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Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Advanced Bayesian methods for medical test accuracy. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012.

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2

United States. Food and Drug Administration, ed. New devices aim at improving pap test accuracy. [Rockville, MD: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, 1997.

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3

Katzman, Robert. Accuracy of diagnosis and consequences of misdiagnosis of disorders causing dementia. [Washington, D.C: Office of Technology Assessment, 1986.

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4

Leary, N. P. The cycle completed?: An audit of diagnosis and SMR1 coding accuracy. (Edinburgh): Scottish Office, 1993.

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5

Office, General Accounting. Cholesterol measurement: Test accuracy and factors that influence cholesterol levels : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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6

Medicare Advantage: CMS should improve the accuracy of risk score adjustments for diagnostic coding practices : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Govt. Accountability Office, 2012.

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7

Medicare Advantage: Changes improved accuracy of risk adjustment for certain beneficiaries : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Govt. Accountability Office, 2011.

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8

J, Shprintzen Robert, Paul Natalie W, and March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation., eds. Diagnostic accuracy: Effect on treatment planning : proceedings of the Seventh Annual Symposium of the Society of Craniofacial Genetics, held in Denver, Colorado, June 17, 1984. New York: A.R. Liss, 1985.

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9

Larner, A. J. Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies in Dementia. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16697-1.

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10

Larner, A. J. Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies in Dementia. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17562-7.

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11

Bezirhan, Ummugul. Modelling Conditional Dependence Between Response Time and Accuracy in Cognitive Diagnostic Models. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2021.

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12

P, Whiting, and National Co-ordinating Centre for HTA (Great Britain), eds. Development and validation of methods for assessing the quality of diagnostic accuracy studies. Tunbridge Wells: Gray Publishing on behalf of NCCHTA, 2004.

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13

Kennedy, Diane M. The ADHD autism connection: A step toward more accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Colorado Springs, Colo: Waterbrook Press, 2002.

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14

Willett, Crystal. Psychogeriatric clinics and telehealth: Services for an early and accurate diagnosis of dementia. Sudbury, Ont: Huntington University College, 2003.

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15

Quick and accurate 12-lead ECG interpretation. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.

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16

Peters, Cortez. Cortez Peters' championship keyboarding drills: An individualized diagnostic/prescriptive method for developing accuracy and speed. 3rd ed. Westerville, OH: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 1996.

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17

The Cortez Peters championship typing drills: An individualized diagnostic/prescriptive method for developing accuracy and speed. 2nd ed. New York: Gregg Division/McGraw-Hill, 1987.

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18

Jacqueline, Dinnes, and National Co-ordinating Centre for HTA (Great Britain), eds. A methodological review of how heterogeneity has been examined in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy. Tunbridge Wells: Gray Publishing, 2005.

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19

SHPRINTZEN, RJ. Shprintzen Diagnostic Accuracy - Effect on Treat Mentplanning. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1985.

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20

Perinatal depression: Prevalence, screening accuracy, and screening outcomes. [Rockville, Md: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2005.

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21

Broemeling, Lyle D. Advanced Bayesian Methods for Medical Test Accuracy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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22

Broemeling, Lyle D. Advanced Bayesian Methods for Medical Test Accuracy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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23

Broemeling, Lyle D. Advanced Bayesian Methods for Medical Test Accuracy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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24

o, Research Triangle Institute-University. Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes (Evidence Report/Technology Assessment). Dept. of Health and Human Services Public Hea, 2005.

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25

Coates, Laura C., and William J. Taylor. Diagnosis and classification criteria. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0020.

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This chapter covers diagnosis and classification of psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Firstly the difference between diagnosis and classification criteria in terms of their design, function, and performance is discussed. The diagnostic clues of PsA are summarized: risk factors for development of arthritis amongst patients with psoriasis, signs, and symptoms of articular, entheseal and axial disease, and relevant investigations. Older classification criteria for PsA are discussed along with later modifications. The development of the CASPAR criteria is described and subsequent studies assessing the accuracy of the CASPAR criteria in different populations are then summarized. How PsA fits within the broader family of spondyloarthritides (SpA) and the performance of CASPAR compared to SpA criteria is outlined. Different subtypes of PsA, as well as the evolution of individual patients through subtypes over time, are described. Finally future proposals to develop the ‘stem’ of CASPAR to define ‘inflammatory articular, entheseal or axial disease’ are summarized.
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26

Accuracy of a treadmill scoring system for prediction of coronary artery disease in female subjects. 1991.

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27

Ryle, Cym Anthony. Risk and Reason in Clinical Diagnosis. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190944001.001.0001.

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This book provides, without the use of specialist language, a description of diagnostic reasoning and error and a discussion of steps that could improve diagnostic accuracy. Drawing on work in cognitive psychology, it presents the key characteristics of human reasoning. It notes that complex cognitive tasks such as medical diagnosis require a synergy of intuition and analytical thinking and introduces the concept of bias. The book considers the value of current classifications of disease, the meaning of diagnostic thresholds, and the potential for overdiagnosis. It examines the role of the patient-centred approach in this context. It develops a description of the diagnostic process, provides illustrative examples and metaphors, and refers to the dual-process model. It suggests that medical training does not consistently provide a coherent account of diagnostic thinking and the associated risks of error. It considers the role of probability in diagnostic reasoning, noting the contribution and the limitations of both informal and mathematical estimates. It refers to clear evidence that error in medical diagnosis is a prevalent and potent cause of harm and may result from systems factors or cognitive glitches such as bias and logical fallacy. It presents cases with commentaries, highlighting the cognitive processes in diagnostic successes, near misses, and disasters. It concludes with proposals for change, notably in institutional culture; in professional culture, education, and training; and in the structure of medical records. The book advocates the development and deployment of computerized diagnostic decision support. It argues that these changes could significantly enhance patient safety.
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28

Mc Ardle, Brian A., Jennifer M. Renaud, Robert A. deKemp, and Rob S. B. Beanlands. Role of PET in Diagnosis and Risk Assessment in Patients with Known or Suspected CAD. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0020.

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Cardiac PET enables evaluation of multiple aspects of myocardial perfusion, metabolism, cell signaling and function that are of value both for diagnosis and prognostication in patients with known or suspected CAD and its use has increased in the past three decades. PET myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) offers several technological advantages over SPECT including; higher photon energy, higher count sensitivity, more consistent attenuation correction and the ability to measure myocardial blood flow in absolute terms. These result in faster imaging times, lower patient radiation exposure and increased diagnostic accuracy. However the availability of PET MPI remains limited, predominantly due to expense. Efforts are underway to expand the use of PET MPI beyond larger centers, with lower-cost scanners and more widely available radiotracers. In this chapter we describe the latest advances in PET camera technology and image reconstruction as well as potential image artifacts specific to PET MPI. We go on to discuss diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of PET MPI as well as its role in clinical practice.
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29

Zahedi, Sohrab. Diagnostic review and revision. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0020.

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The criminalization of people with mental illness is a sad commentary on the United States’ mental health system. Yet, the phenomenon presents the field of psychiatry with an opportunity that is now scarce in civil society: lengths of sentence in terms of weeks to years that allow for in-depth observation and treatment of the inmate with mental illness. A few days in a hospital fails to provide the needed opportunity for a detailed and accurate evaluation. Today, people with mental illness account for more than one million annual arrests and many among these individuals will spend weeks to months in jail before being either transferred to a prison for sentences beyond one year or released back into the community. At its core, psychiatric diagnosis relies on the subjective complaints of the patient and objective signs noted on examination. Considering the chronic and fluctuating course of most psychiatric diagnoses, a thorough assessment also requires a review of past documented behaviors. When someone is hospitalized for a psychiatric condition, the first goal is often observation, followed by diagnosis, and then treatment. Psychiatric hospitals are being greatly constrained in the amount of time available for observation and accurate diagnosis; the correctional setting, as an unintended consequence of mass incarceration, provides an extended opportunity to achieve improved diagnostic accuracy. This chapter reflects on the diagnostic opportunities that a jail or a prison setting affords.
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30

The accuracy of the clinical examination in the diagnosis of chronic obstructive airways disease: Use of an internet-based research network. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2003.

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31

Andrade, Maria João, and Albert Varga. Stress echocardiography: methodology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0012.

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Stress echocardiography is the combination of echocardiography with a physical, pharmacological, or electrical stress. Good quality images are absolutely necessary and a quad-screen format should be applied for comparative analysis. Different stress echo protocols can be used in different pathologies. Exercise echocardiography has the advantages of its wide availability, low cost, and versatility for the assessment of various cardiac conditions. The most usual pathologies are suspected or known ischaemic heart disease, mitral and aortic valve diseases, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and pulmonary hypertension. Among exercise-independent stresses, dobutamine and dipyridamole are the most frequently used. Dobutamine is widely accepted for the evaluation of myocardial viability. The two tests have comparable accuracy for the detection of coronary artery disease. Ergonovine echo is highly feasible, accurate, and safe for the diagnosis of coronary vasospasm. High-rate pacing is especially appropriate in patients with a permanent pacemaker because non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease in these patients is an extremely difficult task.
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32

Ahmed, Asrar, Leda Galiuto, Mark Monaghan, and Roxy Senior. Contrast echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0008.

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Contrast echocardiography is an established and widely used technique employing gas-filled ultrasound contrast agents for diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, and contrast agents have become an integral part of a modern echocardiographic laboratory. Contrast echocardiography has been shown to improve diagnostic accuracy, reproducibility, and confidence across a range of indications with reduced downstream costs. Microbubble contrast agents now have a proven safety track record and it is imperative that through appropriate education and training, use of contrast is encouraged in day-to-day clinical and echocardiographic practice. This chapter discusses the basic principles of contrast echocardiography and reviews the utility of this technique in different clinical settings.
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33

Ho, Vanessa P., and Philip S. Barie. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0188.

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Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) may occur in surgical or injured, critically-ill, and systemically-ill patients, with diabetes mellitus, malignant disease, abdominal vasculitis, congestive heart failure, cholesterol embolization, shock, and cardiac arrest. Children may also be affected, especially following a viral illness. The pathogenesis of AAC is complex and multifactorial. Ischaemia/reperfusion injury and the associated pro-inflammatory response and oxidative tissue stress, appear to be the central mechanisms, but bile stasis, opioid therapy, positive-pressure ventilation, and parenteral nutrition may all contribute to development of the disease. Ultrasound of the gallbladder is most accurate for the diagnosis of AAC in the critically-ill patient. Computed tomography is probably of comparable accuracy, but carries both advantages and disadvantages. Percutaneous cholecystostomy is now the treatment of choice, controlling AAC in about 85% of patients, despite the known high prevalence of gallbladder infarction (~50%) and perforation (~10%). Rapid improvement may be expected when AAC is diagnosed correctly and cholecystostomy is performed timely. The mortality (historically ~30%) of percutaneous and open cholecystostomy are similar, reflecting the severity of illness, but improved resuscitation and critical care may portend a decreased risk of death.
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34

Accurate Results in the Clinical Laboratory. Elsevier, 2013.

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35

Shulman, Ryan, Adrian Wilson, and Delia Peppercorn. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.008003.

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♦ ACL tear: abnormal fibres, tibial translation, PCL/patella tendon buckling, bone bruising♦ Meniscal tear: signal change to free edge♦ Bone bruising:• Reticular—not continuous subarticular bone• Geographic—extends to subarticular bone♦ Posterolateral corner:• Oblique slices through fibular head• Consists of lateral collateral ligament, popliteus, popliteofibular ligament, and arcuate complex.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized the investigation and treatment of the painful knee. It is non-invasive and avoids patient exposure to ionizing radiation. MRI has the advantage of establishing diagnoses in a painful knee without the morbidity of surgical intervention. It is now widely available and has moved from a simple diagnostic adjunct into a key planning tool. It offers improved management of theatre resources and it allows for more accurate planning of postoperative rehabilitation.The role of MRI in management of the injured knee is determined by its cost-effectiveness and its ability to augment the diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination. Accuracy of clinical examination by specialist orthopaedic surgeons is comparable to MRI when interpreted by specialist radiologists (Table 8.3.1). Increasingly, MRI has been shown to be cost neutral. Whilst costs are high, diagnostic information reduces the need for unnecessary surgery.
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36

Sicari, Rosa, and Raluca Dulgheru. Stress echocardiography: introduction and pathophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0011.

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Stress echocardiography is the combination of two-dimensional echocardiography with a physical, pharmacological, or electrical stress. The diagnostic end point for the detection of myocardial ischaemia is the induction of a transient worsening in left ventricular regional function during stress. Among different stress modalities of comparable diagnostic and prognostic accuracy available, semisupine exercise is the most frequently used; dobutamine-the best test for viability assessment; dipyridamole-the safest and simplest pharmacological stress test; and the most suitable for combined wall motion-coronary flow reserve assessment. Identification of viable myocardium and evaluation of severity of valvular heart disease are additional recognized applications of stress echocardiography. In spite of its dependence upon operators’ training, stress echocardiography is today the best (most cost-effective and risk-effective) possible imaging modality to achieve the still elusive target of sustainable cardiac imaging in the field of non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease.
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37

Social security: Measure of telephone service accuracy can be improved : report to the Chairman, Special Committee on Aging, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1991.

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38

Knopman, Debra, Martin Wachs, Benjamin Miller, and Katherine Pfrommer. Fixing U.S. Infrastructure's Ills Requires an Accurate Diagnosis. RAND Corporation, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/rb9997.

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39

Larner, A. J. Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies in Dementia: A Pragmatic Approach. Springer International Publishing AG, 2020.

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40

Larner, A. J. Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies in Dementia: A Pragmatic Approach. Springer International Publishing AG, 2015.

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41

Larner, A. J. Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies in Dementia: A Pragmatic Approach. Springer International Publishing AG, 2016.

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42

Larner, A. J. Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies in Dementia: A Pragmatic Approach. Springer, 2019.

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43

Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies in Dementia: A Pragmatic Approach. Springer, 2015.

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44

Kane, David, and Philip Platt. Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0067.

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Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) is rapidly becoming a standard part of many rheumatologists' daily clinical practice. MSUS is safe, increasingly widely available, relatively low cost, non-invasive, and hence very acceptable to the patient. Current problems with availability of training, mentoring, and accreditation procedures need to be overcome for MSUS to reach its full potential for rheumatologists. MSUS is capable of improving clinical diagnosis and the accuracy of intervention. MSUS is more sensitive than clinical examination in the detection of synovitis and effusion and is capable of rapid targeted assessment of widely spaced joints coupled with clinical correlation. MSUS has advantages over other imaging modalities; the ability to display dynamic real-time movement makes it the imaging modality of choice for tendon problems. It is significantly more sensitive than plain radiology in the demonstration of early erosive changes, and although its sensitivity is less than that of MRI for the detection of erosions it is far more practical, timely, and available. The combination of sensitivity in detection of synovitis, tenosynovitis, and erosions makes it an ideal imaging modality in the context of an early arthritis clinic. Power Doppler has been shown to be an effective way of evaluating synovitis and hence is of value in early diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory arthritides. The accuracy of placement of local injection therapies is enhanced by MSUS, and it significantly increases the diagnostic success rate of aspiration of joints and bursas. The flexibility of ultrasound as a tool for rheumatologists is shown by its application in the assessment of vasculitides, peripheral nerve pathology, salivary glands, and skin lesions.
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45

Kane, David, and Philip Platt. Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0067_update_002.

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Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) is rapidly becoming a standard part of many rheumatologists’ daily clinical practice. MSUS is safe, increasingly widely available, relatively low cost, non-invasive, and hence very acceptable to the patient. Current problems with availability of training, mentoring, and accreditation procedures need to be overcome for MSUS to reach its full potential for rheumatologists. MSUS is capable of improving clinical diagnosis and the accuracy of intervention. MSUS is more sensitive than clinical examination in the detection of synovitis and effusion and is capable of rapid targeted assessment of widely spaced joints coupled with clinical correlation. MSUS has advantages over other imaging modalities; the ability to display dynamic real-time movement makes it the imaging modality of choice for tendon problems. It is significantly more sensitive than plain radiology in the demonstration of early erosive changes, and although its sensitivity is less than that of MRI for the detection of erosions it is far more practical, timely, and available. The combination of sensitivity in detection of synovitis, tenosynovitis, and erosions makes it an ideal imaging modality in the context of an early arthritis clinic. Power Doppler has been shown to be an effective way of evaluating synovitis and hence is of value in early diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory arthritides. The accuracy of placement of local injection therapies is enhanced by MSUS, and it significantly increases the diagnostic success rate of aspiration of joints and bursas. The flexibility of ultrasound as a tool for rheumatologists is shown by its application in the assessment of vasculitides, peripheral nerve pathology, salivary glands, and skin lesions.
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46

Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. The Standard Transoesophageal Examination. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0003.

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Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) is a semi-invasive procedure that harnesses the transoesophageal echo windows via a specialized probe to improve diagnostic accuracy if transthoracic imaging is not sufficient, or to allow echocardiographic examination and monitoring in circumstances where the transthoracic echo windows are not accessible, e.g., intra-operatively or during cardiac interventions. Main indications for TOE are the diagnosis of infective endocarditis, the identification of left atrial thrombi, in particular in the left atrial appendage before cardioversion, prosthetic valve dysfunction, aortic disease including dissection, intraoperative monitoring of valvular surgery, peri-interventional monitoring of interventions in structural heart disease, e.g. interventional mitral repair or transcatheter aortic valve implantation, and atrial septal defect closure. The chapter describes proper precautions and technique of TOE, standard views and recordings, as well as the most important imaging information and how to get it for the main TOE indications.
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47

Cutter, David, and Martin Scott-Brown. Diagnosis and staging of cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0324.

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The accurate diagnosis of the precise type and stage of a malignancy is a vital part of cancer management. Treatment options and decisions vary significantly between various stages of the same malignancy (e.g. treatment with radical vs palliative intent) and also between specific histological subtypes of a cancer arising from the same organ (e.g. small-cell lung cancer vs non-small-cell lung cancer). It is therefore of critical importance that as much accurate information about each individual case is obtained. This is achieved with a variety of diagnostic procedures which allow the multidisciplinary team to reach correct decisions about management. The types of investigations performed typically include radiology and pathology, but clinically important information may also be obtained by other methods, for example surgical staging, clinical examination, endoscopy, and blood tests. As well as directing therapy, accurate staging also allows a more precise estimation of prognosis or the probability of treatment success, knowledge which is of obvious importance to the patient.
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48

Walkey, Allan J., and David D. McManus. Causes and diagnosis of tachyarrhythmias. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0155.

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Tachyarrhythmias occur during approximately 12% of medical and surgical intensive care unit hospitalizations. The haemodynamic, metabolic, autonomic, inflammatory, and pharmacological factors associated with critical illness may act as arrhythmia triggers. The occurrence of new tachyarrhythmia in a critically-ill patient may be associated with an acute decrease in cardiac output, resulting in haemodynamic instability, an event that often results in increased morbidity and mortality. Accurate electrocardiographic arrhythmia diagnosis is necessary for instituting effective therapy. This chapter reviews the various strategies for identifying the causes, and obtain accurate diagnosis for supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias that commonly occur during critical illness.
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49

Price, Susanna, Roxy Senior, and Bogdan A. Popescu. Acute cardiac care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0062.

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Echocardiography is fundamental to the assessment and management of patients with acute cardiac disease, and differs from outpatient echocardiography in some key areas. Echocardiography provides important information throughout the whole patient pathway, having been shown to change interventions in 60–80% patients in the pre-hospital setting, improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency in the emergency room, and reveal the aetiology of unexplained hypotension in 48% of medical intensive care patients. Echocardiography is now included in the universal definition of acute myocardial infarction, and in international guidelines regarding the management of cardiac arrest. In the critical care setting, echocardiography can be used to as a haemodynamic monitor, to determine abnormalities of cardiac physiology and coronary perfusion, as well as defining the underlying cardiac diagnosis. This chapter focuses on situations relevant to acute cardiac care, however, where discussed elsewhere in this textbook (acute coronary syndromes, pulmonary embolism, takotsubo, aortic disease, pericarditis, cardiomyopathies, heart failure, and valvular disease) they are not covered in detail here.
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50

Stankovic, Ana K., Sol F. Green, and Jeffrey J. Chance. Managing the Preanalytical Process to Ensure Timely and Accurate Patient Results. De Gruyter, Inc., 2015.

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