Academic literature on the topic 'According to the size and the method of crushing'
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Journal articles on the topic "According to the size and the method of crushing"
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Zhang, Li Song, Xiang Zhen Yan, and Xiu Juan Yang. "Classification Prediction Method Used in Coal Crushing." Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (October 2014): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.268.
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Coal principal stresses with reservoir plane is analyzed, consequently coal seam crushed classification method is presented based on Hoek-Brown criterion. According to the coefficient of coal crushing, coal seam crushed coefficient size, four grades of A,B,C,D are divided for coal crushed degree along wellbore direction, and coal crushed classification standard is determined. Using the classification method and standard, the distribution regularity of coal crushing is studied for ZP-05 Well in QinShui basin. The research results show that coal crushing of ZP-05 is considered as grade B. The prediction results agree well with the measured values.
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Wu, Zhong Wei, Zhi Feng Liu, and Jian Zhao. "Recycling Experimental Research of Thermosetting Phenolic Plastic Waste Based on Mechanical Effects." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1708.
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Using adjustable speed crushing regeneration test device for the recovery experiment of thermosetting phenolic plastic waste, this paper analyses the principle of recovery process. Through particle size analytical technique, FTIR, XRD and SEM etc. various testing method is analyzed mechanochemical effects of crushing process. Research the speed, time, temperature process parameters of the influence of recycling process conditions. According to the experimental results, it established the mechanochemical model and analyzed the degradation and regeneration mechanism of thermosetting phenolic plastic waste.
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Zhu, Zhong Xi, Gong Hui Liu, Jun Li, and Meng Bo Li. "Gas Drilling Cuttings Breaking on Return." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.151.
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More cuttings producing in higher penetration rate of gas drilling are usually in the larger non-uniform size at the bottom and in the smaller uniform size back to the wellhead. It is indicating that cuttings in the well should be appeared in the successive breaking in the process of upward migration. According to the particle broken theories, the successive breaking phenomenon were analyzed, and given the calculating method for the probability of secondary impact crushing, and applied the breaking process matrix and the particle size distribution function to the cuttings migration crushing in the whole wellbore. The calculating results show that the cuttings in the wellbore are broken by the uneven size volumetric fracture progressively turned into the surface fracture of the uniform process, and ultimately stabilized the small size distribution.
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Xiao, Dong, Xiwen Liu, Ba Tuan Le, Zhiwen Ji, and Xiaoyu Sun. "An Ore Image Segmentation Method Based on RDU-Net Model." Sensors 20, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 4979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174979.
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The ore fragment size on the conveyor belt of concentrators is not only the main index to verify the crushing process, but also affects the production efficiency, operation cost and even production safety of the mine. In order to get the size of ore fragments on the conveyor belt, the image segmentation method is a convenient and fast choice. However, due to the influence of dust, light and uneven color and texture, the traditional ore image segmentation methods are prone to oversegmentation and undersegmentation. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes an ore image segmentation model called RDU-Net (R: residual connection; DU: DUNet), which combines the residual structure of convolutional neural network with DUNet model, greatly improving the accuracy of image segmentation. RDU-Net can adaptively adjust the receptive field according to the size and shape of different ore fragments, capture the ore edge of different shape and size, and realize the accurate segmentation of ore image. The experimental results show that compared with other U-Net and DUNet, the RDU-Net has significantly improved segmentation accuracy, and has better generalization ability, which can fully meet the requirements of ore fragment size detection in the concentrator.
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Wang, Wei-Chien, Wei-Hsing Huang, Ming-Yu Lee, Hoang Trung Hieu Duong, and Ya-Hui Chang. "Standardized Procedure of Measuring the pH Value of Cement Matrix Material by Ex-Situ Leaching Method (ESL)." Crystals 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2021): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11040436.
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According to the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) report, the ex-situ leaching method (ESL) is more appropriate and accurate than other methods for measuring pH value in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. In this study, the ESL method was used to measure the pH value of cement matrix materials. The design test process aimed to avoid underestimating the variation in pH during the process of solution stirring and pH measurement without using both argon and nitrogen to block the specimen contact with air, with good repeatability and reproducibility. This study also considered the influence of the dryness of the specimen before crushing, the size of the powder, the air-exposed specimen, the air-exposed solution, the temperature of the solution, etc. After testing and analysis, a standard procedure for detecting the pH value of cement matrix materials was established which is known as the S-ESL method.
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Polievoda, Yurii. "Investigation of the process of peeling walnuts between two parallel plates." Vibrations in engineering and technology, no. 3(94) (November 26, 2019): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2306-8744-2019-3-14.
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The article provides a detailed overview of the process of splitting the kernel of a walnut. Examples of many ways to split the shell are given, all of their disadvantages and advantages are listed. The mechanical method of peeling nuts using low-frequency oscillations has been theoretically investigated and substantiated. The kinematics of the process of crushing nuts between two parallel plates has been extensively analyzed. Graphical correlations were obtained between the size of the nut shell and the dynamics of the driving force of the nut moisture. It is revealed that the process of destruction of the shell of a walnut consists of four stages, corresponding to the laws of brittle destruction. Presents: - dependence of the maximum force of crushing of a shell of a nut at 5% humidity; - the dependence of the maximum crushing force of nuts at different shell thickness for the case of horizontal positioning of the nut between two plates with perpendicular force on the surface of the joint halves of the nut; - the dependence of the maximum crushing force according to the humidity of the nuts at different shell thicknesses for the case of vertical positioning of the nut between two parallel plates with a vertical driving force; - the dependence of the maximum crushing force with the moisture of the nuts at different shell thicknesses for the case of horizontal positioning of the nut between two parallel plates with a force action along the slit. The energy of splitting (crushing) of nuts at their location in different positions between two parallel plates is also determined. Where it has been proved that the energy consumed in the process of crushing increases with the thickness of the shell of a walnut. At the same time, it is proved that energy consumption depends on the location of the nut in the process of crushing. Graph analyzes were performed to show that maximum crushing energy is recorded in the case of a horizontal arrangement of a nut with a perpendicular crack action. In this study, a large amount of information was obtained regarding the splitting of the walnut, depending on the structural and mechanical characteristics of the products, which in the process of processing are important for the determination of certain rational technological parameters.
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Faghih, Mojdeh, Ebrahim Karamian, and Ahmad Monshi. "Investigation of Nanoparticles of Carbon and Calcined Alumina on Mechanical and Corrosion Properties in MgO-C Refractories." Advanced Materials Research 829 (November 2013): 665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.665.
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Today due to the unique properties of magnesia carbon refractories, the iron and steel industries are of special interest. Therefore, it is important to extend the life of the refractory. The effect of calcined alumina and nanocarbon on the mechanical strength and corrosion resistance against slag refractories magnesia carbon has been studied. Mechanical strength of cold crushing strength (CCS) was measured according to ASTM C0133-97R03 numbers. The bulk density (BD) and apparent porosity (AP) were determined respectively, relative to the size and weight measured using Archimedes method according to ASTM C0020-00R05 numbers and corrosion resistance against slag shrub procedure. Samples prepared at cylinder 50×50 mm were tempered on 250 °C for three hours. The corrosion resistance of the samples cocked on 1350 °C for two hours under reducing atmosphere (coke bed) was evaluated. During the review process of characterization methods, XRD, SEM-EDX has been used. The results showed that the properties improved.
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Duan, Guochen, Boqiang Shi, Yanhua Shen, and Guoqing Yu. "Establishment of a Laminated Crushed Products Function and Numerical Analysis." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 1, 2019): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050819.
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A model of the relative compression ratio for single-particle crushed products, based on the distinct element method (DEM) and numerical analysis, was established to describe precisely the crushed products of granular particles during laminated crushing. The relative compression ratio model was used to describe the functional relationship between the total compression ratio and the single-particle compression ratio, which can be described by lognormal distribution. The single-particle crushed products model was used to describe the functional relationship between the single-particle compression ratio and the distribution of single-particle crushed products. The distribution of single-particle crushed products was described by a three-parameter beta distribution. On the basis of the above model, the function of laminated crushed products of granular particles was established. According to the simulation results of EDEM under confining pressure, a functional relationship between total compression ratio, particle size, and height of the granular particles for laminated crushed products of granular particles was built. It was proved that the function of the theoretical particle size distribution coefficient of laminated crushed products of granular particles was not too different from the actual value determined by simulation. The function is universal and can be used to provide a theoretical basis and a design reference for the design of cone crushers, high-pressure roller mills, and other crushing equipment.
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Ishchenko, Kostiantyn, Volodymyr Konoval, and Liudmyla Lohvyna. "An effective way to rock mass preparation on metallic and nonmetallic quarries Ukraine." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900031.
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A method in experimental studies and industrial-polygon particular conditions justifying the choice of a rational design of an explosive charge. The comparative results of the evaluation of the stress wave’s amplitudes studies and the character of crushing hard media from the explosion of the charge explosives-variable and constant cross section. The dependences of the particle size distribution of various designs explosive charges destroyed by the explosion are constructed. In industrial conditions, the rationale for the explosive boreholes location according to the massif structure. Adjusted boreholes location grid on rational parameters blasting unit, determined using a novel method of breaking rock complex structure. A new design of a combined borehole charge of variable cross section has been proposed. Industrial tests performed and evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed method blasting locally fractured rocks and ore deposits on non-metallic minerals. Recommendations on their use are given.
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Qu, Li Gang, and Hang Gao. "Fracture Analysis of Side-Gusset Plate of Combined-Roller Based on Finite Element Method." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.137.
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The side-gusset plate is connector of the combined-roller, which is the key component of the High-pressure Grinding Roller equipment that is applied in crushing raw iron ore, Fracture occurred at the bottom of the side-gusset plate while the roller’s operation. For exploring the reason of fracture, the stress distribution and corresponding critical location of the side-gusset plate were computed and analyzed according to two working situations based on finite element method. The analysis result illustrates that it is the failure of infant mortality because of overloading, not belongs to fatigue behavior, with the presence of the component operating time and the fracture cross-section’s granular feature as well. This result is a reliable foundation for succeeding redesign and manufacturing of side-gusset plate and other component, the feasible plan was brought forward to improve the component operation’s stability.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "According to the size and the method of crushing"
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Šulák, Petr. "Vysokovýklopná lopata dřevní štěpky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442820.
Full textBooks on the topic "According to the size and the method of crushing"
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Araújo, Ana Cláudia Vaz de. Síntese de nanopartículas de óxido de ferro e nanocompósitos com polianilina. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-120-2.
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In this work magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized through the precipitation method from an aqueous ferrous sulfate solution under ultrasound. A 23 factorial design in duplicate was carried out to determine the best synthesis conditions and to obtain the smallest crystallite sizes. Selected conditions were ultrasound frequency of 593 kHz for 40 min in 1.0 mol L-1 NaOH medium. Average crystallite sizes were of the order of 25 nm. The phase obtained was identified by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) as magnetite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed polydisperse particles with dimensions around 57 nm, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed average particle diameters around 29 nm, in the same order of magnitude of the crystallite size determined with Scherrer’s equation. These magnetic nanoparticles were used to obtain nanocomposites with polyaniline (PAni). The material was prepared under exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) or under heating, from dispersions of the nanoparticles in an acidic solution of aniline. Unlike other synthetic routes reported elsewhere, this new route does not utilize any additional oxidizing agent. XRD analysis showed the appearance of a second crystalline phase in all the PAni-Fe3O4 composites, which was indexed as goethite. Furthermore, the crystallite size decreases nearly 50 % with the increase in the synthesis time. This size decrease suggests that the nanoparticles are consumed during the synthesis. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the amount of polyaniline increases with synthesis time. The nanocomposite electric conductivity was around 10-5 S cm-1, nearly one order of magnitude higher than for pure magnetite. Conductivity varied with the amount of PAni in the system, suggesting that the electric properties of the nanocomposites can be tuned according to their composition. Under an external magnetic field the nanocomposites showed hysteresis behavior at room temperature, characteristic of ferromagnetic materials. Saturation magnetization (MS) for pure magnetite was ~ 74 emu g-1. For the PAni-Fe3O4 nanocomposites, MS ranged from ~ 2 to 70 emu g-1, depending on the synthesis conditions. This suggests that composition can also be used to control the magnetic properties of the material.
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Paro, John A. M., and Geoffrey C. Gurtner. Pathophysiology and assessment of burns. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0346.
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Burn injury represents a complex clinical entity with significant associated morbidity and remains the second leading cause of trauma-related death. An understanding of the local and systemic pathophysiology of burns has led to significant improvements in mortality. Thermal insult results in coagulative necrosis of the skin and the depth or degree of injury is classified according to the skin layers involved. First-degree burns involve only epidermis and heal quickly with no scar. Second-degree burns are further classified into superficial partial thickness or deep partial thickness depending on the level of dermal involvement. Damage in a third-degree burn extends to subcutaneous fat. There is a substantial hypermetabolic response to severe burn, resulting in significant catabolism and untoward effects on the immune, gastrointestinal, and renal systems. Accurate assessment of the extent of burn injury is critical for prognosis and initiation of resuscitation. Burn size, measured in total body surface area, can be quickly estimated using the rule of nines or palmar method. A more detailed sizing system is recommended once the patient has been triaged. Appropriate diagnosis of burn depth will be important for later management. First-degree burns are erythematous and painful, like a sunburn; third-degree burns are leathery and insensate. Differentiating between second-degree burn types remains difficult. There are a number of formalized criteria during assessment that should prompt transfer to a burn centre.
Book chapters on the topic "According to the size and the method of crushing"
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Al-Dousari, Noor, Modi Ahmed, Ali Al-Dousari, Musaad Al-Daihani, and Murahib Al-Elaj. "Dust Particle Size and Statistical Parameters." In Atlas of Fallen Dust in Kuwait, 57–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66977-5_3.
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AbstractGrain ‘size’ can be specified and measured in several different ways. All methods of grain size determination have blemishes, and the choice of the most appropriate method is governed by the nature of the sample and the use to which the data are placed. Four main methods are currently used for size analysis of sands: (a) sieving; (b) settling tube analysis; (c) electro-optical methods, including Coulter Counter analysis and laser granulometry; and (d) computerized image analysis. The classification of the particle size distribution of Kuwait dust was mapped according to the parameters proposed by Folk And Ward (1957) which were widely used for quantitative comparisons between natural grain size distribution and the lognormal distribution that shows better sorted sediments have lower values of σ1. Maps of the distribution of dust in Kuwait were obtained that included: fine sand (F.S.), Coarse sand (C.S), Medium Sand (M.S), Very Fine Sane (V.F.S), Very Coarse Silt (V.C.Silt), Coarse Silt (C.Silt), Medium Silt (M.Silt), Fine Silt (F.Silt), Very Fine Silt (V.F.Silt), in addition to that, the deposition percentage of Clay, Sand, mud (silt plus clay) and silt were provided.
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Liu, Huichuan, Yong Zeng, Jiale Liu, Zhihong Liu, Jianfeng Ma, and Xiaoyan Zhu. "Perosonalized Differentially Private Location Collection Method with Adaptive GPS Discretization." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 175–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4922-3_13.
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AbstractIn recent years, with the development of mobile terminals, geographic location has attracted the attention of many researchers because of its convenience in collection and its ability to reflect user profile. To protect user privacy, researchers have adopted local differential privacy in data collection process. However, most existing methods assume that location has already been discretized, which we found, if not done carefully, may introduces huge noise, lowering collected result utility. Thus in this paper, we design a differentially private location division module that could automatically discretize locations according to access density of each region. However, as the size of discretized regions may be large, if directly applying existing local differential privacy based attribute method, the overall utility of collected results may be completely destroyed. Thus, we further improve the optimized binary local hash method, based on personalized differential privacy, to collect user visit frequency of each discretized region. This solution improve the accuracy of the collected results while satisfying the privacy of the user’s geographic location. Through experiments on synthetic and real data sets, this paper proves that the proposed method achieves higher accuracy than the best known method under the same privacy budget.
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Padinjare Kunnath, Manikandan, and Malaidurai Maduraipandian. "Optical X-Ray Diffraction Data Analysis Using the Williamson–Hall Plot Method in Estimation of Lattice Strain-Stress." In Applications and Techniques for Experimental Stress Analysis, 121–33. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1690-4.ch008.
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Lattice stress and strain was analysed with estimated crystalline size of the synthesised ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles from x-ray diffraction data using Williamson-Hall (W-H) method. This very peculiar method was used to analyse the other physical parameters such as strain, stress, and energy density. Values calculated from the W-H method include uniform deformation model, uniform deformation stress model, and uniform deformation energy density model. These are very useful methods to label each data point on the Williamson-Hall plot according to the index of its reflection. Particularly, the root mean square value of strain was calculated from the interplanar distance using these three models. The three models have given different strain values by reason of the anisotropic nature of the nanopartcles. The average grain size of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles estimated from FESEM image, Scherrer's formula, and W-H analysis is relatively correlated.
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Padinjare Kunnath, Manikandan, and Malaidurai Maduraipandian. "Optical X-Ray Diffraction Data Analysis Using the Williamson–Hall Plot Method in Estimation of Lattice Strain-Stress." In Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials, 566–78. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8591-7.ch025.
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Lattice stress and strain was analysed with estimated crystalline size of the synthesised ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles from x-ray diffraction data using Williamson-Hall (W-H) method. This very peculiar method was used to analyse the other physical parameters such as strain, stress, and energy density. Values calculated from the W-H method include uniform deformation model, uniform deformation stress model, and uniform deformation energy density model. These are very useful methods to label each data point on the Williamson-Hall plot according to the index of its reflection. Particularly, the root mean square value of strain was calculated from the interplanar distance using these three models. The three models have given different strain values by reason of the anisotropic nature of the nanopartcles. The average grain size of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles estimated from FESEM image, Scherrer's formula, and W-H analysis is relatively correlated.
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Thomaz, Carlos Eduardo, Vagner do Amaral, Gilson Antonio Giraldi, Edson Caoru Kitani, João Ricardo Sato, and Duncan Gillies. "A Multi-Linear Statistical Method for Discriminant Analysis of 2D Frontal Face Images." In Cross-Disciplinary Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition, 18–33. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61350-429-1.ch002.
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This chapter describes a multi-linear discriminant method of constructing and quantifying statistically significant changes on human identity photographs. The approach is based on a general multivariate two-stage linear framework that addresses the small sample size problem in high-dimensional spaces. Starting with a 2D data set of frontal face images, the authors determine a most characteristic direction of change by organizing the data according to the patterns of interest. These experiments on publicly available face image sets show that the multi-linear approach does produce visually plausible results for gender, facial expression and aging facial changes in a simple and efficient way. The authors believe that such approach could be widely applied for modeling and reconstruction in face recognition and possibly in identifying subjects after a lapse of time.
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Liao, T. Warren. "A New Efficient and Effective Fuzzy Modeling Method for Binary Classification." In Contemporary Theory and Pragmatic Approaches in Fuzzy Computing Utilization, 41–59. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1870-1.ch004.
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This paper presents a new fuzzy modeling method that can be classified as a grid partitioning method, in which the domain space is partitioned by the fuzzy equalization method one dimension at a time, followed by the computation of rule weights according to the max-min composition. Five datasets were selected for testing. Among them, three datasets are high-dimensional; for these datasets only selected features are used to control the model size. An enumerative method is used to determine the best combination of fuzzy terms for each variable. The performance of each fuzzy model is evaluated in terms of average test error, average false positive, average false negative, training error, and CPU time taken to build model. The results indicate that this method is best, because it produces the lowest average test errors and take less time to build fuzzy models. The average test errors vary greatly with model sizes. Generally large models produce lower test errors than small models regardless of the fuzzy modeling method used. However, the relationship is not monotonic. Therefore, effort must be made to determine which model is the best for a given dataset and a chosen fuzzy modeling method.
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Huang, Chun-Jung, Hsiao-Fan Wang, and Shouyang Wang. "Virtual Sampling with Data Construction Analysis." In Intelligent Data Analysis, 300–308. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-982-3.ch018.
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One of the key problems in supervised learning is due to the insufficient size of the training data set. The natural way for an intelligent learning process to counter this problem and successfully generalize is to exploit prior information that may be available about the domain or that can be learned from prototypical examples. According to the concept of creating virtual samples, the intervalized kernel method of density estimation (IKDE) was proposed to improve the learning ability from a small data set. To demonstrate its theoretical validity, we provided a theorem based on Decomposition Theory. In addition, we proposed an alternative approach to achieving the better learning performance of IKDE.
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Carvalho, Joao Conrado de Amorim, and Carla Roberta Gomes Muniz. "Entrepreneurship and Strategic Performance in a Time of Crisis." In Strategy and Superior Performance of Micro and Small Businesses in Volatile Economies, 78–93. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7888-8.ch006.
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This chapter researches the behavior and entrepreneurial capacities of entrepreneurs in the modality of small and medium businesses to better understand their development according to the current theoretical interpretations and based on a sectorial analysis of companies of these sizes in the State of Maranhão. The research directs its attention to the factors that influence the entrepreneurial action and the strategic performance, analyzing the business performance in times of crisis. The research method was defined based on the sector analysis, substantiated by the literature review. The results indicate that the size of the company is irrelevant both for taking strategic actions and for rapidity in undertaking growth actions. It is concluded that SMBs achieve greater swiftness in growth actions and undertake joint actions when they have technological capabilities.
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Maurizi, Giulio, Camilla Vanni, and Erino Angelo Rendina. "Chest tubes." In The ESC Textbook of Intensive and Acute Cardiovascular Care, edited by Marco Tubaro, Pascal Vranckx, Eric Bonnefoy-Cudraz, Susanna Price, and Christiaan Vrints, 331–37. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198849346.003.0027.
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The insertion of a chest tube is a common therapeutic procedure routinely employed to restore the natural negative pressure in the pleural space and ensure complete pulmonary reexpansion through the drainage of a pathologic collection of fluid and/or air from the thoracic cavity. The method for inserting the tube, as well as management and withdrawal of the drain unit, should be guided by clinical judgement and amended depending on different circumstances. Similarly, the selection of the appropriate size and type of chest tube to be placed varies according to indications. Despite their widespread use, just a few evidence based guidance on insertion and management of chest drains are currently available. Among these, the British Thoracic Society (BTS) stated in 2003 clinical practice guidelines for the insertion of a chest drain; moreover, the BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group recently reviewed indications on management of spontaneous pneumothorax and malignant pleural effusion.
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Hankin, David G., Michael S. Mohr, and Ken B. Newman. "Unequal probability sampling." In Sampling Theory, 140–72. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815792.003.0008.
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Equal probability selection is a special case of the general theory of probability sampling in which population units may be selected with unequal probabilities. Unequal selection probabilities are often based on auxiliary variable values which are measures of the sizes of population units, thus leading to the acronym (PPS)—“Probability Proportional to Size”. The Horvitz–Thompson (1953) theorem provides a unifying framework for design-based sampling theory. A sampling design specifies the sample space (set of all possible samples) and associated first and second order inclusion probabilities (probabilities that unit i, or units i and j, respectively, are included in a sample of size n selected from N according to some selection method). A valid probability sampling scheme must have all first order inclusion probabilities > 00 (i.e., every population unit must have a chance of being in the sample). Unbiased variance estimation is possible only for those schemes that guarantee that all second order inclusion probabilities exceed zero, thus providing theoretical justification for the absence of unbiased estimators of sampling variance in systematic sampling and other schemes for which some second order inclusion probabilities are zero. Numerous generalized Horvitz–Thompson (HT) estimators can be formed and all are consistent estimators because they are functions of consistent HT estimators. Unequal probability systematic sampling and Poisson sampling (the unequal probability counterpart to Bernoulli sampling for which sample size is a random variable) are also considered. Several R programs for selecting unequal probability samples and for calculating first and second order inclusion probabilities are posted at http://global.oup.com/uk/companion/hankin.
Conference papers on the topic "According to the size and the method of crushing"
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Peng, Hao-Yi, Ping Zhou, Jie-Min Zhou, and Fu-Bing Tu. "Orthogonal Experimental Study on Lime Shaft Furnace Briquettes as a Coke Substitute." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-69026.
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This paper studied the lime-shaft-furnace briquette used as a substitute for coke with an orthogonal experiment. The main material of briquette was the low-rank anthracite from Jinzhunshan of Hunan, China. The binder of briquette in this experiment was a compound binder including the magnesium-base curing agent, activator, biomass fiber and calcium lingosulfonate. The orthogonal table of L27(313) was chosen in this experiment and its factors consist of the magnesium-base curing agent, activator, biomass fiber, calcium lignosulfonate, mixture ratio of bituminous coal, briquetting pressure, briquetting water and size-composition of anthracite. The original compressive strength, original curshing strength, cold compressive strength, cold crushing strength, hot compressive strength and the heat stability of the briquettes made in this experiment were tested according to the Chinese relevant briquette test national standards. The test results were processed utilizing the method of the total probability formula evaluation. Based on the range analysis and analysis of variance, the optimal component of the compound binder and correlative key briquetting parameters were obtained, namely, 4 percent of magnesium-base curing agent, 1 percent of biomass fiber, 1 percent of activator, 0.12 percent of calcium lignosulfonate, and 20kN briquetting pressure, 17 percent of briquetting water, 10 percent mixture ratio of bituminous coal and the size-composition of anthracite with 58 percent of less than 0.5mm size, 14 percent of between 0.5mm and 1.0mm size, 17 percent of between 1.0mm and 2.0mm size and 11 percent of between 2.0mm and 3.0mm size. Analyzed were the mechanism of the compound binder and the optimal parameters of briquetting technics. The experimental results showed that the lime-shaft-furnace briquette prepared according to the optimal scheme obtained in this experiment could basically demand the industrial production of lime-shaft furnace as the substitute for coke.
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Tao, Yang, Guoan Tang, Yini Jia, and Yiping Gao. "Research on Optimal Analysis Window Size and Resampling Method According to DEM Analysis Scale." In 2008 International Workshop on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ETT and GRS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ettandgrs.2008.15.
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Han, Chungmin, and Jaesung Park. "Size Based Particle Separation Method by Zero Diffusivity." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53393.
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Separation is one of the most basic and frequently using techniques for biological research. Researchers have been using gel-electrophoresis for DNA separation and also using various chromatography techniques for protein and bio-molecule separations. Recently, as micro and nano fabrication techniques have developed, interest in miniaturized micro scale biology research tools has also increased. According to this trend, micro scale devices for separating various sized of particles such as cells, organelles, proteins, lipids and vesicles play an important role in a total system. Therefore, separation devices based on various methods are suggested. Widely used separation methods for micro devices are electro-kinetics with special channel geometries and laminar flow control. In electro-kinetic methods, micro channel electrophoresis and DEP (dielectrophoresis) are commonly used.[1] These separation methods, however, can only be used in very narrow range because their working conditions, high voltage and charge dependence, are not compatible with many biomaterials.
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Min, Byung Youn, Wang Kyu Choi, Jung Woo Park, Chong Hun Jung, and Won Zin Oh. "The Technical Development for Reuse of Radioactive Concrete Waste Generated by Dismantling of Nuclear Facilities." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48315.
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As part of a fundamental study for the reuse and recycling of contaminated concrete wastes generated by dismantling a research reactor, KAERI has been developing separation technology which recovers for reuse and recycling aggregates from the dismantled concrete. The separation is based on a thermal treatment followed by mechanical processes such as a crushing, milling and sieving. The separation test of concrete waste (i.e., light concrete and heavy concrete) was performed using radioisotope (60Co). The distribution of 60Co has been investigated for the effects of the heating temperature, washing and aggregate size such as gravel, sand and paste using a mechanical and thermal unit process. The experimental results showed that most of the 60Co nuclide could be removed from the gravel, sand aggregate and concentrated into a paste. Especially, we found that the heating temperature played an important role in separating the 60Co nuclide from the concrete waste. The optimum heating temperature for the removal of the 60Co was about 500°C. According to an increase of the heating temperature, the amount of transferred 60Co to the paste linearly increased because the bond between the aggregate and paste matrix is reduced. Contamination of concrete is mainly concentrated in the porous paste and not in the dense aggregate such as the gravel and sand. Concrete can be separated into contaminate and clean parts by means of a unit process based on a crushing, heating, milling and sieving at over 1mm. Through experiments, the clean aggregate can be reused and recycled by up to 70%. By thermally and mechanically separating this concrete waste from the clean dense aggregate particles, a considerable volume reduction can be reacted.
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Wei, Zhang, Wang Jixin, and Yu Xiangjun. "The Improved Model of Particle Shape Prediction Considering the Choke-Level Effect for Cone Crusher." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88603.
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The choke-level is one of the key factors that influence the falling process of the granular materials which is closely related to the crushing efficiency in the cone crusher. In this paper the motion characteristics of the particles near the choke-level have been analyzed and the phenomenon of single particle breakage below the choke level is pointed out. Based on the multi-zone method, an improved particle shape prediction model is established. In this model, the compound breaking behavior which includes the single particle breakage under the choke-level effect and the inter-particles breakage under the fill-feed, the transformation of particle shape and the particle size distribution in each crushing zone are considered. Tests on the PYG-B1735 cone crusher are conducted in order to validate the improved model. The improved model provides a theoretical foundation for the productivity estimation and the performance optimization.
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Hedjazi, Lotfi, Christophe L. Martin, Sofiane Guessasma, Guy Della Valle, and Rémy Dendievel. "Application of Discrete Element Simulation to the Crushing of a Food Biopolymer Foam for Mastication Modelling." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82953.
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The fragmentation behaviour of brittle airy cereal foods is studied both numerically and experimentally. The food item is subjected to severe compression until densification stage. Experimental evidence of typical cellular material behaviour is pointed out by elasticity, cell collapse and densification regimes. Using an accurate description of the cellular structure determined by X-ray tomography, a numerical approach based on discrete element method is proposed in order to better explain the resulting fragmentation. The approach allows to reproduce the deformation stages and predicted results show good agreement with experimental mechanical responses, in terms of maximum force. Moreover, large size fragments are found to form as a consequence of small rupture events.
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Hou, Wenting, Bin Feng, Wei Li, and Erol Tutumluer. "Ballast Support Condition Affecting Crosstie Performance Investigated Through Discrete Element Method." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6258.
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This paper reports on the ballast layer mesoscale behavior, tie-ballast interaction, and ballast-subgrade interaction under five crosstie support conditions, namely full support, lack of rail seat support, lack of center support, high center binding, and severe center binding condition. Discrete Element Method, an effective technique to study particulate natured unbound aggregate materials, i.e., ballast, was adopted in this study. The DEM simulations included one-tie spacing geometry, approximately 11,000 polyhedral particles. The ballast gradation used in DEM models was according to the AREMA No. 3 and No. 4A specifications. The shape properties of ballast particles in DEM models was consistent with field collected samples. The pressure distributions along tie-ballast interface under rail seat load of 10-kips predicted by DEM simulations were in good agreement with the results backcalculated from laboratory tests, which validated the DEM models. Next, DEM simulations considered rail seat loads of 20-kips and 25-kips. The predicted results indicated that support condition is a key factor for predicting normal stress distribution and force transmission within ballast layer. Ballast particles in shoulders and areas with poor support indicated low or negligible contact stresses. Extremely high normal stresses observed in some support conditions often exceeded single particle crushing load limit and thus would cause ballast particle breakage and layer degradation under repeated loading. Further, the tie-ballast pressure captured in some scenarios could be higher than allowable maximum pressure of 85-psi under concrete tie in AREMA standard. Finally, the pressure at bottom of the ballast layer obtained from the DEM simulations were compared with top of subgrade pressure calculated from analytical/empirical equations such as Talbot equation and AREMA manual.
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Kolodnytska, Ruslana, Sergiy Skurativskyi, and Pavel Moskvin. "Maximum entropy method for biodiesel spray droplet distribution." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4769.
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The efficiency of combustion process in diesel engine depends on the spray characteristics. The most importantof them are droplet size and velocity distributions. There are four methods which are used for describing the droplet size distributions: empirical, maximum entropy formalism (MEF), discrete probability function (DPF) and stochastic method. The MEF assumes that spray formation is a random process that can be described using the principle of maximum entropy. DPF method is a combination of random and non-random processes when the drop-size distribution appears from fluctuations in the initial conditions. Under the DPF approach the spray formation is divided into following steps: liquid breakup, ligaments separation, breakup of ligaments into fragments, fragment breakup into droplets. The stochastic breakup model assumes that the probability of formation of daughter droplet breakup size is independent of its parent size (a fractal scaling of breakup has been identified). This paper presents an investigation into the application of MEF model for distribution of biodiesel droplets. We used the model approach with the constraints: normalization, mass conservation, momentum conservation and surface energy conservation. The resulting probability density function (PDF) for velocity and droplet size is obtained by maximizing the Shannon entropy. We also used the new numerical algorithm to improve the model accuracy. The PDF for droplets diameters with different Weber numbers were calculated for both diesel and biodiesel fuels. The MEF predictions were compared against the experimental data for diesel and biodiesel droplet distribution with different injection pressure. According to the maximum entropy method, the influence of fuel thermodynamic properties on the parameters of drop-size and velocity distribution function forfuel sprays has been analysed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4769
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Dai, Guang, Wei Li, Zhijun Yang, and Yali Wang. "Research on Quantitative Method and 3D Finite Element Analysis of Tank Bottom Corrosion Defect Leakage Magnetic Field." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57288.
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According to the principle of magnetic flux leakage testing and the finite element numerical simulation, 3D finite element model (FEM) for MFL testing of tank bottom was established. Through simulative analysis, influence law between defect size and defect magnetic flux leakage field and the relationship curve of defect leakage magnetic field change with its size was obtained. The result showed that: When the length vary with sequence, the peak valley length of defects leakage magnetic signal increase with the increase of defect length, the relationship curve between each other is approximate linear; When the depth vary with sequence, the relationship between peak valley height of defects leakage magnetic signal and defect depth is also approximate linear, but this relationship was different with different length; When the width vary with sequence, on the defect symmetry plane, the peak of magnetic flux density along the width direction corresponded with the defect edge, and the length of the two peaks were equal to the width of the defect. According to simulation data and theory of regression analysis linear regression equation and relation surface between defect length depth and the characteristic quantity of its signal was established, quantitative method of defects signal was also proposed. Then experimental study was carried out in the Laboratory, the result show that the quantitative size was consistent with the actual defect size.
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Matsumoto, Akira, Yasuhiro Sato, Hiroyuki Ohno, Masao Tomeoka, Kosuke Matsumoto, Jun Kurihara, Tomohisa Ogino, et al. "A New Measuring Method of Wheel-Rail Contact Forces." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84682.
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A new measuring method introduced in this paper can measure contact forces between wheel and rail without special wheelsets with slip rings or telemeters. In this method the lateral contact force is measured from the lateral distortion of wheel measured by several non-contact gap sensors. The measured values are small, but accurate value of lateral force can be calculated by the compensation of axial movement and inclination of wheelset. Normal and longitudinal contact forces are also measured from the strain of parts of the truck except wheelsets. According to the results of full-size truck stand tests and train running tests, we have verified that the new method has sufficient accuracy of measuring compared with conventional methods.
Reports on the topic "According to the size and the method of crushing"
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McDonagh, Marian, Andrea C. Skelly, Amy Hermesch, Ellen Tilden, Erika D. Brodt, Tracy Dana, Shaun Ramirez, et al. Cervical Ripening in the Outpatient Setting. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer238.
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Objectives. To assess the comparative effectiveness and potential harms of cervical ripening in the outpatient setting (vs. inpatient, vs. other outpatient intervention) and of fetal surveillance when a prostaglandin is used for cervical ripening. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to July 2020; reference lists; and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies of cervical ripening comparing prostaglandins and mechanical methods in outpatient versus inpatient settings; one outpatient method versus another (including placebo or expectant management); and different methods/protocols for fetal surveillance in cervical ripening using prostaglandins. When data from similar study designs, populations, and outcomes were available, random effects using profile likelihood meta-analyses were conducted. Inconsistency (using I2) and small sample size bias (publication bias, if ≥10 studies) were assessed. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed. All review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center methods guidance. Results. We included 30 RCTs and 10 cohort studies (73% fair quality) involving 9,618 women. The evidence is most applicable to women aged 25 to 30 years with singleton, vertex presentation and low-risk pregnancies. No studies on fetal surveillance were found. The frequency of cesarean delivery (2 RCTs, 4 cohort studies) or suspected neonatal sepsis (2 RCTs) was not significantly different using outpatient versus inpatient dinoprostone for cervical ripening (SOE: low). In comparisons of outpatient versus inpatient single-balloon catheters (3 RCTs, 2 cohort studies), differences between groups on cesarean delivery, birth trauma (e.g., cephalohematoma), and uterine infection were small and not statistically significant (SOE: low), and while shoulder dystocia occurred less frequently in the outpatient group (1 RCT; 3% vs. 11%), the difference was not statistically significant (SOE: low). In comparing outpatient catheters and inpatient dinoprostone (1 double-balloon and 1 single-balloon RCT), the difference between groups for both cesarean delivery and postpartum hemorrhage was small and not statistically significant (SOE: low). Evidence on other outcomes in these comparisons and for misoprostol, double-balloon catheters, and hygroscopic dilators was insufficient to draw conclusions. In head to head comparisons in the outpatient setting, the frequency of cesarean delivery was not significantly different between 2.5 mg and 5 mg dinoprostone gel, or latex and silicone single-balloon catheters (1 RCT each, SOE: low). Differences between prostaglandins and placebo for cervical ripening were small and not significantly different for cesarean delivery (12 RCTs), shoulder dystocia (3 RCTs), or uterine infection (7 RCTs) (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin, route of administration, study quality, or gestational age. Small, nonsignificant differences in the frequency of cesarean delivery (6 RCTs) and uterine infection (3 RCTs) were also found between dinoprostone and either membrane sweeping or expectant management (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin or study quality. Evidence on other comparisons (e.g., single-balloon catheter vs. dinoprostone) or other outcomes was insufficient. For all comparisons, there was insufficient evidence on other important outcomes such as perinatal mortality and time from admission to vaginal birth. Limitations of the evidence include the quantity, quality, and sample sizes of trials for specific interventions, particularly rare harm outcomes. Conclusions. In women with low-risk pregnancies, the risk of cesarean delivery and fetal, neonatal, or maternal harms using either dinoprostone or single-balloon catheters was not significantly different for cervical ripening in the outpatient versus inpatient setting, and similar when compared with placebo, expectant management, or membrane sweeping in the outpatient setting. This evidence is low strength, and future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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McPhedran, R., K. Patel, B. Toombs, P. Menon, M. Patel, J. Disson, K. Porter, A. John, and A. Rayner. Food allergen communication in businesses feasibility trial. Food Standards Agency, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tpf160.
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Background: Clear allergen communication in food business operators (FBOs) has been shown to have a positive impact on customers’ perceptions of businesses (Barnett et al., 2013). However, the precise size and nature of this effect is not known: there is a paucity of quantitative evidence in this area, particularly in the form of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The Food Standards Agency (FSA), in collaboration with Kantar’s Behavioural Practice, conducted a feasibility trial to investigate whether a randomised cluster trial – involving the proactive communication of allergen information at the point of sale in FBOs – is feasible in the United Kingdom (UK). Objectives: The trial sought to establish: ease of recruitments of businesses into trials; customer response rates for in-store outcome surveys; fidelity of intervention delivery by FBO staff; sensitivity of outcome survey measures to change; and appropriateness of the chosen analytical approach. Method: Following a recruitment phase – in which one of fourteen multinational FBOs was successfully recruited – the execution of the feasibility trial involved a quasi-randomised matched-pairs clustered experiment. Each of the FBO’s ten participating branches underwent pair-wise matching, with similarity of branches judged according to four criteria: Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) score, average weekly footfall, number of staff and customer satisfaction rating. The allocation ratio for this trial was 1:1: one branch in each pair was assigned to the treatment group by a representative from the FBO, while the other continued to operate in accordance with their standard operating procedure. As a business-based feasibility trial, customers at participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were automatically enrolled in the trial. The trial was single-blind: customers at treatment branches were not aware that they were receiving an intervention. All customers who visited participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were asked to complete a short in-store survey on a tablet affixed in branches. This survey contained four outcome measures which operationalised customers’: perceptions of food safety in the FBO; trust in the FBO; self-reported confidence to ask for allergen information in future visits; and overall satisfaction with their visit. Results: Fieldwork was conducted from the 3 – 20 March 2020, with cessation occurring prematurely due to the closure of outlets following the proliferation of COVID-19. n=177 participants took part in the trial across the ten branches; however, response rates (which ranged between 0.1 - 0.8%) were likely also adversely affected by COVID-19. Intervention fidelity was an issue in this study: while compliance with delivery of the intervention was relatively high in treatment branches (78.9%), erroneous delivery in control branches was also common (46.2%). Survey data were analysed using random-intercept multilevel linear regression models (due to the nesting of customers within branches). Despite the trial’s modest sample size, there was some evidence to suggest that the intervention had a positive effect for those suffering from allergies/intolerances for the ‘trust’ (β = 1.288, p<0.01) and ‘satisfaction’ (β = 0.945, p<0.01) outcome variables. Due to singularity within the fitted linear models, hierarchical Bayes models were used to corroborate the size of these interactions. Conclusions: The results of this trial suggest that a fully powered clustered RCT would likely be feasible in the UK. In this case, the primary challenge in the execution of the trial was the recruitment of FBOs: despite high levels of initial interest from four chains, only one took part. However, it is likely that the proliferation of COVID-19 adversely impacted chain participation – two other FBOs withdrew during branch eligibility assessment and selection, citing COVID-19 as a barrier. COVID-19 also likely lowered the on-site survey response rate: a significant negative Pearson correlation was observed between daily survey completions and COVID-19 cases in the UK, highlighting a likely relationship between the two. Limitations: The trial was quasi-random: selection of branches, pair matching and allocation to treatment/control groups were not systematically conducted. These processes were undertaken by a representative from the FBO’s Safety and Quality Assurance team (with oversight from Kantar representatives on pair matching), as a result of the chain’s internal operational restrictions.