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Journal articles on the topic "ACEA"
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el-Mansi, E. M. T., C. MacKintosh, K. Duncan, W. H. Holms, and H. G. Nimmo. "Molecular cloning and over-expression of the glyoxylate bypass operon from Escherichia coli ML308." Biochemical Journal 242, no. 3 (March 15, 1987): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2420661.
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A recombinant plasmid carrying an 11 kb restriction-endonuclease-ClaI fragment of genomic DNA from Escherichia coli ML308 was constructed. This plasmid complements an aceA mutation. The plasmid encodes the structural genes of the glyoxylate bypass operon, namely malate synthase A (aceB), isocitrate lyase (aceA) and isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/phosphatase (aceK), as judged by overexpression of enzyme activities and transcription/translation experiments in vitro. Subcloning confirmed that expression of the aceK gene is essential for growth on acetate.
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Monazzam, Shafagh, Karly Ann Williams, Trevor J. Shelton, Arash Calafi, and Brian M. Haus. "Anterior centre-edge angle on sagittal CT: a comparison of normal hips to dysplastic hips." HIP International 28, no. 5 (May 17, 2018): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120700017752569.
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Purpose: The anterior centre-edge angle (ACEA) describes anterior acetabular coverage on false profile radiographs. Variability associated with pelvic tilt, radiographic projection, and identifying the true anterior edge, causes discrepancies in measuring an accurate ACEA. Computed tomography (CT) has the potential of improving the accuracy of ACEA. However, because the ACEA on sagittal CT has been shown to not be equivalent to ACEA on false profile radiographs, the normal range of ACEA on CT currently remains unknown and cannot reliably be used to determine over/under coverage. We therefore asked: what is the normal variation of ACEA corrected for pelvic tilt on sagittal CT and how does this compare to dysplastic hips? Material and Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on patients 10–35 who underwent CT for non-orthopedic related issues and patients with known hip dysplasia. The ACEA was measured on a sagittal slice corresponding to the centre of the femoral head on the axial slice and adjusted for pelvic tilt. A statistical comparison was then performed. Results: A total of 320 normal patients and 22 patients with hip dysplasia were reviewed. The mean ACEA for all ages was 50° ± 8°, (range: 23–81º), with a larger mean ACEA for males (51°) than females (49°). The ACEA mean for dysplastic hips was 30° ± 11° with a statistically significant difference in mean from the normal hip group ( p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The ACEA can be reliably measured on sagittal CT and significantly differs from dysplastic hips. ACEA measurements above 66° or below 34° may represent anterior over and under coverage.
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Ramírez-Trujillo, J. A., S. Encarnación, E. Salazar, A. García de los Santos, M. F. Dunn, D. W. Emerich, E. Calva, and I. Hernández-Lucas. "Functional Characterization of the Sinorhizobium meliloti Acetate Metabolism Genes aceA, SMc00767, and glcB." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 16 (May 25, 2007): 5875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00385-07.
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ABSTRACT The genes encoding malate synthase (glcB) and isocitrate lyase (aceA) and a 240-bp open reading frame (SMc00767) located downstream of aceA were isolated and functionally characterized in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Independent and double interposon mutants of each gene were constructed, and the corresponding phenotypes were analyzed. aceA mutants failed to grow on acetate, and mutants deficient in SMc00767 were also affected in acetate utilization. In contrast, mutants deficient in glcB grew on acetate similar to wild-type strain Rm5000. Complementation experiments showed that aceA and SMc00767 gene constructs were able to restore the growth on acetate in the corresponding single mutants. aceA-glcB, aceA-SMc00767, and glcB-SMc00767 double knockouts were also unable to grow on acetate, but this ability was recovered when the wild-type aceA-glcB or aceA-SMc00767 loci were introduced into the double mutants. These data confirm the functional role of aceA and SMc00767 and show that glcB, in the absence of SMc00767, is required for acetate metabolism. Isocitrate lyase and malate synthase activities were measured in strain Rm5000, the mutant derivatives, and complemented strains. aceA and glcB were able to complement the enzymatic activity lacking in the corresponding single mutants. The enzymatic activities also showed that SMc00767 represses the activity of isocitrate lyase in cells grown on acetate. Gene fusions confirmed the repressor role of SMc00767, which regulates aceA expression at the transcriptional level. Comparison of the transcriptional profiles of the SMc00767 mutant and wild-type strain Rm5000 showed that SMc00767 represses the expression of a moderate number of open reading frames, including aceA; thus, we propose that SMc00767 is a novel repressor involved in acetate metabolism in S. meliloti. Genetic and functional analyses indicated that aceA and SMc00767 constitute a functional two-gene operon, which is conserved in other α-proteobacteria. Alfalfa plants infected with the aceA and glcB mutants were not impaired in nodulation or nitrogen fixation, and so the glyoxylate cycle is not required in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis.
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Zapała, Łukasz, Grzegorz Niemczyk, Piotr Zapała, Artur Wdowiak, Iwona Bojar, Tomasz Kluz, Aleksandra Szopa, Anna Serefko, Piotr Radziszewski, and Andrzej Wróbel. "The Cannabinoid Ligand Arachidonyl-2′-Chloroethylamide (ACEA) Ameliorates Depressive and Overactive Bladder Symptoms in a Corticosterone-Induced Female Wistar Rat Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 14, 2023): 3820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043820.
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There is growing need to increase the knowledge on the cannabinoid ligands in the treatment of overactive bladder. Among potential candidates, arachidonyl-2′-chloroethylamide (ACEA), a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist is proposed. The aim of this paper was to determine if ACEA, a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist, could reverse the effects of corticosterone (CORT), characteristic of depressive and bladder overactivity potential. The animals (48 female rats) were divided into four groups: I—control, II—received CORT, III—received ACEA, and IV—received the combination of CORT and ACEA. The conscious cystometry, forced swim test (FST), and locomotor activity measurements were performed 3 days after the last dose of ACEA, followed by ELISA measurements. In group IV, ACEA restored urodynamic parameters that were altered by CORT. CORT prolonged the immobility time in FST and the values were lowered by ACEA. ACEA normalized the expression of c-Fos in all the analyzed central micturition centers (group IV vs. group II). ACEA restored the CORT-induced changes in the biomarkers in urine (BDNF, NGF), bladder detrusor (VAChT, Rho kinase), bladder urothelium (CGRP, ATP, CRF, OCT-3, TRPV1), and hippocampus (TNF-, IL-1β and Il-6, CRF, IL-10, BDNF, NGF). In conclusion, ACEA was proven to reverse CORT-induced changes in both cystometric and biochemical parameters that are determinants of OAB/depression, which represents an example of an existing link between OAB and depression via cannabinoid receptors.
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McFarlane, Claude, David S. Warner, Antoun Nader, and Franklin Dexter. "Glycine Receptor Antagonism." Anesthesiology 82, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199504000-00020.
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Background Glycine and glutamate binding sites are allosterically coupled at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex. Previous studies have shown that antagonism of glutamate at the NMDA receptor reduces the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for volatile anesthetics. 5-Nitro-6,7-dichloro-2,3-quinoxalinedione (ACEA-1021) is a competitive antagonist at the glycine recognition site of the NMDA receptor. The purpose of this study was to determine whether glycine receptor antagonism also reduces volatile anesthetic requirements in the rat. Methods In experiment 1, Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with halothane in 50% O2-balance N2 and their lungs mechanically ventilated. They were randomly assigned to one of three groups according to the dose of ACEA-1021 administered (0, 20, or 40 mg/kg intravenously; n = 6). The bolus dose of ACEA-1021 was followed by a continuous intravenous infusion of vehicle or ACEA-1021 at 14 mg.kg-1.h-1. Halothane MAC was then determined by the tail-clamp method. In experiment 2, awake rats were randomly assigned to groups according to the same dosages of ACEA-1021 as in experiment 1. Arterial CO2 tension and mean arterial pressure were recorded before and 5 and 30 min after the start of the infusion. The infusion was then stopped, and the time to recovery of the righting reflex was recorded. Results In experiment 1, ACEA-1021 decreased halothane MAC (mean +/- SD) in a dose-dependent manner (control, 0.95 +/- 0.15 vol%; ACEA-1021 20 mg/kg, 0.50 +/- 0.14 vol%; ACEA-1021 40 mg/kg, 0.14 +/- 0.16 vol%; P < 0.01). In experiment 2, arterial CO2 tension was increased by ACEA-1021 (control, 38 +/- 3 mmHg; ACEA-1021 20 mg/kg, 43 +/- 3 mmHg; ACEA-1021 40 mg/kg, 48 +/- 2 mmHg; P < 0.01). Mean arterial pressure was not affected by any dose of ACEA-1021. The righting reflex was abolished in rats receiving ACEA-1021 40 mg/kg only and recovered 30 +/- 7 min after discontinuation of the infusion. Conclusions Halothane MAC reduction by glycine receptor antagonism was greater than that previously observed for antagonism of glutamate at the NMDA or AMPA receptor. In rats receiving ACEA-1021 only, minimal hemodynamic depression and moderate hypoventilation were observed. Antagonism of glycine at the NMDA receptor recognition site offers a potential mechanism of action of anesthesia.
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Gerstmeir, Robert, Annette Cramer, Petra Dangel, Steffen Schaffer, and Bernhard J. Eikmanns. "RamB, a Novel Transcriptional Regulator of Genes Involved in Acetate Metabolism of Corynebacterium glutamicum." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 2798–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.9.2798-2809.2004.
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ABSTRACT The adaptation of Corynebacterium glutamicum to acetate as a carbon and energy source involves transcriptional regulation of the pta-ack operon coding for the acetate-activating enzymes phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase and of the aceA and aceB genes coding for the glyoxylate cycle enzymes isocitrate lyase and malate synthase, respectively. Deletion and mutation analysis of the respective promoter regions led to the identification of highly conserved 13-bp motifs (AA/GAACTTTGCAAA) as cis-regulatory elements for expression of the pta-ack operon and the aceA and aceB genes. By use of DNA affinity chromatography, a 53-kDa protein specifically binding to the promoter/operator region of the pta-ack operon was purified. Mass spectrometry and peptide mass fingerprinting identified the protein as a putative transcriptional regulator (which was designated RamB). Purified His-tagged RamB protein was shown to bind specifically to both the pta-ack and the aceA/aceB promoter/operator regions. Directed deletion of the ramB gene in the genome of C. glutamicum resulted in mutant strain RG1. Whereas the wild type of C. glutamicum showed high-level specific activities of acetate kinase, phosphotransacetylase, isocitrate lyase, and malate synthase when grown on acetate and low-level specific activities when grown on glucose as sole carbon and energy sources, mutant RG1 showed high-level specific activities with all four enzymes irrespective of the substrate. Comparative transcriptional cat fusion experiments revealed that this deregulation takes place at the level of transcription. The results indicate that RamB is a negative transcriptional regulator of genes involved in acetate metabolism of C. glutamicum.
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Liu, Binbing, Yang Tian, Yuchen Li, Pei Wu, Yongzhi Zhang, Jiaolin Zheng, and Huaizhang Shi. "ACEA Attenuates Oxidative Stress by Promoting Mitophagy via CB1R/Nrf1/PINK1 Pathway after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2022 (February 24, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1024279.
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Background and Purpose. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The CB1R agonist ACEA has been reported to have a neuroprotective effect in many central nervous system diseases. Our study was aimed at exploring the effect and mechanism of ACEA in an experimental SAH model. Method. Endovascular perforation was performed to establish a SAH model of rats. ACEA was administered intraperitoneally 1 h after SAH. The CB1R antagonist AM251 was injected intraperitoneally 1 h before SAH induction. Adenoassociated virus- (AAV-) Nrf1 shRNA was infused into the lateral ventricle 3 weeks before SAH induction. Neurological tests, immunofluorescence, DHE, TUNEL, Nissl staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Western blot were performed. Results. The expression of CB1R, Nrf1, PINK1, Parkin, and LC3II increased and peaked at 24 h after SAH. ACEA treatment exhibited the antioxidative stress and antiapoptosis effects after SAH. In addition, ACEA treatment increased the expression of Nrf1, PINK1, Parkin, LC3II, and Bcl-xl but repressed the expression of Romo-1, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3. Moreover, the TEM results demonstrated that ACEA promoted the formation of mitophagosome and maintained the normal mitochondrial morphology of neurons. The protective effect of ACEA was reversed by AM251 and Nrf1 shRNA, respectively. Conclusions. This study demonstrated that ACEA alleviated oxidative stress and neurological dysfunction by promoting mitophagy after SAH, at least in part via the CB1R/Nrf1/PINK1 signaling pathway.
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Cramer, Annette, Robert Gerstmeir, Steffen Schaffer, Michael Bott, and Bernhard J. Eikmanns. "Identification of RamA, a Novel LuxR-Type Transcriptional Regulator of Genes Involved in Acetate Metabolism of Corynebacterium glutamicum." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 7 (April 1, 2006): 2554–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.188.7.2554-2567.2006.
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ABSTRACT In Corynebacterium glutamicum, the acetate-activating enzymes phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase and the glyoxylate cycle enzymes isocitrate lyase and malate synthase are coordinately up-regulated in the presence of acetate in the growth medium. This regulation is due to transcriptional control of the respective pta-ack operon and the aceA and aceB genes, brought about at least partly by the action of the negative transcriptional regulator RamB. Using cell extracts of C. glutamicum and employing DNA affinity chromatography, mass spectrometry, and peptide mass fingerprinting, we identified a LuxR-type transcriptional regulator, designated RamA, which binds to the pta-ack and aceA/aceB promoter regions. Inactivation of the ramA gene in the genome of C. glutamicum resulted in mutant RG2. This mutant was unable to grow on acetate as the sole carbon and energy source and, in comparison to the wild type of C. glutamicum, showed very low specific activities of phosphotransacetylase, acetate kinase, isocitrate lyase, and malate synthase, irrespective of the presence of acetate in the medium. Comparative transcriptional cat fusion experiments revealed that this deregulation takes place at the level of transcription. By electrophoretic mobility shift analysis, purified His-tagged RamA protein was shown to bind specifically to the pta-ack and the aceA/aceB promoter regions, and deletion and mutation studies revealed in both regions two binding motifs each consisting of tandem A/C/TG4-6T/C or AC4-5A/G/T stretches separated by four or five arbitrary nucleotides. Our data indicate that RamA represents a novel LuxR-type transcriptional activator of genes involved in acetate metabolism of C. glutamicum.
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Graesser, Elizabeth, Maria Schwabe, Sean Akers, Cecilia Pascual-Garrido, John C. Clohisy, and Jeffrey J. Nepple. "ASSESSMENT OF ACETABULAR COVERAGE IN BORDERLINE ACETABULAR DYSPLASIA: ARE PLAIN RADIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS ACCURATELY ESTIMATES OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL COVERAGE?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (April 1, 2020): 2325967120S0020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00207.
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Introduction: Assessment of anterior acetabular coverage is commonly done with measurement of the anterior center edge angle (ACEA) or anterior wall index (AWI). This is particularly important in cases of borderline acetabular dysplasia where it may influence treatment decisions. However, the ACEA and AWI has been poorly validated. Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the correlation between plain radiographic measurements and three-dimensional femoral head coverage on low-dose CT in borderline acetabular dysplasia. Methods: Seventy consecutive hips with borderline acetabular dysplasia (LCEA 20-25°) were included in the current study. Radiographic evaluation was performed prospectively including LCEA, acetabular inclination, and AWI on AP pelvis radiographs, and ACEA on false profile radiographs. The mean LCEA was 22.1±1.4°, while the mean acetabular inclination was 10.3±3.3. All patients underwent low-dose pelvic CT assessment for preoperative planning. The radial acetabular coverage was calculated according to the standardized clock-face position [measured at 12:00 (lateral), 1:00, 2:00, 3:00 (anterior), and 4:00] as described by Larson et al. Statistical analysis determined the correlation between ACEA and radial coverage. Results: The mean ACEA in the group was 25.3±5.8° (range 10.1-43.9), with 16% having ACEA≤20° and 50% having ACEA≤25°. The mean radial coverages were 63.5%±1.7 (12:00), 60.7%±2.2 (1:00), 50.8%±3.2 (2:00), 37.0%±3.3 (3:00), and 27.9%±3.1 (4:00). The ACEA had poor correlation with radial coverage at all positions from 12:00 to 4:00 (range –0.068-0.173). The AWI had moderate correlation with radial coverage at 3:00 (PCC 0.499) and 4:00 (PCC 0.573). Comparing hips with an ACEA <20° versus >20°, there was no difference between the mean radial acetabular coverage at any position 12:00-4:00 (p=0.18-0.95). Comparing hips with an ACEA <25° versus >25°, there was no difference between the mean radial acetabular coverage at any position 12:00-4:00 (p=0.12-0.71). No significant difference in AWI was present between subgroups with normal and deficient radial coverage from 12:00 to 4:00 (p=0.09-0.72). Discussion: The current study demonstrates poor correlation of the ACEA measurement with true anterior femoral head coverage as evaluated at clock-face positions from 12:00 to 4:00. The AWI demonstrated moderate correlation for 3:00-4:00 coverage but fails to differentiate hips with normal and deficient coverage. In the setting of borderline acetabular dysplasia, anterior and anterolateral femoral coverage should be assessed via low-dose CT rather than ACEA or AWI.
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Warner, David S., Huijie Martin, Paula Ludwig, Alice McAllister, John F. W. Keana, and Eckard Weber. "In vivo Models of Cerebral Ischemia: Effects of Parenterally Administered NMDA Receptor Glycine Site Antagonists." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 15, no. 2 (March 1995): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1995.24.
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Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have implicated extracellular glycine in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain damage. Recently, halogenated derivatives of quinoxaline-2,3-dione have been synthesized that possess bioavailability when parenterally administered and minimal psychotomimetic properties. Such compounds have allowed investigation into the efficacy of glycine receptor antagonism as a strategy for protection against cerebral ischemic insults. Rats underwent either 90 min of middle cerebral artery filament occlusion or 10 min of forebrain ischemia with recovery while receiving intraperitoneal injections of either a glycine receptor antagonist (ACEA-1021, ACEA-1031, or ACEA-1011) or vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide). Both ACEA-1021 and ACEA-1031 reduced cerebral infarct volumes and were associated with a reduced incidence of hemiparesis resulting from MCA occlusion. ACEA-1011, administered in a smaller dose had no effect. In the forebrain ischemia model, glycine receptor antagonism had no effect on delayed neuronal necrosis in the hippocampal CA1 sector, neocortex, or caudoputamen. We conclude that pharmacologic antagonism of glycine at the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor presents a neuroprotective profile similar to that previously observed for antagonists of glutamate at the N-methyl-d-aspartate complex with a potential for fewer side effects.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ACEA"
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Vechiato, Fernanda Maria Veanholi. "Participação do sistema endocanabinóide nas respostas comportamentais, hormonais e neuronais induzidas pela sobrecarga salina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17134/tde-10082015-103622/.
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O sistema endocanabinóide (eCB) tem sido reconhecido como um importante modulador da homeostase energética e recentemente estudos o apontam como um possível integrador da homeostase hidroeletrolítica. Estudos recentes do nosso laboratório demonstraram a participação do receptor canabinóide do tipo 1 (CB1R) no controle da secreção neurohipofisária em resposta a expansão hipertônica do volume extracelular. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho visou esclarecer a participação do sistema eCB, particularmente do CB1R, nas respostas neuronais, neuroendócrinas e comportamentais induzidas pela sobrecarga salina de 4 dias (SS). Uma vez que os animais em SS apresentam hipofagia induzida pela hiperosmolalidade, buscou-se avaliar as vias de integração do controle da homeostase energética e do balanço hidroeletrolítico por meio da introdução de um grupo em dieta pareada (pair fed, PF). De forma a investigar a hipótese acima, utilizou-se como ferramenta farmacológica o agonista seletivo CB1R, araquidonil-2-cloroetilamida (ACEA - 0,1g/5L), administrado por via intracerebroventricular (icv). Inicialmente, nosso trabalho mostrou que a SS promoveu aumento da expressão de CB1R tanto nos núcleos supra-óptico (NSO) e paraventricular (NPV) do hipotálamo quanto em estruturas da lâmina terminal [órgão subfornicial (SFO), o órgão vasculoso da lâmina terminal (OVLT) e o núcleo pré-óptico mediano (MnPO)]. Tais observações foram reforçadas pela análise microscópica destas regiões cerebrais por imunofluorescência, que evidenciou aumento da imunomarcação para CB1R no NPV, NSO e SFO em animais submetidos a SS. Estes resultados também mostraram que a maioria dos terminais pré-sinápticos CB1R-positivos estão localizados predominantemente na porção ventral do NSO, na qual predominam neurônios vasopressinérgicos. Os dados mostram ainda que todas as respostas induzidas pela SS foram revertidas após a reintrodução dos líquidos (RL, água e NaCl 0,3M). Já no grupo PF, não foram observadas alterações na expressão de CB1R em nenhuma das áreas avaliadas. No entanto, após a RL, os animais PF apresentaram hipoosmolalidade plasmática e aumento da expressão de CB1R na LT, sendo este último efeito aparentemente mediado por um aumento da expressão deste receptor no SFO. Em animais normoidratados, a administração central de ACEA produziu um aumento significativo na ingestão alimentar, sendo esta resposta ausente nos animais submetidos a SS, apesar do aumento da expressão de CB1R no hipotálamo verificada neste grupo. Entretanto, o pré-tratamento com ACEA foi capaz de potencializar a ingestão de água induzida pela SS, não produzindo efeitos significativos sobre este parâmetro no grupo PF. Este estudo demonstrou ainda que a SS não alterou as concentrações plasmáticas de angiotensina II (ANGII), porém promoveu aumento signficativo nas concentrações plasmáticas de corticosterona, vasopressina (AVP) e ocitocina (OT), além de diminuir a secreção de peptídeo natriurético atrial (ANP). Em animais submetidos a SS, o prétratamento com ACEA potencializou a secreção de corticosterona e preveniu o aumento da secreção de AVP e OT. Por outro lado, não foram observados efeitos da administração de ACEA sobre a secreção de ANP e ANGII induzida pela SS. Após a RL, o grupo SS apresentou normalização das concentrações plasmáticas hormonais, não sendo observados quaisquer efeitos da administração de ACEA nestas condições experimentais. No grupo PF, por sua vez, após a RL foi observada diminuição na secreção de OT e aumento nas concentrações plasmáticas de ANGII, efeitos estes não alterados pelo pré-tratamento com ACEA. Em conjunto, nossos dados sugerem que o CB1R participa ativamente das respostas homeostáticas comportamentais e neuroendócrinas desencadeadas pela SS, sendo estas respostas especificamente relacionadas ao controle da homeostase hidrossalina e não secundárias à hipofagia induzida pela hiperosmolalidade. Desta forma, conclui-se que a participação do CB1R na homeostase hidroeletrolítica ocorre em paralelo e independentemente da modulação exercida por este receptor sobre a homeostase energética.The endocannabinoid system (eCB) has been recognized as an important modulator of energy homeostasis and recent studies suggest that this system may play a possible integrator role on hydromineral homeostasis. Recent studies from our laboratory demonstrated the involvement of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) in the control of neurohypophyseal secretion in response to hypertonic extracellular volume expansion. Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the involvement of the ECB system, particularly of CB1Rs, in neuronal, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses induced by 4 days of salt load (SS). Since the animals submitted to SS exhibit a well known state of hyperosmolality-induced hypophagia, we attempted to evaluate the integrated control of energy homeostasis and hydroelectrolytic balance through the introduction of a paired diet group (pair fed, PF). In order to achieve these goals, this study employed as a pharmacological tool the CB1R selective agonist, arachidonoyl-2\'-chloroethylamide (ACEA-0.1g/5L), administered intracerebroventricularly (icv). Initially, our work showed that SS increased the expression of CB1R in both supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus, as well as in the structures of the lamina terminalis [subfornical organ (SFO), organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and median preoptic nucleus (MnPO)]. These observations were reinforced by the microscopic analysis of these brain regions by immunofluorescence, which showed increased immunostaining for CB1R in the PVN, SON and SFO in animals submitted to SS. These results also showed that most of the presynaptic CB1R-positive terminals are located predominantly in the ventral part of the SON, which is characterized by the presence of vasopressinergic neurons. The data also showed that all SS-induced responses were reversed after reintroduction of fluids (RF, water and 0,3M NaCl). On the other hand, no changes in the expression of CB1R in any of the evaluated areas were observed in the PF group. However, after RF, PF animals showed hypoosmolality and increased expression of CB1R in the LT, being the latter effect apparently mediated by increased expression of this receptor in SFO. In euhydrated animals, the central administration of ACEA produced a significant increase in food intake, being this response absent in animals submitted to SS, despite the increased expression of CB1R in the hypothalamus observed in this group. However, pretreatment with ACEA was able to potentiate SS-induced water intake, producing no significant effect on this parameter in the PF group. This study also demonstrated that SS did not alter plasma concentrations of angiotensin II (ANG II), but significantly increased plasma concentrations of corticosterone, vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT), and decreased the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). In animals submitted to SS, pretreatment with ACEA enhanced the secretion of corticosterone and prevented the increased secretion of AVP and OT. Moreover, no effect of ACEA was observed on the SS-induced ANG II and ANP secretion. After RF, the SS group showed normalization of hormonal plasma concentrations, and no effects of ACEA administration were verified under these experimental conditions. After RF, the PF group exhibited a decrease in OT secretion and increased plasma concentrations of ANG II, effects that were not altered by pretreatment with ACEA. Taken together, our data suggest that CB1Rs actively participate in behavioral and neuroendocrine homeostatic responses triggered by SS, and that these responses were specifically related to the control of hydromineral homeostasis and not secondary to the hyperosmolality-induced hypophagia. Therefore, we conclude that the involvement of CB1R in electrolyte homeostasis occurs in parallel and independently of the modulation exerted by this receptor on energy homeostasis.
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Rassi, Salam. "Justifying Christianity in the Islamic middle ages : the apologetic theology of ʻAbdīshōʻ bar Brīkhā (d. 1318)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fd4d5621-24a8-4432-acea-9b5e58a9074a.
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The subject of this thesis is the theology of the late 13th- early 14th century churchman 'Abdisho' bar Brikha. Better known by modern scholars for his poetry and canon law, he is far less recognised as a religious controversialist who composed works in Arabic as well as Syriac to answer Muslim criticisms. My overall argument contends that 'Abdisho''s hitherto neglected theological works are critical to our understanding of how anti-Muslim apologetics had by his time become central to his Church's articulation of a distinct Christian identity in a largely non-Christian environment. 'Abdisho' wrote his apologetic theology at a time when Christians experienced increasing hardship under the rule of the Mongol Ilkhans, who had officially converted to Islam in 1295. While the gradual hardening of attitudes towards Christians may well have informed 'Abdisho''s defensive stance, this thesis also demonstrates that his theology is built on a genre of apologetics that emerged as early as the mid-8th century. Our author compiles and systematises earlier debates and authorities from this tradition while updating them for a current authorship. In doing so, he contributes to the formation of a theological canon that would remain authoritative for centuries to come. My analysis of 'Abdisho''s oeuvre extends to three doctrinal themes: the Trinity, the Incarnation, and devotional practices (viz. the veneration of the Cross and the striking of the church clapper). I situate his discussion of these topics in a period when Syriac Christian scholarship was marked by a familiarity with Arabo-Islamic theological and philosophical models. While our author does not engage with these models as closely as his better-known Syriac Christian contemporary Bar Hebraeus (d. 1286), he nevertheless appeals to a literary and theological idiom common to both Muslims and Christians in order to convince his coreligionists of their faith's reasonableness against centuries-long polemical attacks.
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Semprich, Claudia. "Regulation of polycomb repressive complexes at the neural differentiation gene Pax6." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/51529b2a-9763-424b-acea-808700b1d1a9.
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During body axis elongation spinal cord neural tissue in the posterior of the embryo is progressively generated from a pool of bipotent progenitors of the stem zone/caudal lateral epiblast, termed neuromesodermal progenitors. Neural differentiation gene transcription begins in a sharply defined position due to loss of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling. This highly coordinated onset of gene expression implies the involvement of a higher order mechanism to co-ordinately regulate hundreds of genes at the same time. One possible mechanism underlying this phenomenon is the regulation of chromatin structure around neural differentiation genes. The analysis of chromatin structure by fluorescence in situ hybridisation uncovered that chromatin compaction at the neural differentiation gene Pax6 is maintained by FGF signalling in the stem zone/caudal lateral epiblast of the mouse embryo (Patel et al., 2013). Here I show that this process is mediated by ERK signalling, with just one hour of ERK inhibition leading to a decompaction of the Pax6 locus in the mouse embryo. One way in which local chromatin compaction is regulated is by polycomb repressive complexes. They build a machinery that deposit the histone modifications H3K27me3 and H2AK119Ub at target genes and were shown to impose chromatin compaction. To test the possibility of FGF/ERK regulated polycomb mediated chromatin compaction at neural differentiation gene loci in the stem zone/ caudal lateral epiblast a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiment was performed for the histone modification H3K27me3. Preliminary data showed that the Pax6 transcription start site in the stem zone caudal lateral epiblast is marked by H3K27me3, comparable to the known unexpressed polycomb target HoxD11. This indicated the potential for polycomb mediated chromatin compaction at the Pax6 locus. A human embryonic stem (ES) cell based in vitro model for the generation of spinal cord neural progenitors used to analyse further whether polycomb mediated chromatin compaction determines neural differentiation gene expression and to evaluate its regulation by FGF/ERK signalling. To that end human ES cells were exposed to FGF and Wnt signals for 3 days to generate neuromesodermal progenitors (hNMPs) (Gouti et al., 2014), these were then differentiated into neural progenitors (hNPs) of posterior spinal cord fate. ChIP assays showed that during the differentiation of hNMPs to hNPs the polycomb components Jarid2 and Ring1B dissociate from the Pax6 locus (transcription start site and gene body) and the H3K27me3 mark is removed in order to facilitate Pax6 transcription from a now decompacted locus. When ERK signalling was blocked in the hNMPs for 12 hours the polycomb components Jarid2 and Ring1B dissociated from the locus whereas the H3K27me3 remained correlating with chromatin decompaction; however, no Pax6 gene transcription was observed. These observations suggest that ERK promotes polycomb mediated chromatin compaction. Interestingly, upon only 3 hours of ERK inhibition only Jarid2 was found to have dissociated from the Pax6 locus whereas Ring1B occupancy and H3K27me3 levels remained, thereby opening the possibility for a step wise dissociation/unloading of the polycomb machinery upon FGF/ERK signalling loss. Taken together the data in the hES in vitro system implies that during neural differentiation the loss of FGF/ERK signalling leads to the dissociation of polycomb neural differentiation gene loci and the removal of the H3K27me3 mark in order to facilitate transcription from these loci. In pluripotent mouse ES cells it was recently revealed that the recruitment of polycomb complexes to differentiation genes relies on activated ERK (Tee et al., 2014). Furthermore, a few polycomb components were shown to be potential phosphorylation targets of FGF/ERK downstream pathways. The data in this thesis suggest a FGF/ERK mediated polycomb regulation that could potentially involve either or both of these mechanisms to regulate gene expression in the stem zone\caudal lateral epiblast of the mouse embryo. During body axis elongation FGF signalling is attenuated by retinoic acid signalling in the posterior of the mouse embryo (Diez del Corral et al., 2003). The work of this thesis suggests that this retinoic acid mediated attenuation of FGF signalling leads to the dissociation of the polycomb machinery at neural differentiation genes and thereby the de-repression of target gene transcription.
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Zehr, Bradley Preston. "Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA) induces Egr1 in murine 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12255.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston UniversityObesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are parallel global pandemics fueled by worldwide trends toward longer lifespan, Western high-fat diet, and sedentary lifestyle. Lipotoxicity – lipid overflow from adipose tissue to liver, muscle, and pancreas resulting from chronically elevated plasma free fatty acid levels – is now known to be the underlying cause of insulin resistance and T2DM. Control of lipolysis in adipose tissue is central to the regulation of plasma free fatty acid. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), the rate-limiting lipolytic enzyme in adipose tissue, is downregulated in the insulin-stimulated state, and this antilipolytic signal is defective in obesity and T2DM and may contribute to lipotoxicity. The antilipolytic insulin signal is mediated by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), but how activated mTORC1 decreased ATGL expression remained elusive. The Kandror Lab recently identified transcription factor early growth responsive gene 1 (Egr1) as the missing link between insulin-activated mTORC1 and decreased ATGL expression. mTORC1 induces Egr1, which directly binds the ATGL promoter and decreases its expression. Intriguingly, Egr1 has also been implicated in a new model of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in the pre-diabetic hyperinsulinemic state. Several groups have demonstrated that chronic hyperinsulinism causes an imbalance between PI3K/Akt signaling and MAPK signaling, and this defect is mediated by high levels of Egr1 in obesity. Additionally, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is known to be hyperactive in obesity and diabetes, and antagonism of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) by pharmaceutical rimonabant was effective at decreasing weight and improving insulin resistance in overweight and obese patients. Previous research demonstrated induction of Egr1 by CB1 stimulation in neurons, however the same effect has not been demonstrated in adipocytes. We stimulated murine 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes with 2 uM arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA), a synthetic analogue of major endocannabinoid anandamide and a specific CB1 agonist. Egr1 mRNA was significantly increased in ACEA-stimulated murine and human adipocytes relative to controls after 4 hours, as analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. This finding potentially implicates hyperactive ECS during obesity in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, and it further validates CB1 as a rich diabetes drug target.
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Lundberg, Petter. "Investigation of the transient nature of rolling resistance on an operating Heavy Duty Vehicle." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-93298.
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An operating vehicle requires energy to oppose the subjected driving resistances. This energy is supplied via the fuel combustion in the engine. Decreasing the opposing driving resistances for an operating vehicle increases its fuel efficiency: an effect which is highly valued in today’s industry, both from an environmental and economical point of view. Therefore a lot of progress has been made during recent years in the area of fuel efficient vehicles, even though some driving resistances still rises perplexity. These resistances are the air drag Fd generated by the viscous air opposing the vehicles propulsion and the rolling resistance Frr generated mainly by the hysteresis caused by the deformation cycle of the viscoelastic pneumatic tires. The energy losses associated with the air drag and rolling resistance account for the majority of the driving resistances facing an operating vehicle, and depends on numerous stochastic and ambient parameters, some of which are highly correlated both within and between the two resistances. To increase the understanding of the driving mechanics behind the energy losses associated with the complexity that is rolling resistance, a set of complete vehicle tests has been carried out. These tests were carried out on the test track Malmby Fairground, using a Scania CV AB developed R440 truck equipped with various sensors connected in one measurement system. Under certain conditions, these parameters can allow for an investigation of the rolling resistance, and a separation of the rolling resistance and air drag via explicit subtraction of the air drag from the measured traction force. This method is possible since the aerodynamic property AHDVCd(β) to some extent can be generated from wind tunnel tests and CFD simulations. Two measurement series that enable the above formulated method of separation were designed and carried out, using two separate measurement methods. One which enables the investigation of the transient nature of rolling resistance as it strives for stationarity, where the vehicle is operated under constant velocities i.e. no acceleration, and one using the well established method of coastdown, where no driving torque is applied. The drive cycles spanned a range of velocities, which allowed for dynamic and stationary analyses of both the tire temperature- and the velocity dependence of rolling resistance. When analysing the results of the transient analysis, a strong dependence upon tire temperature for given constant low velocity i.e. v ≤ 60 kmh−1 was clearly visible. The indicated dependency showed that the rolling resistance decreased as the tire temperature increased over time at a given velocity, and vice versa, towards a stationary temperature and thereby rolling resistance. The tire temperature evolution from one constant velocity to another, took place well within 50 min to a somewhat stationary value. However, even though the tire temperature had reached stationarity, rolling resistance did not; there seemed to be a delay between stationary tire temperature, and rolling resistance. The results did not indicate any clear trends for v ≥ 60 kmh−1, where the results at v = 80 kmh−1 were chaotic. This suggests that some additional forces were uncompensated for, or that the compensation for air drag was somehow wrongly treated at higher velocities. Several factors ruled out any attempts at proposing a new rolling resistance model. These included: the chaotic results for v = 80 kmh−1, the delayed rolling resistance response upon tire temperature stabilization, and the lack of literature support for the observed tendency. The results from the coastdown series on the other hand, showed good agreement with a dynamical model suggested in literature. The stationary temperature behaviour for the considered velocity range at assumed constant condition is also supported in literature. Finally, an investigation of the aerodynamic property AHDVCd inspired by ongoing work in ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association), was carried out assuming both zero and non-zero air drag at low velocities. The results indicated surprisingly good agreement with wind tunnel measurements, especially when neglecting air drag at low velocities: as suggested by ACEA.För att övervinna de motstånd som ett fordon utsätts för under drift krävs energi, vilket levereras genom förbränningen av bränsle. Genom att minska de körmotstånd som ett fordon utsätts för under drift, kan man öka dess energieffektivitet. Denna potential är idag högt värderad i fordonsindustrin, både ur ett miljömässigt och ekonomiskt perspektiv. På senare år har stora framsteg gjorts inom området energieffektiva fordon, men fortfarande råder det förvirring kring de energiförluster som förknippas med luftmotstånd Fd och rullmotstånd Frr, där luftmotståndet skapas av den omkringliggande viskösa luften, medan rullmotståndet genereras av hysteresen som uppstår när fordonets viskoelastiska pneumatiska däck utsätts för deformation. De energiförluster som förknippas med luft- och rullmotstånd motsvarar den största delen av de motstånd som ett fordon påverkas av, och beror på en mängd stokastiska och yttre parametrar, varav vissa är starkt korrelerade både inom och mellan nämnda motstånd. För att förbättra förståelsen kring dessa energiförluster, med fokus på förståelsen av rullmotstånd, har ett antal helfordonstest genomförts. Dessa genomfördes på provbanan Malmby Fairground med en R440 lastbil från Scania CV AB, utrustad med en mängd sensorer sammankopplade i ett mätsystem. Det uppbyggda mätsystemet möjliggjorde samtida mätningar av bl.a. drivande moment, motorvarv, fordonshastighet, däcktemperatur, omkringliggande lufts hastighet och dess riktning. Under specifika förhållanden kunde dessa parametrar möjliggöra analys av rullmotstånd genom en explicit subtraktion av luftmotstånd från den uppmätta drivande kraften. Denna metod är möjlig tack vare en förhållandevis bra modell av ekipagets aerodynamiska egenskap AHDVCd(β), som generats från vindtunneltest och CFD simuleringar. Två körcykler som möjliggjorde ovan formulerade separation designades och genomfördes. Dessa använder två skilda mätmetoder, varav den ena möjliggör analys av rullmotståndets övergående förlopp från dynamiskt till stationärt genom att hålla konstant hastighet. Den andra studerade det dynamiska förloppet genom den väletablerade metoden utrullning, dvs. utan något drivande moment. Dessa körcyklar genomfördes, för ett antal hastigheter, vilket möjliggjorde analys av både hastighets- och däcktemperaturberoendet hos rullmotstånd, under dynamiska såväl som stationära förlopp. Analysen av rullmotståndets dynamik i strävan mot stationära förhållanden visade på ett starkt temperaturberoende vid låga hastigheter dvs. v ≤ 60 kmh−1. Beroendet visade på att rullmotståndet avtog med ökande däcktemperatur och vice versa, tills dess att en någorlunda stationär temperatur för given hastighet uppnåtts. Däcktemperaturen stabiliserades till ett nytt stationärt värde inom 50 min från att hastigheten ändrats. Resultaten tyder dock på att även om stationär däcktemperatur uppnåtts finns det en fördröjning i rullmotståndets tidsspann innan rullmotståndet stabiliserat sig. För högre hastigheter, dvs. v ≥ 60 kmh-1, var dock inga klara trender synliga, varken i hastighet eller temperatur och resultaten vid v = 80 kmh-1 var kaotiska. Detta antyder att man missat att kompensera för någon kraft vid höga hastigheter, alternativt att man på något sätt kompenserar fel för luftmotståndet vid högre hastigheter. Flera faktorer hindrade försök att föreslå någon ny rullmotståndsmodell. Dessa faktorer inkluderar det kaotiska resultatet vid v = 80 kmh-1, tidsfördröjningen mellan stationärt rullmotstånd och däcktemperatur samt att resultatet för antagna stationära värden inte finner stöd i litteraturen. Resultatet från utrullningsprovet överstämmer dock bra med tidigare föreslagen dynamisk modell, samt att resultaten av beteendet hos stationär temperatur för olika hastigheter även de överensstämmer med och finner stöd i litteraturen. Slutligen har en studie kring den aerodynamiska egenskapen AHDVCd, inspirerad av pågående arbete inom ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association) utförts både med antagandet av ett noll- skilt och med ett försumbart luftmotstånd vid låga hastigheter. Resultatet visar på en överraskande god överensstämmelse med vindtunnelmätningar, framför allt under antagandet av försumbart luftmotstånd vid låga hastigheter i enlighet med förslagen metod från ACEA.
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Blasiman, Julia L. "The Effects of Cannabinoids on Regeneration Rates and Potential Matrix Metalloproteinase and Collagenase Levels in Planaria (Dugesia tigrina)." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1387197523.
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SOFFIA, SILVIA. "Agonists of the Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 (CB1) Promote Rat Cerebellar Neural Progenitor Cell Proliferation Through Activation of ERK and Akt Pathways." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3421532.
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Endocannabinoids represent a novel class of intercellular messengers, the function of which includes retrograde signaling in the brain and mediation or modulation of several types of synaptic plasticity. Endocannabinoid signaling not only regulates the proliferation, migration, specification, survival, and phenotypic differentiation of neural progenitors during central nervous development (Harkany,T. et al., 2008) but has been shown to control proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampal subgranular zone and in the subventricular zone of the adult mammalian brain (Jiang,W. et al., 2005; Palazuelos,J. et al., 2006). To elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cannabinoid neurogenic action, we used neural progenitor cells isolated from primary cultures of rat postnatal cerebellum as an in vitro model of neural cell proliferation. These cells share some of the phenotypic and genotypic properties of stem cells, as characterized by immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively (Zusso,M. et al., 2004).
The functional presence of the two cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 in cerebellar neural progenitor cells at 10 days in vitro (DIV) was assessed by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Proliferation was evaluated using a [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay. A significant increase in cerebellar neural progenitor cell proliferation vs the corresponding vehicle control was found following 24 h incubation with the synthetic non-selective CBR agonists WIN 55,212-2 (100 nM) or CP 55,940 (1000 nM) (43 ± 22 % and 37 ± 8 %, respectively), which was completely abolished by treatment with 1000 nM AM 251 (1 h pre-incubation), a selective CB1 receptor antagonist.
To evaluate a direct involvement of the CB1 receptor in the proliferative response, cerebellar neural progenitors were incubated for 24 h with ACEA (1-1000 nM), a potent selective CB1 receptor agonist. ACEA (1 nM and 10 nM) significantly increased [3H]-thymidine incorporation (by 50.59 ± 6.72 % and 35.77 ± 4.48 %, respectively) and this effect was completely reverted by 10 nM AM 251. To investigate the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1,2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3-β signaling pathways in CB1 receptor-induced cerebellar neural progenitor proliferation, we performed SDS-PAGE Western blotting. Fifteen minutes incubation of cerebellar neural progenitor cells with 1 nM ACEA produced a significant activation of Akt (36.54 ± 7.21%) that persisted up to 30 min (21 ± 5 %). A significant, concomitant ERK1,2 activation (32 ± 4 %) was observed at this time, as well. A 1 h pre-incubation with 10 nM AM 251 per se did not affect Akt and MAPK phosphorylation levels but did inhibit the ACEA agonistic effect on both kinases.
The existence of cross-talk between the two pathways was confirmed by using the corresponding selective inhibitors, LY294002 (75 µM, 3 h pre-incubation) and U0126 (10 µM, 1 h pre-incubation). The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 not only inhibited 1 nM ACEA-induced cerebellar neural progenitor Akt activation but also ERK phosphorylation, while the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor U0126 inhibited ERK activation without affecting the Akt pathway, both in untreated and ACEA-treated cells.
Preliminary experiments have been performed to investigate the potential role of ACEA in cerebellar neural progenitor cell differentiation, evaluating the expression pattern of the transcript variants of the ARE-binding protein AUF1, which is regulated during postnatal cerebellar development (Hambardzumyan,D. et al., 2009).Gli endocannabinoidi rappresentano una nuova classe di messaggeri intercellulari che mediano la conduzione retrograda del segnale sinaptico e regolano così varie forme di plasticità sinaptica. Il segnale endocannabinoide non solo controlla la proliferazione cellulare, la migrazione, il destino decisionale, la sopravvivenza, ed il differenziamento ad un fenotipo maturo dei progenitori neurali durante lo sviluppo del sistema nervoso centrale (Harkany,T. et al., 2008), ma è stato dimostrato possedere un ruolo nella proliferazione e nel differenziamento di cellule staminali/progenitrici neurali esistenti nella zona subgranulare di ippocampo e nella zona subventricolare del cervello di mammifero adulto (Jiang,W. et al., 2005; Palazuelos,J. et al., 2006). Allo scopo di definire i meccanismicellulari e molecolari che sottendono all’azione neurogenica di questi composti, è stato utilizzato un modello di proliferazione cellulare neurale in vitro rappresentato da cellule progenitrici neurali isolate da colture primarie di cervelletto di ratto postnatale. La caratterizzazione di queste cellule, sia genotipica, tramite RT-PCR, che fenotipica, tramite analisi immunocitochimica, ha evidenziato che esse possiedono proprietà tipiche delle cellule staminali (Zusso,M. et al., 2004). La presenza funzionale dei due recettori cannabici CB1 e CB2 nelle cellule progenitrici neurali cerebellari a 10 giorni in coltura (10 days in vitro, DIV) è stata confermata tramite analisi immunocitochimica e Western blotting. La proliferazione cellulare è stata valutata tramite saggio d’incorporazione di timidina triziata. Tramite questo saggio è stato riscontrato un aumento significativo rispetto al controllo della proliferazione dei progenitori neurali cerebellari, per trattamento di 24 ore con gli agonisti sintetici non selettivi dei recettori cannabici, WIN 55,212-2 (100 nM) o CP 55,940 (1000 nM) (43 ± 22 % e 37 ± 8 %, rispettivamente), completamente inibito dal pretrattamento di un’ora con l’antagonista selettivo del recettore CB1 AM 251 (1000 nM). Al fine di valutare il diretto coinvolgimento del recettore CB1 nella risposta proliferativa, le cellule progenitrici neurali cerebellari sono state incubate per 24 ore con ACEA, potente agonista selettivo del recettore CB1. ACEA, alla concentrazione di 1 e 10 nM, ha indotto una significativa incorporazione del radionuclide rispetto alle cellule non trattate (50.59 ± 6.72 % e 35.77 ± 4.48 %, rispettivamente), ma la risposta è stata completamente inibita da AM 251 allaconcentrazione 10 nM. Allo scopo di studiare il coinvolgimento delle cascate di trasduzione del segnale MEK/ERK1,2 ed IP3K/Akt/GSK3-β nella risposta proliferativa delle cellule progenitrici mediata dall’attivazione del recettore CB1, è stata usata la tecnica del SDS-PAGE Western blotting. L’incubazione delle cellule progenitrici con 1 nM ACEA ha prodotto un incremento significativo dei livelli di attivazione di Akt a 15 minuti (36.54 ± 7.21%) che persiste fino a 30 minuti di trattamento (21 ± 5 %), tempo a cui si registra un concomitante aumento dei livelli di fosforilazione della proteina ERK (32 ± 4 %). Il trattamento di 60 minuti con AM 251 alla concentrazione 10 nM non influenza i livelli basali di attivazione delle due chinasi, ma inibisce completamente l’effetto mediato da ACEA. Successivamente è stato possibile confermare l’esistenza di un "cross-talk" tra le due cascate di trasduzione del segnale tramite impiego dei rispettivi inibitori selettivi. L’inibitore della fosfatidilinositolo-3 chinasi, LY294002 (75 µM, 3 ore di preincubazione), ha inibito l’attivazione di entrambe le chinasi nelle cellule progenitrici trattate con ACEA, mentre l’inibitore di MEK, U0126 (10 µM, un’ora di preincubazione), ha inibito l’attivazione di ERK in cellule trattate e non, senza influenzare la fosforilazione di Akt. Sono stati eseguiti alcuni esperimenti preliminari per valutare un potenziale ruolo di ACEA nel differenziamento delle cellule progenitrici neurali cerebellari, tramite analisi dell’espressione delle varianti trascrizionali della proteina AUF1 che lega sequenze ricche di adenina e uracile dell’RNA messaggero ed è regolata durante lo sviluppo cerebellare postnatale (Hambardzumyan,D. et al., 2009).
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Maurice, Olivier. "Introduction d’une théorie des jeux dans des topologies dynamiques." Limoges, 2013. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/77d23cbe-e698-42fd-acea-866f63d382a6/blobholder:0/2013LIMO4048.pdf.
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L'objet de cette thèse est de présenter une méthode de modélisation de la complexité. Partant de l'analyse tensorielle des réseaux, on montre tout d'abord que cette technique permet de modéliser tout processus physique en intégrant dans un formalisme efficace les modèles développés dans chaque branche actuelle de la physique. Il ne s'agit pas de proposer une méthode universelle, mais bien un formalisme qui est capable d'intégrer et de coupler les modèles développés par ailleurs et appelés à évoluer. Le formalisme encapsule ainsi ceux de la mécanique quantique ou de la relativité générale, etc. L'aspect "physique" du système pris en charge, on fait appel à la théorie des jeux pour aborder l'aspect "psychique" du système, pour modéliser son comportement. Ce lien passe par la création d'objets mathématiques comme les tenfolds et gamma matrices. On est alors à même de créer un arbre d'évolution et de représenter des trajectoires de transformations et décisions dans un espace "choix-gains"This thesis presents a method for modeling complexity. Starting from tensorial analysis of networks, we show that this technique allows to model any physical process. It gives in a common formalism all the tools to integrate equations coming from various physics. The purpose is not to develop an unique method rather than having one able to embed developments coming from any kind of physic material. The formalism embed quantum mechanics, relativity, etc. Once the physical part of the system take in charge, we use game theory to take the psychical part. Both methods linked by special mathematical objects like "tenfolds" or gamma matrices makes a global technique for complexity. A tree cross talking the two theories models the complex system evolution. A special representation in a "choices-utility" space gives a comprehensible image of the system evolution
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Kanakamedala, Keerthy. "ROLE OF ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYMES ACE AND ACE2 IN DIABETES INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1196272791.
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Dolson, Robyn. "Pocket ACE: Neglect of Child Sexual Abuse Survivors in the ACEs Study Questionnaire." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3573.
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In 1998, a seminal study on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and subsequent health risks catapulted ACEs and the study questionnaire into the zeitgeist. However, its childhood sexual abuse (CSA) item is problematic as it requires the perpetrator have been 5-years or older than the victim. To assess whether some survivors’ CSA is not identified by the current item, whether their exclusion prevents access to services requiring a four-threshold ACE score, and how their health outcomes compared to other CSA groups and controls, an international sample of 974 women completed an online survey assessing their current health and CSA history using the original item and an experimental item without the 5-year modifier. Results indicated many CSA survivors are not identified by a 5-year modifier, exclusion has service implications for some, and on most variables, they had increased adverse health outcomes compared to controls. Means of assessing CSA must be thoughtfully revised.
Books on the topic "ACEA"
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Diaconu, Ioan Ion. Acea noapte sfântă--: Închis sub comuniști pentru Transilvania. București: Editura Victor Frunză, 1996.
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Battilossi, Stefano. Acea di Roma 1909-2000: Da azienda municipale a gruppo multiservizi. Milano, Italy: F. Angeli, 2001.
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Battilossi, Stefano. Acea di Roma, 1909-1996: Energia e acqua per la capitale. Milano: F. Angeli, 1997.
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Fasti on line - AIAC and Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma, eds. La domus di via Goito a Roma. Roma, Italia: Fasti on line - AIAC (Associazione Internazionale di Archeologia Classica), 2006.
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Roma, Soprintendenza Archeologica di, and Fasti on line - AIAC, eds. La necropoli di epoca repubblicana in via Goito a Roma. Roma, Italia: Fasti on line - AIAC (Associazione Internazionale di Archeologia Classica), 2006.
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Hildén, Jonatan, and Laura Koivunen-Niemi. Learn to Create a Visualization of Aggregated Time Data in Python With Data From ACEA (2020). 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529605211.
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Deslierres, Michel. Répertoire des articles, Association d'économique du Canada atlantique (AECA): Index of articles, Atlantic Canada Economics Association (ACEA). Moncton, N.B.]: Institut canadien de recherche sur le développement régional = Canadian Institute for Research on Regional Development, 1989.
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Suissa, Carmen. Acea Zi Din Septembrie. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017.
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Freiwillige Vereinbarungen in der europäischen Umweltpolitik am Beispiel der ACEA-Vereinbarung. GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2009.
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Ltd, ICON Group. ACEA SPA: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (Financial Performance Series). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "ACEA"
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Daniel, Klaus. "ACEA European Oil Sequences." In Encyclopedia of Lubricants and Lubrication, 1–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22647-2_158.
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Donnarumma, Stefano Antonio. "Acea-WETNET: True Monitoring of Water Networks." In The Italian Water Industry, 131–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71336-6_9.
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Chappell, Mark C. "Role of ACE, ACE2 and Neprilysin in the Kidney." In Frontiers in Research of the Renin-Angiotensin System on Human Disease, 1–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6372-5_1.
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Idowu, Samuel O. "ACCA." In Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility, 8–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28036-8_185.
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Gooch, Jan W. "Aceta." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 8. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_93.
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Scharnagl, Hubert, Winfried März, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Federico Fracassi, Alessia Diana, Thomas Frieling, et al. "ACEi." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, 5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_6161.
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Shea, Nathan. "Aceh." In Comparing Peace Processes, 18–36. First edition. | London ; New York, NY : Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in peace and conflict resolution: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315436616-2.
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Akbar Taqwadin, Danil, and Riadi Husaini. "Aceh." In The Routledge Handbook of Comparative Territorial Autonomies, 119–31. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003001645-12.
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Sinnema, Donald. "Introduction to the Acta Authentica, Acta Contracta and Printed Acta." In Acta of the Synod of Dordt, XXXIX—LII. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666550782.xxxix.
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Lim, T. K. "Acca sellowiana." In Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants, 601–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2534-8_81.
Full textConference papers on the topic "ACEA"
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Susai, Stefan Marcel. "Publicistica lui Alexandru Robot: recuperări necesare." In Filologia modernă: realizări şi perspective în context european. “Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu” Institute of Romanian Philology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52505/filomod.2021.15.42.
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Alexandru Robot a fost unul dintre publiciștii importanți ai perioadei interbelice. A fost un model de stil și limbaj pentru jurnaliștii basarabeni din acea vreme. În articolele sale, descoperim un Chișinău trist, plin de sărăcie și mizerie. Scriitorul îl caracterizează prin imagini simbolice care vestesc o apocalipsă. Natura devine cadrul predilect de conturare a sfâșierilor interioare ale acestui poet nimerit într-un spațiu cultural marginal, într-o lume în care spiritul său creator nu avea cum să se afirme.
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Stunnenberg, F., P. Duchesne, and W. M. Kleiser. "Similarities and Differences Between ACEA E3, E4 and E5 Specifications and Their Impact on Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Oil Formulations." In CEC/SAE Spring Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-1986.
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Yalcin, Huseyin C., Mohamed A. Elrayess, Hadeel T. Al-Jighefee, Mahmoud Khatib A. A. Al-Ruweidi, Shamma Almuraikhy, and Hadi M. Yassine. "Soluble ACE2 and Angiotensin II levels Modulated in Hypertensive COVID-19 Patients treated with different Antihypertension Drugs." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0085.
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Hypertension is a major risk factor and common comorbidity among severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Prominent antihypertensive drugs, such as angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) can modulate the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and may influence COVID-19 prognosis. Other classes of antihypertensive drugs, such as beta-blockers (BB) and calcium channel blockers (CCB) are associated with reduced mortality. Still, their effect on the circulating levels of ACE2 and angiotensin II, as well as the severity of COVID-19, are less characterized. Two hundred hypertensive COVID-19 patients on four different classes of antihypertensive medication (ACEi, ARB, BB, and CCB), with different COVID-19 severities (mild, moderate, and severe) were recruited, and clinical data were assessed. Sera-circulating ACE2 and angiotensin II levels were measured using standard ELISA kits. Linear regression models were used to assess the effect of antihypertensive medications on circulating levels of ACE2 and angiotensin II in relation to disease severity and other clinical indices. Included patients were on ACEi (n=57), ARB (n=68), BB (n=15), or CCB (n=30), with mild (n=76), moderate (n=76), or severe (n=52) COVID-19. ACE2 levels were higher in patients with severe COVID-19 than those with mild (p=0.04) and moderate (p=0.007) disease. ACE2 levels correlated positively with the length of hospital stay (r=0.3, p=0.003), while angiotensin II levels decreased with disease severity (p=0.04). Higher ACE2 levels were associated with elevated CRP and D-dimer, while higher angiotensin II levels were associated with lower levels of CRP, D-dimer, and troponin. Among the four treated groups, patients on ARB exhibited elevation in ACE2 levels with increased disease severity (p=0.01), whereas patients on ACEi showed lower angiotensin II levels with increased disease severity. Patients on BB showed the lowest disease severity compared to other treated groups. Our data show increased COVID-19 severity with elevated levels of circulating ACE2 and lower levels of angiotensin II and suggest a protective effect of BB treatment against disease severity in hypertensive patients, independently of ACE2 and angiotensin II levels.
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Mohr, Martin, Urs Lehmann, and Giovanni Margaria. "ACEA Programme on the Emissions of Fine Particulates from Passenger Cars(2) Part1: Particle Characterisation of a Wide Range of Engine Technologies." In 2003 JSAE/SAE International Spring Fuels and Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-1889.
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Islam, Nazmul. "Optimization of AC Electrokinetic Mixing by Nanocomposite Monolayer." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40216.
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The mixing of fluids using AC Electrokinetic is presented in this paper. Both AC electrothermal (ACET) and AC electroosmosis (ACEO) techniques are investigated for mixing operation. AC electrokinetic mixing utilizes the characteristics of short diffusion distance and large specific interface area, and the characteristics of laminar flow and multiphase flow in a microchannel. The proposed mixer will have advantages of easy implementation and compatibility with microchip fabrication. Furthermore low and high conductive fluid has been experimented for mixing operation. In this research, the ACET and ACEO mixing will be optimized by surface modification using a biocompatible hydrophobic nanocomposite monolayer. This coating will modify the mixer surface to a hydrophobic surface and improve the friction losses at the interface, and eventually increase the mixing rate. Both ACEO and ACET flow is a promising technique in microfluidic mixing toward laboratory automation applications, such as clinical diagnostics and high-throughput drug screening. But the mixing efficiency and type of AC electrokinetic usage depends on the conductivity range of the fluids. These mixers can be integrated with the lab-on-a-chip and can provide inexpensive disposable devices.
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Mohr, Martin, Urs Lehmann, and Giovanni Margaria. "ACEA Programme on the Emissions of Fine Particulates from Passenger Cars(2) Part 2: Effect of Sampling Conditions and Fuel Sulphur Content on the Particle Emission." In 2003 JSAE/SAE International Spring Fuels and Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-1890.
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Selby, K., M. Urbanak, D. Colbourne, H. Leonhardt, P. Burnett, F. Machatschek, and S. Beviere. "Meeting the Lubrication Challenges of Heavy Duty Low Emission Diesel Engines." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63983.
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In recent years, legislative authorities in the US, Europe and Japan have steadily reduced engine exhaust emissions, i.e., carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), sulphur, particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) to improve air quality. To meet these requirements engine manufacturers have had to make significant design changes and as a consequence new engine lubricant specifications from Industry bodies (ACEA, EMA, JAMA) and individual OEMs have had to be introduced to ensure adequate lubrication of these new engines. This has led to significant changes to heavy-duty diesel engine oil (HDDEO) oil formulation composition. Engine design modifications to increase fuel combustion efficiency such as increased peak cylinder pressure and increased fuel injection pressures have placed higher stress on piston rings and liners, bearings and valve train components [1], and improved oil consumption has meant longer oil residence time in the piston ring belt area. The practice of retarded fuel injection timing and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) as measures to reduce NOx levels by reducing peak combustion temperature has had a considerable impact on lubricant performance. Retarded injection leads to higher soot levels which can cause valve train wear and piston ring liner wear and soot-induced thickening, whilst EGR leads to increased corrosive acids and wear in the combustion chamber. Currently in Europe, Euro 3 heavy-duty engines predominantly use retarded fuel injection as the primary NOx emission control strategy although there are cases where EGR is used. In the US, cooled EGR is used by most engine manufacturers to meet US 2002 emissions. HDDEO’s contain a combination of performance additives such as overbased metal detergents, dispersants, antiwear agents and antioxidants designed to provide wear protection, engine cleanliness, and control of soot contaminants and oxidation. Other additive components include selected viscosity index (VI) improvers and pour point depressants to provide necessary viscosity characteristics and shear stability, and also anti-foam agents for oil aeration control. To meet the increased demands from low emission engines, the chemical composition of the performance additives has been modified and levels increased. Current HDDEOs optimized to meet US and European specifications contain typically between 1.3 and 1.9%wt sulphated ash, 0.1–0.14%wt phosphorus and 0.3–1.1.wt sulphur. To meet the next generation emission standards, engines will require the use of exhaust after-treatment devices. In Europe, Euro 4 emission reductions for NOx and PM, scheduled for introduction in 2005, will require the use of either selective catalytic reduction, or the use of EGR in combination with a diesel particulate filter (DPF). To meet the US 2007 requirements, higher levels of EGR than currently used, in combination with DPFs, is envisaged by most engine builders. Exhaust after-treatment devices are already used extensively in some applications such as DPFs on city buses in Europe and the US. Further NOx restrictions are scheduled for Euro 5 in 2008 and USA in 2010. NOx absorber systems, although used in gasoline engines, are still under development for heavy-duty diesel engines and may be available for 2010. Some lubricant base oil and additive components from oil consumed in the combustion chamber are believed to adversely affect the performance of after-treatment devices. Ash material from metal detergents and zinc dithiophosphates (ZDTP) can build up in the channels within particulate filters causing blockage and potentially loss of engine power, leading to a need for frequent cleaning maintenance. The role of sulphur and phosphorus in additive components is less clear. Sulphur from fuel can either oxidize to sulphur dioxide and react through to sulphuric acid, which manifests itself as particulate, or can have a poisoning effect on the catalyst itself. However, the role of sulphur containing additives is yet to be established. Phosphorus from ZDTP antiwear components can lead to a phosphate layer being deposited on catalyst surfaces, which may impair efficiency. Concerns from OEMs regarding the possible effects of ash, sulphur and phosphorus has led to chemical limits being introduced in some new and upcoming engine oil specifications. The ACEA E6 sequence restricts sulphated ash to 1.0%wt max, phosphorus to 0.08%wt max and sulphur to 0.3%wt max, while the PC-10 category scheduled for 2007 will have maximum limits of 1.0%wt sulphated ash, 0.12%wt phosphorus and 0.4%wt sulphur. The resulting constraints on the use of conventional overbased metal detergent cleanliness additives and zinc dithiophosphate antiwear additives will necessitate alternative engine oil formulation technologies to be developed in order to maintain current performance levels. Indeed, performance requirements of engine oils are expected to become more demanding for the next generation engines where emissions are further restricted. If absorbers become a major route for NOx reduction, limits on sulphur and phosphorus are likely to be more restrictive. Oil formulations meeting ACEA E6 and PC-10 chemical limits have been assessed in several key critical lubricant specification tests, looking at valve train and piston ring/cylinder liner wear, corrosive wear in bearings, piston cleanliness and soot-induced viscosity control. It is demonstrated that it is possible to achieve MB 228.5 extended oil drain performance and API CI-4 wear, corrosion and piston cleanliness requirements for current US engines equipped with EGR [2], at a sulphated ash level of 1.0%wt, and phosphorus and sulphur levels, (0.05 and 0.17%wt, respectively), considerably lower than these chemical limits. This is achievable by the use of selected low sulphur detergents, optimized primary and secondary antioxidant systems and non-phosphorus containing, ashless supplementary antiwear additives blended in synthetic basestocks. Field trials in several city bus fleets have been conducted to assess engine oil performance and durability using one of these low sulphated ash, phosphorus and sulphur (SAPS) oil formulations and to examine lubricant effects on particulate filter performance. Engine oil durability testing was conducted in bus fleets in Germany and Switzerland. These trials, involving over 100 vehicles, cover a range of engine types, e.g., Daimler Chrysler and MAN Euro 1, 2 and 3 and different fuel types (low sulphur diesel, biodiesel, and compressed natural gas) in some MAN engines. The fleets are fitted with continuously regenerating particulate filters either from new or retrofitted. Oils were tested at standard and extended drain intervals (up to 60 000km). Used oil analysis for iron, copper, lead and aluminium with the low SAPS oil in these vehicles have shown low wear rates in all engine types and comparable with a higher 1.8% ash ACEA E4, E5 quality oil. Soot levels can vary considerably, but oil viscosity is maintained within viscosity grade, even at 8% soot loading. TBN depletion and TAN accumulation rates are low showing significant residual basicity reserve and control of acidic combustion and oxidation products. Buses in Stuttgart and Berlin have been used to investigate lubricant ash effects of engine oil on particulate filter durability. Exhaust back-pressure is routinely measured and DPF filters removed and cleaned when back pressure exceeds 100 mbar. Comparison of rate of back pressure build up as a function of vehicle distance shows reduced back pressure gradients for the low SAPS oil relative to the 1.8%wt ash oil in both engine types looked at. An average reduction in back pressure gradient of 40% was found in buses equipped with OM 906LA engines in Berlin and 25% with OM 457hLA engines at both locations. Examination of the ash content in DPFs has shown a 40% reduction in the quantity of ash with the low SAPS oil. This investigation shows that it is possible to meet current long oil drain requirements whilst meeting chemical limits for future lubricants and provide benefits in DPF durability.
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Parvez, Mohammad Salman, Mohammad Fazlay Rubby, Samir Iqbal, and Nazmul Islam. "DC-Biased AC Electrokinetics Effect on V-Shaped Electrode Patterns for Microfluidics Applications." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11734.
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Abstract AC electrokinetics is one of the widely used methods as an actuating mechanism in the lab-on-a-chip devices because of the absence of moving mechanical parts. In this paper, an analysis is done by using two perpendicular electrodes which are placed in V-shape to each other while maintaining an angle of 45 degrees with the third horizontal electrode. A semiconductive fluid was used to observe the microfluidic behavior and characteristics under the application of a DC biased AC signal. Applying the AC signal produced two different mechanisms of electrokinetics such as DC-biased AC electrothermal (ACET) and DC-biased AC electroosmosis (ACEO). In the ACEO process, a time-varying voltage was applied to the electrodes to create the double layer capacitance and zeta potential. This ACEO mechanism required lower voltage. On the other hand, the AC Electrothermal (ACET) flow produced a non-uniform electric field that generated spatially varying heat sources which in turn created a non-uniform temperature distribution. Two surface characteristics were also analyzed experimentally; one of these was by using the hydrophobic surface and the other used glass-surface only. At the microscale, mechanical microdevice encounter very high flow resistance and put stringent requirements on the strength of fluid channels, chambers and the interconnects. While many types of microfluidic manipulations can be effectively done by AC electrokinetics techniques, current research work focused on the observation of varying frequencies and voltages and their effects on microfluidic manipulations.
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Passek, Boris. "Light Weight Design in Body-in-White Development Considering Passive Safety Requirements." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/amd-25440.
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Abstract Aside from aerodynamics, resistance to rolling, and the engine efficiency itself, mass is the most influencing factor of fuel consumption and therefore vehicle emission. Over the last years, the automobile industry has generally met the ever-increasing requirements on comfort and passive safety with increases in vehicle mass. However, with the European Community together with Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA), setting fleet average fuel consumption goals for 2008 to 5.81 petrol/100km (5.251 diesel/100km), this practice has to be not only stopped, but reversed. Very simply, it means that vehicle mass has to decrease while current and new legal requirements on passive safety will continue to have to be met. Additionally, comfort goals have to remain abreast of market demands. The use of alternative, lightweight materials in the Body-in-White offers the possibility of reducing vehicle mass without influencing the general concept of the car. The basis for an optimal vehicle structure is set in the initial phase of development. Consideration of implementing alternative materials has to occur at this stage in order to be successful. In order to be cost effective, these feasibility studies are primarily determined by simulation. For this purpose, it is imperative to have dependable models for these alternative materials, which can describe, not only their linear-elastic properties, but also the non-linear behavior and damage. One common choice for lightweight material which is seeing more and more use in the automobile industry is aluminum which has only one third the density of steel. This paper discusses the simulating and testing process for structural aluminum components in a BMW vehicle, starting with a general introduction to the problems of simulating aluminum alloys. BMW’s Z8 project is used as example, emphasis being placed on passive safety subjects.
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Westwood, Brian M., Hossam A. Shaltout, and Mark C. Chappell. "Modeling of Angiotensin Peptide Metabolism in Renal Proximal Tubules." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-190990.
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The recent discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a functional peptidase within the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has added a new layer of complexity to the enzymatic cascade of this hormonal system. ACE2 is highly expressed in the proximal tubules of the kidney, an important tissue site involved in blood pressure regulation. Therefore, we derived a model for the processing of Ang I which is the immediate precursor to the biologically active peptides Ang II and Ang-(1-7) based on metabolism data in isolated proximal tubules of the sheep kidney (1). Given the individual experimental velocities for several peptidases expressed in the proximal tubules including ACE, ACE2 and neprilysin, rate constants were calculated to describe the conservation equations for the processing of Ang I, Ang II and Ang-(1-7) We modeled the system with Ang I as the initial substrate and peptide concentrations for the downstream products were calculated using Euler’s method.
Reports on the topic "ACEA"
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Yoo, Jae-woo, Soon-jo Park, Tae-jung Yeo, Yong-ha Han, and Jin-hak Lim. Finite Element Model Development of 3.5 kg ACEA Headform Impactor (First Report). Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0312.
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Sela, Shlomo, and Michael McClelland. Desiccation Tolerance in Salmonella and its Implications. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594389.bard.
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Salmonella enterica is a worldwide food-borne pathogen, which regularly causes large outbreaks of food poisoning. Recent outbreaks linked to consumption of contaminated foods with low water-activity, have raised interest in understanding the factors that control fitness of this pathogen to dry environment. Consequently, the general objective of this study was to extend our knowledge on desiccation tolerance and long-term persistence of Salmonella. We discovered that dehydrated STm entered into a viable-but-nonculturable state, and that addition of chloramphenicol reduced bacterial survival. This finding implied that adaptation to desiccation stress requires de-novo protein synthesis. We also discovered that dried STm cells develop cross-tolerance to multiple stresses that the pathogen might encounter in the agriculture/food environment, such as high or low temperatures, salt, and various disinfectants. These findings have important implications for food safety because they demonstrate the limitations of chemical and physical treatments currently utilized by the food industry to completely inactivate Salmonella. In order to identify genes involved in desiccation stress tolerance, we employed transcriptomic analysis of dehydrated and wet cells and direct screening of knock-out mutant and transposon libraries. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that dehydration induced expression of ninety genes and down-regulated seven. Ribosomal structural genes represented the most abundant functional group with a relatively higher transcription during dehydration. Other large classes of induced functional groups included genes involved in amino acid metabolism, energy production, ion transport, transcription, and stress response. Initial genetic analysis of a number of up-regulated genes was carried out). It was found that mutations in rpoS, yahO, aceA, nifU, rpoE, ddg,fnr and kdpE significantly compromised desiccation tolerance, supporting their role in desiccation stress response.
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Travis, Amanda, Margaret Harvey, and Michelle Rickard. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Urinary Incontinence in Elementary School Aged Children. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0012.
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Purpose/Background: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have an impact on health throughout the lifespan (Filletti et al., 1999; Hughes et al., 2017). These experiences range from physical and mental abuse, substance abuse in the home, parental separation or loss, financial instability, acute illness or injury, witnessing violence in the home or community, and incarceration of family members (Hughes et al., 2017). Understanding and screening for ACEs in children with urinary incontinence can help practitioners identify psychological stress as a potentially modifiable risk factor. Methods: A 5-month chart review was performed identifying English speaking patients ages 6-11 years presenting to the outpatient urology office for an initial visit with a primary diagnosis of urinary incontinence. Charts were reviewed for documentation of individual or family risk factors for ACEs exposure, community risk factors for ACEs exposures, and records where no related documentation was included. Results: For the thirty-nine patients identified, no community risk factors were noted in the charts. Seventy-nine percent of patients had one or more individual or family risk factors documented. Implications for Nursing Practice This chart review indicates that a significant percentage of pediatric, school-aged patients presenting with urinary incontinence have exposure to ACEs. A formal assessment for ACEs at the time of initial presentation would be helpful to identify those at highest risk. References: Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14:245–258 Hughes, K., Bellis, M.A., Hardcastle, K.A., Sethi, D., Butchart, D., Mikton, C., Jones, L., Dunne, M.P. (2017) The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health, 2(8): e356–e366. Published online 2017 Jul 31.doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4 Lai, H., Gardner, V., Vetter, J., & Andriole, G. L. (2015). Correlation between psychological stress levels and the severity of overactive bladder symptoms. BMC urology, 15, 14. doi:10.1186/s12894-015-0009-6
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Reeves, Edmond. RBR-ACES Validation Activities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1760549.
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Stirm, T. ACES Infrastructure As Code. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1875234.
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Greenbaum, Daniel, Maria Costantini, Annemoon Van Erp, Rashid Shaikh, Brent Bailey, Chris Tennant, Imad Khalek, et al. Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1209912.
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Saunders, A. The Preparation of ACEL Thin Films. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada201813.
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Saunders, A. The Preparation of ACEL Thin Films. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada196174.
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Saunders, A. The Preparation of ACEL Thin Films. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada196175.
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Saunders, A. The Preparation of ACEL Thin Films. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada196176.
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