition and architectural changes in the neuronal membranes of elderly mice disrupt their functionality and reduce neuroprotective responsiveness such as those sought by anti-Alzheimer’s therapies. We also observed similar pro-aging-type changes in brain membranes of dyslipidemic mice fed a high-fat diet. Thus, disturbances of lipid homeostasis are correlated with an increased risk of developing aging-related cardiovascular and metabolic as well as neurodegenerative diseases. We finally demonstrated the preventive potential of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid, the most abundant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain, and observed its ability to restore a neuroprotective response that was impaired in older mice
Lefils-Lacourtablaise, Jennifer. "Métabolisme et fonctions des acides gras oméga-3 à longue chaîne au niveau de l'adipocyte." Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0130/these.pdf.
Full textN-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) of marine origin, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, potentially do beneficial health effects, mainly in cardiovascular diseases, obesity and type 2 diabetes. DHA protects against insulin resistance and obesity in rodents and increases insulin sensitivity in healthy humans. The first objective of our study was to determine the time course of DHA incorporation into phospholipids of different tissues in mice and the effects of DHA supplementation on plasma adiponectin and leptin secretions, two cytokines known to participate in the regulation of insuline sensitivity. We showed an improvement of the secreted adipokine profile in mice fed the DHA-rich diet. This effect was associated with a significant increase in DHA incorporation into phospholipids of all analyzed tissues. The beneficial effects on adipokines were fast, since they were observed as early as 4 days after the initiation of the DHA-rich diet, and long lasting as they were still observed 16 days after the arrest of DHA-rich diet feeding. We also showed an increased adiponectin secretion in mice fed an EPA-rich diet. We then studied the effects of EPA and DHA, and that of their oxygenated derivatives on adiponectin secretion in 3T3-L 1 adipocytes. We observed an increased adiponectin secretion after cell enrichment with these n-3 PUFA. Our results suggest that oxygenated metabolites could contribute to this effect. Regarding DHA, we showed a significant increase in adiponectin secretion after cell incubation with protectin DX (PDX). We also showed that only PDX, which has a E,Z,E-conjugated triene motif in his structure, increased adiponectins
Gevariya, Nikunj. "Effets des acides gras oméga-3 sur le cancer de la prostate." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34012.
Full textProstate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in Canadian men with 21,300 new cases and is the third-largest cause of cancer mortality with 4100 deaths in 2017. Epidemiological studies have shown that populations with a diet rich in omega (ω)-3 fatty acids(FA) (e.g. coastal Asian populations) have a low incidence of PCa while populations in Western countries with a diet rich in ω6 FA have higher (almost 60 times) incidence of PCa. Dietary fats influence many biological processes including inflammation which is associated with PCa development and progression. Notably, long-chain ω6 FA (LCω6) have pro-inflammatory properties and could contribute to PCa progression. On the opposite, LCω3 such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanenoic acid (DHA) have anti-inflammatory properties and could inhibit PCa progression. I hypothesized that dietary ω3 FA are beneficial against PCa growth and progression mainly via their anti-inflammatory properties. Using the TRAMP-C2 mouse model of PCa, I found that an ω3 FA-enriched diet reduced PCa growth compared to an ω6 FA-enriched diet in both androgen-deprived and non-deprived mice by inducing local antitumor Th1-, Th2-and eosinophil-related immune response. In the quest to further study the effects of individual ω3 FA subtype, I found that dietary supplementation with monoacylglyceride (MAG)-EPA reduced tumor growth by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2gene (VEGFR2)expression as well as reducing the size of blood vessels in TRAMP-C2 tumors. I also observed that higher level of EPA reduced the size of blood vessels in prostate in a clinical trial testing MAG-EPA supplementation on PCa patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Finally, I analyzed the effects of an ω3 FA-rich diet intervention versus treatment with a 5α- reductase inhibitor (5ARI) on low-risk PCa patients under active surveillance. I found that 6 months of ω3 FA-rich diet intervention resulted in a reduction of plasma level of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenesis cytokines as well as Th2 and Th17 immune response-related cytokines. In order to assess the effects of these interventions on the prostate tissue, I used cytokines assay and mass spectrometry (MS ) assay to analyze proteins in clarified urine obtained after digital rectal examination (DRE urine). I did not succeed at identifying significant variation in protein levels following the interventions in this sample type but I found that crude (non-clarified) DRE urine contained twice the amount of proteins compared to clarified urine, suggesting that this type of sample should be used for further analysis. Overall, my results confirmed the importance of ω3 FA for prevention of PCa progression and provide the rationale to further investigate their effects on immune response, tumor vasculature and tumor progression in PCa patients.
Aires, Virginie. "Effet de l'acide docosahexaenoïque (DHA), un acide gras polyinsaturé de la famille n-3, dans la régulation de la signalisation cellulaire." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOS032.
Full textWe investigated the role of docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 PUFA, in the regulation of calcium, intracellular pH (pHi) and MAP kinase signaling, key steps controling cell proliferation. DHA modulate cell functions directly in the form of free fatty acid or, indirectly in esterified form at the sn-2 position in diacylglycerol (DAG). In Jurkat T cells, DHA has been shown to acidify pHi, in part, via its simple diffusion across the phospholipid bilayer and via the increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]i. Classically, calcium influx is achieved following intracellular calcium stores depletion, through a mechanism termed as store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) entry (SOCE), via the opening of SOC channels that can be CRAC (Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels) channels or TRPC (Canonical Transient Receptor Potential) channels. Among TRPC channels, TRPC3/6/7 channels are those which are regulated by DAG. In HEK293 cells, overexpressing TRPC6 protein, we have shown that DAG-containing arachidonic acid (SAG) and DAG-containing DHA (SDG), induce increases in [Ca2+]i by activating TRPC6 channels in these cells; however, SDG-induced response was lesser than SAG. In addition, it has been shown that tyrosine kinases of Src familly as well as integrity of lipid rafts are implicated in TRPC6 activation by these DAG species. In Jurkat T cells, we have shown that SOC influx triggered by thapsigargin (TG), activated MAP kinases ERK1/ERK2 by a PKC-dependent mechanism, via PLD activation. DHA abolished TG-induced ERK1/ERK2 activation by inhibiting PKC. In U937 cells, DHA induced increases in [Ca2+]i via the opening of CRAC channels and activation of PKC and By a physiological point of view, we have demonstrated that DHA-induced Ca2+ signaling can initiate apoptosis pathway, as assessed by the measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and caspase-3 activation. Together, these observations suggest that DHA exert immunomodulatory effects in part, by decreasing pHi, increasing [Ca2+]i and inhibiting MAP kinase pathway
Bouchard-Mercier, Annie. "Génétique, acides gras oméga-3 et facteurs de risque des maladies cardiovasculaires." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25719.
Full textChronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are complex and their risk factors are regulated by many factors, for example the genetic background and dietary intakes. In this project, 210 participants were recruited. Two dietary factors were identified, the Prudent dietary pattern which was characterised by higher intakes of vegetables, fruits, whole grain products and non-hydrogenated fats and the Western dietary pattern, characterised by higher intakes of refined grain products, desserts, sweets and processed meats. Both dietary patterns modulated the expression of genes related to the immune system, inflammatory response, cancer and/or CVD. The Western dietary pattern was also associated with a metabolite profile which comprised greater concentrations of certain amino acids as well as small chain acylcartinines. To examine the interindividual variability in the response to a nutrient, a 6 week fish oil supplementation was conducted among the 210 participants. SNPs related to genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid beta-oxidation (ACLY, ACACA, GCK, RXRA, ACOX1) were associated alone or in an interaction effect with dietary intakes with the plasma triglyceride (TG) response to the fish oil supplementation. The genetic variability within sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) gene was associated with differences in the response of insulin concentrations following fish oil supplementation. In a second cohort of 691 participants, associations between SNPs, identified in a previous GWAS conducted among the 210 participants supplemented with fish oil, and TG as well as plasma phospholipid fatty acid concentrations were observed. This thesis also comprises a knowledge transfer section where the attitude was identified as the main determinant of the intention of dietitians to discuss nutrigenetics with their patients/clients. Globally, these results demonstrate that dietary patterns modulate the metabolism at several levels and that the response to fish oil is variable depending upon genetic profile and dietary intakes.
Kodas, Ercem. "Neurotransmission dopaminergique et sérotoninergique : réversibilité des effets de la déficience en acides gras polyinsaturés n-3." Tours, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUR3802.
Full textHennebelle, Marie. "Acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 (AGPI n-3) e prévention des dommages cérébraux induits par un stress chronique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00691980.
Full textGuebre-Egziabher, Fitsum. "Modulation de l’apport en acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 : intérêt chez le sujet sain et au cours de l’insuffisance rénale chronique." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10126/document.
Full textOmega 3 fatty acids play an important modulatory role in metabolic and inflammatory responses, the progression of atherosclerosis and gene expression. Recent studies suggest their beneficial impact on adipocyte morphology and function. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an increased cardiovascular morbi-mortality and suffer from a cluster of metabolic disorders. On the basis of previous studies there are reasons to suggest that omega 3 supplementation may offer a host of benefits to CKD patients. Unfortunatly, published studies on the effect of such supplementation are characterized by supra physiological omega 3 doses, that may be difficult to implement for extended periods in one hand and in the other hand the metabolic effect of different doses of omega 3 hasn’t been studied in detail. Simple dietary modifications can help achieve the recommended n-6/n-3 ratio in healthy subjects. In CKD patients supplementation with n-3 shows a differential dose response effect. Further studies are required to test the faisability and metabolic impact of dietary modifications in order to decrease n-6/n-3 ratio and to assess the long term effect of omega supplementation in CKD patients. Finally the molecular pathways implicated in this differential dose response should be assessed in animal models
Nguemeni, Yonga Carine. "L'Acide Alpha-Linolénique (ALA), précurseur des acides gras poly-insaturés à longues chaînes oméga-3 : une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique face à l'accident vasculaire cérébral." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4100.
Full textThe severe deficiency in polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 family is a risk factor for stroke. The precursor of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Alpha-Linoleic Acid (ALA) is essential to humans, but humans do not possess the capability for its synthesis and ALA must therefore be present in out diet. Our work aimed to examine whether a global strategy based on ALA supplementation either by injections or by diets enriched with rapeseed oil, could protect against stroke-induced damages. To reproduce stroke, we used a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The effect of ALA treatment was evaluated on post-ischemic reperfusion, survival rate, hemispheric infarcts, neuroinflammation and antidepressant properties. Our results show that ALA injections may be useful to enhance functional recovery by combining acute neuroprotection to compensatory neuroplasticity and long-term recovery. A diet rich in ALA, significantly reduces the infarct volume and post-ischemic oxidative stress. Brain protection seems to be specifically associated to the rectification of the ω-6 / ω-3 ratio by increased ALA intake protection against strokes damages results from a drastic decrease in the post-ischemic expression of the CCL2 chemokine. It highlights for the first time the impact of ALA enriched diet on neuroinflammation. Overall, our data indicate that the rectification of ω-6 / ω-3 ratio by nutritional supplementation in ALA may be a new strategy helping to prevent and heal stroke-induced damage
Commere, Oustric Julie. "Apports nutritionnels en acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 et action cellulaire de la vitamine A : effets sur la plasticité cérébrale et la mémoire spatiale chez le rat agé." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14211/document.
Full textLong chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) of the n-3 series play essential roles in brain functions, including brain plasticity and memory processes which are altered during aging. It is now well accepted that these PUFA regulate gene transcription through binding and activating specific nuclear receptors such as PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) and RXR (retinoid X receptors, which also bind 9-cis retinoic acid). As a common heterodimeric partner of both PPAR and RAR (all-trans retinoic acid receptors), RXR is a key factor in the modulation of gene expression by fatty acids and retinoids. In this context, the purpose of this work was to study the effects of a n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation on fatty acid and retinoid signalling pathways and on cerebral plasticity and spatial memory processes. Our main results show that n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation for 21 weeks in mid-life rats, maintains the mRNA levels of RXRγ and GAP-43 (synaptic protein) which were altered in aged rat hippocampus. Besides, supplemented aged rats exhibited increased numbers of newly generated neurons and improved spatial working memory, when compared with control aged rats. To summarize, our results support the neuroprotective effects of n-3 LC-PUFA during aging, in particular on cerebral plasticity and working memory. Furthermore, our works suggest the implication of RXR in the set up of these effects through notably the regulation of some target genes involved in synaptic plasticity and hippocampal neurogenesis processes
Dang, Marie Thuy Mai. "Étude du débalancement des acides gras dans les HDL et LDL chez les porteurs du polymorphisme de l’apolipoprotéine E Ɛ4." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5379.
Full textRobbez, Masson Vanessa. "Effets des acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 sur la prévention du risque cardiométabolique." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA114824.
Full textThis work aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), according to their chain length, on cardiometabolic risk prevention in two animal models of insulin resistance, the fructose-fed rat and the SHR. Rats were submitted to an intake of either α-linolenic acid (ALA) alone or associated with eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA). Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed and serum triglycerides concentration, blood pressure and fatty acid (FA) composition of insulin-sensitive tissues were evaluated. Both experimental models developed IR, associated to a specific FA pattern in insulin sensitive tissues and increased blood pressure. The n-3 PUFA-rich diets prevented changes of FA pattern in insulin sensitive tissues. The intake of EPA and DHA prevented IR, blood pressure rise and hypertriglyceridemia. ALA alone affected only hypertriglyceridemia
Venna, Venugopal Reddy. "Effets de l'apport chronique en acides gras polyinsaturés de type oméga-3 sur le comportement et la plasticité du système nerveux central chez l'animal sain ou soumis à une ischémie-reperfusion cérébrale : nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques dans le domaine de la dépression et de la neuroprotection." Lille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL2S005.
Full textKasbi, Chadli Fatima. "Supplémentation en acides gras oméga 3 à l’âge adulte et en période préinatale et prévention du syndrome métabolique : Etude in vivo chez le hamster." Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT2046.
Full textThe perinatal environment has a long term effect on the development of chronic diseases in adulthood (Barker, 1997). The aim of this thesis was to evaluate whether perinatal omega 3 fatty acids supplementation can prevent the development of metabolic syndrome in the offspring. We performed, for the first time, an integral study in hamster to evaluate the effect of this supplementation on the prevention of metabolic syndrome development in adult hamster. We showed that omega 3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) limited weight gain and prevented glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction. We have also showed that this supplementation improved the reverse cholesterol transport in hamster, with an increase in the fecal elimination of cholesterol and bile acids. These effects were explained by the modulation of the expression of several genes involved in triglyceride metabolism (SREBP-1 c, OGA T2, SCD 1 and FAS) and HOL cholesterol metabolism (ABCA1, ABCG1, SR-B1, ABCG8, ABCG5 and Cyp7A1). Ln the perinatal study, in which EPA and DHA were supplied during pregnancy and suckling, we demonstrated that supplementation have a preventive effect against hyperglycemia, postprandial hyperlipemia, and excess of hepatic TG secretion. This supplementation effected oxidative stress in offspring fed with high fat diet with an increase in lipid peroxidation products level and glutathione peroxidase activity. The involvement of metabolic imprinting that could result from epigenetic modifications is probable. But which are the genes concerned? What is the nature of these epigenetic modifications? Further investigations are needed to determine the involved mechanisms and to clarify the link between perinatal nutrition and metabolic phenotype in adulthood
Le, Barz Mélanie. "Étude des effets des acides gras oméga-3 et de nouvelles bactéries probiotiques pour contrer les désordres associés à l'obésité au niveau métabolique et intestinal." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33296.
Full textL'épidémie d'obésité qui sévit à travers le monde, est liée à une augmentation de la prévalence des maladies métaboliques, telles que le diabète de type 2, les maladies cardiovasculaires ou encore la stéatose hépatique non alcoolique. Au cours des dernières décennies, la recherche s’est tournée vers l’analyse du microbiote intestinal et de nombreuses publications ont démontré un rôle important de la dysbiose microbienne dans le développement des maladies métaboliques. En effet, le tractus gastro-intestinal et le microbiote intestinal représentent une interface importante entre l'alimentation et l'organisme hôte. Dans ce contexte, l'utilisation de traitements d’origine alimentaire afin d’améliorer la santé gastro-intestinale pourrait prévenir le développement des désordres métaboliques liés à l'obésité. Dans une première étude, nous avons tenté de comprendre le rôle du microbiote intestinal dans les effets bénéfiques des acides gras oméga-3 sur la santé métabolique de l'hôte. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé un protocole animal afin de comparer les mécanismes d’action liés à la supplémentation orale d’huile de poisson riche en oméga-3, en contact direct avec le tractus gastro-intestinal, avec les mécanismes induits dans un modèle transgénique de souris fat-1 qui sont capables de convertir les oméga-6 en oméga-3 de manière endogène. Nos résultats démontrent que les souris gavées avec l’huile de poisson, étaient totalement protégées contre le développement de la stéatose hépatique induite par la diète riche en gras. En parallèle, la résistance à l’insuline et l’intolérance au glucose ont été fortement diminuées chez les animaux transgéniques fat-1. Malgré des effets métaboliques différents, les deux modèles ont significativement réduit le taux de cholestérol circulant, ce qui pourrait être associé à l’augmentation importante du genre Allobaculum dans les fèces. Cependant, l’étude plus poussée du microbiote intestinal, ainsi que l’analyse prédictive de ses fonctions, démontrent des modulations bénéfiques plus importantes chez les souris gavées aux oméga- 3. Cela suggère un rôle de l’axe-intestin foie dans les effets des oméga-3 contre le développement de la stéatose hépatique, qui pourraient notamment s’expliquer par l’augmentation de la production de propionate au niveau intestinal, pouvant être ensuite transporté jusqu’au foie par la veine porte. La seconde étude présentée dans ce manuscrit fait partie d’un vaste projet dont le but final est de sélectionner une nouvelle souche bactérienne présentant des propriétés antiobésité, afin de l’incorporer dans des fromages et des yaourts, qui seront ensuite commercialisés. Les différents résultats obtenus démontrent que les souches Lb102, Bf141 et P35 ont significativement prévenu le gain de poids corporel induit par la diète riche en gras et en sucre, sans altérer la quantité de calories ingérées. Ces traitements ont également engendré une diminution de l’inflammation du tissu adipeux viscéral, de la résistance à l’insuline ainsi qu’une augmentation de la tolérance au glucose. Malgré des effets métaboliques similaires et importants, l’analyse du microbiote intestinal et de l’expression des gènes du côlon suggèrent des mécanismes d’action souche-dépendants. Il faut également noter que ces trois souches, présentant un fort potentiel probiotique, ont induit des effets métaboliques importants en affectant très peu la composition du microbiote intestinal. L’analyse du côlon et du statut inflammatoire intestinal suggèrent des modulations de la fonction du microbiote, en particulier pour la souche P35, connue pour ses propriétés antiinflammatoires, qui a démontré le plus d’améliorations au niveau intestinal.
The obesity epidemic reaches alarming rate throughout the world. Obesity development is related to an increase in the prevalence of metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In the past decades, research turns into the analysis of the intestinal microbiota and many papers demonstrated an important role of microbial dysbiosis in the development of metabolic diseases. Indeed, the gastro-intestinal tract and gut microbiota represent a vast interface between diet and host organism. Gut dysbiosis is linked to metabolic inflammation and altered metabolism in obesity. In this context, the use of food-based treatments to improve gastro-intestinal health may help prevent obesity-linked metabolic syndrome. In a first study, we attempted to understand the role of the gut microbiota in the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids in host’s metabolic health. Thus, we performed an in vivo protocol in order to compare the mechanisms related to a long-term oral supplementation of omega-3-rich fish oil, with mechanisms induced in a transgenic model of mice able to convert omega-6 into omega-3, endogenously. Our results demonstrated that mice gavaged with fish oil were totally protected against the development of liver steatosis induced by the high-fat diet. In parallel, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance were decreased in fat-1 transgenic animals. Despite different metabolic effects, both models also significantly reduced cholesterol level in plasma, and based on the literature, it may be associated with a significant increase in proportions of the genus Allobaculum in faeces. However, further investigation of gut microbiota and predictive analysis of its functions, demonstrated that oral omega-3 supplemented mice showed more modulations that fat-1 mice. It suggests a role of the gut-liver axis in the beneficial effects of omega-3 in prevention of hepatic steatosis development. It could be also explained by the increase in the production of propionate in the gut, which can then reach the liver through the portal vein. The second protocol reported in this manuscript, is a part of an important project whose final aim is to select a new bacterial strain presenting anti-obesity properties, in order to be incorporated into dairy products. Results showed that Lb102, Bf141 and P35 significantly prevented the body weight gain induced by the diet high-fat high-sucrose diet, without altering the amount of ingested calories. These treatments also resulted in a decrease of visceral adipose tissue inflammation, insulin resistance and an increase of glucose tolerance. Despite similar but important metabolic effects, analysis of the gut microbiota and gene expression in colon, suggest strain-dependent mechanisms. It should also be noted that these three strains demonstrated potent probiotic effects in prevention of obesity and related metabolic disorders without (or slightly) affecting the composition of gut microbiota. However, analysis of tissue and gut inflammatory status suggest modulations of microbial functions, especially for the P35 strain, known for its anti-inflammatory properties, which demonstrated more beneficial effects in the gastro-intestinal tract than other strains
Cieślak, Anna. "Therapeutic potential of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27419.
Full textCholestasis (impaired bile flow) is characterized by the retention of toxic bile acids (BAs) in hepatocytes. Since the BA accumulation can lead to cirrhosis, fibrosis and further to liver failure, the reduction of BA levels and toxicity is an important target for anti-cholestatic therapies. The aim of the project was therefore to identify novel pharmacological approaches stimulating BA detoxification for cholestatic liver diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), 2 autoimmune liver diseases with a common indication for liver transplantation. The research activities were focused on the role of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids in BA detoxification. Those studies were supported by the use of in vitro and in vivo techniques to characterize molecular and cellular signatures relevant to cholestatic condition. Using in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that in the liver n-3 PUFAs inhibit the expression of genes involved in BA synthesis and uptake, while activating those encoding the proteins for BA detoxification and excretion in the liver, intestine and kidneys. EPA and/or DHA pretreatment significantly attenuated BA-induced liver apoptosis and thus could be efficient in protecting liver cells from BA-induced liver damages in cholestasis. Moreover, in mice fed a DHA-enriched diet, circulating abundance of total BAs was reduced, favoring the formation of a less toxic BA profile. The transcriptomic profile of BA-related genes was affected by nutritional intervention in mice, since the expression of genes coding for the BA synthesis and absorption was inhibited, while of those encoding for the BA export and metabolism was increased in the liver, intestine and kidneys. While the interpretation of these results remains limited due to a large inter-individual variability in the response to DHA, we hypothesize that those effects may contribute to the hepatoprotective effects of EPA and DHA against BA-induced liver damages as observed in cholestatic situation. In the second part of the research project, we developed a novel multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry method (MRM-MS) for the selective and sensitive detection of CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes and homogenates for CYP3A4 quantification in normal liver samples or from the patients with hepatic injury, such as PBC and PSC specimens. Overall, these studies provide novel pharmacological approaches, which ensure the regulation of BA homeostasis for cholestatic pathologies and treatments, in addition to the development of new tools for the quantification of protein involved in the xeno- and endobiotic metabolism as an indicator of liver diseases.
Clavel, Stéphan. "Incorporation intracellulaire et transport cytoplasmique des acides gras à longue chaîne dans les muscles squelettique et cardiaque de rat : effets de l'exercice physique chronique et/ou d'une alimentation enrichie en acides gras omega-3." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF1MM07.
Full textMarie, Pierre-Yves. "Évaluation de la viabilité myocardique par un acide gras beta-méthyle marque par l'iode-123 : étude réalisée chez l'homme et sur un modèle de cœur isolé perfusé de lapin." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10373.
Full textGbogouri, Grodji Albarin. "Co-valorisation des protéines et des lipides riches en lécithine et en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga 3 à partir de têtes de saumon (Salmo salar) par hydrolyse enzymatique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_GBOGOURI_G_A.pdf.
Full textA new process for the extraction of lipids and proteins from salmon (Salmo salar) heads was performed by enzymatic treatment. In the first part of this work, proteolysis assisted with Alcalase® 2. 4 L was performed. The use of Response Surface Methodology allowed optimization of temperature, enzyme / substrate ratio and pH leading to various hydrolysates (10. 8 % - 17. 3 % degree of hydrolysis) and protein recovery ranging from 47 % to 71 %. The functional properties of protein hydrolysates were improved. In the second part, the enzymatic extraction of oil yielded 19. 6 % and was comparable to solvent extraction (21. 5 %). The oil fractions resulting from the proteolysis were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and their individual fatty acid composition was similar to total lipids extracted by solvent method. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) constituted predominant fatty acids among total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The sludge lipids contained most of phospholipids (up to 55 %) with high content of phosphatidylcholine (around 55 % of phospholipids). This process might be extended to any source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are sensitive to drastic conditions
Gbogouri, Grodji Albarin Fanni Jacques. "Co-valorisation des protéines et des lipides riches en lécithine et en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga 3 à partir de têtes de saumon (Salmo salar) par hydrolyse enzymatique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy : INPL, 2005. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2005_GBOGOURI_G_A.pdf.
Full textCaron-Dorval, Dominique. "L'effet du polymorphisme PPARalpha-L162V sur la réponse lipidique à une supplémentation en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25389.
Full textThe main objective of this master degree project was to examine whether omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids induced changes in cardiovascular disease risks factors are influenced by the PPAR L162V polymorphism. A total of 14 men carriers of the V162 allele and 14 L162 homozygotes were matched according to age and body mass index. All men were supplemented daily with 5g of fish oil during a 6-week period. At screening, both genotype groups were similar for anthropometric indices and plasma lipoprotein/lipid concentrations. Independently of the genotype, the supplementation was associated with a significant decrease in plasma triglyceride and fasting glucose concentrations, diastolic blood pressure and with an increase in total Apolipoprotein B concentrations. A significant genotype-by-diet interaction effect was observed for plasma C-reactive protein concentrations. The PPAR L162V polymorphism may contribute to the interindividual variability in the cardiovascular disease risk factor response to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Campan, Philippe. "Les oméga-3 polyinsaturés dans le traitement de la gingivite expérimentale humaine : évaluation clinique et biochimique." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30171.
Full textCoulombe, Katherine. "Effets des acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 dans deux modèles murins de maladie de Parkinson." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28207.
Full textParkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease affecting the integrity of the dopaminergic system of patients. Several studies suggest that lifestyle and eating habits influence the onset and progression of the disease. A diet rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated acid (n-3 PUFA) shows protective effects on the dopaminergic system and a decrease of the neuronal degeneration in the substancia nigra (SNpc). The hypothesis that we propose is that a diet enriched in n-3 PUFA would slow the progression of the disease in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mice model and influence the presence of alpha-synuclein aggregates (αSyn) in the brain of a transgenic mice overexpressing the human αSyn, Thy1-αSyn mice. Our results show partial neurorecuperation of the dopaminergic system with an enriched diet. The n-3 PUFAs show little influence on the expression of αSyn levels. Altough, they seem to modulate the levels of different synaptic proteins in transgenic mice and increase mice longevity.
Thierry, Magalie. "Rôle des acides gras polyinsaturés alimentaires dans l'homéostasie lipidique de la rétine en conditions physiologiques et pathologiques liées au vieillissement." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS044/document.
Full textThe retina is the association of the neurosensory tissue and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Despite the presence of the blood retinal barrier, the retina is submitted to changes of the external milieu, including dietary modulation and environmental stresses. With advanced age, the exchanges of nutrients and elimination of cellular and metabolic wastes via the RPE become limited. Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) are the most prevalent retinal pathologies in Western adult populations before and after the age of 50 years, respectively. Geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD are advanced stages of age-related maculopathies. DR afflicts 60% of type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients in the first 15 years of the disease. Dietary factors interfere in the development of both AMD and T2D. Accounting the worldwide epidemics of T2D in the one hand, and the improvement of life expectancy in the other hand, medical care to the patients is expected to worsen the socioeconomic burden of both T2D and AMD. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the major risk factor for T2D. Lowering the development of MetS would potentially lessen the incidence of T2D, and its complications. The daily intake of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is now recommended by health agencies for the prevention of MetS. Meanwhile dietary omega 3 LC-PUFA are associated with reduced risk of AMD. The association between T2D, DR, and AMD remains controversial, although large-scale population-based studies have reported increased prevalence of AMD in patients with diabetes or DR. Our objectives were first to evaluate whether MetS would represent a favorable environment for the development of neovascular complications in the retina, and second to test the efficacy of omega 3 LC-PUFA to reduce the consequences of MetS in the retina. For that purpose, a pro-diabetogenic high fructose diet was fed to rats to induce MetS and choroidal neovascularization was triggered by laser impacts in the eye fundus. We focused first on short term diet periods, and showed impairment on cone photoreceptor sensitivity after 8 days, as well as changes in gene expression in relation to crystallin sub-families. A long term - up to 6 months - fructose diet period triggered MetS as illustrated by body fat increase, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia and liver steatosis. Rats exhibited exacerbated laser-induced choroidal neovascularization after 1 and 3 months of feeding, that was associated with up-regulation of genes coding pro-angiogenic factors such as VEGF and leptin, as well as infiltration of macrophages and/or activation of retinal microglia. Electroretinographic data showed decreased sensitivity of rod photoreceptors and inner retinal cell functionality at 6 months of feeding. In a second time, the efficacy of dietary omega 3 LC-PUFA (EPA plus DHA) to reduce the consequences of MetS in the retina was tested. Our data showed that a high dose of EPA+DHA in rats did not improve MetS. Furthermore, side effects were generated as illustrated by localized atrophy in the retina submitted to the combination of laser-impacts, and normal light exposure. These works allowed us to suggest that MetS generated a favorable environment in the retina for the development of neovascular complications. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of cones and rods was impaired by MetS. Accounting the deleterious long term effects of omega 3 LC-PUFA in the retina, caution may be taken while recommending massive supplementation with omega 3 LC-PUFA in the context of MetS
Delbrut, Antoine. "Etude de la production et de l’extraction couplée de fucoxanthine et d’acides gras polyinsaturés par des microalgues." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSAM0016.
Full textThis thesis is part of Microphyt's SMILE project, which aims to propose a range of natural ingredients derived from microalgae. The main objective of this project is to respond to two major societal issues: overweight/obesity and the decline of age-related cognitive functions (DCLA). Omega- 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and fucoxanthin (Fx) have proven activities against the metabolic pathways associated with weight gain and DCLA. In this context, the first efforts were initially directed towards the selection of two species of brown microalgae with their productivity in these molecules of interest as the main criterion. Two strains of the species Tisochrysis lutea and Phaeodactylum tricornutum were then selected as raw materials rich in PUFAs and Fx and were grown at a 5,000 L scale in Camargue© photobioreactors. The work then focused on optimizing the downstream processing steps to the cultivation of microalgae in order to guarantee the safety, stability and efficiency of the final products. Harvesting processes had, in particular, through the mechanical stress generated, an impact on lipid classes and the appearance of free fatty acids (FFA) in the studied species. A CaCo2 cell model study has suggested that FFA may be responsible for increased cytotoxicity of extracts. The formation of FFA during the concentration stage could be limited by the use of tangential filtration and centrifugation under certain conditions. Finally, the optimization of the co-extraction conditions of PUFAs and Fx resulted in the selection of an eco-friendly solvent (ethanol) and highlighted the strong impact of particle size and solvent/biomass ratio on extraction yields
Kockmann, Véronique. "Contribution à l'étude du métabolisme de l'acide stéaridonique (18 4n-3) au niveau des plaquettes humaines." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO1T033.
Full textGazzah, Noureddine. "Acide docosahexaenoique (C22:6,N-3) : incorporation et metabolisme cerebral chez le rat normal ou carence." Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0024.
Full textThe aim of this work was to establish in the rat brain a functional correlation between the metabolism of 22:6 n-3 and a n-3 deficient diet, known to alter membrane activities. First, we have validated the model for an autoradiographic method with the [14q 22:6 n-3 to quantitate its in vivo incorporation rate into and turnover within brain phospholipids by : 1/ estimation of intra-cerebral recycling; 2/ quantification of the in vivo incorporation rates with an operational equation accounting for the intra-cerebral recycling. Under steady state conditions, the ratio of tissue to plasma specific activity of the [3HJ 22:6 n-3 was 0. 03 to 0. 05, indicating an intra-cerebral recycling of 95 to 97%, either in control or n-3 fatty acid deficient free moving rats. Thus, rates of [14c] 22:6 n-3 incorporation quantified with the usual equation of the three compartment model are very underestimated. The autoradiographic method showed that a n-3 fatty acid deficiency compared to normal diet induced a generalized decrease (-35 to -76%) of 22:6 n-3 incorporation rates into phospholipids in ail the 27 brain regions examined. This effect was confirmed by biochemical analysis. Second, we studied the effect of the n-3 fatty acid deficient diet on the activity of cultured rat pineals, in terms of cyclic AMP content after stimulation by an adenosine agonist known to induce the melatonin release. In pineal gland and brain, our results show that n-3 fatty acid deficiency induce : 1/ a modification of the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids, mainly phosphatidyl-choline (PC) and ethanolamine (PE) ; 2/ an alteration of the functional response measured by cyclic AMP synthesis. The molecular target, receptor, G-protein, neuro-chemical processes (uptake, release), remains unknown. Ali these results emphasize and reinforce the potential role of 22:6 n-3 in central nervous system functions
Morneau, Pascale. "Risque de cancer du sein et acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3, étude cas-témoins." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0022/MQ51155.pdf.
Full textBardeau, Tiphaine. "Phospholipides bio-sourcés riches en acides gras oméga 3 pour la formulation de liposomes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0376/document.
Full textLiposomes, phospholipids vesicles, are colloidal systems used in search and different industrial fields (pharmaceutical, cosmetic, nutrition). Nevertheless their development face lack of phospholipid sources (soya and egg yolk). At the same time, industrial methods to extract phospholipids use organic solvents. In this context, the phospholipid extraction were studied using a green technology from new different sources in order to formulate liposomes. Oil mill and fishery by-products (seed cake and scallop) were studied to know phospholipid quantities. Analytical techniques were established to discriminate and quantify lipid types. Simultaneously, varying the operating conditions of CO2 supercritical extraction allowed obtaining extracts with different purities and contents in phospholipids and a first study of liposome formulation was carried out
Fahs, Zeinab. "Isolement de gènes exprimés dans la graine de lin et potentiellement impliqués dans l'accumulation d'acides gras polyinsaturés et inhabituels : caractérisation de la fonctionnalité in vivo et in vitro des enzymes correspondantes." Thesis, Compiègne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016COMP2275.
Full textFlaxseed oil contain high amount of oméga-3 and present different industrials applications and human health benefits. ln this work, we aimed to identify enzymes allowing the accumulation of high level of omega-3 in linseed plants. ln this context, we evaluated the role of Lysophophatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAAT) and Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) enzymes in the accumulation of omega-3 by in vitro and in vivo approaches. Results showed the presence of a LPAAT2A isoform into flax genome having a high specificity and selectivity toward omega-3. Expression of Lpaat2A and sPia2a gene in Arabidopsis seeds increase seed weight, oil production and omega-3 content (up to 10% and 11%) in transformant seeds respectively. These results showed the presence in linseed plant of an efficient enzymatic system toward omega-3 accumulation. Furthermore, we have evaluated in vitro and in vivo the potential of Litchi and flax LPAAT enzymes toward the production of cyclopropane fatty acids (CFA). These fatty acids are naturally produced by a specific enzyme «CFA synthase» with physico-chemical properties interesting to lubricant and cosmetics industries. ln this context, we have generated Arabidopsis lines expressing E. coli Cfa synthase with or not co-expression of litchi Lpaat gene. Result showed an increase of 25% in the content of CFA in transgenic line co-expressing Cfa synthase and litchi Lpaat comparing to the transgenic lines expressing the CFA synthase. This increase in the level of CFA in transgenic seeds reflects the specificity of Litchi LPAAT toward CFA
Latour, Alizée. "Influence des Acides Gras Poly-Insaturés n-3 (oméga3) sur les intéractions Neurones/Astrocytes au cours du vieillissement cérébral : aspects cognitifs et cellulaires." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112081.
Full textA poor ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFA) status, favored by the low ω3/ω6 ratio in western diets, seems to contribute to cognitive decline in the elderly, but mechanistic evidence is lacking. We therefore explored the impact of ω3 status on the evolution of glutamatergic transmission and astrocytic functions in the hippocampus during ageing in rats. These processes are involved in memory formation and their dysregulation participates to the age-related brain damage leading to cognitive decline. We have compared 6 groups of rats aged 6 to 22 months fed ω3-deficient, ω3/ω6-balanced, or ω3 (fish oil) supplemented diets: Young ω3 Balanced (YB), Deficient (YD) or Supplemented (YS), and Old ω3 Balanced (OB), Deficient (OD) or Supplemented (OS) rats. We have evaluated synaptic efficacy and plasticity (electrophysiological recording), astroglial regulations (glutamate uptake and GFAP expression), neuronal markers (glutamate transporters and receptors), cognitive abilities (Barnes maze and Openfield) and analyzed brain fatty acids composition. Dietary modulation of ω3 intakes efficiently modified the incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, the main ω3 in cell membranes) in brain (-50% deficient vs balanced, +10% supplemented vs balanced). Ageing induced a 35% reduction of synaptic efficacy due to decreased pre-synaptic glutamate release, and a 30% decrease in the astroglial glutamate uptake associated to a marked astrogliosis (+100% GFAP). ω3 deficiency further decreased these hallmarks of ageing (OD vs OB rats: -35% synaptic efficacy, -15% glutamate uptake, +30% GFAP). On the opposite, ω3 supplementation increased synaptic efficacy (+25% OS vs OD) and seems to abolish astrogliosis (OS vs YS : no change in GFAP). Behavioural tests showed some increased effects of age in deficient rats and attenuated effects in supplemented ones. Our results characterize some specific age-related alterations of the glutamatergic synapse in the hippocampus that are aggravated by a dietary deficit in ω3 and attenuated by ω3 supplementation. In order to explore ω3 status on astrocytic activation, in vitro models of “old” astrocytes and “activated” by inflammatory cytokines which characterize the low-grade inflammation in brain aging, have been developed
Buaud, Benjamin. "Apports en acides gras et voie de signalisation des récepteurs nucléaires aux rétinoïdes dans le cerveau." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13541.
Full textOuldamer, Lobna. "Evaluation de la spectroscopie par résonance magnétique du tissu adipeux mammaire comme marqueur non invasif de la part nutritionnelle du cancer du sein." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR3304.
Full textFatty acid composition of the white adipose tissue remains the most reliable qualitative biomarker of previous dietary intake of fatty acids and may provide information on the nutritional part of the risk or evolution of breast cancer. This opens the prospect of individualization of women at high nutritional risk of breast cancer that may benefit from a targeted nutritional intervention but 1) the need for biopsy and 2) subsequent time-consuming biochemical analyses hamper any application of this approach. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) of adipose tissue lipids represents an appealing, non-invasive approach, which could circumvent these limitations. This manuscript reports: 1) an assessment of feasibility of (1H-MRS) to evaluate the consequences of a nutritional intervention in a rat mammary tumor model on the adipose tissue fatty acid composition, 2) an assessment of the feasibility of in vivo measurement of the fatty acid composition of breast adipose tissue by (1H-MRS) on a clinical platform, 3) an assessment of the relation of specific patterns of composition of adipose tissue fatty acids with the presentation of breast cancer, and 4) a comparison with gas chromatography of (1H-MRS) data acquired on breast adipose tissue in vitro (11.7T) and in vivo (3T) on patients managed for breast cancer