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1
Pupathy, UT, T. Sabrina, S. Paramananthan, and Rosazlin Abdullah. "Some important elements of soil-water relationship in managing oil palms planted on acid sulfate soils." International Journal of Hydrology 4, no. 6 (December 22, 2020): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2020.04.00256.
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Oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) are generally able to grow economically and feasibly on various soil types, mostly in tropical countries. However, oil palms planted on acid sulfate soils were producing lesser Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) as compared to those on non-acid sulfate soils. The poor performance of oil palms planted on acid sulfate was mainly attributed to the presence of excess sulfates, which limits the FFB yields and vegetative growth.1 Generally, acid sulfate soils have significant amounts of free and absorbed sulfate. Jarosite generally occurs as pale yellow mottles along old root channels and on ped faces in acid sulfate soils. pH in these horizon is less than 4.0.2,3 These soils often are also high in Aluminium (Al), Al saturation and often with phosphorus (P) fixation capacity. These acid sulfate soils are known for having poor values for organic matter, bases, cation exchange capacity, water retention, water holding capacity and microbial activity, which contributes towards their low soil fertility and hence limitations in soil productivity. Of these limitations, Al toxicity and excess sulfates are two major constraints to FFB yields in oil palms. The important relationship of soil and water for managing a sustainable productivity of oil palms on acid sulfate soil are discussed in details in this paper.
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Hoa, Nguyen My, Trinh Thi Thu Trang, and Tran Kim Tinh. "Net N mineralisation in acid sulfate soils amended with different sources of organic matter, lime, and urea." Soil Research 42, no. 6 (2004): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03081.
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Acid sulfate soils in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, are often high in organic matter content, but net N mineralisation is low. This may be due to low soil pH or low easily decomposable organic matter content. This study aimed at investigating net N mineralisation in acid sulfate rice soil (anaerobic incubation) and acid sulfate upland soil (aerobic incubation) amended with 1% biogas sludge, 1% straw, 1% starch, 2.5‰ CaCO3 (about 10 t CaCO3/ha for acid sulfate soils), and 0.22‰ urea. Non-acid alluvial soils were used for comparison. Results showed that addition of straw and starch to acid sulfate rice soil decreased net N mineralisation, but addition of biogas sludge increased cumulative N-NH4 due to both the increase in soil pH after submergence and the supply of low C/N organic matter. Addition of biogas sludge can therefore increase N-supplying capacity in acid sulfate rice soil. During aerobic incubation of acid sulfate upland soil with biogas sludge, cumulative N (NH4 + NO3) was also increased compared with the control, although pH was not increased. It is concluded, therefore, that in acid sulfate soils in the Mekong Delta, the supply of easily decomposable organic matter with low C/N ratio can increase activity of microorganisms and hence increase net N mineralised compared with soils not supplied with biogas sludge. Liming can increase net N mineralisation in acid sulfate rice soil during anaerobic incubation, but not in acid sulfate upland soil during aerobic incubation. Addition of rice straw and starch to soil amended with urea increased N immobilisation; therefore, urea can be temporally immobilised in soils and hence may reduce loss of N in field conditions.
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Wessel, Barret M., John M. Galbraith, Mark H. Stolt, Martin C. Rabenhorst, Delvin S. Fanning, and Maxine J. Levin. "Soil taxonomy proposals for acid sulfate soils and subaqueous soils raised by the 8th International Acid Sulfate Soils Conference." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 35, no. 4 (December 11, 2017): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2017.1387820.
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KIMPE, C. R. DE, M. R. LAVERDIÈRE, and R. W. BARIL. "CLASSIFICATION OF CULTIVATED ESTUARINE ACID SULFATE SOILS IN QUEBEC." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-081.
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When drained and cultivated, acid sulfate soils developed on coastal marsh sediments lose some of their specific properties because large amounts of lime are applied before cultivation and sulfate ions are leached out of the profiles. However, these soils still contrast strongly with other Gleysolic soils and their special characteristics should be given more emphasis in the soil classification system, especially for the benefit of soil fertility specialists. Key words: de l'Anse soils, jarosite, Gleysolic soils, sulfur
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Kinsela, Andrew S., Jason K. Reynolds, and Mike D. Melville. "Agricultural acid sulfate soils: a potential source of volatile sulfur compounds?" Environmental Chemistry 4, no. 1 (2007): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en06071.
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Environmental context. Acid sulfate soils are important contributors to global environmental problems. Agricultural acid sulfate soils have recently been shown to emit sulfur dioxide, an important gas in global issues of acid rain, cloud formation and climate change. This emission is surprising because these soils tend to be wet and the gas is extremely water-soluble. The potential origins of this gas are not yet understood within the context of acid sulfate soils. Our new study reports the measurement of two potential precursors of sulfur dioxide, dimethylsulfide and ethanethiol, from both a natural and an agricultural acid sulfate soil in eastern Australia. Abstract. Most agricultural soils are generally considered to be a sink for sulfur gases rather than a source; however, recent studies have shown significant emissions of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from acid sulfate soils. In the current study, acid sulfate soil samples were taken in northern New South Wales from under sugarcane cropping, as well as from an undisturbed nature reserve. Using gas chromatography/flame photometric detection in conjunction with headspace solid-phase microextraction, we have now determined that these soils are a potential source of the low molecular weight volatile sulfur compounds, dimethylsulfide and ethanethiol. Although the mechanism for their production remains unclear, both compounds are important in the transfer and interconversions of atmospheric and terrestrial sulfur. Therefore, these novel findings have important implications for refining local and regional atmospheric sulfur budgets, as well as for expanding our understanding of sulfur cycling within acid sulfate soils and other sediments.
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Yli-Halla, Markku. "Acid sulfate soils: A challenge for environmental sustainability." Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae 1, no. 1 (November 15, 2022): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.57048/aasf.122859.
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Acid sulfate (AS) soils contain sulfidic compounds formed in anaerobic conditions. In aerobic conditions, they will oxidize to sulfuric acid, which commonly lowers the pH to 3 – 4. These soils cover approximately 10,000 km2 in Finland, mainly on the western coast, and over 170,000 km2 globally. Acidity and the metals dissolved from the soil matrix and leached out of the soil are serious threats to aquatic biota. Initially, AS soils were regarded as an exclusively agricultural problem, but since the 1970s nearly all studies of AS soils have been environmentally motivated. Awareness of these soils has also risen in forestry, peat mining, and in engineering projects. Liming and water management are the key methods toward the sustainable use of these soils.
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Simpson, Stuart L., Rob W. Fitzpatrick, Paul Shand, Brad M. Angel, David A. Spadaro, and Luke Mosley. "Climate-driven mobilisation of acid and metals from acid sulfate soils." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 1 (2010): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09066.
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The recent drought in south-eastern Australia has exposed to air, large areas of acid sulfate soils within the River Murray system. Oxidation of these soils has the potential to release acidity, nutrients and metals. The present study investigated the mobilisation of these substances following the rewetting of dried soils with River Murray water. Trace metal concentrations were at background levels in most soils. During 24-h mobilisation tests, the water pH was effectively buffered to the pH of the soil. The release of nutrients was low. Metal release was rapid and the dissolved concentrations of many metals exceeded the Australian water quality guidelines (WQGs) in most tests. The concentrations of dissolved Al, Cu and Zn were often greater than 100× the WQGs and strong relationships existed between dissolved metal release and soil pH. Attenuation of dissolved metal concentrations through co-precipitation and adsorption to Al and Fe precipitates was an important process during mixing of acidic, metal-rich waters with River Murray water. The study demonstrated that the rewetting of dried acid sulfate soils may release significant quantities of metals and a high level of land and water management is required to counter the effects of such climate change events.
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Rabenhorst, Martin C. "International Acid Sulfate Soils Conference recap." CSA News 61, no. 9 (September 2016): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/csa2016-61-9-8.
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Kim, Jae Hwan, So-Jeong Kim, and In-Hyun Nam. "Effect of Treating Acid Sulfate Soils with Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on Germination and Growth of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 8919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178919.
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Acid sulfate soils contain sulfide minerals that have adverse environmental effects because they can lead to acidic drainage and prevent the establishment of vegetation. The current study examined the effect of a novel method for the restoration of these soils and the promotion of germination and plant growth. Thus, we isolated two strains of phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Methylobacterium sp. PS and Caballeronia sp. EK, characterized their properties, and examined their effects in promoting the growth of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) in acid sulfate soil. Compared with untreated control soil, treatment of acid sulfate soils with these bacterial strains led to increased seed germination, growth of plants with more leaves, and plants with greater levels of total-adenosine tri-phosphate (tATP). Relative to the untreated control soil, the addition of Caballeronia sp. EK led to a 60% increase in seed germination after 52 days, growth of plants with more than 3 times as many leaves, and a 45.2% increase in tATP after 50 days. This strain has potential for use as a plant biofertilizer that promotes vegetation growth in acid sulfate soils by improving the absorption of phosphorous.
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Priatmadi, Bambang Joko, and Abdul Haris. "Reaksi Pemasaman Senyawa Pirit pada Tanah Rawa Pasang Surut." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2009.v14i1.19-24.
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Most of swamp soils in tidal land are Acid Sulfate Soils. Acid sulfate soils are the common name given to soils containing iron sulfides (pyrite). The soils are characterized by very low pH and high amount of soluble S and Fe, resulted from oxidation of pyrite when soils are drained. This study was aimed to determine acidity pattern, iron and sulfate solubility as the impact of the length time of oxidized, the effect of inhibitors application to acidity rate of sulfidic materials and top soils. The materials are: (1) soils at pyritic layer (sulfidic materials) and (2) soils at 0 – 20 cm from soil surface. Soils is sampled at Barambai reclaimed area, Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan Province. In the laboratory soils treated with some ameliorants, that are silica, phosphate and lime applied with dosage 2 t ha-1 with 3 replications times. The soils incubated for 2 weeks under submerged condition. After soil incubation, soil exposed to the air for 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks. Parameters of soil analysis include pH, sulfate and iron soluble. Results of this study showed that (1) soil acidity rate of sulfidic materials more faster than upper soils when soils and sulfidic materials oxidized intensively, (2) at submerged soil condition or high soil water content, the application of ameliorants effective increasing the soil pH of the upper soils, (3) at further oxidized soil condition or lower soil water content, the application of ameliorants inhibited acidity rate of soils and sulfidic materials, and (4) at further oxidized soil condition or lower soil water content, the application of ameliorants increased iron solubility of soils and sulfidic materials.
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Fanning, D. S., Cary Coppock, Z. W. Orndorff, W. L. Daniels, and M. C. Rabenhorst. "Upland active acid sulfate soils from construction of new Stafford County, Virginia, USA, Airport." Soil Research 42, no. 6 (2004): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03085.
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This paper reports on a situation where severe active acid sulfate soils were brought into existence by the construction of a new (opened in 2002) airport in Stafford County, VA, approximately 60 km south-west of Washington, DC. About 290 ha of new land surface was brought into existence that consisted of both scalped land surfaces on steep slopes, and spoil (fill), some of which was graded to provide level land surfaces for paved runways. Over 150 ha of ultra acidic (pH <3.5 at soil surface) post-construction acid sulfate soils remained barren for over 2 years before the acid sulfate soil situation was properly recognised. Construction took place in an originally dissected landscape with about 30 m of local relief. The construction was designed to balance the cut and fill areas so that soil materials would not need to be taken from the area or brought to it from other locations. This resulted in some deep cuts (scalped surfaces) in the higher parts of the landscapes, which retained slopes of about 25%. Great difficulty was encountered in establishing vegetation on these surfaces. The exposed sulfidic materials were dense, commonly on steep slopes, and developed low pHs, some <pH 2, after exposure. After a dry period in the autumn of 2001, sulfuric horizons crusted over with bitter hydrated sulfate salt minerals had formed in the surface of sulfidic materials originally exposed in 1999. By X-ray diffraction, halotrychite, Fe2+Al2(SO4)4.22H2O, was identified as a main white salt mineral and copiapite group minerals, e.g. Al2/3Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2.20H2O for aluminocopiapite, were identified as a yellow salt minerals. Information about, and photographs of, the site, soils, and drainage waters are presented, including examples of deleterious environmental impacts. Intensive reclamation/revegetation measures were initiated in 2002. These involved the application of high rates of lime stabilised biosolids (sewage sludge) incorporated to a depth of about 0.15 m to neutralise acidity and add organic matter and nutrients to the soils. These measures permitted the establishment of acid- and salt-tolerant grasses on the acid sulfate soils and caused dramatic increases in pH and drops in Fe and Al levels in stream waters leaving the site. However, they also caused initial large increases in ammonia/ammonium-N in the waters and subsequent increases in NO3-N in the waters. Experience with this and other similar sites demonstrates the need for engineers involved with earth-moving construction activities to be educated in the principles of acid sulfate soils so that the number of such disturbances that result in the creation of active acid sulfate soils can be lessened or, preferably, eliminated. Plans for recognition and reclamation of acid sulfate soil situations should be built into the construction plans and designs when it is necessary to disturb sulfidic materials.
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Breemen, N. van. "Effects of redox processes on soil acidity." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 35, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v35i3.16724.
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Redox processes due to alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions may give rise to strongly acidic or alkaline soils and waters. First, oxidized chemical components tend to be more acidic or less alkaline than their reduced counterparts. Second, and more important, redox processes often lead to the simultaneous formation of acidic (or potentially acidic) and alkaline substances with different mobility (dissolved or gaseous versus adsorbed or solid), so that one of the two substances can be exported, leaving a more acidic or more alkaline residue. Examples of acidification or alkalinization processes in wetlands based on these principles are: (1) formation of acid sulfate soils (transformation of seawater sulfate and sedimentary iron to immobile potential acidity (FeS2) and mobile alkalinity (HCO3-), followed by oxidation of FeS2 after the alkalinity has disappeared), (2) alkalinization of periodically flooded acid sulfate soils (formation of dissolved ferrous sulfate during reduction, and oxidation of the ferrous sulfate to ferric oxide and sulfuric acid at the soil surface, followed by drainage of the acid floodwater), (3) ferrolysis (immobilization of seasonally reduced ferric iron as exchangeable Fe2+, and removal of replaced bases by drainage, followed by oxidation of Fe2+ -clay to H+ -clay), and (4) soil alkalinization in closed depressions (reduction of sodium sulfate to sodium (hydrogen) carbonate and volatile H2S). (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Dang, Duy Minh, Ben Macdonald, Sören Warneke, and Ian White. "Available carbon and nitrate increase greenhouse gas emissions from soils affected by salinity." Soil Research 55, no. 1 (2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16010.
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Sea-level rise and saline water intrusion have caused a shortage of fresh water and affected agricultural areas globally. Besides inundation, the salinity could alter soil nitrogen and carbon cycling in coastal soils. To examine the effect of salinity, an incubation experiment was used to investigate soil nitrogen and carbon cycling from an acid sulfate soil and an alluvial soil with and without additional nitrogen and carbon sources. Four levels of saline solution of 0.03, 10, 16 and 21dSm–1 were used to submerge acid sulfate and alluvial soil samples in a 125-mL jar. The experimental jars were incubated in the dark at 25°C. Gas samples were collected over 4 weeks and analysed for nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). The results showed that salinity significantly decreased N2O emissions from the acid sulfate soil but did not affect emissions from the alluvial soil. Addition of glucose and nitrate enhanced N2O production in both salt-affected soils. Emissions of CO2 were not different among the salinity treatments, whereas available carbon and nitrate promoted soil respiration. Changes in CH4 fluxes over the 4-week incubation were the same for both soils, and substrate addition did not affect emissions in either soil. The findings indicate that salinity has altered carbon and nitrogen cycles in the acid sulfate soil, and future fertiliser and crop management will need to account for the changed nutrient cycling caused by saline water intrusion and climate change.
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Yau, C. C., V. N. L. Wong, and D. M. Kennedy. "Soil chemistry and acidification risk of acid sulfate soils on a temperate estuarine floodplain in southern Australia." Soil Research 54, no. 7 (2016): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15174.
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The distribution and geochemical characterisation of coastal acid sulfate soils (CASS) in Victoria in southern Australia is relatively poorly understood. This study investigated and characterised CASS and sulfidic material at four sites (wetland (WE), swamp scrub (SS), woodland (WO) and coastal tussock saltmarsh (CTS)) on the estuarine floodplain of the Anglesea River in southern Australia. Shell material and seawater buffered acidity generated and provided acid-neutralising capacity (up to 10.65% CaCO3-equivalent) at the sites located on the lower estuarine floodplain (WO and CTS). The SS site, located on the upper estuarine floodplain, can potentially acidify soil and water due to high positive net acidity (>200molH+t–1) and a limited acid-neutralising capacity. High titratable actual acidity in the SS and WO profiles (>270molH+t–1) were the result of high organic matter in peat-like layers that can potentially contribute organic acids in addition to acidity formed from oxidation of sulfidic sediments. The results of the present study suggest that the environments and chemistry of acid sulfate soils in southern Australia are distinct from those located in eastern Australia; this may be related to differences in estuarine processes that affect formation of acid sulfate soils, as well as the geomorphology and geology of the catchment.
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Shi, Jiaqi, Tao Long, Liping Zheng, Shang Gao, and Lei Wang. "Neutralization of Industrial Alkali-Contaminated Soil by Different Agents: Effects and Environmental Impact." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 5850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105850.
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Industrial soil is susceptible to acid or alkali pollution, but studies focused on the remediation of such soil are still limited. This manuscript investigated the neutralization effect of five agents (hydrochloric acid, citric acid, ferrous sulfate, calcium superphosphate and raw gypsum) to alkali polluted soil. The results showed that regarding the initial pH after the neutralizing agent addition, it was better to set it lower than the target, as the pH would rebound. None of the five agents caused an obvious increase in the heavy metal contents of the leachates, but they all caused an increase in electrical conductivity, which indicated an increase in soil salinity. The leachates showed a luminous gain to Vibrio fischeri. However, remediation with hydrochloric acid would cause significant inhibition of germination and root elongation of pakchoi. In addition, the addition of neutralizing agents reshaped the soil microbial community structure in different patterns. Soils treated with hydrochloric acid and ferrous sulfate seemed to improve the microbial richness. The neutralization might be favorable for the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which usually coexist in industrial contaminated soil. In general, the neutralization of alkaline industrial soils using ferrous sulfate, superphosphate and gypsum brought minimal environmental risk, among which ferrous sulfate was the first recommendation in industrial soil after a comprehensive comparison.
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Rifqi Hidayat, Arthanur, and Arifin Fahmi. "Impact of Land Reclamation on Acid Sulfate Soil and Its Mitigation." BIO Web of Conferences 20 (2020): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202001002.
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Land reclamation on acid sulfate soil is a process of improving acid sulfate soil to make them suitable for more productive use, such as increasing crop production. These efforts (land clearing and management, as well as water management system) on acid sulfate soils had increased sulfidic material oxidation, followed by soil acidification, the rise of toxic metal solubility, and basic cation leaching. Mitigation efforts are required to prevent these impacts such as proper water management, utilization of organic matter, adaptive varieties, and optimized technology of fertilization. These mitigations must be carefully done so that they have a minimum negative impact on soil and crop.
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KUCHNICKI, T. C., and G. R. B. WEBSTER. "A COMPARISON OF HPLC ANALYSIS OF NITRATE IN SOILS WITH THE PHENOLDISULFONIC ACID AND HYDRAZINE SULFATE METHODS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 66, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss86-015.
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Six Manitoba soils of varying physical and chemical compositions were used to determine the efficiency of nitrate analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The nitrate was extracted with distilled water and the extract was analyzed with a reverse phase column using a mobile phase of 1:1 methanol-water, pH 3.0. In five soils, the HPLC method of nitrate analysis resulted in near 100% recovery of added nitrate. An average 90.2% recovery was obtained with the hydrazine sulfate method using sodium bicarbonate, pH 8.5, as the soil extractant. Variable recoveries were obtained with the phenoldisulfonic acid method using a silver sulfate-copper sulfate extractant. Key words: HPLC, nitrate analysis, soil
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Lyons, David J., Angus E. McElnea, Niki P. Finch, and Claire Tallis. "Ultra-fine grinding is not essential for acid sulfate soil tests." Soil Research 49, no. 5 (2011): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10196.
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Australian Standard methods for acid sulfate soils (ASS) require the grinding of soil to <0.075 mm. A ring-mill or similar grinding apparatus is therefore needed. We investigated whether ring-mill grinding is required for accurate and reproducible test results and associated calculations (such as acid–base accounting), or if more conventional fine-grinding (i.e. <0.5 mm) is sufficient to obtain acceptable results. An initial experiment (unreplicated) was conducted on 52 soils comparing ring-mill and fine-grinding treatments, and this information was used to formulate final, more detailed experimental work on five soils from the same dataset. Soils from an ASS survey in coastal central Queensland were chosen to reflect the range of chemical properties found in ASS. Soils were analysed by the Chromium and SPOCAS suite of tests for the two grinding treatments. For those tests that follow a relatively vigorous extraction carried out with heating [such as chromium-reducible S, peroxide-oxidisable S and acid-neutralising capacity by back titration (ANCBT)], results were similar for the two grinding treatments. However, for those tests that follow a relatively mild extraction without heating (such as KCl-extractable S, HCl-extractable S and titratable actual acidity), significantly higher values (P < 0.05) were obtained for ring-mill ground soil. There was no significant difference in calculated net acidity between ring-mill grinding and fine-grinding for soils without excess ANC. For self-neutralising soils, fine-grinding gave significantly lower values of ANC than ring-mill grinding. It is uncertain whether ring-mill grinding gives a true reflection of the ANC available in the natural environment.
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Brennan, R. F., and M. D. A. Bolland. "Zinc sulfate is more effective at producing wheat shoots than zinc oxide in an alkaline soil but both sources are equally effective in an acid soil." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 12 (2006): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05071.
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The effectiveness of zinc, as either zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.7H2O, 22.4% Zn) or zinc oxide (ZnO; 80% Zn) applied to an acid sand or an alkaline sandy clay, at producing wheat shoots was compared in a glasshouse experiment using yield of 50-day-old wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. The fertilisers were applied as fine powders and mixed through the soil. Both fertilisers were equally effective in the acid soil, but the oxide was about half as effective as the sulfate in the alkaline soil; about twice the amount of zinc as the oxide was required to produce the same yield as zinc added as the sulfate. The amount of zinc required to produce 90% of the maximum yield was 38 µg Zn/pot for both sources of zinc in the acid soil, and 100 µg Zn/pot for the sulfate source and 250 µg Zn/pot for the oxide source for the alkaline soil. Critical zinc, which is the zinc concentration in the youngest emerged leaf that was related to 90% of the maximum yield of shoots, was about 13 mg/kg for both sources of zinc and both soils. Zinc oxide may be less effective at producing wheat shoots than zinc sulfate in alkaline soils of south-western Australia.
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Mazlina, Mazlina, Asmarlaili S Hanafiah, A. Rauf, and Edy Sigit Sutarta. "Effectiveness of Organic Materials as Media in Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Inoculum to Changes on Acid Sulfate Soils." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Information Technology 2, no. 1 (November 4, 2021): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52088/ijesty.v2i1.202.
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Acid sulphate soils (ASS) had low pH, low nutrients availability and also soluble aluminium and iron were high. Inoculum of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) which organic matter as media could increased the soil pH, nutrient content and decrease sulfur-total of acid sulfate soils. The research was conducted in a randomized block design with two replications. This study used a randomized block design with two factors and two replications. The first factor was compost inoculum (C) was taken ten treatments from without any inoculum SRB and 9 treatment with different types and dosages of organic matter as media. The second factor was the water content condition (K) namely of K1: 100% field capacity and K2: 110% field capacity. Different types and dosages of organic matter appear to influence the changes in soil properties (tends to decrease soil sulfate and increase soil pH, and nutrient content levels in soil and plant). Inoculum SRB of palm oil empty bunches and weed gave a higher sulfate reduction compared to C0 (without inoculums) or inoculums with carrier media that used rice straw in water content 100% or 110% field capacity (FC).
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Vithana, Chamindra L., Leigh A. Sullivan, Richard T. Bush, and Edward D. Burton. "Acidity fractions in acid sulfate soils and sediments: contributions of schwertmannite and jarosite." Soil Research 51, no. 3 (2013): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12291.
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In Australia, the assessment of acidity hazard in acid sulfate soils requires the estimation of operationally defined acidity fractions such as actual acidity, potential sulfidic acidity, and retained acidity. Acid–base accounting approaches in Australia use these acidity fractions to estimate the net acidity of acid sulfate soils materials. Retained acidity is the acidity stored in the secondary Fe/Al hydroxy sulfate minerals, such as jarosite, natrojarosite, schwertmannite, and basaluminite. Retained acidity is usually measured as either net acid-soluble sulfur (SNAS) or residual acid soluble sulfur (SRAS). In the present study, contributions of schwertmannite and jarosite to the retained acidity, actual acidity, and potential sulfidic acidity fractions were systematically evaluated using SNAS and SRAS techniques. The data show that schwertmannite contributed considerably to the actual acidity fraction and that it does not contribute solely to the retained acidity fraction as has been previously conceptualised. As a consequence, SNAS values greatly underestimated the schwertmannite content. For soil samples in which jarosite is the only mineral present, a better estimate of the added jarosite content can be obtained by using a correction factor of 2 to SNAS values to account for the observed 50–60% recovery. Further work on a broader range of jarosite samples is needed to determine whether this correction factor has broad applicability. The SRAS was unable to reliably quantify either the schwertmannite or the jarosite content and, therefore, is not suitable for quantification of the retained acidity fraction. Potential sulfidic acidity in acid sulfate soils is conceptually derived from reduced inorganic sulfur minerals and has been estimated by the peroxide oxidation approach, which is used to derive the SRAS values. However, both schwertmannite and jarosite contributed to the peroxide-oxidisable sulfur fraction, implying a major potential interference by those two minerals to the determination of potential sulfidic acidity in acid sulfate soils through the peroxide oxidation approach.
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DHANYA, K. R., and R. GLADIS. "Acid sulfate soils – Its characteristics and nutrient dynamics." AN ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE 12, no. 1 (June 15, 2017): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ajss/12.1/221-227.
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Moore, P. A., T. Attanandana, and W. H. Patrick. "Factors Affecting Rice Growth on Acid Sulfate Soils." Soil Science Society of America Journal 54, no. 6 (November 1990): 1651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400060024x.
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Yli-Halla, M., M. Puustinen, and J. Koskiaho. "Area of cultivated acid sulfate soils in Finland." Soil Use and Management 15, no. 1 (January 19, 2006): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1999.tb00065.x.
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McElnea, Angus E., Col R. Ahern, and Neal W. Menzies. "Improvements to peroxide oxidation methods for analysing sulfur in acid sulfate soils." Soil Research 40, no. 7 (2002): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01100.
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Improvements to peroxide oxidation methods for analysing acid sulfate soils (ASS) are introduced. The soil solution ratio has been increased to 1 : 40, titrations are performed in suspension, and the duration of the peroxide digest stage is substantially shortened. For 9 acid sulfate soils, the peroxide oxidisable sulfur value obtained using the improved method was compared with the reduced inorganic sulfur result obtained using the chromium reducible sulfur method. Their regression was highly significant, the slope of the regression line was not significantly different (P = 0.05) from unity, and the intercept not significantly different from zero. A complete sulfur budget for the improved method showed there was no loss of sulfur as has been reported for earlier peroxide oxidation techniques. When soils were very finely ground, efficient oxidation of sulfides was achieved, despite the milder digestion conditions. Highly sulfidic and organic soils were shown to be the most difficult to analyse using either the improved method or the chromium method. No single analytical method can be universally applied to all ASS, rather a suite of methods is necessary for a thorough understanding of many ASS. The improved peroxide method, in combination with the chromium method and the 4 M HCl extraction, form a sound platform for informed decision making on the management of acid sulfate soils.
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Willett, IR, BN Noller, and TA Beech. "Mobility of radium and heavy metals from uranium mine tailings in acid sulfate soils." Soil Research 32, no. 2 (1994): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940335.
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This study was aimed at determining whether heavy metals in tailings from Ranger Uranium Mine (N.T.) change in chemical form in such a way that they will become more mobile, or bioavailable, after they are mixed with extremely acidic soils from downstream of the mine. Four soils were studied: two samples were acid sulfate (jarositic or pyritic) materials and two were acidic materials overlying acid sulfate horizons. Copper, iron, manganese, lead, uranium and zinc fractions were determined in soils to which uranium mill tailings had been added. Total and exchangeable 226Ra were also determined in selected samples. The tailings-soil mixtures were incubated for up to 4 months and included a comparison of reactions under continuously moist conditions and when subjected to a saturation and drying cycle. The tailings had considerably greater concentrations of total Mn, Pb, U and 226Ra than the soils. The heavy metals in the tailings occurred as relatively immobile forms. In the non-pyritic soils, the distribution of the metals between the fractions did not change much during 4 months of reaction. In the pyritic soil, which underwent oxidation and acidification during incubation, there were 2- to 3-fold increases in the exchangeable fractions of Fe, Mn, Cu and U. The metals in the tailings and soil behaved similarly. There appeared to be more likelihood of increased mobility of metals from oxidation of pyritic materials than from addition of tailings. The fraction of total 226Ra that was exchangeable decreased from 11% in the original tailings to 2-7% after reaction with three of the soils but increased to 44% in one soil. At estimated long-term erosion rates, the tailings are not likely to be a source of heavy metal pollution, but addition of 226Rato soils presents a possible radiological hazard.
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Fall, Aïdara C. A. Lamine, Jean-Pierre Montoroi, and Karl Stahr. "Coastal acid sulfate soils in the Saloum River basin, Senegal." Soil Research 52, no. 7 (2014): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14033.
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Soils in boundary conditions of contrasting ecosystems generally show unique features. Transition often leads to changes in soil-forming processes, whereby the environment never comes to equilibrium and therefore the soil chemistry and mineralogy show different influences. Such an environment was analysed in the Saloum River basin, west-central Senegal. The objective was to identify the main pedogenic processes prevailing in this saline and acid pedoenvironment and to assess the influence of environmental factors (climate, topography, soil salinity and acidity) on local soil formation and mineral distribution. The terrace landscape is built up by a floodplain, a low terrace, which is still influenced by groundwater, and a middle terrace. The results show that soil properties are strongly influenced by hydrology, salinity and acidity in the entire toposequence: Gleyic Hyposalic and Hypersalic Solonchaks (Sulfatic) in the floodplain, Haplic Gleysols (Thionic) in the low terrace, and Endogleyic Arenosols in the middle terrace. The oxidation of pyrite followed by the redistribution of the main products (Fe2+ and SO42–) represents the major chemical process responsible for iron oxide and jarosite formation. Mineral distribution and crystallinity are linked to the landscape position, which controls the hydrological behaviour and reactions of Fe and S ions. Finally, we observed intrapedon processes such as gleysation, sulfidisation and sulfurisation, as well as interpedon processes such as salinisation, colluvio-alluviation and lateral eluviation. The combination of processes depends strongly on the landscape positions.
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Sullivan, L. A., R. T. Bush, D. McConchie, G. Lancaster, P. G. Haskins, and M. W. Clark. "Comparison of peroxide-oxidisable sulfur and chromium- reducible sulfur methods for determination of reduced inorganic sulfur in soil." Soil Research 37, no. 2 (1999): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s98074.
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The rational management of acid sulfate soils requires analytical methods that provide reliable and accurate data on the content of reduced inorganic sulfur; it is this fraction that produces acid during oxidation. This study compared the utility of the chromium-reducible sulfur method for determining the reduced inorganic sulfur content of soil materials with methods based on oxidation using hydrogen peroxide. The results presented here indicate that methods involving oxidation by hydrogen peroxide for the determination of reduced inorganic sulfur are subject to significant interference by even minor amounts of sulfate minerals and organic matter, resulting in inaccurate determinations of reduced inorganic sulfur contents. In the presence of even minor amounts of gypsum, methods involving oxidation using hydrogen peroxide underestimated reduced inorganic sulfur contents by up to 0·167% sulfur, whereas in the presence of organic matter these methods overestimated reduced inorganic sulfur contents by up to 0·077% sulfur per cent organic carbon. The resulting errors in the determinations of reduced inorganic sulfur by hydrogen peroxide methods were often larger than the action criteria that are currently used to identify acid sulfate soils. Consequently, there is a risk of misidentification of acid sulfate soils (either false positive or false negative) for soils with low reduced inorganic sulfur contents when hydrogen peroxide methods are used. In contrast, the results from the chromium-reducible sulfur method do not appear to be affected by interferences from either gypsum or organic matter and this method appears to be more suitable for the determination of reduced inorganic sulfur in soils than methods based on oxidation using hydrogen peroxide.
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Vu, Van Long, and Van Dung Tran. "Isolation and evaluation of the ability to decompose sugarcane leaves of bacterial strains from acid sulfate soils in the Mekong River Delta." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.63(3).24-27.
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The objectives of this study were to isolate and determine the ability of bacterial strains to decompose sugarcane leaves from acid sulfate soils in the Mekong River Delta (MRD). Soil samples were collected from three acid sulfate soils in Ben Luc district, Long An province, Phung Hiep district, Hau Giang province, and Hon Dat district, Kien Giang province where large sugarcane areas cultivated. Six soil samples were collected and coded: LA1, LA2, HG1, HG2, KG1, and KG2. The results of the study have isolated 18 strains of bacteria are capable of producing cellulase enzyme that breaks down cellulose including LA2-4b, LA2-1, LA2-4a, LA2-2, KG2-1, KG2-2a, KG2-2b, KG2-3, KG2-20, KG2-21, KG2-22, KG2-24, KG2-26, KG2-27, LA1-1, LA1-2, LA1-3, LA1-7. All isolated bacterial strains have the ability to effectively decompose sugarcane leaves, have the potential to apply in practical production, and contribute to improving the quality of acid sulfate soils in the MRD. In which, five selected bacterial strains (LA1-1, LA2-4a, LA2-4b, KG2-2b, and KG2-24) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the decomposition of sugarcane leaves than the treatment without bacteria.
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Chu, Chengxing, Chuxia Lin, Yonggui Wu, Wenzhou Lu, and Jie Long. "Organic matter increases jarosite dissolution in acid sulfate soils under inundation conditions." Soil Research 44, no. 1 (2006): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05096.
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A column experiment was conducted to examine the effects of added organic matter and thickness of surface water on the stability of jarosite in a coastal acid sulfate soil. The results show that dissolution of jarosite was negligible if no organic matter was added onto the soil. However, where organic matter was added onto the soils, the acidity and the concentrations of iron and sulfate in the leachate of the soil increased following water inundation, indicating the decomposition of jarosite in such conditions. Probably, the organic matter content of the soil was originally too low to enable the creation of reducing conditions that could sufficiently cause the breakdown of jarosite contained in the soil. Under the experimental conditions, the amount of added organic matter played a more important role than the thickness of the overlying water in the dissolution of jarosite.
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Zhang, Xu, Qiao Ling Liu, Li Qun Jia, and Li Na Xu. "Determination of Sulfate Concentration of Soil Used for Assessment of the Sulfate Attack to Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.307.
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In order to evaluate the class of exposure to sulfate attack of soil, different methods were intended to measure the sulfate concentration of soil in contact with concrete in different countries. Different methods of soil extracts preparation were used to determine the sulfate ion content of soil in this paper. Two artificial soils and one natural soil were prepared in these tests. The experimental parameters investigated in the study were: acid or water extract, water to soil ratio and agitating time. When samples were prepared by water-extracting method, water to soil ratio (2:1, 5:1 and 10:1) and agitating time (3min, 6h, 16h and 24h) were considered. The results show that the difference of sulfate concentration determination results using different methods was significant. The determination results of dilute hydrochloric acid extracting solution are higher than that of water extracting solution of the same soil sample. The sulfate concentration determination results of the same soil sample have increased with the increase of water to soil ratio or agitating time. The water to soil (W/S) ratio is more sensitive than agitating time to the sulfate concentration determination results.
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Demas, S. Y., A. M. Hall, D. S. Fanning, M. C. Rabenhorst, and E. K. Dzantor. "Acid sulfate soils in dredged materials from tidal Pocomoke Sound in Somerset County, MD, USA." Soil Research 42, no. 6 (2004): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03089.
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Seepage and runoff waters from soils forming in sulfide-bearing dredge materials (SBDM) can have dramatic effects on water quality if they are placed adjacent to open water and do not have adequate containment. Soils forming in SBDM can produce large amounts of acidity upon sulfide oxidation and the oxidation and hydrolysis of released ferrous iron when they are drained or otherwise exposed to air. These soils, under certain environmental conditions, can produce low pH seepage and runoff waters containing large amounts of iron and aluminum, especially after heavy rain that follows a prolonged dry period. During the course of the soil survey update of Somerset County, Maryland (MD), USA, 2 areas of soils forming in SBDM of differing age were identified in close proximity to the sites of recent fish kills on the Pocomoke Sound in Somerset County. Both of these soil areas were initially contained by earthen berms. The dredge materials were deposited directly over the natural tidal marsh soil. Soils forming in SBDM that are approximately 60 years of age were classified as fine-silty, mixed mesic Sulfic Endoaquepts, while the second area of SBDM are 8 years of age and classified as fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Sulfaquepts, by Soil Taxonomy. The presence of jarosite was confirmed in both soils by X-ray diffraction, and the presence of ironstone (iron oxyhydroxides) was confirmed in both soils at the effluent discharge points. This is an indication that these soils have undergone intensive acid sulfate weathering (sulfuricization) and that they have released a large quantity of iron to waters leaving the sites. Studies have shown that the 2 mechanisms responsible for acid production from soils forming in SBDM are (i) the oxidation and hydrolysis of mobile ferrous iron; and (ii) the oxidation of the sulfur occurring in the form of pyrite. It is suggested that the resultant low pH, Fe- and Al-enriched water from these soils that entered the Pocomoke Sound may have made fish more susceptible to microbial predation by weakening mucous membranes and/or by promoting the growth of harmful cyannobacteria and flagellates. This paper reports the nature and classification of soils that developed in SBDM at 2 sites of differing age and of the possible environmental impacts of seepage and runoff from these sites entering the Pocomoke Sound.
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Wongleecharoen, Chalermchart, Worachart Wisawapipat, Daojarus Ketrot, Natthapol Chittamart, Surachet Aramrak, Kittipon Chittanukul, Rachit Sattapun, and Saowanuch Tawornpruek. "Elemental dynamics in porewater of an acid sulfate paddy soil as affected by sodium bentonite and dolomite amendments: insights from field study." E3S Web of Conferences 167 (2020): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016702003.
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Rice productivity in acid sulfate soils are frequently limited due primarily to strong acidity, low phosphorus (P) availability and metal toxicity. A recent study has documented that the use of sodium bentonite (NaB), non-hazardous material uses in natural gas pipeline construction, could be a promising soil amendment for mitigating major concerns experiencing in acid sulfate soils. Here we examined the effects of NaB and dolomite (DL) on dynamics in dissolved contents of both nutrient and associated elements in an acid sulfate soil and rice yield from paddy field in natural gas pipeline Rights-of-Way. The results demonstrated that the NaB and DL utilization significantly alleviated soil acidity and metal (Al, Fe, and Mn) toxicity (α = 0.05). Both soil amendments also significantly improved readily available P. Nonetheless, the soil NaB incorporation did elevate soluble sodium and did plummet soluble K, Ca, and Mg. Therefore, appropriate ratios and amounts of the K, Ca, and Mg along with N fertilizers are indisputable needed to maintain the nutrient balance when applying NaB as a soil amendment. Our finding implies that combined use of NaB and DL are suggested to soil amendment and could alleviate nutrient imbalance as compared to the sole NaB utilization.
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Biggs, A. J. W., K. Bryant, and K. M. Watling. "Soil chemistry and morphology transects to assist wetland delineation in four semi-arid saline lakes, south-western Queensland." Soil Research 48, no. 3 (2010): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09127.
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Soils at 4 saline lakes (Wyara, Numalla, Wombah and Bindegolly) in semi-arid south-western Queensland were described and sampled to determine soil attributes that assist in the delineation of wetlands. Up to 4 sites were described in transects perpendicular to the lake edge. Samples from fixed depths were analysed for limited ionic chemistry and, in some cases, selected acid sulfate soil parameters. Lakebed soils were alkaline Hypersalic Hydrosols, changing to a variety of soils, including alkaline Rudosols and Podosols on adjacent lunettes and beach ridges. Gley colours and mottling were indicative of lakebed soils, while redder colours and stratification were common in soils outside the wetland. Evaporative concentration of salts at the soil surface was common in lakebed and transition zone soils, whereas leaching of salts was common in sandier soils outside the wetlands. Analysis of acid sulfate soil parameters and field evidence in the beds of Lakes Wyara and Wombah confirmed the presence of unoxidised sulfidic sediments and extensive neutralising capacity. Wave action formation of beach ridges appeared to be the most prevalent land-forming process at 3 lakes, but wind-driven deflation with associated lunette-building was evident at Lake Bindegolly. The data confirmed the value of pedological features such as texture, colour, and salinity trends in determining the boundaries of these wetlands, but also highlighted the transient nature of these features.
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Dalhem, Krister, Stefan Mattbäck, Anton Boman, and Peter Österholm. "A simplified distillation-based sulfur speciation method for sulfidic soil materials." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 93, no. 1 (June 13, 2021): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17741/bgsf/93.1.002.
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Speciation of inorganic sulfur species, mainly pyrite and metastable iron sulfides by operationally defined methods, is widely used for risk assessment of acid sulfate soils by quantifying the acidity producing elements, as well as for general characterisation of marine sediments and subaqueous soils. “Traditional” sulfur speciation methods commonly use highly specialised glassware which can be cumbersome for the operator, or, require long reaction times which limit the usability of the method. We present a simplified method which has a sufficiently low limit of detection (0.002%) and quantitation (0.006%) required for the analysis of sulfidic sulfur in acid sulfate soil materials. Commercially available sulfide reagents were used for determining reproducibility and the method was assessed on natural sulfidic soil materials, including fine to coarse grained soil materials as well as sulfide bearing peat, with a large variation of metastable sulfide and pyrite content.
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Islam, Shahidul, Asadul Haque, Siobhan A. Wilson, and Pathegama Gamage Ranjith. "Improvement of acid sulfate soils using lime-activated slag." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 167, no. 4 (November 2014): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.12.00033.
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Charoenchamratcheep, C., C. J. Smith, S. Satawathananont, and W. H. Patrick. "Reduction and Oxidation of Acid Sulfate Soils of Thailand." Soil Science Society of America Journal 51, no. 3 (May 1987): 630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100030014x.
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Rassam, Daud W., Freeman J. Cook, and Edward A. Gardner. "1. Field and Laboratory Studies of Acid Sulfate Soils." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 128, no. 2 (April 2002): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2002)128:2(100).
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Stroud, Jacqueline L., and Mike Manefield. "The microbiology of acid sulfate soils and sulfidic sediments." Microbiology Australia 35, no. 4 (2014): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma14063.
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Yvanes-Giuliani, Yliane A. M., D. Fink, J. Rose, T. David Waite, and Richard N. Collins. "Isotopically exchangeable Al in coastal lowland acid sulfate soils." Science of The Total Environment 542 (January 2016): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.051.
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Fanning, Delvin S., Martin C. Rabenhorst, and Robert W. Fitzpatrick. "Historical developments in the understanding of acid sulfate soils." Geoderma 308 (December 2017): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.07.006.
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Orndorff, Zenah W., W. Lee Daniels, and Delvin S. Fanning. "Reclamation of Acid Sulfate Soils Using Lime-Stabilized Biosolids." Journal of Environmental Quality 37, no. 4 (July 2008): 1447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0206.
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SALLAH, NICHOLAS, MASANORI NONAKA, and TAKAO KAMURA. "Consequences of Microbial Pyrite Oxidation in Acid Sulfate Soils." Bulletin of Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology 8, no. 1 (1993): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1264/microbes1986.8.27.
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Mustafa, Akhmad, Rachmansyah Rachmansyah, Dody Dharmawan Trijuno, and Ruslaini Ruslaini. "PEUBAH KUALITAS AIR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERTUMBUHAN RUMPUT LAUT (Gracilaria verrucosa) DI TAMBAK TANAH SULFAT MASAM KECAMATAN ANGKONA KABUPATEN LUWU TIMUR PROVINSI SULAWESI SELATAN." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2009): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.4.1.2009.125-138.
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Rumput laut (Gracilaria verrucosa) telah dibudidayakan di tambak tanah sulfat masam dengan kualitas dan kuantitas produksi yang relatif tinggi. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui peubah kualitas air yang mempengaruhi laju pertumbuhan rumput laut di tambak tanah sulfat masam Kecamatan Angkona Kabupaten Luwu Timur Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Pemeliharaan rumput laut dilakukan di 30 petak tambak terpilih selama 6 minggu. Bibit rumput laut dengan bobot 100 g basah ditebar dalam hapa berukuran 1,0 m x 1,0 m x 1,2 m. Peubah tidak bebas yang diamati adalah laju pertumbuhan relatif, sedangkan peubah bebas adalah peubah kualitas air yang meliputi: intensitas cahaya, salinitas, suhu, pH, karbondioksida, nitrat, amonium, fosfat, dan besi. Analisis regresi berganda digunakan untuk menentukan peubah bebas yang dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi peubah tidak bebas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju pertumbuhan relatif rumput laut di tambak tanah sulfat masam berkisar antara 1,52% dan 3,63%/hari dengan rata-rata 2,88% ± 0,56%/hari. Di antara 9 peubah kualitas air yang diamati ternyata hanya 5 peubah kualitas air yaitu: nitrat, salinitas, amonium, besi, dan fosfat yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan rumput laut secara nyata. Untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan rumput laut di tambak tanah sulfat masam Kecamatan Angkona Kabupaten Luwu Timur dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian pupuk yang mengandung nitrogen untuk meningkatkan kandungan amonium dan nitrat serta pemberian pupuk yang mengandung fosfor untuk meningkatkan kandungan fosfat sampai pada nilai tertentu, melakukan remediasi untuk menurunkan kandungan besi serta memelihara rumput laut pada salinitas air yang lebih tinggi, tetapi tidak melebihi 30 ppt.Seaweed (Gracilaria verrucosa) has been cultivated in acid sulfate soil-affected ponds with relatively high quality and quantity of seaweed production. A research has been conducted to study water quality variables that influence the growth of seaweed in acid sulfate soil-affected ponds of Angkona Sub-district East Luwu Regency South Sulawesi Province. Cultivation of seaweed was done for six weeks in 30 selected brackishwater ponds. Seeds of seaweed with weight of 100 g were stocked in hapa sized 1.0 m x 1.0 m x 1.2 m. Dependent variable that was observed was specific growth rate, whereas independent variables were water quality variables including light intensity, salinity, temperature, pH, carbondioxide, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, and iron. Analyses of multiple regressions were used to determine the independent variables which could be used to predict the dependent variable. Research result indicated that relative growth rate of seaweed in acid sulfate soils-affected brackishwater ponds ranged from 1.52% to 3.63%/day with 2.88% ± 0.56%/day in average. Among nine observed water quality variables, only five variables namely: nitrate, salinity, ammonium, phosphate and iron influence significantly on the growth of seaweed in acid sulfate soils-affected brackishwater ponds. The growth of seaweed in acid sulfate soils-affected brackishwater ponds of Angkona District East Luwu Regency, can be improved by using nitrogen-based fertilizers to increase ammonium and nitrate contents and also fertilizers which contain phosphorus to improve phosphate content to a certain level. Pond remediation to decrease iron content and also rearing seaweed at higher salinity (but less than 30 ppt) can also be alternatives to increase the growth of seaweed.
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Sarapulova, G. I. "Biogeochemical assessment of coastal urban soils and ecological safety." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1010, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1010/1/012107.
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Abstract As a result of field and laboratory studies, ecological diagnostics of coastal soils was carried out in 11 points of the city of Irkutsk along the coastline of the Angara River in the recreation zone for 5 km. Revealed alkaline soil with pH up to 9.0. An increased sulfate content was found in the aqueous extract of soil substrates. This leads to soil toxicity, especially as a result of the subsequent transformations of sulfates into more toxic compounds -hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid and insoluble metal sulfates. Indicators of the biological activity of soils revealed a decrease in the activity of soil enzymes. More than 70% of soil samples were found to be toxic. The parameters of the biogeochemical state of soils indicate the inhibition of the enzymatic process. The inverse dependence of the biological activity of the soil on its pH has been established. The distribution of total forms of heavy metals Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Hg and As at observation points is obtained. The excess of the normative contents of elements was revealed. The studies carried out have shown an increased environmental hazard of the recreation area in the city center and the need for environmental protection measures.
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KIMPE, C. R. DE, M. R. LAVERDIERE, and R. W. BARIL. "CARACTÉRISTIQUES DES SOLS SULFATÉS ACIDES DE LA SÉRIE DE L'ANSE EN MILIEU ESTUARIEN (QUÉBEC)." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 577–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-056.
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Acid sulfate soils were sampled according to the transect method in four bays along the south shore of the St. Lawrence river to determine their properties in their area of distribution. In each bay, six profiles of cultivated soils were sampled along a transect perpendicular to the river. One non-cultivated profile was also sampled at l'Isle-Verte. The lower limit of the B horizons, between 79 and 89 cm, suggested a homogeneous development of these soils across the area. Most profiles contained jarosite in the lower Bg and, sometimes, in the C horizons; this mineral was absent in the upper part of the profiles of soils that had been limed prior to cultivation. Total S content increased with depth, but only a few horizons had a content > 0.75% presumably because of sulfate leaching once the soils were drained. Organic C content in the de l'Anse soils decreased less rapidly with depth than in other gleysolic soils, because vegetation grew while sediments were being deposited. Key words: Acid sulfate soils, total S, recent marine sediments, jarosite
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Thuc, Le Vinh, and Vo Quang Minh. "Improvement of Glutinous Corn and Watermelon Yield by Lime and Microbial Organic Fertilizers." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2022 (November 24, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2611529.
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Background. The characteristics of acid soil, often low pH and high toxicity, affect the growth and yield of plants. Aims. This study evaluates the effects of supplemented lime and microbial organic fertilizer on glutinous corn (Zea mays) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) yield, yield components, and economic efficiency on acid-sulfate soils. Materials and Methods. Two experiments were carried out in Phung Hiep District, Hau Giang Province, as a typical acid-sulfate soil area. The randomized complete block with four treatments and three replicates was designed for the experiment, in which supplemented fertilizers were 800 kg of lime/ha; 2,000 kg of microbial organic fertilizer/ha; and 800 kg of lime in combination with 2,000 kg of microbial organic fertilizer/ha, and treatment as farmer dose (FFT), without lime and microbial organic fertilizer. Results. As a result, using lime combined with microbial organic fertilizer increased the yield compared to using only lime or microbial organic fertilizer. Besides, the incomes increased to 12.0% and 13.8%, respectively, compared to farmer recommendations. Conclusion. To improve the yield of glutinous corn or watermelon and income on acid-sulfate soils, lime should be applied at 800 kg combined with 2,000 kg of microbial organic fertilizer/ha.
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Horsnell, LJ. "The growth of improved pastures on acid soils. 3. Response of lucerne to phosphate as affected by calcium and potassium sulfates and soil aluminium levels." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850557.
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A glasshouse experiment was conducted to study the response of lucerne to phosphate at various concentrations of aluminium in the soil solution. Aluminium levels were varied by adding neutral salts to an acid infertile soil, typical of those on which unusually poor responses to superphosphate have been reported on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. The addition of monocalcium phosphate reduced aluminium concentration in the soil solution and increased plant growth four-fold. The neutral salts, calcium sulfate and potassium sulfate, in the presence of calcium phosphate, increased aluminium concentrations in the soil solution and reduced plant growth and response to phosphate. It is concluded that the calcium sulfate component of single superphosphate can decrease plant growth, and thus the response to phosphate, by increasing the concentration of aluminium in the soil solution on these very acid soils..
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Suswanto, Totok, J. Shamshuddin, S. R. Syed Omar, C. B. S. The, and Peli Mat. "A Decision Support System for Rice Cultivation on Acid Sulfate Soils in Malaysia." Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2005): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.7.1.1-5.
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Ameliorative steps to put acid sulfate soils into productive use can be organized by a decision support system. Themodel uses microeconomic analysis to get an optimal rate of lime and fertilizer in maximizing profit. A glasshouse experiment was conducted on an acid sulfate soil in Malaysia to get the potential yield. A field trial was conducted for validationpurposes. The recommended rate offertilizer application of 150-200 kg ha-J N. 20-30 kg ha-J P and 150-200 kg ha-J K were applied during the critical stage of the rice growth. Field Adjusting Factor (FAF) ofOAQ has been found and this was used /0 analyze the production function. Using TableCurve 3D software. an equation for production function was established.Validation using experimental data showed that the equation has a good capability. shown by the value of p>0.2 (t-test) andMEE of 2%. The model. named as RiCASS(Rice Cultivation on Acid Sulfate Soil}. was developed and successfully simulatedthe maximal profit under 4 different scenarios. The recommended rate of lime (GML) was 6.5 t ha-J for maximal profit and 2.5- 3.0 t ha-J for the farmers . practice .
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Pease, M. I., A. G. Nethery, and A. R. M. Young. "Acid sulfate soils and acid drainage, Lower Shoalhaven floodplain, New South Wales." Wetlands Australia 16, no. 2 (January 23, 2010): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31646/wa.186.
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