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1

Brimioulle, Serge. "Acid-base status and pulmonary circulation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213199.

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2

So, Sonia Sung. "NEW LEWIS ACID/LEWIS BASE BINDER." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193010.

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3

Jensen, Jana D. "STUDENTS’ UNDERSTANDINGS OF ACID-BASE REACTIONS INVESTIGATED THROUGH THEIR CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES AND THE ACID-BASE REACTIONS CONCEPT INVENTORY." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1365611297.

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4

Iwama, George Katsushi. "Strategies for acid-base regulation in fishes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27114.

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Three sets of in vivo experiments were conducted to investigate several aspects of acid-base regulation in fishes. There are two possible ways that involve the gills of fishes in which the acid-base regulation of the extracellular fluid can be adjusted. First, CO₂ excretion can be adjusted by altering gill water flow to increase or decrease the PCO₂ tensions in the blood. The second mechanism would involve the exchange of ions across the gill epithelium to change the concentrations of H⁺, HCO₃⁻ or NH₄⁺ in the blood. The first two sets of experiments were, respectively, designed to investigate these two possibilites. The third set of experiments investigated the role that plasma catecholamines might play in regulating the pH of the extracellular fluid as well as the intracellular compartment of the red blood cell. Experimental manipulation of ventilation in rainbow trout in steady state showed that gill water flow affected CO₂ excretion only at levels lower than about 100ml/min. Carbon dioxide excretion was retarded and blood PCO₂ pressures increased at these levels of gill ventilation. Increasing gill water flow above control levels effected neither O₂ or CO₂ exchange across the gill. Dogfish, subjected to environmental hyperoxia and various levels of hypercapnia, showed the best correlation between gill ventilation and plasma pH. There was a very weak correlation with plasma PCO₂ tension and plasma HCO₃⁻ concentrations did not affect ventilation at all. Gill ventilation increased exponentially as plasma pH declined. Experiments that involved the fresh water trout and the sea water conger eel showed that water salinity had a direct effect on the acid-base regulation of the plasma. Recovery of plasma pH in both species, after an initial decline in response to exposure to environmental hypercapnia, was dependent on water salinity. The recovery was effected by an increase in plasma HCO₃⁻ concentration. There was also an associated decrease in plasma Cl⁻ concentration in both species, indicating the possible involvement of a Cl⁻/ HCO₃⁻ exchange process. When carp were exposed to environmental hypercapnia, a reduction in the active uptake of water Cl⁻, while maintaining normal efflux rates, caused the reduction of the plasma concentration of this ion. Therefore, it seems that the modulation of this active Cl⁻/ HCO₃⁻ exchange process effected the HCO₃⁻ accumulation in the carp, and probably also in the trout and conger in fresh water. Consistent with the data from the above carp experiment, further analyses of the electrochemical gradients for Cl⁻ in trout exposed to environmental hypercapnia at the three salinities showed that active exchange processes must have accumulated the plasma HCO₃⁻ by the proposed Cl⁻/ HCO₃⁻ mechanism. These analyses also showed that the trout gill was about 2.5 times more permeable to Na⁺ than to Cl⁻ in steady state control conditions. Furthermore, Na⁺ is maintained out of electrochemical equilibrium more than Cl⁻ by a factor of about 1.5 - 2.0. This latter calculation was based on the comparison between the measured plasma concentrations of these ions and the expected concentrations based on a distribution according to the existing electrochemical gradents Catecholamines are released in trout immediately after acid infusion. This release is proportional to the change in plasma pH relative to control values and functions to maintain the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood which would otherwise be compromised due to the Root shift. This data supports existing data showing that some of the effects which catecholamines have on the physiology of fishes include those which enhance the regulation of the acid-base status of the extracellular and red cell compartments. This data also suggests that the release of catecholamines during burst exercise is due, at least partially, to the excess proton load from the lactacidosis.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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5

Wenger, Delphine. "Acid and Base Behaviour in Water Clusters." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Molekyl- och kondenserade materiens fysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260239.

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6

Milroy, D. "Acid and base catalysis in ionic liquids." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432850.

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7

Almond, Kevin Michael. "Hepatic glutamine synthesis and acid-base regulation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305107.

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8

Koning, Paul Alan. "Investigation of acid/base interactions in adhesion." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53558.

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The fundamental study of Lewis acid/base interactions presented in this dissertation demonstrates the role of these interactions in adhesive phenomena. The model systems investigated were representative of real substrates and soft, viscoelastic adhesives where, in one case, favorable acid/base interactions were possible which were not possible in the other. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and Infrared spectroscopy (IR) techniques were used to analyze the model adhesive in terms of its acid/base nature. The results of both experiments indicated, through negative enthalpies of acid/base interaction with acidic solvents, that the model adhesive poly(2-ethyl hexyl methacrylate) (PEHMA) exhibits the properties of a Lewis base. The near quantitative agreement of the results from both experiments validate these methods of determining acid/base interactions in polymeric systems. Fitting the enthalpies for acid/base interaction to Drago’s and Gutmann’s models brought out the importance of the electrostatic component of the interactions investigated. Furthermore, they illustrated the need to expand the existing datasets beyond organo-meta1lic compounds, and include more common organic solvents. Results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis of the model substrate, grade 2 titanium, pretreated via chromic acid (CAA) or sodium hydroxide anodization (PSHA), confirmed that oxides of very similar topology can be produced. Indicator dye studies revealed the CAA-Ti had a surface pH of below 3.0 and the PSHA-Ti had a surface pH of above 8.0. Bonds constructed from these analyzed materials were tested in peel and both systems exhibited good adhesion. However, the bonds in which favorable interactions were possible demonstrated superior interfacial performance. This improvement was seen in the bond’s ability to resist adhesive (interfacial) failure at debond rates at which other bonds failed. When the test geometry was changed such that the stress intensity at the interface was increased, the bonds in which acid/base interactions were favorable supported a higher peel load.
Ph. D.
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9

Colombo, Sandro de Miranda. "Isolamento, purificação e caracterização de substâncias húmicas isoladas de vermicomposto. Propriedades ácido-base e de complexação com íons Cu(II)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46133/tde-23102006-135342/.

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Estudaram-se as propriedades ácido base e de complexação com íons Cu(II) dos ácidos húmico (AH) e fúlvico (AF) extraídos de vermicomposto. O isolamento e a purificação foram realizados de acordo com o método descrito pela Sociedade Internacional de Substâncias Húmicas (IHSS). Estudaram-se as propriedades ácido-base por titulação potenciométrica em meio de KNO3 0,10 mol L-1 utilizando-se funções de Gran modificadas. Caracterizaram-se cinco classes de grupos ionizáveis, constatando-se predominância de grupos carboxílicos sobre grupos fenólicos e amínicos, especialmente para o AF, cuja acidez total foi maior do que a do AH. Estudaram-se as propriedades complexantes com íons Cu(II) nos pH 4, 5 e 6 por titulação potenciométrica com um eletrodo íon-seletivo para Cu(II), adotando-se os métodos de Scatchard e de regressão não linear com a equação de Langmuir para tratamento de dados. Em pH 5 e 6 caracterizaram-se duas classes de sítios de complexação, enquanto em pH 4, apenas uma classe foi caracterizada. De maneira geral, a estabilidade e a capacidade de complexação aumentaram com o pH, indicando a competição de prótons pelos sítios de complexação. Os resultados indicam maior estabilidade e capacidade para a complexação com AH em relação ao AF. Esta tendência foi verificada por funções diferenciais de equilíbrio diferenciais aplicadas em baixos graus de ocupação de sítios.
Acid base and complexation with Cu(II) ions were studied for humic (AH) and fulvic (AF) acids extracted from vermicompost. The isolation and purification was performed according the procedure described by the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS). The acid base properties were studied by potentiometric titration in 0,10 mol L-1 KNO3 using modified Gran functions. Five classes of ionizable sites were characterized, showing a predominance of carboxylic over phenolic and aminic groups, especially for AF, which has total acidity larger than the one determined for AH. Complexing properties with Cu(II) ions were studied by potentiometric titration at pH 4, 5 and 6 using Cu(II) ion-selective electrode. Data treatment was performed using the Scatchard method, as well as non-linear regression with the Langmuir equation. At pH 5 and 6, two classes of binding sites were characterized, but at pH 4 only a single complexing site was characterized. Stability and capacity increased with pH, suggesting competition of protons by the binding sites. The results indicate larger stability and capacity for complexation with AH in comparison with AF. This trend was also verified by differential equilibrium functions at low degree of site occupation.
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10

Quezada, Cruz Patricio Ignacio, and Pontus Falk. "ACID and BASE in POSTGRESQL : Distributed database performance." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168663.

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This thesis studies the performance impact of the Two Phase Commitmechanism used in order to achieve consistency in a distributed Post-greSQL system. This impact is compared to the performance gainedby removing Two Phase Commit and abandoning consistency. Thetests are run on different number of nodes in the system to find a linkbetween the performance hit and the size of the system. Performanceis measured using the unit Queries per Second.Firstly, a short introduction is given to demonstrate why and whendistributed database systems is necessary and the difficulties it poses.Thereafter follows a description of the system constructed to conductthe experiment, together with the results of this experiment. The the-sis is concluded with a discussion regarding the results and thoughtson future variations of the experiment.The conclusion of the experiment is that Two Phase Commit putsa low maximum performance on the system, especially when com-pared to the alternative of abandoning consistency. The number ofnodes did not significantly affect the performance of the system us-ing Two Phase Commit, however the alternative had a clear negativecorrelation between numbers of nodes and Queries per Second.
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11

Hoang, Bang. "Protonation and Other Acid-Base Chemistry of Chlorophosphazenes." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1124822574.

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12

Ferrante, Pamela L. "Acid-base regulation during exercise in the horse." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-164656/.

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13

Falk, Pontus, and Ignacio Quezada. "ACID and BASE in PostgreSQL : DISTRIBUTED DATABASE PERFORMANCE." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168669.

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This thesis studies the performance impact of the Two Phase Commit mechanism used in order to achieve consistency in a distributed PostgreSQL system. This impact is compared to the performance gained by removing Two Phase Commit and abandoning consistency. The tests are run on different number of nodes in the system to find a link between the performance hit and the size of the system. Performance is measured using the unit Queries per Second. Firstly, a short introduction is given to demonstrate why and when distributed database systems is necessary and the difficulties it poses. Thereafter follows a description of the system constructed to conduct the experiment, together with the results of this experiment. The thesis is concluded with a discussion regarding the results and thoughts on future variations of the experiment. The conclusion of the experiment is that Two Phase Commit puts a low maximum performance on the system, especially when compared to the alternative of abandoning consistency. The number of nodes did not significantly affect the performance of the system using Two Phase Commit, however the alternative had a clear negative correlation between numbers of nodes and Queries per Second.
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14

Moorby, H. "Environmental conditions affecting acid-base changes around plant roots." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375279.

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15

Lindsay, Anita Geraldine. "Mechanism-guided studies of Brønsted acid and base organocatalysis." Thesis, Durham University, 2010. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/314/.

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We have studied the mechanism of the reaction of N-Boc imines and acetylacetone in the presence and absence of chiral phosphoric acid catalysts. In order to gain mechanistic insight into the asymmetric Mannich reaction, a structurally homologous series of N-Boc imines and BINOL-derived phosphoric acid and thiophosphoric acid catalysts were synthesised. The degree of asymmetric catalysis was evaluated by chiral HPLC analysis of the products of catalysed Mannich reactions. Knowledge of the acidity difference between the phosphoric acid catalysts and the iminium ions is essential in order to determine the likely extent of proton transfer, full or partial, between these two species in the course of the Mannich reaction. The determination of aqueous pKa values of iminium ions was attempted by construction of pH-rate profiles for hydrolysis using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Estimates of the second-order rate constant for acid-catalysed hydrolysis (kH, M-1s-1) and the first-order rate constant for the solvent reaction (k0, s-1) for each imine were extracted from the rate-profiles, however, pKa values could not be obtained for reasons that will be discussed. Iminium ion pKa values were determined in dimethyl sulfoxide by adopting a bracketing indicator method with use of UV-Vis spectrophotometry and pKa values in the range 0.65-1.61 were observed for the series of N-Boc aryl iminium ions. The pKa values of (thio)phosphoric acid catalysts were also estimated in dimethyl sulfoxide using this approach and values in the range 2.21-3.86 were obtained. The determination of pKa values of phosphoric acids in water and acetonitrile was unsuccessful due to the poor solubility of the catalyst in these media. Rate constants for the uncatalysed Mannich reaction of each imine with acetylacetone have been quantified using 1H NMR spectroscopy in CD2Cl2, CDCl3 and CD3CN. It was found that the solvent effect on the rate of the Mannich reaction was small, with the fastest reaction occurring in CD3CN. Altering the imine substituent was found to have a larger effect on the rate. We also aimed to determine rate constants for the catalysed Mannich reaction using 1H NMR spectroscopy. However, in all cases complete hydrolysis of the imine substrate occurred before the first time-point could be obtained. All efforts to suppress hydrolysis proved unsuccessful. Azolium ion organocatalysts were also investigated. These are the conjugate acids of N-heterocyclic carbenes, a class of highly successful nucleophilic/Brønsted base organocatalysts. As these carbenes are generated in situ from azolium ions during organocatalytic reactions, knowledge of the acidity of the parent ion is much sought after. This thesis describes the determination of aqueous pKa values of imidazolium and triazolium ions using a kinetic approach. Second-order rate constants for the deprotonation of these azolium ions by deuterioxide ion (kDO, M-1s-1) in D2O at 25 C were determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. These kDO values could be used to calculate values for kHO (M-1s-1), the second-order rate constant for deprotonation of the azolium ion by hydroxide ion to give the carbene/ylide in water. Evidence is presented that the reverse rate constant for carbene protonation by solvent water is limited by solvent reorganisation and occurs with a rate constant of kHOH = kreorg = 1011 s-1. Values for kHO and kHOH permitted the calculation of reliable carbon acid pKa values for ionisation of the azolium ions in water. The effects of the N-substituents and counter ion on kHO and pKa values are discussed. Of the triazolium ions studied, kDO values of 3.66 × 107- 6.47 × 108 M-1s-1 were observed with corresponding pKa values of 16.6-17.8. For N,N-dialkylated imidazolium ions, kDO values of 1.03 × 102 - 1.07 × 102 M-1s-1 were obtained which yielded pKa values of 23.3-23.4.
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16

Taylor, Deanna Lesley. "Alterations in interstitial acid-base homeostasis during cerebral ischaemia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267025.

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17

Zarkadis, George. "An intelligent decision support system for acid-base diagnosis." Thesis, City University London, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235504.

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18

Lusardi, Marcella R. (Marcella Rose). "Acid-base catalysts for polycondensation of acetaldehyde in flow." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101563.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 71-74).
Acetaldehyde is used as a bio-oil model compound in a polycondensation reaction over two acid-base catalysts, pelletized Evonik P25 TiO₂ and an activated hydrotalcite-like compound (HTlc), to produce high molecular weight molecules in the transportation fuel range. The catalytic performance of these materials is evaluated in a gas phase, atmospheric flow system with a packed bed microreactor designed to mimic process conditions in one step of the overall bio-oil upgrading scheme. The HTlc is activated through calcination at 500 °C followed by rehydration in decarbonated H₂O, generating the active acid-base hydroxyl pairs. Materials are characterized through XRD, low temperature N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm experiments, TGA, and XPS. In initial experiments, high conversions are achieved but all converted acetaldehyde forms carbonaceous deposits on the catalyst surfaces over a range of temperatures and residence times. When the catalyst bed is reduced by 80%, decreasing both residence time and vapor-solid contact area, high conversions are maintained and the production of liquid phase condensation products is observed on the order of seconds. While yields are low, it is promising that tuning the packed bed results in decreased deposits and generation of liquid phase products. Further adjustments of reaction parameters and catalyst activity are of interest as future work, including shorter residence times and bed lengths, co-feeding a reaction inhibitor, and specific catalyst syntheses for control over active sites.
by Marcella R. Lusardi.
S.M.
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19

Lynch, Ailsa S. "Base-metal catalysis for the hydrogenation of acetic acid." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5162/.

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Increasing global ethanol consumption has revived research into a variety of route for the synthesis of ethanol. One such route is via the hydrogenation of acetic acid, for which a catalyst with significant acid tolerance is required. The objective of finding an active, acid tolerant base metal catalyst was central to this project. In this study, a commercial methanol synthesis catalyst was initially investigated for its viability as an acid hydrogenation catalyst, following the production of ethanol when acetic acid was passed over it in a different study [1]. The methanol synthesis catalyst was not a viable option due to deactivation, but the use of a copper based system was shown to be active, in line with other studies [2]. Copper based catalysts were tested in both integral and differential reactor systems. The copper catalysts, with metal loadings of 5 wt.% and 10 wt.%, showed some activity towards the production of ethanol, but not in comparable quantities to those observed with the high copper content methanol synthesis catalyst. The effect of higher acetic acid concentrations, up to 20 mol.%, within an atmospheric fixed bed system were investigated, and showed that copper based catalysts were physically compromised by the presence of acetic acid. Deactivation and degradation of this catalyst upon exposure to acetic acid, especially at higher concentrations, meant that it was not appropriate for this process. The propensity of the copper catalysts to degrade in the presence of acetic acid led to other base metal systems being investigated, in the form of nickel and cobalt catalysts. All three base metal systems were investigated within a differential reactor to show direct comparisons of each catalyst at 10 wt.% and 20 wt.% metal loadings. This research showed that cobalt based systems were the most active of the metals tested at the two separate loadings. A study into the effect of the catalyst support using an 10 wt.% cobalt loading, on a range of supports, showed that alumina was the superior support for the selective hydrogenation of acetic acid to ethanol. The other supports investigated were silica, titania and zinc oxide. Comprehensive testing of the catalysts prepared with cobalt, copper and nickel, identified that the 20 wt.% cobalt on alumina was the most stable, in terms of activity and catalyst integrity, and active catalyst of those investigated at an optimal reaction temperature. 1. Blain, S., Ditzel, E., and Jackson, S. D., A mechanistic study into the effect of acetic acid on methanol synthesis. Catal. Sci., 2012. 2(4): p. 778-783. 2. Cressely, J., Farkhani, D., Deluzarche, A., and Kiennemann, A., The Evolution of Carboxylate Species in the Framework of CO-H2 Synthesis - Reduction of Acetic-Acid on the Co,Cu,Fe System. Mat. Chem. Phys., 1984. 11(5): p. 413-431.
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20

McIlwaine, Rachel Elizabeth. "Nonlinear dynamics of acid- and base-regulated chemical systems." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/797/.

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Interest in the interdisciplinary field of nonlinear dynamics has increased significantly over the past three decades. Nonlinear dynamics is the study of the temporal and spatio-temporal evolution of dynamical systems whose behaviour depends on the values of the key variables in a nonlinear manner. Nonlinear chemical reactions, chemical oscillations and their spatial behaviour play an important part in the field of nonlinear dynamics. This thesis is concerned primarily with those chemical systems which feature the proton, or its counterpart the hydroxide ion, as a main kinetic driving species. A review of the area is presented to provide a background for the developments discussed in this thesis. Experimental and numerical investigation of the methylene glycol-sulfite reaction leads to the development of a complete kinetic model for this system. This new mechanism provides the basis of a reduced model for the design of novel pH oscillators. This reduced model, discussed in chapter 4, is used to design the first organic substrate based, non-redox, pH oscillating reaction, the methylene glycolsulfite-gluconolactone system. In an open reactor this reaction displays large amplitude oscillations in pH which are well modelled with a proposed mechanism. In chapter 5 experimental results of an acid autocatalytic reaction performed in nano-meter size water droplets are presented. The effects of confinement on the kinetics is established and shown to be affected by changes in droplet size and dispersion of droplets. The effect of the microheterogeneties of the microenvironment on reaction-diffusion fronts in this system is also investigated. The results show the propagation of acid fronts with interesting structural instabilities.
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21

Graham-Thiers, Patricia M. "Dietary Protein Moderates Acid-Base Responses to Repeated Sprints in Exercising Horses." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40428.

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Restricting dietary protein may reduce endogenous acid load. Horses were fed diets with 10% supplemental corn oil in experiment one and either 0% or 10% supplemental corn oil in experiment two. Also, low protein (7.5% crude protein, LP) fortified with .5% lysine and .3% threonine or high protein (14.5% crude protein, HP) was fed. Horses underwent similar interval training and standard exercise tests. In experiment two, horses performed an SET prior to conditioning. The SET consisted of warm ups at the walk and trot followed by six repeated sprints and concluding with a 30 minute recovery at the walk. All sprints were at 10 m/s except the SET prior to conditioning in experiment two, which were at 7 m/s. Blood samples were taken every two weeks and as part of SETs. Samples were analyzed for pH, pCO₂, pO2, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, lactate, total protein (TP), albumin, creatinine and plasma urea-N (PUN). Bicarbonate, strong ion difference (SID) and total weak acids (Atot) were calculated. Plasma urea-N concentrations were higher in the HP group. Plasma creatinine was not different in experiment one but was higher in the LPHF group in experiment two. Also, the LPHF group had a low body condition score and the same weight therefore had a higher lean body mass. Plasma albumin was not different in either experiment and TP was not different in experiment one. Total protein was higher in the HF groups in experiment two. Protein moderated acid-base responses to SETs in both experiments. The LP group had higher pH and bicarbonate levels as well as a tendency for a higher SID in experiment one and in the SET prior to conditioning for experiment two. Lower lactate levels were observed in the LP group in experiment one. Following conditioning in experiment two, the LP group had higher pH and bicarbonate levels but only combined with HF. Restricting dietary protein can increase pH and bicarbonate levels and high fat has been shown to improve fatty acid oxidation and spare muscle glycogen. Therefore, restricting dietary protein especially in combination with high fat may be beneficial for the exercising horse.
Ph. D.
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22

Bäckman, T. (Tuula). "Acid-base balance, dentinogenesis and dental caries:experimental studies in rats." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 1999. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514253620.

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Abstract High-sucrose diet and metabolic acidosis have some similar effects on bone and they both reduce the formation of dentine. This series of experiments was conducted in order to get information about the effects of acidosis and alkalosis on dentine during primary dentinogenesis and also to ascertain if high-sucrose diet affects dentine formation via acidosis. Chronic metabolic acidosis (0.25 mol/L of NH4Cl in drinking water), chronic metabolic alkalosis (0.25 mol/L of NaHCO3 in drinking water) and chronic respiratory alkalosis (atmospheric pressure equivalent to an altitude of 3000 m) were induced in the rats immediately after weaning for 6 and 7 weeks. One subgroup from each of the main groups was fed a high-sucrose (43%) diet and one a standard maintenance diet, each ad libitum. The control groups had the same diets, but normal drinking water and atmospheric pressure. All the rats were injected with tetracycline (to mark the onset of the experiment in dentine) and inoculated orally with Streptococcus sobrinus. The acid-base status was verified by blood gas analysis at the end of the experiments. After sacrifice, fissure caries was scored with Schiff reagent and the areas of dentinal lesions and tetracycline-marked new dentine were measured from sagittally sectioned mandibular molars. The mineral elements (Ca, Mg, F, Na, P and total mineral contents) of the dentine formed before and during the experiment were measured with an electron probe microanalyzer. With the high-sucrose diet, respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis promoted the initiation and progression of caries while metabolic alkalosis slightly retarded it. With the standard diet, all the experimental conditions slowed the rate of dentine formation and metabolic acidosis had the most pronounced effect. The mineral analysis revealed a totally different pattern of mineralization when the rats with metabolic acidosis (increased calcium and total mineral content) were compared to the previously reported rats with a high-sucrose diet (decreased calcium and total mineral content). Besides this, metabolic alkalosis did not correct the effects of the dietary sucrose on dentine formation and blood gas analysis showed no acid-base disturbances in the sucrose diet group. Therefore, a high amount of sucrose in the diet slows the rate of dentine formation and reduces the ability of teeth to resist caries attack by mechanisms different from those of metabolic acidosis. Nevertheless, metabolic acidosis was found to be the most harmful state of disturbance in acid-base balance for the teeth of young rats, especially with a diet containing a high amount of sucrose.
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23

Heinrich, Hannah Tabea Monika, and n/a. "Acid-base and Cd�⁺ adsorption properties of two thermophilic bacteria." University of Otago. Department of Chemistry, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080107.095128.

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The release of toxic metal species is of concern due to their detrimental effects on the environment and human health. Industrial effluents are a major source of mobilised metal species. Suitable technologies are needed to sequester toxic metal species at the point of source. Biosorption, which is based on the passive adsorption of contaminants onto biological materials, promises to offer an effective alternative or complementary step to existing treatment methods. However, to date there has been no widespread commercialisation of the technique. This is partly due to an insufficient understanding of the complex underlying mechanisms which makes it difficult to select suitable biomass for specific remediation problems and to predict process performance. This study characterised two gram-positive, thermophilic bacteria, Anoxybacillus flavithermus (BF) and Geobacillus stearothermophilus (BS), harvested at two different growth times, with regard to their acid-base and Cd�⁺ adsorption behaviour. The aim was to investigate the metal cation adsorption properties of thermophilic bacteria which has not been studied previously, and to gain a better understanding of the interactions responsible for bacterial metal cation adsorption. Experimental techniques employed in this study included microscopy to establish cell and cell wall morphology, batch acid-base and Cd�⁺ adsorption experiments to quantify proton active surface functional groups and Cd�⁺ adsorption, electrophoretic mobility measurements to assess the overall surface charge of the bacteria and in situ attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy to reveal the chemical identities of functional groups. Chemical equilibrium models based on batch acid-base titration and electrophoretic mobility data were developed to quantitatively describe proton active surface functional groups. These groups can also interact with metal cations. It was found that growth time was an important factor in all experiments with the differences between growth times often being more pronounced than the differences between the two bacterial strains. Microscopy revealed a gram-positive cell wall structure with different widths and staining behaviour for exponential phase cells of BF and BS. Stationary / death phase cells showed disintegrating cell walls. Acid-base titrations indicated that all cells possessed buffering capacity over the whole investigated pH range (pH 2 - 10). From electrophoretic mobility measurements, isoelectric points of ~ 3.2 for BF and < 1.8 and ~ 4.2 for exponential and stationary / death phase cells of BS respectively were estimated. Chemical equilibrium models including a Donnan electrostatic model were derived which described both the batch acid-base titration data and the electrophoretic mobility data reasonably well, although a comparison with IR data suggested room for further improvement. In situ ATR-IR spectroscopy of hydrated bacterial cells at various pH values revealed amide and carboxyl groups and a contribution from phosphate / polysaccharide moieties. Group specific interactions with Cd�⁺ were not detected, however, a partially reversible absorbance increase of all peaks suggested conformational changes in the presence of Cd�⁺. BF and BS adsorbed ~ 70 [mu]mol Cd�⁺ (g dry bacterial)⁻� at pH 5 in 0.01 M NaNO₃. Release of major cations occurred concomitantly with Cd�⁺ adsorption. The buffering and Cd�⁺-binding capacities of BF and BS were found to be comparable to those of mesophilic bacteria and ion exchange was identified as an important adsorption mechanism.
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24

Glavas, Suzana. "Studies on the catalytic acid/base residues of glutamate racemase." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0017/NQ46348.pdf.

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25

Yam, Chi Ming. "Simple acid-base hydrolytic chemistry approach to molecular self-assembly." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0028/NQ50283.pdf.

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26

Yam, Chi Ming 1968. "Simple acid-base hydrolytic chemistry approach to molecular self-assembly." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35956.

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A new route to molecular self-assembly using a simple acid-base hydrolytic approach on silica based surfaces, is reported in this thesis. Based on this methodology, a number of compounds containing terminal groups with acidic protons, such as alcohols, thiols, carboxylic acids, and terminal alkynes, can be easily deposited on silica surfaces. The quality of the thin films was monitored by contact angle goniometry, ellipsometry, XPS, FTIR-ATR and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopies. The deposition conditions were optimized to produce ordered and densely packed mono- and multilayers. Using the two-step process, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of a variety of long chain alcohols containing terminal alkyl, phenyl and acetylene groups on silica surfaces were successfully prepared. The newly formed monolayers were found to be relatively ordered and densely packed. They showed comparable stabilities to OTS/SiO 2 at ambient and high temperatures, and upon treatment with acids and bases. A layer-by-layer construction methodology, based on acid-base hydrolysis of aminosilanes and dihydroxy terminated molecules containing rigid-rod type and alkyldiacetylene backbones, led to multilayers with higher stability under various conditions compared to monolayers. The thin film assemblies were subjected to topochemical polymerization, and upon UV-Vis exposure, the formation of a blue film was observed.
Using the acid-base hydrolytic chemistry approach, silica surfaces functionalized with Sn-NEt2 groups can be easily modified using a number of terminal alkyne molecules with varied backbones. SAMs of a variety of rigid-rod alkynes on silica surfaces were successfully prepared. The pi-pi interactions in the molecules lead to ordered and densely packed thin film structures with a surface coverage of 2--7 molecules/100 A 2. The thin film assembly with diacetylene backbone was also subjected to topochemical polymerization, and upon UV-Vis exposure, the formation of a blue film was observed. Furthermore, a layer-by-layer construction methodology using aminostannanes and dialkyne terminated molecules containing alkyl or aromatic type backbone led to multilayered structures on silica surfaces without increasing disorder in the thin films with the increase in number of layers. The acetylene groups in the thin film assemblies were found to coordinate with cobalt carbonyl, corroborated by the observation of lambdamax at 277 nm.
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27

Wilson, Michael Charles. "Connections Between Acid-Base Interactions and the Work of Adhesion." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1586439939982267.

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28

Taylor, Lynn Elizabeth. "Acid-base regulation during sprint exercise in horses fed lecithin." Diss., This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-163251/.

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29

Kim, Shang U. "SYNTHETIC EFFORTS TOWARD FUMONISIN via AMINO ACID SCHIFF BASE METHODOLOGY." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193674.

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Synthetic efforts toward fumonisin analog were described. These are accomplished via amino acid Schiff base methodology. These efforts can be divided three major phases. First, tandem reductive alkylation with DIBAL/TRIBAL and different types of organo-lithium or Grignard nucleophiles provided threo-amino alcohol with excellent stereoselecitivites (2-27:1). The reductive alkylation utilized most hydrocarbon nucleophiles, e.g. alkyl-, vinyl-, alkenyl-, phenyl-, and dienyl-, and afforded high selectivites unless donor solvents (e.g. THF and Et2O) were used. Second, syntheses of the protected threo-γ-amino-β-hydroxy aldehydes and their stereoselectivities were introduced. The reductive alkylated threo-amino allyl alcohol was transformed via Brown’s hydroboration/oxidation protocol with 9-BBN, followed by TEMPO oxidation to give the resultant aldehydes in reasonable yields. Then, TBDPS and Schiff base protected aldehyde was coupled with phenyl- and decyl Grignard reagents to obtain predominant 3,5-anti-diols (ca. 80:20 anti:syn), characterized by ¹³C NMR analysis of Rychnovsky’s 1,3-acetonide groups. Products can be useful analogues for fumonisin and 5-hydroxy-sphingosine due to their structural similarity. Third stage involved the synthesis of C₁₁-C₂₀ fragment analog of fumonisin. Chiral auxiliaries (e.g. Evans and Myers) were administrated for stereoselective methylation, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation in the presence of (DHQ)2PHAL catalyst was performed to form 1,2- syn-diols, and the manipulation of protection/deprotection and Finklestein reaction furnished C₁₁-C₂₀ fragment analog of fumonisin.
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30

Thomson, Robert Brent. "Cellular mechanisms of acid/base transport in an insect excretory epithelium." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31306.

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The cellular mechanisms responsible for rectal acidification in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, were investigated in isolated recta mounted as flat sheets in modified Ussing chambers. In the absence of exogenous CO₂, HCO₃⁻, and phosphate, the isolated rectum (under both open- and short-circuit current conditions) was capable of rates of net acid secretion (J[subscript]H+) similar to those observed in vivo, demonstrating the viability of the preparation and suggesting that rectal acidification was due to proton secretion rather than selective movements of HCO₃⁻ or phosphate. The possibility that trace levels of metabolic CO₂ might be generating sufficient HCO₃⁻ to account for the observed rates of rectal acidification (via HCO₃⁻ reabsorption) was assessed by adding exogenous CO₂/HCO₃⁻ to the contraluminal bath. The small increases in J[subscript]H+ observed after addition of 2% or 5% CO₂ were shown to be due to simple hydration of CO₂ which had diffused into the lumen (from the contraluminal bath), rather than changes in rates of HCO₃⁻ reabsorption. Since measurable quantities of luminal HCO₃⁻ did not directly affect the apical acid/base transport mechanism per se, it was concluded that metabolic CO₂ could not generate sufficient HCO₃⁻ in the lumen to account for the rates of rectal acidification observed under nominally CO₂/HCO₃⁻-free conditions and that J[subscript]H+ must be due to a proton secretory rather than bicarbonate reabsorptive mechanism. Microelectrode measurements of intracellular pH (pHi) and apical and basolateral membrane potentials (Va and Vb respectively) indicated that luminal pH was not in equilibrium with either contraluminal pH or pHi and that the mechanism responsible for active luminal acid secretion resided on the apical membrane. Preliminary measurements of bath total ammonia (ie. NH₃ + NH₄+) levels in the previous experiments suggested that the rectum was actively secreting ammonia at significant rates across the apical membrane into the lumen. If the ammonia crossed the apical membrane as NH₃ rather than NH₄+, rates of luminal ammonia secretion (J[subscript]Amm) would have to be added to J[subscript]H+ to obtain corrected values of luminal proton secretion. In the absence of exogenously added ammonia and CO₂, ammonia was preferentially secreted into the lumen under both open- and short-circuit current conditions. J[subscript]Amm was dependent on the presence of luminal amino acids and was relatively unaffected by K[superscript]+ removal or changes in luminal pH from 7.00 to 5.00. Bilateral Na+ substitution or luminal addition of ImM amiloride reduced J[subscript]Amm by 63% and 65% respectively. The data consistently demonstrate that the rectum secretes significant quantities of endogenously produced ammonia preferentially into the lumen as NH₄+ rather than NH₃ via an apical Na[superscript]+/NH₄[superscript]+ exchange mechanism. Clearly, rates of net acid secretion estimated by titratable acidity do not have to include a correction for luminal ammonia secretion. Although J[subscript]H+ was completely unaffected by changes in contraluminal pH, it could be progressively reduced (and eventually abolished) by imposition of either transepithelial pH gradients (lumen acid) or transepithelial electrical gradients (lumen positive). Under short-circuit current conditions, the bulk of J[subscript]H+ was not dependent on Na[superscript]+, K[superscript]+, CI⁻, Mg₂+, or Ca+ and was due to a primary electrogenic proton translocating mechanism located on the apical membrane. A small component (10-16%) of J[subscript]H+ measured under these conditions could be attributed to an apical amiloride-inhibitable Na[superscript]+/H[superscript]+ exchange mechanism. Inhibition of JH+ by anoxia or reduction of luminal pH unmasked a significant proton diffusional pathway on the apical membrane in parallel with the active proton pump. The fact that J[subscript]H+ was significantly inhibited (42%-66%) by contraluminal addition of ImM cAMP and relatively unaffected by changes in contraluminal pCO₂ or pH suggests that net acid secretion in the locust rectum in vivo is modulated by circulating hormonal factors rather than haemolymph pH or pCO₂ per se.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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31

Hyde, Douglas A. "Strategies for acid-base regulation in the American eel, Anguilla rostrata." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5321.

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32

Goss, Gregory Gerard. "Interrelationships between gill morphology and acid-base regulation in freshwater fish." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6794.

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This thesis examines the branchial mechanisms utilized by freshwater fish to regulate internal acid-base status and presents a model to explain the underlying basis of the compensatory processes. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus, and American eels, Anguilla rostrata, were examined under a variety of experimental treatments which induced both respiratory (hyperoxia, hypercapnia) and metabolic (post-hyperoxia, post-hypercapnia, HCl infusion, NaHCO$\sb3$ infusion) acid-base disturbances. Acid-base-regulation was achieved by appropriate adjustments of Na$\sp+$ and Cl$\sp-$ net fluxes across the gills which, in turn, were accomplished by variable contributions of three different branchial mechanisms; (i) morphological adjustments to the gill epithelium, (ii) changes in internal (H$\sp+,$ HCO$\sb3\sp-)$ and external (Na$\sp+,$ HCO$\sb3\sp-)$ substrate availability, and (iii) differential changes in Na$\sp+$ versus Cl$\sp-$ net fluxes through regulation of Cl$\sp-$ efflux. This thesis determined the variable contribution of each of these mechanisms to overall compensation of acid-base disturbances. In brown bullhead and trout, respiratory acidosis caused a reduction in chloride cell (CC) surface area whereas alkalosis was associated with increases in CC surface area. Increases in the density of microvilli displayed on the external surface of the PVC coupled with ultrastructural modifications during hypercapnic acidosis were associated with increases in Na$\sp+$ uptake $\rm(J\sb{in}\sp{Na+}).$ In addition to the effect that alterations in CC surface area have on the rate of Cl$\sp-$/HCO$\sb3\sp-$ exchange $\rm(J\sb{in}\sp{Cl-}),$ it was demonstrated that changes in the concentration of the internal counter-ion (HCO$\sb3\sp-)$ may alter the rates of acid-base compensation. When (HCO$\sb3\sp-$) is elevated, $\rm J\sb{max}\sp{Cl-}$ is elevated thereby increasing the capacity to excrete HCO$\sb3\sp-$ via the Cl$\sp-$/HCO$\sb3\sp-$ exchanger over and above those determined by CC morphology. This is an important mechanism to increase the rate of acid-base compensation during metabolic alkalosis. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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33

Stein, Andrew. "Improvement in acid/base status and nutrition in peritoneal dialysis patients." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29588.

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The aim of this study was to assess the possible benefits, in terms of nutritional state and morbidity, of improved correction of metabolic acidosis (MA) in the first year of treatment with peritoneal dialysis (PD). Two hundred consecutive new PD patients were randomised, in a single-blind fashion, to receive a high (HA: lactate 40 mmol/L) or low (LA: lactate 35 mmol/L) alkali dialysate, and studied for one year. At one year, the venous serum bicarbonate and arterial pH were 7.44 0.004 and 27.2 0.3 mmol/L in the HA group, and 23.0 0.3 mmol/L and 7.4 0.004 in the LA group (both p<0.001). At one year, the increase in body weight in the HA group (6.1 0.66 kg) was higher than in the LA group (3.71 0.56 kg) (p<0.05). The increase in midarm circumference in the HA patients (1.26 0.16 cm) was significantly higher than the increase in the LA patients (0.61 0.16 cm) (p<0.05). The increases in triceps skinfold thickness were not significantly different (HA: 2.5 0.41 mm vs LA: 1.24 0.38 mm; (p = 0.1). Serum albumin was 37.8 0.4 g/dl at one year in the HA group, and 38.2 0.5 g/dl in the LA group (NS). Dietary protein intake at one year (HA: 0.9 0.2 g/kg/day vs LA: 1.0 0.1 g/kg/day) was not significantly different. There were less hospital admissions in the HA group (1.13 0.16 per patient) compared to the LA group (1.71 0.22 per patient) (p<0.05). The HA patients spent less days in hospital than the LA patients (16.4 1.4 days vs 21.2 1.9 days; p<0.05). It is concluded that better correction of MA leads to greater increases in body weight and midarm circumference, but not triceps skinfold thickness, in the first year of PD. The improvement in morbidity, in terms of number of admission and days in hospital per year, may be associated with the improvement in nutritional state.
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34

Collard, Marie. "Acid-base regulation, calcification and tolerance to ocean acidification in echinoderms." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209286.

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The current increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration results in two major consequences in the marine environment: an increase of the sea surface temperature (0.7 °C since pre-industrial times) and a decreased seawater pH. This decrease is being measured continuously in different parts of the world and ranges from -0.0017 to -0.04 units per year according to the location considered. Based on CO2 emissions models provided by the IPCC, it was predicted that the average open ocean pH would decrease further by 0.4 units by 2100 and 0.8 by 2300 (corresponding to about a three-fold and six-fold increase of the proton concentration). Also, saturation states of seawater for the different forms of calcium carbonate, such as calcite, magnesium calcite and aragonite which are produced by calcifying marine organisms, are decreasing and consequently the saturation horizons of these minerals are shoaling. Today, some environments are characterized by pH values lower than the average open ocean pH. These are intertidal rock pools, upwelling zones, the deep-sea and CO2 vents. In these environments, pH is either constantly low or fluctuates. Those changes are either due to biological activity, geological CO2 leakage, or water masses movements. Within these environments, it has been hypothesized that organisms could be adapted or acclimatized to low pH values such as those predicted for the near-future.

Tolerance to ocean acidification in metazoans is linked to their acid-base regulation capacities when facing environmental hypercapnia (i.e. increased CO2 concentration in the surrounding environment). The latter may result in a hypercapnia of the internal fluids and a concomitant acidosis (i.e. reduced pH of the internal fluids due to the dissociation of CO2 in this case). Organisms have two buffer systems allowing the compensation of this acidosis: the CO2-bicarbonate and the non-bicarbonate buffers. Homeostasis of the internal fluids thanks to these systems is essential for the proper functioning of enzymes and processes. As hypometabolic calcifying osmoconformers, three of the characteristics conferring a relative vulnerability to ocean acidification, echinoderms are considered “at risk” for the near-future conditions. Nonetheless, post-metamorphic (juveniles and adults) echinoderms inhabit all environments showing naturally low pH. Furthermore, sea urchins which are highly calcified (compared to sea stars or sea cucumbers) are also found in these environments. This suggests that echinoderms have strategies to adapt or acclimate to low pH environments. Recent studies indicated that while sea urchins are able to regulate their coelomic (extracellular) fluid by accumulation of bicarbonate, sea stars seem to tolerate the acidosis linked to environmental hypercapnia. However, this information was obtained on a reduced number of species and significant interspecific differences were evidenced. Some taxa have not been investigated at all. Furthermore, several aspects of the acid-base physiology were unexplored, like the buffering capacity of the extracellular fluid and the origin of carbon within these fluids.

Accordingly, the goal of this study was to characterize the acid-base physiology in post-metamorphic echinoderms of different taxa in order to understand their response to ocean acidification.

The acid-base regulation capacities within the different echinoderm taxa were compared. A method was designed to measure the total alkalinity in small volumes (500 µl) of the main extracellular fluid (the coelomic fluid). This study showed that regular euechinoids have an increased buffer capacity in their coelomic fluid compared to seawater and the other echinoderm groups. In sea urchins, bicarbonate and non-bicarbonate buffers come into play, the former playing the major role. This buffer capacity was increased in fed individuals compared to fasted ones and increased further when seawater pH was lowered.

The acid-base regulation capacities of sea urchins from different taxa were investigated. Regular euechinoids possess an increased buffer capacity of the coelomic fluid allowing them to maintain a higher pH compared to cidaroids at current seawater pH. This pattern was found for temperate, tropical and Antarctic sea urchins. Data was also obtained for irregular echinoids which also showed a particularly low extracellular pH and a buffer capacity close to seawater like cidaroids. When exposed to reduced seawater pH (8.0, 7.7, and 7.4) for 4-6 weeks, regular euechinoids showed an increasing buffer capacity of the coelomic fluid accompanied by a homeostasis of the pH. On the contrary, cidaroids showed no changes in their acid-base status whatever the seawater pH (8.0 to 7.4). The origin of coelomic fluid carbon, investigated by stable carbon isotope analysis, also differs according to taxa. The δ13CDIC of regular euechinoids evidenced a mixing between CO2 from metabolic origin and that from the surrounding seawater. This is further supported by the correlation between the seawater signal of reduced pH conditions (modified by the addition of industrial gas, changing the δ13C to more negative values) and that of the coelomic fluid. On the other hand, cidaroids exhibit a signal reflecting principally metabolic CO2 (very negative δ13C), and the δ13C did not change under varying pH conditions (i.e. did not adapt to the seawater δ13CDIC signature). For irregular echinoids, the carbon origin is unclear as some species show signals close to that of regular euechinoids whereas others are similar to cidaroids.

The impact of acid-base regulation was investigated by testing the effect of ocean acidification on the mechanical properties of the skeleton (test plates) in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Individuals from intertidal pools, CO2 vents and a one year acidification experiment (pH 8.0, 7.9 and 7.7) were compared. Only the intertidal pool individuals showed a difference of the Young’s modulus and fracture forces of their plates. Sea urchins from the tide pool with the largest pH fluctuations showed a lower stiffness and strengthened test. On the contrary, sea urchins from CO2 vents and experimental acidification did not display any differences in the several mechanical properties tested. We suggest that the different food qualities (calcified vs. uncalcified algae) in the different tide pools significantly contributed to the observed difference.

The acid-base regulation ability of sea cucumbers was assessed in two species from contrasted habitats (mangrove intertidal vs. coral reef species). These organisms underwent acidosis of the coelomic fluid when exposed to reduced seawater pH for a short time (6 to 12 days). The δ13C signal of the coelomic fluid mirrored that of the surrounding seawater in all conditions, indicating that the CO2 accumulated (cause of the acidosis) comes also from the seawater. This is still unexplained to date. However, metabolic processes such as respiration and ammonium excretion rates were not affected. No difference was evidenced between the two species.

The results obtained in this study compiled with data from the literature indicate that post-metamorphic echinoderms have contrasted acid-base physiology with most regular euechinoids compensating the coelomic fluid pH by accumulation of bicarbonate ions (and possibly ophiuroids also), cidaroids and at least one regular euechinoid (Arbacia lixula) having a naturally low coelomic fluid pH which is not affected by acidification, and sea stars and sea cucumbers which do not compensate their coelomic fluid pH when submitted to acidified seawater. In regular euechinoids, negative effects are linked to resource allocation with growth usually being reduced in favor of acid-base regulation mechanisms. Starfish and sea cucumbers appear as resilient to acidification, with very few functions being negatively impacted. In conclusion, it seems that post-metamorphic echinoderms studied so far will not be particularly at risk when facing ocean acidification levels expected by 2100. Furthermore, tolerance to ocean acidification does not seem linked to the present day ambient pH regime. Nevertheless, more studies need to be carried out on brittle stars and sea cucumbers to confirm preliminary results, as well as crinoids which have not been investigated to date. Long-term exposure experiments to estimate energy budget changes as well as more assessments of evolutionary potential in echinoderms are crucially needed./L’augmentation actuelle de la concentration en CO2 atmosphérique a deux conséquences majeures dans l’environnement marin :une augmentation de la température des eaux de surface (0.7°C depuis l’époque préindustrielle) et une diminution du pH de l’eau de mer. Cette diminution est mesurée continuellement dans différentes régions du monde et varie de -0.0017 à -0.04 unités de pH par an en fonction du site considéré. Basé sur des modèles d’émissions de CO2 du GIEC, il a été prédit que le pH moyen de l’océan diminuerait encore de 0.4 unités d’ici 2100 et 0.8 d’ici 2300 (correspondant à une augmentation de la concentration en protons d’environ 3 fois et 6 fois). De même, les états de saturation de l’eau de mer vis-à-vis des différentes formes de carbonate de calcium, telles que la calcite, la calcite magnésienne et l’aragonite produites par les organismes calcifiants, sont en train de diminuer et par conséquent, les horizons de saturation remontent vers les eaux de surface. Aujourd’hui, certains environnements sont caractérisés par des valeurs de pH plus basses que celle de l’océan. Ceux-ci sont les mares intertidales, les zones d’upwelling, l’océan profond et les évents volcaniques. Dans ces environnements, le pH est soit constamment bas ou fluctue. Ces changements sont soit dû à une activité biologique, une fuite de CO2 géologique, ou au mouvement des masses d’eau. Dans ces environnements, il a été suggéré que les organismes pourraient être adaptés ou acclimatés à des valeurs basses de pH, telles que celles prédites pour le futur proche.

La tolérance à l’acidification des océans chez les métazoaires est liée à leur capacité de régulation acide-base lorsqu’ils sont exposés à une hypercapnie environnementale (c’est-à-dire, une augmentation de la concentration en CO2 dans l’environnement entourant l’organisme). Ce phénomène peut résulter en une hypercapnie des liquides internes et une acidose concomitante (c’est-à-dire, un pH des liquides internes réduit dû à la dissociation du CO2 dans ce cas précis). Les organismes ont deux systèmes tampons leur permettant de compenser l’acidose :les tampons CO2-bicarbonate et non-bicarbonate. L’homéostasie des liquides internes grâce à ces systèmes est essentielle pour le fonctionnement correct des enzymes et processus. En tant qu’osmoconformes calcifiant hypométaboliques, trois caractéristiques menant à une certaine vulnérabilité face à l’acidification des océans, les échinodermes sont considérés « à risque » pour les conditions du futur proche. Cependant, les échinodermes post-métamorphiques (juvéniles et adultes) occupent tous les environnements montrant un pH faible naturellement. De plus, les oursins qui sont hautement calcifiés (par rapport aux étoiles de mer ou aux concombres de mer) sont également retrouvés dans ces environnements. Ceci suggère que les échinodermes ont des stratégies d’adaptation ou d’acclimatation à ces environnements à bas pH. Alors que des études récentes montrent que les oursins sont capables de réguler le pH du liquide cœlomique (extracellulaire) par l’accumulation de bicarbonates, les étoiles semblent tolérer l’acidose liée à l’hypercapnie environnementale. Néanmoins, ces informations ont été obtenues sur un petit nombre d’espèces et des différences interspécifiques significatives ont été mises en évidence. Certains taxa n’ont pas été étudié du tout. Par ailleurs, différents aspects de la physiologie acide-base sont inexplorés, tels que la capacité tampon du liquide extracellulaire et l’origine du carbone dans ces liquides.

Par conséquent, le but de cette étude était de caractériser la physiologie acide-base chez les échinodermes post-métamorphiques de différents taxa afin de comprendre leur réponse à l’acidification des océans.

Les capacités de régulation acide-base au sein des différents groupes d’échinodermes ont été comparées. Une méthode a été mise au point afin de mesurer l’alcalinité totale dans de petits volumes (500 µl) de liquide extracellulaire (le liquide cœlomique). Cette étude démontra que la capacité tampon du liquide cœlomique des euéchinoïdes réguliers est accrue comparée à celle de l’eau de mer ainsi que celle des autres groupes d’échinodermes. Dans les oursins, les tampons bicarbonate et non-bicarbonate entrent en jeux, le premier étant majoritaire. Cette capacité tampon est augmentée chez les individus nourris par rapport à ceux à jeuns et est augmentée plus encore lorsque le pH de l’eau de mer est diminué.

Les capacités de régulation acide-base ont été étudiées plus spécifiquement dans les différents groupes d’oursins. Les euéchinoïdes réguliers possèdent une capacité tampon accrue du liquide cœlomique leur permettant de maintenir un pH élevé comparé aux oursins cidaroïdes, au pH de l’eau de mer actuel. Ce patron se retrouve dans les oursins tempérés, tropicaux et antarctiques. Des données ont également été obtenues pour les oursins irréguliers qui ont également un pH extracellulaire particulièrement bas et une capacité tampon proche de celle de l’eau de mer comme les cidaroïdes. Lorsqu’ils sont exposés à un pH de l’eau de mer réduit (7.7 et 7.4 par rapport à 8.0) pour 4 à 6 semaines, les euéchinoïdes réguliers ont montré une augmentation de la capacité tampon du liquide cœlomique accompagnée d’une homéostasie du pH de ce liquide. A l’inverse, les cidaroïdes n’ont montré aucune modification de leur statut acide-base quel que soit le pH (8.0 à 7.4). L’origine du carbone du liquide cœlomique, étudié par analyse des isotopes stables du carbone, diffère également en fonction du groupe. Le δ13CDIC des euéchinoïdes réguliers met en évidence un mélange entre du CO2 d’origine métabolique et celui de l’eau environnante. Ceci est également démontré par la corrélation entre le signal de l’eau de mer dont le pH est réduit (modifié par l’ajout de CO2 industriel, changent le δ13C vers des valeurs plus négatives) et celui du liquide cœlomique. En revanche, les cidaroïdes montrent un signal reflétant principalement celui du CO2 métabolique (δ13C très négatif), et le δ13C n’est pas influencé par des conditions de pH variées (c’est-à-dire, qu’il ne s’adapte pas à la signature du δ13CDIC de l’eau de mer). Pour les oursins irréguliers, l’origine du carbone est incertaine puisque certaines espèces montrent un signal proche de celui des euéchinoïdes réguliers et d’autres similaire à celui des cidaroïdes.

L’impact de la régulation acide-base a été étudié en testant l’effet de l’acidification des océans sur les propriétés mécaniques du squelette (plaques squelettiques) de l’oursin Paracentrotus lividus. Des individus de mares intertidales, d’évents volcaniques et d’une expérience d’acidification d’un an (pH 8.0, 7.9 et 7.7) ont été comparés. Seuls les individus des mares intertidales montrèrent une différence pour le module de Young et la force des fractures des plaques. Les oursins venant de la mare intertidale montrant les plus grandes variations de pH avaient une rigidité plus faible et un squelette renforcé. A l’inverse, les oursins des évents volcaniques et de l’expérience d’acidification n’ont montrés aucune différence dans les diverses propriétés mécaniques étudiées. Nous suggérons que les variations en termes de qualité de nourriture (algues calcifiées vs. non-calcifiées) dans les différentes mares intertidales ont contribués de manière significative à la différence observée.

L’habilité des concombres de mer à réguler leur balance acide-base a été évaluée dans deux espèces d’habitats contrastés (espèce intertidale des mangroves vs. subtidale des récifs coralliens). Ces organismes ont subis une acidose du liquide cœlomique lorsqu’ils ont été exposés à un pH réduit de l’eau de mer pour une courte durée (6 à 12 jours). Le signal δ13C du liquide cœlomique reflétait celui de l’eau environnante dans toutes les conditions, indiquant que le CO2 accumulé (cause de l’acidose) venait de l’eau. Ceci est encore inexpliqué à l’heure actuelle. Cependant, les processus métaboliques tels que la respiration ou l’excrétion d’ammonium n’ont pas été affecté. Aucune différence n’a été observée entre les deux espèces.

Les résultats obtenus dans cette étude compilés avec ceux de la littérature indiquent que les échinodermes post-métamorphiques ont une physiologie acide-base contrastée avec la plupart des euéchinoïdes réguliers qui compensent le pH du liquide cœlomique par l’accumulation d’ions bicarbonates (et peut-être les ophiures aussi), les cidaroïdes et au moins un euéchinoïde régulier (Arbacia lixula) qui ont naturellement un pH du liquide cœlomique bas et qui ne sont pas affectés par l’acidification, et les étoiles de mer et les concombres de mers qui ne compensent pas le pH du liquide cœlomique lorsqu’ils sont soumis à une eau acidifiée. Chez les euéchinoïdes réguliers, des effets négatifs sont liés à un changement de l’allocation des ressources avec souvent un taux de croissance réduit en faveur des mécanismes de régulation acide-base. Les étoiles de mer et les concombres de mer apparaissent plus tolérants à l’acidification, avec peu de fonctions négativement impactées. En conclusion, il semble que les échinodermes post-métamorphiques étudiés jusqu’à présent ne seront pas particulièrement à risque lorsqu’ils seront exposés au niveau d’acidification attendu pour 2100. De plus, la tolérance à l’acidification des océans ne semble pas liée au régime de pH subit actuellement. Cependant, plus d’études doivent être menées sur les ophiures et les concombres de mer afin de confirmer les résultats préliminaires, ainsi que sur les crinoïdes qui n’ont à l’heure actuelle pas encore été étudiés. Des expériences à long terme afin d’estimer le budget énergétique des organismes ainsi que plus d’évaluations du potentiel d’évolution chez les échinodermes sont absolument nécessaires.


Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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35

Pieda, Doreen Cecilia. "Acid and base catalysed aqueous hydrolysis of the organophosphorus pesticide, diazinon." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ59396.pdf.

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36

Bodensteiner, Michael [Verfasser]. "Lewis Acid-Base-Stabilized Phosphanylalanes : and Crystal Structure Determinations / Michael Bodensteiner." Saarbrücken : Südwestdeutscher Verlag für Hochschulschriften, 2012. https://www.svh-verlag.de.

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37

Taha, Dhiaa A. "Influence of acid-base imbalance and hyperlipidaemia on statin-induced myotoxicity." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40222/.

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Disturbances in the acid-base balance, such as acidosis and alkalosis, alone or in the presence of postprandial or pathological hyperlipidaemia can alter the pharmacological and toxicological outcomes of statin therapy. Both acid-base imbalance and hyperlipidaemia are quite common among statin users. Statins are commonly prescribed for elderly patients who have multiple co-morbidities such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and renal diseases. These conditions are risk factors for the development of metabolic acidosis. In addition, patients with abnormal plasma lipoproteins levels are usually treated with statins. There is also a general consensus by clinicians to recommend such patients to use unsaturated fat and fatty acids such as olive oil for prevention of cardiovascular and atherosclerotic diseases. The use of such oils is associated with transient but significant elevation in plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL), mainly chylomicrons. The effect of disturbances in acid-base balance on the inter-conversion of simvastatin and pravastatin between lactone and hydroxy acid forms have been investigated in physiological buffers, human plasma, and cell culture medium over pH ranging from 6.8–7.8. The effects of such inter-conversion on cellular uptake and myotoxicity of statins were assessed in vitro using C2C12 skeletal muscle cells under conditions relevant to acidosis, alkalosis, and physiological pH. Results indicate that the conversion of the lactone forms of simvastatin and pravastatin to the corresponding hydroxy acid is strongly pH-dependent. At physiological and alkaline pH, substantial proportions of simvastatin lactone (~87% and 99%, respectively) and pravastatin lactone (~98% and 99%, respectively) were converted to the active hydroxy acid forms following 24 hours of incubation at 37°C. At acidic pH, conversion occurs to a lower extent, resulting in greater proportion of statin remaining in the more lipophilic lactone form. However, pH alteration did not influence the conversion of the hydroxy acid forms of simvastatin and pravastatin to the corresponding lactones. Furthermore, acidosis has been shown to hinder the metabolism of the lactone form of statins by inhibiting hepatic microsomal enzyme activities. Lipophilic simvastatin lactone was found to be more cytotoxic to undifferentiated and differentiated skeletal muscle cells compared to the more hydrophilic simvastatin hydroxy acid, pravastatin lactone, and pravastatin hydroxy acid. Enhanced cytotoxicity of statins was observed under acidic conditions and is attributed to increased cellular uptake of the more lipophilic lactone or unionised hydroxy acid form. Statins association with plasma lipoproteins was examined using an in silico model, artificial chylomicrons-like lipid particles, rat and human lipoprotein fractions under conditions of physiological and altered pH levels. The effect of statins association with plasma lipoproteins on cellular uptake and myotoxicity of these drugs was also assessed at different pH levels using C2C12 cells that overexpress lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Lipophilic simvastatin displayed considerable association with plasma lipoproteins. The association was more significant with the non-polar lipoprotein fractions (TRL and Low-density lipoprotein [LDL]). This association contributed to increased cellular uptake of statins by C2C12 cells through LPL-mediated process, resulting in a higher intracellular concentration of statins in hyperlipidaemic conditions. These high intracellular concentrations of statins induced significantly higher cytotoxicity in hyperlipidaemic environment comparing to normolipidaemic conditions. Furthermore, a combination of low pH environment (representing acidosis) with hyperlipidaemia enhanced the association of lipophilic statins with plasma lipoproteins and increased cellular uptake and myotoxicity of these drugs. These studies suggest that comorbidities such as hyperlipidaemia, especially when coincident with acidosis, can enhance the statin-associated muscle toxicity, and therefore require extra caution and close monitoring by prescribing clinicians. Hydrophilic rather than lipophilic statins could be a preferable choice in this patient population.
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38

Odendal, Elsabe. "Pulmonary function and acid-base balance high intensity constant-load exercise." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27123.

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The possibility that an inadequate response of the pulmonary system might limit high intensity exercise in man has received increasing attention over the past few years. However, very few scientific investigations have focused systematically on pulmonary function during high intensity constant-load exercise. Furthermore, many studies have examined only one part of the pulmonary system during exercise and some have not included blood gas measurements as a measure of the adequacy of pulmonary function. The studies reported in this thesis were designed to investigate the possible failure of the gas exchanging and pump functions of the pulmonary system during high intensity constant-load exercise. In particular, the aim was to determine the extent to which the pulmonary system might be a factor causing fatigue during this form of exercise.
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39

Ball, Derek. "Diet, acid-base status and the performance of high intensity exercise." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1992. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU045175.

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The aim of the present experiments was to investigate the effects of dietary components and composition on acid-base status. It was hoped that those dietary components which exert the greatest effect on acid-base would be identified. In a second series of experiments the role of diet-induced changes on the performance of high intensity exercise was investigated. The sodium salts of weak organic acids were administered after an overnight fast and their effects on blood acid-base status were observed. An alkalinising effect on blood and urine was observed over 3 and 24 hours respectively. In the next study the sodium salts were administered for five consecutive days; blood and urine acid-base status were measured 24 hour after ingestion. Under these circumstances the salt-induced alkalosis was only observed on urine. Blood acid-base status had, after 24 hours, returned to pre-ingestion values. The alkalinising effect on urine was sustained for as long as the sodium salts were consumed. However, upon cessation of the salt ingestion urine acid-base status had returned to the pre-ingestion values within 24 hours. In the third experiment the chronic effects of different macro nutrient intakes was investigated in two groups of matched female subjects. The omnivorous group had a higher dietary intake of protein than the vegetarian subjects. There was no biologically significant difference in blood acid-base status between the two groups. As a consequence of the higher protein intake the urinary titratable acid output of the omnivorous women was higher than that of the vegetarians. Despite the same dietary intake of calcium the omnivorous subjects had a higher urinary excretion of calcium than the vegetarians. It is thought the acidifying effect on urine from the higher protein intake of the omnivorous women was responsible for their greater urinary calcium excretion.
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40

Grafton, Andrea Bray. "Vibrational dynamics of strongly hydrogen-bonded acid-base complexes in solution." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6117.

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Proton-transfer reactions are one of the most fundamental chemical reactions. However, the chemical dynamics of these processes remain elusive due to the difficulty of modeling these reactions. Establishing an experimental model system and using infrared absorption and two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopies as means for detection, the chemical dynamics of the protonation states that are involved in a ground-electronic-state proton-transfer reaction in solution can be determined. In this study, experimental models are established with formic acid and nitrogenous bases in a low dielectric solvent. A hydrogen bond forms between the acid and the base, which will allow for the proton to transfer between the two molecules to form the neutral and the ion-pair protonation states. The carbon-deuterium (C-D) stretch and the carbonyl (C=O) stretch of the formic acid molecule are used as the reporter groups for the 2D IR measurements. The results of the C-D stretch demonstrate that there is a high sensitivity to the deprotonation, vibrational coupling, and vibrational dynamics trends that are linked to the solute-solvent interactions. The results of the C=O stretch demonstrate a sensitivity to the deprotonation and conformational disorder in which the position of the C=O changes the dynamics of the protonation state. Although, a proton-transfer is not detected, the experimental model system provides an understanding of the features that govern the chemical dynamics of proton-transfer reactions.
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Lourenço, Thiago Fernando. "Desempenho e estado ácido-base sanguíneo em corredores de 10 km submetidos a corridas em diferentes intensidades contantes." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/275115.

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Orientador: Denise Vaz de Macedo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física
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Resumo: O desempenho em corridas de 10 km (v10km) se correlaciona com velocidades pico de corrida durante um teste de VO2max (Vpico) e ao limiar ventilatório (vLV). No entanto, a relação entre a velocidade de corrida correspondente ao ponto de compensação respiratória (vPCR) e v10km ainda não está bem estabelecida. Fisiologicamente, a vPCR indica a capacidade de tamponamento sanguíneo, o que indica que exercício realizados acima da vPCR podem induzir acidose, trazendo alterações metabólicas prejudiciais ao desempenho. Porém, nenhum estudo investigou o comportamento do estado ácido-base sanguíneo em corredores submetidos à exercício em carga constante referente à vPCR. A forma com que os corredores distribuem suas velocidades ao longo da corrida também é importante para o desempenho. Em corridas de 10 km, grande parte dos estudos mostra que a estratégia adotada em eventos de longa duração se caracteriza por uma estratégia em forma de U. No entanto, nenhum trabalho comparou a estratégia de corrida com valores de vPCR. Um dos objetivos do presente estudo foi investigar o potencial da vPCR como preditor de desempenho e estratégia de corrida em 10 km e associar a estratégia de corrida adotada durante esse evento aos parâmetros ventilatórios encontrados no teste de esforço máximo (vLV, vPCR e Vpico). Paralelamente, buscamos observar a tolerância dos atletas e o comportamento de parâmetros relacionados ao estado ácido-base sanguíneo em quatro intensidades de exercício constante em esteira ergométrica. Participaram do estudo doze corredores recreacionais (R) e dezenove de elite (E) especializados em corridas de 10 km. Os corredores realizaram um teste de 10 km contra relógio em pista de 400 m para a determinação da v10km, um teste de esforço máximo para a determinação da vLV, vPCR e Vpico e um protocolo de carga constante. Todos participantes do grupo R realizaram aleatoriamente quatro corridas de, no máximo, 10 km nas intensidades vLV, vPCR, a 25% da diferença entre vPCR e Vpico (vV1) e Vpico. Os corredores do grupo E realizaram apenas uma corrida referente à vV1. No protocolo de carga constante, amostras de sangue capilar foram coletadas para análise do pH (bpH), lactato (bLac) e potássio (bK+) e HCO3- (bHCO3-) sanguíneos. Todos os protocolos foram realizadas com, pelo menos, 72 horas de recuperação. O ritmo de corrida dos atletas nos 10 km na pista correlaciona-se fortemente com vPCR (R2=0,92) e todos são capazes de completar 10 km na esteira ergométrica nessa velocidade. Todos os corredores recreacionais completaram 10 km nas intensidades vLV e vPCR, sem alterações no bpH. Na intensidade vV1, três corredores recreacionais e nove de elite foram capazes de completar 10 km sem alterações no bpH. Quedas significativa no bpH foram observadas nos corredores que não completaram 10 km em vV1 e Vpico. Em conclusão, nossos dados sugerem a manutenção do bpH como fator chave para a sustentação do exercício de 10 km em carga constante. Além disso, reforçam a vPCR como uma intensidade de exercício "segura¿ para o estratégias de corrida em 10 km
Abstract: The 10 km performance (s10km) correlates with running speeds related to VO2max (sVO2max) and ventilatory threshold (sVT). However, the relationship between running speed corresponding to the respiratory compensation point (sRCP) and v10km is not well established. Physiologically, sRCP indicates the buffering capacity of blood, which indicates that the exercise performed above sRCP can induce acidosis and decrease in motor output. However, no study has investigated the behavior of the blood acid-base status in runners undergoing constant load exercise related to sRCP. The way that runners distribute their running speeds throughout the race is also important for performance. In 10 km races, most studies show that the strategy adopted in is characterized by a U-shaped strategy. However, no study compared the running strategy to sRCP values. One objective of this study was to investigate the potential of sRCP as a predictor of 10 km performance, linking race strategy adopted during the 10 Km race to ventilatory parameters found in maximal exercise test (sVT, sRCP and sVO2max). In parallel, we would like to observe the tolerance of athletes and the behavior of blood acid-base status in four fixed exercise intensities. Twelve recreational runners (R) and nineteen elite runners (E) specialized in races of 10 km participated in this study. The runners performed a 10 km time trial on the track 400 m to determine the s10km, a maximal incremental exercise test to determine the sVT, sRCP and sVO2max and constant load protocol. All participants in the R group performed randomly four races at most 10 km in intensities related to sVT, sRCP, 25 % of the difference between sRCP and sVO2max (S1) and sVO2max. The E group underwent only a race related to S1. In the constant load protocol, capillary blood samples were collected for analysis of blood pH (bpH), lactate (bLac), potassium (bK+) and HCO3- (HCO3-). All protocols were performed at least with 72 hours recovery. The athletes race pace in 10 km on the track were strongly correlated with sRCP (R2=0.92) and all runners are able to complete 10 km on the treadmill at this intensity. All recreational runners completed 10 km in the intensities related to sVT and sRCP with no changes in bpH. At S1 intensity, three recreational and nine elite runners were able to complete 10 km with no changes in bpH. The bpH decreased significantly in in runners who have not completed 10 km in S1 and sVO2max. In conclusion, our data suggest the maintenance of bpH as a key factor for sustaining 10 km and indicate the sRCP as a ¿safe" exercise intensity for 10 km race strategies
Doutorado
Biodinamica do Movimento e Esporte
Doutor em Educação Física
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42

Sun, Chenhang. "Surface energetics and acid-base properties of modified and unmodified mineral oxides /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9846.

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43

Shah, Ali Akbar. "An exploration into acid concentration effects on pKa using density functional theory." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609039.

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44

Milioni, Fabio. "Influência da suplementação de β-alanina associada ao treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade no desempenho de sprints repetidos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157220.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O objetivo da presente tese foi verificar a influência da suplementação de β-Alanina associado ao treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) na performance de sprints repetidos. Participaram do estudo conduzido em caráter randomizado e duplo-cego, 20 jovens saudáveis alocados em dois grupos (Gβ [n = 10] – 6,4 g.dia-1 de β-Alanina; GP [n = 10] – 6,4 g.dia-1 de dextrose - placebo). Os participantes foram avaliados em três momentos distintos, previamente ao início, após quatro semanas de HIIT sem suplementação e após 6 semanas de suplementação + HIIT. As avaliações foram compostas por teste incremental até exaustão (TINC); séries de 12 sprints repetidos (RSA); e teste de tempo limite até exaustão a 115% da velocidade máxima atingida no TINC (TLIM). Previamente e imediatamente após TINC e RSA foram realizadas avaliações neuromusculares compostas por saltos verticais máximos, contrações isométricas máximas de extensão de joelho e estimulação elétrica periférica. O HIIT foi composto de dez corridas de 1 min a 90% da velocidade máxima atingida no TINC, com 1 min de recuperação passiva entre as corridas e frequência de 3 sessões semanais. Previamente ao início da suplementação + HIIT e ao final da intervenção, os participantes foram submetidos a biópsias musculares para determinação do conteúdo de carnosina intramuscular, capacidade de tamponamento in vitro e conteúdo de proteínas/enzimas chaves. Após a intervenção, ambos os grupos melhoraram o metabolismo oxidativo (i.e., consumo máximo de oxigênio), entretanto, somente o Gβ melhorou significativamente o conteúdo de carnosina intramuscular e as variáveis do RSA além de apresentar atenuação da fadiga neuromuscular induzida pelo RSA. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas na capacidade anaeróbia, capacidade de tamponamento in vitro e conteúdo de proteínas/enzimas chaves. Dessa forma, a associação entre suplementação de β-Alanina e HIIT proporcionou melhora significativa do desempenho de sprints repetidos.
The aim of the present thesis was to verify the influence of β-Alanine supplementation associated with high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the performance of repeated sprints. The study was conducted in a randomized, double-blind design and 20 healthy young men were allocated in two groups (Gβ [n = 10] - 6.4 g.day-1 of β-Alanine; GP [n = 10] - 6.4 g.day-1 of dextrose – placebo). The participants were evaluated at three different moments, prior to beginning, after four weeks of HIIT without supplementation and after 6 weeks of supplementation + HIIT. The evaluations were composed by incremental test until exhaustion (TINC); set of 12 repeated sprints (RSA); and time-to-exhaustion test at 115% of the maximum velocity achieved in TINC (TLIM). Previously and immediately after TINC and RSA, neuromuscular evaluations were performed, consisting of maximum vertical jumps, maximal voluntary isometric contractions of knee extension and peripheral electrical stimulation. The HIIT was composed by ten runs of 1-min at 90% of the maximum velocity achieved in TINC, with 1-min of passive recovery between runs and frequency of 3 sessions per week. Prior to the initiation of supplementation + HIIT and at the end of the intervention, the participants underwent muscle biopsies to determine intramuscular carnosine content, muscle buffer capacity in vitro and key protein/enzyme content. After the intervention, both groups improved oxidative metabolism (i.e., maximal oxygen uptake), however, only Gβ significantly improved the intramuscular carnosine content and the RSA variables; in addition to presenting attenuation of the neuromuscular fatigue induced by the RSA. No significant differences were observed in anaerobic capacity, muscle buffer capacity in vitro and key protein/enzyme content. Thus, the association between β-Alanine supplementation and HIIT provided significant improvement in repeated sprints performance.
2016/02683-6
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45

Kimmel, Tobias. "Kinetic investigation of the base catalyzed glycerolysis of fatty acid methyl esters." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=97339174X.

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46

Isik, Murat. "Chiral 2-aminodmap/sulfonamides And Squaramides Asbifunctional Acid/base Organocatalysts In Asymmetriccatalysis." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613444/index.pdf.

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Synthesis and evaluation of catalytic performances of novel bifunctional 2- aminoDMAP-Thiourea/ Sulfonamide/ Squaramide organocatalysts derived from trans-(R,R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine forms the main goal of this thesis. For this purpose, direct selective mono-N-pyridilization of trans-(R,R)-cyclohexane-1,2- diamine via Pd and Cu catalysis is described successfully first. Facile preparation of chiral 2-aminoDMAP core catalaphore led to the development of various 2- aminoDMAP- Thiourea/ Sulfonamides/ Squaramides as bifunctional acid/base organocatalyst libraries (most in two-steps overall) which showed good results in asymmetric conjugate addition of 1,3-dicarbonyls to trans-(&beta
)-nitrostyrene. Enantiomeric excesses (ee) up to 93% were attained.
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47

Petrucci, Maria G. L. "New routes to heterogenized homogeneous catalysis via simple acid-base hydrolytic chemistry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0027/NQ50297.pdf.

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48

Evans, Lan Tuyet. "A simple solubility theory combining solubility parameter and Lewis acid-base concepts /." Online version of thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10940.

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49

Taylor, Lynn Elizabeth deLambert. "The effects of added fat on acid-base status in exercising horses /." This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10242009-020248/.

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50

Petrucci, Maria G. L. "New routes to heterogenized homogeneous catalysis via simple acid-base hydrolytic chemistry." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35963.

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Abstract:
A new methodology using simple acid-base hydrolysis of aminosilanes with molecules containing terminal hydroxyl groups, has been developed for the preparation of supports for heterogenized homogeneous catalysis. The flexibility of this approach has allowed the build-up of new materials ranging from simple organometallic thin films to complex organometallic-inorganic sol-gel networks, and organophosphine and metallodendrimers. The acid-base hydrolytic route to construct thin films containing phosphine and amine donor ligands on glass surfaces, eliminates the problems of the traditional surface functionalization techniques. Surface modification involves the reaction of SiCl4 with the surface hydroxyl groups of glass, quartz and single crystal silicon, followed by the addition of NEt2H, resulting in the formation of [Si]-NEt2 sites on the surface, which can undergo acid-base hydrolysis with phosphine and amine ligands containing terminal OH groups, to afford thin films of various long alkane chains containing terminal donor ligands. Bridge-splitting and ligand displacement reactions were used to anchor the organometallic complexes of Ni(0), Rh(I), Ru(II) and Pd(0). A detailed analysis of their characterization is reported. The catalytic efficiencies were examined for the cyclooligomerization of phenylacetylene using the thin film, [Si]-O-(CH 2)3PPh2Ni(CO)2PPh3, and the hydrogenation of diphenylacetylene with the long alkane chain thin film, [Si]-O-(CH2)nPPh2Rh(1,5-C8H 12)(Cl) (n = 10--12). Both anchored catalysts were highly active and selective, resulting in product distributions that differed from similar reactions with solution complexes.
In an attempt to prepare solution analogs to the surface-bound species, an interesting class of Rh(I) complexes of the type, Rh(CO)(Cl)(PPh3 )(NRR'R″) were synthesized, of which Rh(CO)(Cl)(PPh3)(HNEt2) and Rh(CO)(Cl)(PPh 3)(H2NCy) were crystallographically characterized. Reactivity of the complex, Rh(CO)(Cl)(PPh3)(HNEt2) towards haloalkanes was also explored, resulting in Rh(III) amine anionic complexes of the type, [RhX4(CO)(PPh3)]-(H2NEt 2)+. X-ray structural characterization of the Rh(III) complexes are discussed. The catalytic reactivity of Rh(CO)(Cl)(PPh3 )(HNEt2) in the hydrosilation of 1-hexene, shows higher activity than both Rh(CO)(Cl)(PPh3)2 and RhCl(PPh3) 3. In the presence of CCl4, Rh(CO)(Cl)(PPh3)(HNEt 2), was able to polymerize styrene and methyl methacrylate.
An alternative approach to sol-gel processing, based on acid-base hydrolysis, was used to develop organometallic network supports. The organometallic-inorganic sol-gel was prepared in an non-aqueous medium, under mild reaction conditions, using commercially available reagents, eliminating many of the problems related to the traditional sol-gel technique. The organometallic-inorganic hybrid network catalyzed tolan hydrogenation with selectivities for the fully hydrogenated product, bibenzyl.
In the final part of the study on supported catalysis, tri-branched organophosphine and metallo-dendrimers are prepared in excellent yields via acid-base hydrolytic chemistry. The organophosphine dendrimers are used to subsequently bind the Rh(I)(COD)(Cl) complex. An examination of the 31P NMR and MALDI data suggests dendrimer growth. The Rh(I) dendrimers were employed as catalysts for decene hydrogenation resulting in activities similar to the monomeric adduct.
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