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Journal articles on the topic 'Acid'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Jung, Yui Jung. "The Influence of Organic Acid on Color Retention after Dyeing - Focusing on succinic acid and tartaric acid." Journal of Health and Beauty 16, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35131/ishb.2022.16.2.163.

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2

Velíšek, J., and K. Cejpek. "Biosynthesis of food constituents: Amino acids: 1. The glutamic acid and aspartic acid groups – a review." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 24, No. 1 (November 9, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3287-cjfs.

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This review article gives a survey of principal pathways that lead to the biosynthesis of the proteinogenic amino acids of the glutamic acid group (glutamic acid, glutamine, proline, arginine) and aspartic acid group (aspartic acid, asparagine, threonine, methionine, lysine, isoleucine) starting with oxaloacetic acid from the citric acid cycle. There is an extensive use of reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved and detailed explanations using sound chemical principles and mechanisms.

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3

Kim, Sang A., and Kwang Soo Roh. "Effect of p-Coumaric Acid, Benzoic Acid, and Salicylic Acid on the Activity of Glutathione Reductase and Catalase in in vitro Grown Tobacco Plants." Journal of Life Science 24, no. 3 (March 30, 2014): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2014.24.3.227.

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4

Hong, Yong-Deog, Dae-Sung Yoo, Mi-Hee Nam, Hyeon-Chung Kim, Si-Jun Park, Song-Seok Shin, Jong-Woo Cheon, and Young Ho Park. "Excellent Anti-aging Effects of Ursolic acid and Oleanolic acid Present in Ligustrum lucidum." Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15230/scsk.2012.38.2.181.

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5

Jung, Sung-Hee, Jung-Soo Seo, Bo-Young Jee, Jin-Woo Kim, and Myoung-Ae Park. "Effect of temperature on pharmacokinetics of nalidixic acid and piromidic acid in black rockfish Sebastes schlegeli following oral administration." Journal of fish pathology 24, no. 1 (April 30, 2011): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7847/jfp.2011.24.1.029.

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6

Kim, Saeng-Gon, Min-Jung Kim, Dong-Chun Jin, Soon-Nang Park, Eu-Gene Cho, Marcelo Oliveira Freire, Sook-Jin Jang, Young-Jin Park, and Joong-Ki Kook. "Antimicrobial Effect of Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Korean Journal of Microbiology 48, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7845/kjm.2012.029.

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7

Sharma, Anita, Stuti Katara, Sakshi Kabra, and Ashu Rani. "Acid Activated fly Ash, as a Novel Solid Acid Catalyst for Esterification of Acetic Acid." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2013/12.

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8

Pirguliyeva, M. S., and A. M. Guliyev. "ADDUCTS OF LEVOPIMARIC ACID WITH ACRYLIC ACID AND ETHANEDITHIOL AS ACID CORROSION INHIBITORS OF METALS." Chemical Problems 19, no. 2 (2021): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2021-2-107-112.

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The adducts were synthesized by means of diene condensation reaction of levopimaric acid with acrylic acid, and through carrying out the free radical addition of ethandithiol to levopimaric acid. The composition and structure of these adducts were identified through data of the elemental analysis, IR and PMR spectroscopy. The efficiency of the synthesized diacids as corrosion inhibitors was determined by means of the gravimetric method (on mass losses of a sample of steel plate of mark C-3) in an acidic medium (solutions of 1H and 5H of sulfuric acid). The influence of the medium temperature and concentration of the used compounds on the degree of protection and corrosion inhibition coefficient was analyzed. It found that rise in temperature results in the increase of protective effect of the inhibitor. Note that the increase of the inhibitor concentration, raising the degree of protection though, is not so noticeable.

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9

Vorozhbiyan, Michailo, Mykola Moroz, and Svitlana Neshko. "Factors Influencing Acid Formation Efficiency in Nitric Acid Technology." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 12, no. 1 (March 21, 2018): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht12.01.074.

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10

V, Chandrashekar S., and Eldo Johny. "Animosity towards Acid Attacks - Critical Study on Acid Victimization." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-1, Issue-5 (August 31, 2017): 847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd2381.

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11

Khim Phin, Chong, Rossall S., and Markus Atong. "In Vitro Synergy Effect of Syringic Acid, Caffeic Acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic Acid against Ganoderma boninense." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 1, no. 4 (2009): 282–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2009.v1.53.

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12

Jeon, So Hyeon, Ji Yi Lee, Chang Hoon Jung, and Yong Pyo Kim. "Seasonal Variation of the Concentrations of Pinic Acid and cis-Pinonic Acid in the Atmosphere over Seoul." Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 32, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/kosae.2016.32.2.208.

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13

Shah, Sayali, Jonathan M. White, and Spencer J. Williams. "Total syntheses of cis-cyclopropane fatty acids: dihydromalvalic acid, dihydrosterculic acid, lactobacillic acid, and 9,10-methylenehexadecanoic acid." Org. Biomol. Chem. 12, no. 46 (October 6, 2014): 9427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ob01863j.

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14

R. Ramachandran, R. Ramachandran, and Dr Mangala Prasad Mohanty. "The Amino Acids and Ascorbic Acid in Prevention of Cancer-A Vedic Perspective." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 1 (June 15, 2012): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/january2014/44.

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15

Choi, Jaejun, Jong-Uk Won, Chi-Nyon Kim, and Jaehoon Roh. "A Study on Urinary Trans, Trans-Muconic acid, Hippuric acid of gas station worker according to the use of gasoline vapor recovery system." Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15269/jksoeh.2014.24.2.152.

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16

Høstmark, Arne. "Alpha Linolenic Acid Variability Influences the Positive Association between %Eicosapentaenoic Acid and % Arachidonic Acid in Chicken Lipids." Nutrition and Food Processing 2, no. 3 (November 8, 2019): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/016.

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Body concentrations of Arachidonic Acid (AA, 20:4 n6) and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA, 20:5 n 3) are influenced by diet. Previously, we reported that the concentration range of AA and EPA might explain that %AA and %EPA are positively associated, and that variability of OA (18:1 c9) influences this association. We now investigate whether also the range of ALA (18:3 n3) might influence the association between %AA and %EPA, using data from a diet trial in chickens. A broadening (narrowing) of ALA-variability made the %AA vs. %EPA scatterplot improve (be poorer), as observed both when calculating percentages of all fatty acids, and when using ALA, AA, and EPA only in the denominator. Thus, the positive association between relative amounts of AA and EPA in breast muscle lipids of chickens is influenced by ALA variability. We raise the question of whether differences in concentration ranges between the many types of fatty acids (possibly acting via skewness) might serve as an evolutionary mechanism to ensure that percentages of fatty acids will be positively or negatively associated: a Distribution Dependent Regulation.

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17

Smart, Trevor G., and F. Anne Stephenson. "A half century of γ-aminobutyric acid." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 3 (January 2019): 239821281985824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212819858249.

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γ-aminobutyric acid has become one of the most widely known neurotransmitter molecules in the brain over the last 50 years, recognised for its pivotal role in inhibiting neural excitability. It emerged from studies of crustacean muscle and neurons before its significance to the mammalian nervous system was appreciated. Now, after five decades of investigation, we know that most neurons are γ-aminobutyric-acid-sensitive, it is a cornerstone of neural physiology and dysfunction to γ-aminobutyric acid signalling is increasingly documented in a range of neurological diseases. In this review, we briefly chart the neurodevelopment of γ-aminobutyric acid and its two major receptor subtypes: the γ-aminobutyric acidA and γ-aminobutyric acidB receptors, starting from the humble invertebrate origins of being an ‘interesting molecule’ acting at a single γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type, to one of the brain’s most important neurochemical components and vital drug targets for major therapeutic classes of drugs. We document the period of molecular cloning and the explosive influence this had on the field of neuroscience and pharmacology up to the present day and the production of atomic γ-aminobutyric acidA and γ-aminobutyric acidB receptor structures. γ-Aminobutyric acid is no longer a humble molecule but the instigator of rich and powerful signalling processes that are absolutely vital for healthy brain function.

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18

Procopet, Ovidiu, and Mircea Oroian. "Amaranth Seed Polyphenol, Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Profile." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 19, 2022): 2181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042181.

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In this paper, the extraction of polyphenols from amaranth seed using a Box–Benhken design using four factors—ultra-turrax speed, solid-to-liquid ratio (RSL), methanol concentration and extraction time—were studied. There were two responses studied for the model: total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The factors which influenced the most the extraction of the TPC and TFC were the RSL, methanol concentration and ultra-turrax speed. Twelve phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid and gallic acid) and flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin and myricetin) were studied, and the most abundant one was kaempferol followed by myricetin. The amaranth seed is a valuable source of fatty acids, and 16.54% of the total fatty acids determined were saturated fatty acids, while 83.45% of the fatty acids were unsaturated ones. Amaranth seed is a valuable source of amino acids, with 9 essential amino acids being reported: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine.

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19

Májer, Ferenc, Ruchika Sharma, Claire Mullins, Luke Keogh, Sinead Phipps, Shane Duggan, Dermot Kelleher, et al. "New highly toxic bile acids derived from deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 22, no. 1 (January 2014): 256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2013.11.029.

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20

Temesgen, Melese, Negussie Retta, and Etalem Tesfaye. "AMINO ACID AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF ETHIOPIAN TARO." American Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 3, no. 1 (October 5, 2017): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajfsn.217.

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The purpose of this study was designed to investigate the amino acid and fatty acid composition of taro leaf and corm samples. An UHPLC and GC-FID method was used for the determination of amino acids and fatty acid composition, respectively. Taro leaf was processed as a powder and pre-curd concentrates while the corm was pre-gelatinized with and without peel prior to the analysis. The amino acid and fatty acid composition (%) of the analyzed samples were quantified with their relative area comparing with respective standards. In the present study, the leaf and corm of taro contained the three essential amino acids leucine, lysine and methionine. For the study, the calculated amino acid values were low in corm samples, but amino acid composition was higher in the leaf samples. Concerning fatty acids, the dominant fatty acid in the leaf and corm was oleic acid (C18:1, n-9) which ranged from 140.697 ± 0.054 to 216.775 ± 0.043 and 101.932 ± 0.023 to 101.950 ± 0. 04 mg/100 g, respectively. In the study, the fatty acid compositions in leaf were higher than the corm. This means that taro leaf would be considered as a good source of essential amino acid and fatty acid than the corm. Finally, from the proportion (mg/100 g) of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, the unsaturated fatty acids were the predominant fatty acids observed. The presence of high levels of unsaturated fatty acids in the entire investigation of our study taro is nutritionally rich.

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21

BRUCE, Jennifer S., and Andrew M. SALTER. "Metabolic fate of oleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid in cultured hamster hepatocytes." Biochemical Journal 316, no. 3 (June 15, 1996): 847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3160847.

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Unlike other saturated fatty acids, dietary stearic acid does not appear to raise plasma cholesterol. The reason for this remains to be established, although it appears that it must be related to inherent differences in the metabolism of the fatty acid. In the present study, we have looked at the metabolism of palmitic acid and stearic acid, in comparison with oleic acid, by cultured hamster hepatocytes. Stearic acid was taken up more slowly and was poorly incorporated into both cellular and secreted triacylglycerol. Despite this, stearic acid stimulated the synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerol to the same extent as the other fatty acids. Incorporation into cellular phospholipid was lower for oleic acid than for palmitic acid and stearic acid. Desaturation of stearic acid, to monounsaturated fatty acid, was found to be greater than that of palmitic acid. Oleic acid produced from stearic acid was incorporated into both triacylglycerol and phospholipid, representing 13% and 6% respectively of the total after a 4 h incubation. Significant proportions of all of the fatty acids were oxidized, primarily to form ketone bodies, but by 8 h more oleic acid had been oxidized compared with palmitic acid and stearic acid.

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22

Banipal, T. S., B. S. Lark, and S. Singh. "Excess Gibbs energy for binary mixtures of acetonitrile with acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and trimethylacetic acid." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-305.

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Total vapour pressures for binary mixtures containing acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and trimethylacetic acid with acetonitrile have been measured for the entire composition range at 298.15 and 318.15 K using a static manometric method. All systems show positive deviations from Raoult's law, enhanced by both an increase in temperature and an increase in the methylation of acetic acid. Activity coefficients have been calculated by taking into consideration the dimerization of these carboxylic acids in the vapour phase. TSE values obtained from GE and earlier reported HE values are found to be negative for acetic acid, about zero for propionic and isobutyric acids, and positive for trimethylacetic acid for the whole composition range. The results have been interpreted in terms of various contributions such as depolymerization, heteromolecular dipole–dipole interactions, and the increasing dimerization constant and steric hindrance with increase of complexity of the acid. Key words: excess Gibbs energy, carboxylic acids, acetonitrile, activity coefficients

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23

Stanley, John C. "Stearic acid or palmitic acid as a substitute fortransfatty acids?" Lipid Technology 21, no. 8-9 (September 2009): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lite.200900046.

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24

Valenzuela, Alfonso, Bernadette Delplanque, and Marcelo Tavella. "Stearic acid: a possible substitute for trans fatty acids from industrial origin." Grasas y Aceites 62, no. 2 (March 14, 2011): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.033910.

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25

Muflihah, Yeni Maulidah, Siswoyo Siswoyo, Tanti Haryati, and Kiki Puji Setianingrum. "FLOW INJECTION POTENTIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ASPARTIC ACID, GLUTAMIC ACID AND ASCORBIC ACID USING PLATINUM ELECTRODES." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 13, no. 1 (July 15, 2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v13i1.886.

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The presence of weak acids in solution can be detected using a potentiometric detector. Platinum was used as a working electrode and Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode. Ascorbic, glutamic and aspartic acid were detected by a platinum electrode in a flow potentiometric system. The influence of pH, flow rate and concentration of phosphate buffers asa a carrier were studied and showed an optimum pH for the detection of ascorbic and glutamic acid at pH 6,5 and pH 7,0 for aspartic acid. Phosphate buffer concentration optimum at 1x10-4M and flow rate of 1,00 mL/min. Linear range for ascorbic and glutamic acid at 2,5 x10-4M to 5x10-2M, with a regression coefficient of 0,974 and 0,958, while for aspartic acid 5x10-4M to 5x10-2M with a regression coefficient 0,911. Detection limit for ascorbic and glutamic acids were 5x10-4M and 1x10-3M for aspartic acid. Sensor reproducibility obtained from variation coefficient (Kv). Variation coeffiecient (Kv) of ascorbic acids 1,32-1,69%, glutamic acids 0,69- 1,57% and aspartic acid 0,54- 1,29%.

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26

Shao, Xian-hui, Xiao Yang, Yue Zhou, Qing-chang Xia, Yun-ping Lu, Xiao Yan, Chen Chen, et al. "Antibacterial, wearable, transparent tannic acid–thioctic acid–phytic acid hydrogel for adhesive bandages." Soft Matter 18, no. 14 (2022): 2814–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2sm00058j.

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27

Kim, Ja Won, and Hong Sung Kim. "Synthesis and Characteristics of Poly(L-lactic acid-block-γ-aminobutyric acid)." Textile Science and Engineering 52, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12772/tse.2015.52.053.

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28

Kim, Da Jeong, Awraris Derbie Assefa, Yi Jin Jeong, Young Ah Jeon, Jae Eun Lee, Myeong Chul Lee, Ho Sun Lee, Ju Hee Rhee, and Jung Sook Sung. "Variation in Fatty Acid Composition, Caffeic and Rosmarinic Acid Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Perilla Accessions." Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science 27, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7783/kjmcs.2019.27.2.96.

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29

Timofeeva, M. N. "Acid catalysis by heteropoly acids." Applied Catalysis A: General 256, no. 1-2 (December 2003): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(03)00386-7.

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30

Morris, D. L., C. S. Ubhi, and I. D. Ansell. "BILE ACIDS AND GASTRIC ACID." Lancet 328, no. 8502 (August 1986): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90032-2.

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31

Zlatanos, S., K. Laskaridis, E. Koliokota, and A. Sagredos. "Synthesis of the isofatty acid 13-methyl-tetradecanoic acid and its triglyceride." Grasas y Aceites 62, no. 4 (September 29, 2011): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.034811.

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32

Serheyev, Valentyn, Yuriy Kos, and Yuriy Van-Chin-Syan. "Thermodynamic Properties of Solutions of Ethacrylic Acid in Acetonitrile and Acetic Acid." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 9, no. 2 (May 15, 2015): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht09.02.131.

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33

Ertokus, Guzide, and Asli Tugrul. "Spectrophotometric Determination of Acetylsalicylic Acid, Paracetamol and Ascorbic Acid by Chemometric Methods." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 12, no. 3 (September 15, 2018): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht12.03.279.

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34

Mohan Kumar T. E, Mohan Kumar T. E., and S. Z. Mohamed Shamshuddin. "O-acetylation of salicylic acid over Zirconium phosphate (ZPO) solid acid catalyst." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/mar2013/14.

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35

Dietz, E. A., N. J. Cortellucci, and K. F. Singley. "Determination of Benzoic Acid, Chlorobenzoic Acids and Chlorendic Acid in Water." Journal of Liquid Chromatography 16, no. 15 (October 1993): 3331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826079308019652.

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36

Yu, Feng Xiang, Xu Chen, Zu Wu Chen, and Xiao Jun Wei. "Fatty Acid Analysis of Edible Oils." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 1222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.1222.

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To research the characteristics of rice bran oil ( RBO) and identify RBO from vegetable oils,33 kinds of rice were collected from China, the fatty acids of rice bran oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, camellia oleosa seed oil were analyzed by Gas Chromatography, the contents were determinated by area normalization method. Fingerprint of RBO is bulid, the similarity of chromatographic fingerprint (SCF) is over 0.998, means that different RBO have the same fatty acid gas chromatographic fingerprint feature. The composition and content are different in the 7 vegetable oils ,that contribute to determinate the adulteration of inexpensive oils to RBO based on SCF. Main fatty acids in peanut oil are palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid. The characteristic fatty acid is behenic acid C22:0. Main fatty acids in soybean oil are palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid. Proportion of C18:3 is much higher than in RBO when C18:1 is lower obviously. Main fatty acids in cottonseed oil are palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid. Proportion of C16:0 is much higher than in RBO and C18:1 lower . Main fatty acids in palm oil are palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid. Decanoic acid C10:0 is one of the characteristic fatty acids ,and C16:0 is much higher than in RBO. Main fatty acids in rapeseed oil are palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, erucic acid.C22:1 is the characteristic fatty acid when little or zero in other oils. Main fatty acids in camellia oleosa seed oil are palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid.C18:1 is much higher than RBO.

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37

Tint, GS, GR Xu, AK Batta, S. Shefer, W. Niemann, and G. Salen. "Ursodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and 7-ketolithocholic acid are primary bile acids of the guinea pig." Journal of Lipid Research 31, no. 7 (July 1990): 1301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42639-2.

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38

Long, Sihui, and Tonglei Li. "Controlled Formation of the Acid−Pyridine Heterosynthon over the Acid−Acid Homosynthon in 2-Anilinonicotinic Acids." Crystal Growth & Design 9, no. 12 (December 2, 2009): 4993–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg900786b.

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39

SAGI, MATAICHI, YOSHIO NAKAGAWA, MICHINAO MIIZUGAKI, HIROSHI YAMANAKA, MASATAKA ISHIBASHI, HIDEKI TAKAYAMA, and HIROSHI MIYAZAKI. "Studies on the Metabolisms of Fusaric Acid(5-Butypylridine-2-carboxylic Acid) Aza-Analogues." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 108, no. 4 (1988): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi1947.108.4_325.

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40

Robinson, Lisa J., Janelle Zacherl, Harry C. Blair, and Stephanie J. Mihalik. "The Trans-Fatty Acid, Elaidic Acid, Inhibits Macrophage Fatty Acid Catabolism and Stimulates Expression of Inflammatory Mediators." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 3277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.3277.3277.

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Abstract Abstract 3277 In recent decades, addition to the diet of synthetically hydrogenated vegetable oils has markedly increased human consumption of trans fatty acids. Epidemiological studies have linked this change in diet to current high rates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Despite recognition of this important connection, the basic mechanisms by which trans fatty acids contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are still not well understood. In the present studies we examined the effects of trans fatty acids on macrophage functions and their possible role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Human macrophages, derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, were treated with the trans fat elaidic acid (C18:Δ9–10 trans), the corresponding cis fatty acid oleic acid (C18:Δ9–10 cis), or the saturated fatty acid stearic acid (C18:0). We examined changes in macrophage fat metabolism using GC/MS to measure cell fatty acid content and intermediates, and MS/MS to identify acylcarnitine derivatives, and assayed fatty acid oxidation using fatty acids radiolabeled at the [1–14C] position and the double bond at the [C9-C103H] position. After 44 hours treatment with 100 micromolar elaidic acid, macrophages showed an accumulation of multiple unsaturated fatty acid intermediates, both long-chain and short-chain, by GC/MS analysis, that were not observed in cultures containing either oleic or stearic acid. Using acylcarnitine analysis, we observed an increase in C12 and C18 intermediates in the macrophages exposed to trans fat (either as fatty acids or partially hydrogenated soy oil) compared to controls. These results suggest a block in acyl-CoA removal one group proximate to the trans bond. Beta-oxidation assays using carbon-1 radiolabeled oleic and elaidic acids revealed enhanced entry of the trans-fat into the catabolic cycle compared to the entry of the natural cis-fatty acid. Using carbon 9–10 radiolabeled oleic acid to study oleic acid catabolism, we discovered that in the presence of the trans fat, oxidation of the cis fat was diminished. Thus, in addition to the block in the catabolism of the trans fat itself, the degradation of the cis monounsaturated fatty acids are also impaired in the presence of the trans fat. We then examined the effects of inhibited fatty acid catabolism on macrophage function by examining changes in gene expression. Initial results from Affymetrix gene expression profiling, were confirmed using quantitative real time PCR. These studies revealed that exposure to trans fatty acid, compared to cis fatty acids, markedly upregulated macrophage expression of interleukin 1 beta, an inflammatory cytokine previously implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Also increased was expression of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor, previously implicated as a stimulus for vascular smooth muscle proliferation in atherosclerosis. The results overall suggest that the deleterious effects of trans fats may be linked to impaired macrophage fatty acid catabolism, contributing to lipid accumulation in the atheroma, and also to increased macrophage production of inflammatory mediators. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Reber, Keith P., and Emma L. Niner. "Synthesis of (−)-halichonic acid and (−)-halichonic acid B." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 18 (December 1, 2022): 1629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.18.174.

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The first syntheses of the amino acids (–)-halichonic acid and (–)-halichonic acid B have been achieved in ten steps starting from commercially available (−)-α-bisabolol. The optimized synthetic route includes a new purification method for isolating (−)-7-amino-7,8-dihydrobisabolene in enantiomerically pure form via recrystallization of its benzamide derivative. The key intramolecular aza-Prins reaction forms the characteristic 3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane ring system of halichonic acid along with the lactonized form of halichonic acid B in an 8:1 ratio. Optical rotation measurements confirmed that these synthetic compounds were in fact the enantiomers of the natural products, establishing both the relative and absolute configurations of the halichonic acids.

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Kurbanova, Marina, and Svetlana Maslennikova. "Acid Hydrolysis of Casein." Foods and Raw Materials 2, no. 1 (May 26, 2014): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4124.

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Uchida, A., T. Yamada, T. Hayakawa, and M. Hoshino. "Taurochenodeoxycholic acid ameliorates and ursodeoxycholic acid exacerbates small intestinal inflammation." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 272, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): G1249—G1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.272.5.g1249.

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Intraluminal bacteria, food intake, and bile play important roles in indomethacin-induced small intestinal inflammation in rats. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) inhibit hydrophobic bile acid-induced damage in various types of cells. We investigated the effects of these bile acids along with the possible influence of other bile acids on this model of inflammation. Clinical and intestinal inflammatory parameters and bile secretion were assessed after 7-day dietary bile acid pretreatments and subsequent indomethacin injections. UDCA significantly enhanced indomethacin-associated reductions in food intake and body weight, increases in gross inflammatory scores and myeloperoxidase activity, and the shortening of small intestinal length. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) significantly normalized the clinical inflammatory parameters, prevented indomethacin-induced increases in the biliary contents of secondary bile acids and hydrophobicity index, and tended to attenuate the intestinal inflammation. Although elevated biliary levels of muricholic acids and a decreased hydrophobicity index were evident before indomethacin injection in the TCDCA case, these alterations could not explain the TCDCA-mediated protection. Dietary TCDCA attenuates whereas UDCA exacerbates intestinal inflammation in this model. Alterations in the bile composition (increases in UDCA and chenodeoxycholic acid) may explain the observed modification effects.

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&NA;. "Alendronic acid/risedronic acid/zoledronic acid." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1378 (November 2011): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201113780-00013.

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&NA;. "Alendronic acid/ibandronic acid/risedronic acid." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1176 (November 2007): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200711760-00014.

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&NA;. "Ibandronic acid/pamidronic acid/zoledronic acid." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1120 (September 2006): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200611200-00037.

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&NA;. "Alendronic acid/pamidronic acid/zoledronic acid." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1157 (June 2007): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200711570-00019.

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&NA;. "Clodronic acid/pamidronic acid/zoledronic acid." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1160 (July 2007): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200711600-00035.

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&NA;. "Ibandronic acid/pamidronic acid/zoledronic acid." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1363 (August 2011): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201113630-00081.

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&NA;. "Alendronic acid/pamidronic acid/zoledronic acid." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1364 (August 2011): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201113640-00015.

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