Academic literature on the topic 'Accumulator recharge'
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Journal articles on the topic "Accumulator recharge"
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Grigoryev, A. V., A. Yu Vasil’Yev, and S. M. Malyshev. "CALCULATION OF SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN MARINE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS WITH DIRECT CURRENT POWER DISTRIBUTION." Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova 14, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.21821/2309-5180-2022-14-2-296-305.
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A method for calculating shock short-circuit currents in marine electric power systems with direct current distribution of electricity is presented in the paper. These systems are widely used in shipbuilding. The calculation of short-circuit currents in such systems has a number of features related to the operating modes of these networks. In the systems with direct current electricity distribution, the generation and consumption of electricity is carried out on alternating current, while the distribution is carried out on direct current. The current standards for calculating short-circuit currents in DC and AC systems in this case cannot be used for a number of reasons. These standards do not consider specific supply sources of short-circuit points (short circuit) and variable rotational speed of valve generators in the various operating modes. AC electric motors (ED), when they are mains powered with DC power distribution via autonomous inverters, supply the short-circuit point on the DC side. Capacitor banks and accumulator batteries connected to a system with direct current electricity distribution are additional sources for the short circuit site supply. The elements of a methodology for calculating short-circuit currents in marine power plants with direct current electricity distribution, taking into account all operating modes and additional sources of short-circuit location recharge, are proposed in the paper. A method for determining the maximum value of the shock current at the short circuit design point of the ship’s electric power system is proposed.
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Zamora, Hector A., Christopher J. Eastoe, Jennifer C. McIntosh, and Karl W. Flessa. "Groundwater Origin and Dynamics on the Eastern Flank of the Colorado River Delta, Mexico." Hydrology 8, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8020080.
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Isotope data and major ion chemistry were used to identify aquifer recharge mechanisms and geochemical evolution of groundwaters along the US–Mexico border. Local recharge originates as precipitation and occurs during winter through preferential infiltration pathways along the base of the Gila Range. This groundwater is dominated by Na–Cl of meteoric origin and is highly concentrated due to the dissolution of soluble salts accumulated in the near-surface. The hydrochemical evolution of waters in the irrigated floodplain is controlled by Ca–Mg–Cl/Na–Cl-type Colorado River water. However, salinity is increased through evapotranspiration, precipitation of calcite, dissolution of accumulated soil salts, de-dolomitization, and exchange of aqueous Ca2+ for adsorbed Na+. The Na–Cl-dominated local recharge flows southwest from the Gila Range and mixes with the Ca–Mg–Cl/Na–Cl-dominated floodplain waters beneath the Yuma and San Luis Mesas. Low 3H suggests that recharge within the Yuma and San Luis Mesas occurred at least before the 1950s, and 14C data are consistent with bulk residence times up to 11,500 uncorrected 14C years before present. Either the flow system is not actively recharged, or recharge occurs at a significantly lower rate than what is being withdrawn, leading to aquifer overdraft and deterioration.
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Kuncoro, C. Bambang Dwi, Min-Feng Sung, Cornelia Adristi, Arvanida Feizal Permana, and Yean-Der Kuan. "Prospective Powering Strategy Development for Intelligent-Tire Sensor Power Charger Application." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121424.
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Tire sensors embedded in a vehicle tire are stand-alone autonomous devices. A tire sensor reserve power strategy is crucial due to sensor energy sources limitations for long operational periods. This paper presents an innovative tire sensor powering strategy for the intelligent-tire system. The powering strategy offers a green concept, maintenance-free, and low-cost method in order to extend the tire sensor lifetime for long operating periods. The proposed strategy adopts wireless power transfer (WPT) technology to transfer power to an electrical load mounted on the rotational system without an interconnection cable. It is composed of a power transmitter designed to be mounted on the vehicle’s inner fender liner, and a power receiver that provides power to recharge the tire sensor battery/energy storage. The transmitter transfers power from the vehicle battery/accumulator to a power receiver coupled with the tire sensor which is mounted on the vehicle tire inner wall. WPT devices were designed based on induction electromagnetic coupling and can provide an output current up to 1A at 5 V. The proposed powering strategy was verified using a vehicle tire simulator model to emulate rotational motion. A voltage and current sensor module as well microcontroller and data logger modules were utilized as the load for the developed WPT system. The verification experimental and preliminary test results reveal that the proposed strategy can provide constant power to the load (in this case, the voltage is around 4.3 V and the current is around 21.1 mA) although the vehicle tire model was rotated at different speeds from 0 rpm to 800 rpm. The proposed system has the potential and feasibility for implementation in tire sensor power applications in the intelligent-tire system.
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Karlović, Igor, Tamara Marković, and Tatjana Vujnović. "Groundwater Recharge Assessment Using Multi Component Analysis: Case Study at the NW Edge of the Varaždin Alluvial Aquifer, Croatia." Water 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010042.
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Exploring the interaction between precipitation, surface water, and groundwater has been a key subject of many studies dealing with water quality management. The Varaždin aquifer is an example of an area where high nitrate content in groundwater raised public concern, so it is important to understand the aquifer recharge for proper management and preservation of groundwater quality. The NW part of the Varaždin aquifer has been selected for study area, as precipitation, Drava River, accumulation lake, and groundwater interact in this area. In this study, groundwater and surface water levels, water temperature, water isotopes (2H and 18O), and chloride (Cl−) were monitored in precipitation, surface water, and groundwater during the four-year period to estimate groundwater recharge. Head contour maps were constructed based on the groundwater and surface water levels. The results show that aquifer is recharged from both Drava River and accumulation lake for all hydrological conditions–low, mean, and high groundwater levels. The monitoring results of water temperature, chloride content, and stable water isotopes were used as tracers, i.e. as an input to the mixing model for estimation of the contribution ratio from each recharge source. The calculation of mixing proportions showed that surface water is a key mechanism of groundwater recharge in the study area, with a contribution ratio ranging from 55% to 100% depending on the proximity of the observation well to surface water.
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Holland, K. L., S. D. Tyerman, L. J. Mensforth, and G. R. Walker. "Tree water sources over shallow, saline groundwater in the lower River Murray, south-eastern Australia: implications for groundwater recharge mechanisms." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 2 (2006): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05019.
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The decline of riparian vegetation in the lower River Murray, south-eastern Australia, is associated with a reduction in flooding frequency, extent and duration, and increased salt accumulation. The plant water sources of healthy Eucalyptus largiflorens trees growing over highly saline (>40 dS m–1) groundwater were investigated during summer when water deficit is greatest. The study found low-salinity soil water overlying highly saline groundwater at most sites. This deep soil water, rather than the saline groundwater, was identified as the plant water source at most sites. Stable isotopes of water and water potential measurements were used to infer how the deep soil water was recharged. The low-salinity, deep soil water was recharged in the following two ways: (1) vertically through the soil profile or via preferential flow paths by rainfall or flood waters or (2) horizontally by bank recharge from surface water on top of the saline groundwater. Vertical infiltration of rainfall and floodwaters through cracking clays was important for trees growing in small depressions, whereas infiltration of rainfall through sandy soils was important for trees growing at the break of slope. Bank recharge was important for trees growing within ∼50 m of permanent and ephemeral water bodies. The study has provided a better understanding of the spatial patterns of recharge at a scale relevant to riparian vegetation. This understanding is important for the management of floodplain vegetation growing in a saline, semi-arid environment.
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Vanderzalm, J. L., P. J. Dillon, G. J. Hancock, C. Leslie, J. Dighton, C. Smith, and G. Pearce. "Using elemental profiles in the sediment of a lake used to supply drinking water to understand the impacts of urban stormwater recharge." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 6 (2013): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12215.
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The regional city of Mount Gambier, South Australia, recharges stormwater directly into the underlying unconfined, karstic Gambier Limestone aquifer. This aquifer provides the majority of recharge to Blue Lake, a groundwater-fed volcanic crater lake, used for Mount Gambier’s drinking water supply. However, concern remains regarding the risk posed by contaminants within stormwater, in particular when stormwater recharge may ultimately contribute to a source of drinking-water supply. The present research examined the role of the annual calcite precipitation in the lake, in protecting the quality of its water supply, by examining the composition of particulate matter in the lake and on the lake bottom. The sediment did not reveal negative impacts of stormwater recharge, but did highlight the increase in erosion as a result of settlement and extensive land clearing for agriculture at the time of settlement. Analysis of lake-floor sediment revealed increased accumulation of the lithogenic elements within the lake-floor sediment during this interval, owing to the cleansing capacity of the calcite precipitation cycle. Extraction of water from Blue Lake for water supply has resulted in a reduced water residence time in the lake and a three-fold increase in the accumulation of calcium carbonate on the lake floor.
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Zhang, Zichen, Lihua Wu, Jun Feng, Zhiwen Dong, Xiong Zhao, Yi Sun, Xiping Cheng, Liqin Dong, and Tingting Liu. "Characteristics of Runoff Components in the Mingyong Glacier Basin, Meili Snow Mountains." Water 16, no. 7 (March 24, 2024): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16070937.
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As an important hydrological ecosystem component, the glacier basin has great significance for climate and environment, and it is also linked to regional water sustainability. In this paper, the sampling and isotope analysis of glacial ice, ice-melt water, river water (river midstream and river downstream), groundwater (spring), and precipitation were carried out in a hydrological year of the Mingyong Glacier basin, which is located at the Meili Snow Mountains, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. At the same time, the hydrograph separation of the recharge sources of the lower mountain pass is studied. The results show that the range of δD, δ18O, and d-excess (deuterium excess) in natural water bodies are significantly different, and the precipitation is the most obvious. The high values of δD and δ18O in the water samples all appeared in spring and summer, and the low values appeared in autumn and winter, while glacial ice showed opposite trends. Meanwhile, the local meteoric water line (LMWL) of the Mingyong Glacier basin is δD = 8.04δ18O + 13.06. The End-Member Mixing Analysis (EMMA) was adopted to determine the sources proportion of river water (river downstream) according to the δD, δ18O, and d-excess ratio relationships. The results showed that the proportion of ice-melt water, groundwater, and precipitation in the ablation period was 80.6%, 17.2%, and 2.2% as well as 19.2%, 73.1%, and 7.7% in the accumulation period, respectively. Ice-melt water has a higher conversion recharge rate to groundwater and indirectly recharges river water, especially in nonmonsoon seasons. In other words, the main recharge source of river water in the lower reaches of the Mingyong Glacier basin during the ablation period is ice-melt water. In the accumulation period, the main recharge source of river water in the lower reaches of the Mingyong Glacier basin is groundwater, while nearly half of the recharge of groundwater comes from ice-melt water. Therefore, regardless of the ablation period or the accumulation period, ice-melt water is sustainable and important to this region.
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Zhang, Zhe, Yanping Li, Michael Barlage, Fei Chen, Gonzalo Miguez-Macho, Andrew Ireson, and Zhenhua Li. "Modeling groundwater responses to climate change in the Prairie Pothole Region." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 655–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-655-2020.
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Abstract. Shallow groundwater in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) is predominantly recharged by snowmelt in the spring and supplies water for evapotranspiration through the summer and fall. This two-way exchange is underrepresented in current land surface models. Furthermore, the impacts of climate change on the groundwater recharge rates are uncertain. In this paper, we use a coupled land–groundwater model to investigate the hydrological cycle of shallow groundwater in the PPR and study its response to climate change at the end of the 21st century. The results show that the model does a reasonably good job of simulating the timing of recharge. The mean water table depth (WTD) is well simulated, except for the fact that the model predicts a deep WTD in northwestern Alberta. The most significant change under future climate conditions occurs in the winter, when warmer temperatures change the rain/snow partitioning, delaying the time for snow accumulation/soil freezing while advancing early melting/thawing. Such changes lead to an earlier start to a longer recharge season but with lower recharge rates. Different signals are shown in the eastern and western PPR in the future summer, with reduced precipitation and drier soils in the east but little change in the west. The annual recharge increased by 25 % and 50 % in the eastern and western PPR, respectively. Additionally, we found that the mean and seasonal variation of the simulated WTD are sensitive to soil properties; thus, fine-scale soil information is needed to improve groundwater simulation on the regional scale.
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Legchenko, A., C. Vincent, J. M. Baltassat, J. F. Girard, E. Thibert, O. Gagliardini, M. Descloitres, et al. "Monitoring water accumulation in a glacier using magnetic resonance imaging." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 3 (May 31, 2013): 2119–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-2119-2013.
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Abstract. Tête Rousse is a small polythermal glacier located in the Mont Blanc area (French Alps) at an altitude of 3100 to 3300 m. Recent accumulation of melt water in the glacier was assumed to occur, but such accumulation had yet to be confirmed. Using Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance imaging (3-D-SNMR), we showed that the temperate part of the Tête Rousse glacier contains two separate water-filled caverns (central and upper caverns). In 2009, the central cavern contained about 55 000 m3 of water. Since 2010, the cavern is drained every year. Using 3-D-SNMR, we monitored the changes caused by this pumping in the water distribution within the glacier body. Twice a year, we carried out magnetic resonance imaging of the entire glacier and estimated the volume of water accumulated in the central cavern. Our results show the changes in cavern geometry and recharge rate: in two years, the central cavern lost about 73% of its initial volume, but 65% were lost in one year after the first pumping. We also observed that, after being drained, the cavern was recharged at an average rate of 20 to 25 m3 d−1 over the winter months and 120 to 180 m3 d−1 in summer. These observations illustrate how ice and water may refill englacial volume being emptied by artificial draining. Comparison of the 3-D-SNMR results with those obtained by drilling and pumping showed a very good correspondence, confirming the high reliability of 3-D-SNMR imaging.
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Lasisi, M. O., K. F. Omotayo, and Y. M. Adeosun. "APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AND REMOTE SENSING IN GROUNWATER RECHARGE POTENTIAL OF ADO-EKITI, NIGERIA." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch 07, no. 03 (2022): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2022.5737.
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The increasing demand for freshwater has been on the increase as a result of geometric population growth, erratic climate change and urbanization has necessitated more attention and reliance on groundwater resources most especially in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. This necessitates the urgent need for judicious management of available groundwater resources to meet the freshwater requirements in the studied area. Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques were used to map out the groundwater recharge potential of the studied area. Google Earth and Land Satellite (LANDSAT) 7 sensor of Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), path 191 and row 55 were used to acquire the satellite imageries of Ado-Ekiti. Using high resolution imageries, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was developed with Surfer 8 and ArcGIS 10.0 softwares to identify areas with high, medium and low groundwater recharge zones in the studied area. The elevation, slope, land use/ land cover, drainage density, lineament density, lithology, flow direction, flow length and flow accumulation maps of the study area were generated by using the DEM. The groundwater recharge potential was obtained by overlaying all the thematic maps that affected the groundwater distribution. Each thematic map was weighted according to its effect on groundwater infiltration. The results showed that areas with high lineament density, long flow length, high flow accumulation, high drainage pattern, low slope (lowland region) and vegetation have high groundwater recharge potential, and areas with medium lineament density, flow length, flow accumulation, drainage density, slope and sparse vegetation, respectively have moderate groundwater recharge potential while areas with low lineament density, short flow length, low flow accumulation, low drainage density, high slope (highland region) and sparse vegetation have low groundwater recharge potential. Better information on groundwater recharge potential of the studied area was provided via easily read and accessible maps generated from remotely sensed data and ArcGIS 10.0 software. The results also revealed that geology survey should be carried out to validate the results.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Accumulator recharge"
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Laouamer, Rachid. "Chargeur de batteries à couplage inductif pour véhicule électrique." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0062.
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Les travaux de cette thèse concernent les chargeurs à couplage inductif développés pour les flottes de véhicule électriques en libre service tel qu'envisagé dans l'opération PRAXITELE de EDF. L'objectif général était la définition de l'ensemble convertisseur-coupleur magnétique adapté à ce type de recharge. Les outils et les méthodes développés dans ce mémoire ont fait progresser la compréhension du couplage par induction, et éclairé le choix de la structure adaptée. L'étude méthodique des différentes structures à trois et à quatre éléments de stockage a fait ressortir quelques montages dignes d'intérêt. Les avantages et les inconvénients de chacun de ces montages ont été soulignés et une méthode de dimensionnement a été proposée. La structure choisie permet d'exploiter au mieux le transformateur à faible couplage que constitue le coupleur magnétique, d'alléger la partie embarquée et d'améliorer les caractéristiques de sortie du chargeur. Elle s'avère également être celle qui conduit au meilleur rendement énergétique de l'ensemble convertisseur-coupleur. Le schéma équivalent du coupleur, développé au laboratoire, nous a permis de simuler le comportement de l'ensemble convertisseur-coupleur, en prenant en compte tous les aspects utiles de son comportement. Cela a mené, en particulier, à l'évaluation des pertes de ce composant. Une vérification expérimentale soigneuse a confirmé cette évaluation avec une précision honorableThe work presented in this thesis deals with inductive charging for electrical vehicle intended to self-service fleet as planned in EDF Praxitele project. The aim of this work was the definition of a converter-coupler set well adapted to this kind of charge. The methods developed in this report have improved the knowledge of inductive coupling, and clarified the selection of an adequate converter. After a survey of different topologies with three and four storage elements, we have brought out some interesting topologies. Both advantages and drawbacks of each topology have been emphasized and a design method has been proposed. The selected converter allows the use of parasitic coupler elements. It reduces the inboard weight and improves charger characteristics. Moreover it improves the global converter-oupler efficiency. The coupler equivalent circuit developed in our laboratory has been used to to simulate the whole converter-coupler set behavior, leading to losses evaluation. Careful measurements lead to the same value within a correct accuracy
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Chauchat, Bertrand. "Chargeur de batteries intégré pour véhicule électrique." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0169.
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La charge des batteries est un point important pour le développement du véhicule électrique. Actuellement, plusieurs systèmes sont mis en place (chargeurs embarqués, bornes de recharge, coupleurs inductifs) et permettent de répondre à l'attente des usagers. Des dispositifs de faible puissance (3 kW) assurent une recharge (dite "lente") complète des batteries durant les heures creuses (5 à 8 heures). Des systèmes plus puissants (supérieur à 10 kW) permettent une charge dite "rapide" (20 à 30 min) et partielle (70 à 80 %). Les chargeurs "lents" imposent une masse supplémentaire et un surcoût au véhicule. Les dispositifs "rapides" quant à eux sont complexes et très onéreux, ce qui limitera leur nombre et donc leur intérêt qui est d' assurer le rôle de stations-service. L'idée de réutiliser les éléments déjà existants dans le véhicule (convertisseur et moteur) pour concevoir une structure de charge est alors apparue comme une voie prometteuse. Le chargeur "intégré" est né, sa conception est conditionnée par la chaîne de traction implantée dans le véhicule. Notre étude porte sur la mise en oeuvre de dispositifs de charge conçus pour être implantées sur des véhicules à traction alternative (onduleur + moteur alternatif). L'utilisation du réseau monophasé a permis de mettre en oeuvre une structure assurant la charge de type "lente". Elle permet grâce à un montage à deux étages de répondre à la norme réseau basse fréquence (EN NF 61 000-3-2) et d'ofrir une large gamme de tension. L'utilisation des enroulements moteur comme inductances à été analysée. Le convertisseur connecté sur le réseau triphasé assure la charge "rapide" grâce à un montage monoétage. La mise en oeuvre du modèle moyen généralisé a permis de modéliser et commander l'ensemble des structures étudiées. En particulier une commande à été élaborée pour le chargeur triphasé afn d'adapter la tension de sortie du redresseur à celle des batteries en agissant sur le courant réactif absorbéThe battery charge is a key point for the electric vehicle development. Nowadays gears such as onboard charger, fast charging station, inductive coupling charger are proposed and can meet user expectations. Low power devices (3 kW) can carry out a complete charge (called "slow") of the batteries during slack periods (5 to 8 hours). More powerful devices (higher than 10 kW power fow) operate a fast (20 to 30 minutes) and partial (70 to 80 %) charge. The "slow" chargers involve additio-nal weight and cost to the vehicle. The fast chargers are more complex and more expensive and their number will be limited as well as their interest (to perform gas-station). The proposed solution which uses the existing components (converters, AC motor) of the electric vehicle to realize a charger appears as an interesting feld. The integrated charger is born, its design depends on traction structure. The charge structure is based on the electric vehicle using an AC drive-train. On the single phase network the "slow" type charger bas been realized. A two-stage structure allows to comply with low frequency standards and ofers a large output voltage range. The use of motor windings as inductors is analyzed. The equipment connected to three-phase power supply leads to the fast charging thanks to a single-stage structure. The use of the generalized average model allows modelling and controlling all the studied structures to be done. An efective control on the reactive input current bas been developed for the three-phase charger in order to adjust output voltage versus battery voltage
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Andrieu, Christophe. "Contribution à la conception d'alimentations à découpage à absorption sinusoidale." Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0064.
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Le développement des alimentations à découpage évolue avec un environnement changeant par ses contraintes et ses possibilités. La concurrence économique pousse à réduire les volumes, augmenter les rendements et les normes deviennent plus difficiles à respecter. Une meilleure connaissance des composants actifs et passifs permet d'améliorer leurs caractéristiques et ainsi de rationnaliser le dimensionnement. Notre étude vise à la conversion de la tension réseau 230 V efficaces en une tension de sortie continue de 48 V. Le niveau de puissance correspond au maximum disponible sur une prise 16 A, soit 3 kW. Deux fonctions sont concernées : l'absorption sinusoïdale du courant d'entrée pour rendre unitaire le facteur de puissance, et aussi l'isolation et la régulation de la tension de sortie pour un courant de 50 A. Une méthode d'analyse de l'absorption sinusoïdale est proposée et appliquée à. Deux structures : le Flyback jour la conversion mono-étage et le hacheur élévateur pour la prérégulation. Par ailleurs, des solutions de conversion continu-continu sont présentées dans le cadre d'une sortie fort courant. L'objectif est de choisir convenablement les paramètres réglables par le concepteur, à savoir la fréquence et la valeur des éléments inductifs, éléments intermédiaires indispensables lors d'une conversion de source d'une tension en une autre source de tension. Le choix de ces deux éléments se répercute sur l'ensemble du dimensionnement des différentes parties, notamment sur le filtrage haute fréquence rendu obligatoire pour le respect des nonnes. La maquette réalisée permet le respect des normes concernant l'absorption sinusoïdale (CEI 61000-3-2) et est destinée à l'alimentation d'un réseau de télécommunications
Book chapters on the topic "Accumulator recharge"
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Stuyfzand, P. J. "Modelling the accumulation rate and chemical composition of clogging sludge layers in recharge basins with Easy-Leacher® 4.6." In Management of Aquifer Recharge for Sustainability, 221–24. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003078838-45.
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"Water and Land Pollution." In Environmental Toxicology, edited by Sigmund F. Zakrzewski. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148114.003.0016.
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Water covers 70% of the earth’s surface. Only 3% of this is freshwater, which is indispensable in sustaining plant and animal life. The amount of freshwater is maintained constant by the hydrological cycle. This cycle involves evaporation from oceans and inland waters, transpiration from plants, precipitation, infiltration into the soil, and runoff of surface water into lakes and rivers. The infiltrated water is used for plant growth and recharges groundwater reserves. Although the global supply of available freshwater is sufficient to maintain life, the worldwide distribution of freshwater is not even. In some areas the supply is limited because of climatic conditions or cannot meet the demands of high population density. In other places, although there is no shortage of freshwater, the water supply is contaminated with industrial chemicals and is thus unfit for human use. Moreover, fish and other aquatic species living in chemically contaminated water become unfit for human consumption. Thus, water pollution deprives us and other species of two essential ingredients for survival: water and food. An example of hydrologic changes caused by urbanization is given in Figure 11.1. Conditions before and after urbanization were measured in Ontario, Canada, by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1). In the urban setting, pervious areas are replaced with impervious ones (such as streets, parking lots, and shopping centers). Groundwater replenishment is greatly reduced and runoff is considerably increased by these changes. Thus, urbanization not only contributes to water pollution; it also increases the possibility of floods. Nitrogen is an important element for sustenance of life. However, in order to be incorporated into living matter it has to be converted into an assimilative form—an oxide or ammonia. Until the beginning of the twentieth century most of the atmospheric nitrogen was converted into assimilative form by soil microorganisms and by lightning. Nitrogen compounds which were not utilized by living matter did not accumulate because the denitrifying bacteria decomposed them to elemental nitrogen which was then released back into the atmosphere. In this way the nitrogen cycle was completed.
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Chelle-Michou, Cyril, and Bertrand Rottier. "Transcrustal Magmatic Controls on the Size of Porphyry Cu Systems: State of Knowledge and Open Questions." In Tectonomagmatic Influences on Metallogeny and Hydrothermal Ore Deposits: A Tribute to Jeremy P. Richards (Volume I), 87–100. Society of Economic Geologists, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.24.06.
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Abstract Porphyry Cu deposits range over five orders of magnitude in size (<0.01 to >100 Mt of contained Cu) despite common and reproducible ore-forming processes across continents and geologic times. The formation and size of these deposits are thought to be controlled by the optimal alignment of commonplace geologic, physical, and chemical processes. However, the relative weight of such processes in modulating the size of porphyry Cu deposits remains poorly quantified. Over the last few decades, new geologic and experimental data, analytical developments, and improved numerical models of deep and upper-crustal magmatic reservoirs have provided new insights into the chemical and physical evolution of transcrustal magmatic systems that lead to the formation of porphyry Cu deposits. Available data show that porphyry Cu deposits are formed by large volumes of hydrothermal fluids outgassed from a cyclically rejuvenated upper-crustal magma reservoir composed of intermediate to felsic magmas derived from the differentiation of primitive arc basalts in the lower crust. This transcrustal view of the magmatic system implies that physical and chemical processes taking place during (1) the generation of intermediate to felsic magmas in the lower crust, (2) their subsequent ascent, followed by (3) cooling, crystallization, fluid exsolution, and outgassing in the upper crust can strongly influence the size of the resulting porphyry deposits. Here we show that most chemical factors that affect the fertility of magmatic systems are preset during magmatic differentiation in the deep crust. Importantly, these chemical processes are not specific to porphyry-forming magmas but are in fact characteristic of intermediate arc magmas in general. Within geologically permissible ranges, the chemical fertility of arc magmas can modulate the size of porphyry Cu deposits within one order of magnitude, insufficient to explain the full range of Cu endowment observed in these deposits. In contrast, physical aspects such as the lifetime (i.e., the combined duration of magma accumulation and crystallization) and volume of an effective magma body appear to be the major controls on the size of porphyry Cu deposits. The efficiency of the magmatic system refers to its ability to outgas fluids in a focused manner and yet avoid a catastrophic explosive volcanic eruption during incremental growth of the system through successive magma recharges. The intrusive magma flux, thermal gradient, and rheological state of the intruded crust all appear to be the major factors that influence the formation and size of the effective magma body, and thus, the formation and size of porphyry Cu deposits. We highlight the role of long-lived transcrustal arc maturation in developing this physical fertility and argue that the understanding of magmatic systems associated with porphyry deposits from a physical point of view will be the key to the definition of new exploration guidelines for giant porphyry Cu deposits.
Conference papers on the topic "Accumulator recharge"
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Pena, Oscar, and Michael J. Leamy. "A Self-Contained Architecture for Energy Recovery in Hydraulic Elevators." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37696.
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This paper presents a novel energy storage and recovery architecture for speed-controlled hydraulic actuation in hydraulic elevators. The study is motivated by a need to increase efficiency in the fluid power industry, in general, and hydraulic elevators, in particular. In contrast to previously employed systems, the proposed architecture eliminates the need for throttling and inefficient energy conversions in electric motor/generators. The system has 6 main components: 1 actuator, 1 hydraulic transformer composed of 2 pump/motors, 2 accumulators, a reservoir or small auxiliary accumulator, and a small auxiliary electric motor to recharge accumulators. By operating in 3 different modes, the system is always able to recapture energy when decreasing actuation speed, and return energy if needed when increasing actuation speed. Assessment of the proposed architecture is accomplished through high-fidelity simulations and a simplified analytical model. The analytical model is derived with the pump/motor displacements as a single input. A heuristic rule-based control is developed to control the high-fidelity simulation through an operation cycle and a comparison to a counterweighted elevator simulation is done to validate energy advantages of the novel system. Preliminary results demonstrate the ability of the system to follow a velocity profile using a single input. Comparison with a conventional counterweighted hydraulic elevator shows a large increase in energy efficiency. It is believed the architecture may have additional applicability to a wide range of hydraulic machines, such as heavy equipment used in construction, manufacturing, forestry, etc.
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Manapongpun, Pattawut, Pakpoom Kriengkomol, Chanon Karoonkornsakul, Narongsak Lounsrimongkol, Amin Rajawana, Matenat Khamphroo, Songwoot Wachirapisun, and Napat Chenchai. "DroneBox - A Fully Automated UAV System for Surveillance and Inspection Application." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22553-ms.
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Abstract Recently, an unmanned aerial vehicle or UAV technology has become more robust and reliable to serve industrial applications including site patronage, monitoring and surveillance missions. However, the operational growth is retarded by the slow development of experienced UAV pilots and operators, which makes the routine UAV missions costly and not feasible. The "DroneBox" is a fully automated, completely independent drone solution, where it will serve as the drone storage and self-maintenance base, for a surveillance operation without any human assistant. With our technology, the drone will be able to take off, perform missions, land precisely and recharge automatically while using accumulated real-time information to operate with the safest configuration. Implementation of the DroneBox system offshore will reduce the risk, cost and time of surveillance operation compared to the conventional method used in the industry. The predetermined events can be identified ahead of time, risks can be assessed earlier, and hazards can be prevented. Normally, scheduled offshore surveillance is done by assigning inspectors to investigate anomalies on offshore plants via crew boat vessels. These costly procedures can be replaced by the proposed solution, the innovative "DroneBox". Based on the feasibility study on PTTEP maintenance cost related to offshores surveillance, "DroneBox" could save up to 1.82 million USD annually from transportation expenses calculated from the operation on 30 different platforms in Artit (ART) and Great Bongkot North (GBN) wellhead platforms. Our developed technology is the transition towards the new era of autonomous surveillance in oil and gas industry.
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Albaba, Mhd Taisir, Jamal Hannun, and Riyadh Al-Raoush. "Impact of Pore Morphology on Colloid Migration at Variable Saturation Levels of Natural Porous Media." In The 2nd International Conference on Civil Infrastructure and Construction. Qatar University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/cic.2023.0167.
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The migration of colloids within porous media has a critical impact on many important industrial processes such as oil production and groundwater recharge. Colloids can clog the pore space and hence impair the permeability of fluids which adversely impacts the efficiency of fluids movement through such media. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of pore clogging at the pore-scale is critical to develop efficient remediation methodologies for permeability reduction at different physio-chemical conditions. To study pore clogging at a pore-scale, microfluidic chips were fabricated to mimic geometries of natural porous media extracted from tomographic scans of sand packs. A colloidal suspension was injected in three phases into the system. The phases consisted of an initial imbibition of the suspension, followed by drainage of the suspension from the system, and finally, a second imbibition. During each phase, a series of images are taken of a section of the porous media. Findings reveal that pore-clogging considerably impairs saturation levels of the porous media through blocking the flow from reaching the gas phase within the system. Considerably increasing the time the gas is trapped in the pore-space, which in turn develops higher irreducible water saturation. This was also observed in the case of drainage of the colloidal suspension from the pore-space where colloids blocked pathways of the gas phase and prevented its migration through the pore space. In contrast, the migration of colloids was also impacted by the presence of the gas phase. Gas provided a clogging surface while forcing colloids to migrate through the pore space and accumulate at other pores. This implies that gas phase presence within a low porosity system can increase pore clogging at a significant rate. This is also supported by the short period between the clogging of two pores and the clogging of a dozen pores within the observed system.
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Picha, Mahesh S., Ts Malik Abdullah, Ashutosh Rai, Sanjay Sinha, and Parimal A. Patil. "Deepwater Subsea BOP Technological and Reliability Advancement." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21430-ms.
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Abstract Subsea blowout preventer (SBOP) reliability is a major challenge in Deepwater Drilling & Completion operations, accounting for one of the major equipment failures and Non-Productive Time (NPT) costs yearly. This paper focuses on SBOP technological advancement since the Deepwater Horizon/Macondo incident in 2010, with additional emphasis on reliability, equipment condition monitoring and statistical root cause analysis. After finishing a deepwater well, the SBOP must undergo maintenance, repair if needed and pressure testing before being deployed on the next well. The rig owner is under great pressure to complete this turn-around to avoid waiting time. On an average, in-between wells, rig contractor took approximately 2.6 days extra time (NPT) waiting after completing top hole to get ready to deploy SBOP during 2019-20 exploration and appraisal campaigns. This can be critical during development campaigns where number of rig moves are involved quickly or in cases where top holes are batch drilled the waiting time for SBOP readiness can be as high as 7-8 days per well. Some operators are collaborating with drilling contractors in number of ways to arrange for a second fully assembled and (offline) pressure tested SBOP to be available on the rig (Dual SBOP); deployment of additional trained subsea engineers for performing maintenance/repair. SBOP pressure-testing time can also be drastically reduced by using comparative pressure-testing software to eliminate human error and accelerate pressure testing. Furthermore, leak detection time can be eliminated by installing sensors, and real-time test monitoring providing increased reliability with the additional advantages that conditional monitoring can be enhanced with the same digital sensors. SBOP dashboard that simplifies existing diagnosis and allow remote monitoring of the subsea SBOP control system will improve communication of SBOP health also serve common platform across rig fleets that allow standardization of SBOP diagnostic data and aids in operational decision making Ensuring additional SBOP redundancy especially while operating Emergency Disconnect System (EDS) available through Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) control panel or acoustic system. In addition, it is mandatory for the SBOP to have Autoshear and Deadman systems to be able to shut in the well in case of an emergency. Furthermore, technological workshop with several major service vendors have being held to ascertain current advances like Multifunctional profile, Accumulator recharged by ROV, ROV DP system, An Auxiliary Accumulator System and upgraded Acoustic System. In the end, the development of new technologies applied for the SBOP targets the overall cost optimization of the well lifecycle but also assure SBOP functionality. This paper is intended to provide considerations for operators in developing their future campaigns to frame scope of work for SBOP and rig contracting strategy.
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Dehkordi, Ehsan Alavi, Mahdi Esmaily Moghadam, and Mohammad Behshad Shafii. "A Novel Hydro Magnetic Micro-Pump and Flow Controller." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62130.
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In order to deal with the limitations of micro-pumps and micro-valves and meet the advantages of magnetic systems a novel plan is described here. The idea behind the plan is that magnetic particles, mixed and dispersed in a carrier liquid, can be accumulated and retained at specific sites to form pistons in a micro-tube using some external magnetic field sources along the tube. In other words, using some solenoids and switching them on and off, in a specific order and period, causes the desired external magnetic field variation through the tube. Changing the period and the mode of activation and deactivation of the solenoids, which are called switching time and switching mode, respectively, flow can either be pumped or controlled. It is to note that, if it is required, ferro-magnetic particles can be extracted and recharged to the flow. In this research a pressure driven setup has been fabricated to make the above idea feasible to execute. The effect of the working fluid, switching time, and different concentrations on the flow rate were investigated. The experimental results corresponded to an optimum switching mode for nickel particle of diameter less than 10 microns for a constant pressure head. In order to obtain both pumping and valving characteristics of the setup, switching time was varied from 0.01 s to 5.0 s. The graphs obtained from the experiments show that best pumping performance of the setup occurred at an optimum switching time and switching mode. In addition, concentration was an important factor that affected both pumping and valving characteristics of the setup. Also, due to the differences that exist between properties of water and ethanol, changing the working fluid to ethanol resulted in a different characteristic curve.