Academic literature on the topic 'Accident construct'
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Journal articles on the topic "Accident construct"
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Fu, Jing, and Zipeng Han. "AI-Based Safety Production Accident Prevention Mechanism in Smart Enterprises." International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies 13, no. 2 (April 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdst.291082.
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Enterprises have accumulated a large number of accident data resources for safety production, but the corresponding safety production information processing capacity is insufficient, resulting in the value of massive data not being effectively used, and further restricting the in-depth study of accidents. Enterprise safety managers cannot learn lessons from historical accidents in a timely manner and effectively prevent them, leading to repeated occurrences of similar accidents. Therefore, based on the above problems, this paper aims to construct a mining process for the cause of safety production accidents based on LDA topic model. According to the accident data structure, select a data mining method suitable for its structural characteristics to maximize the utilization of accident data. According to the sequence of initial identification of accident information, discovery of safety problems, and transformation of safety knowledge, the valuable information in historical accident data can be fully excavated, so as to provide effective suggestions for accident prevention.
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Wang, Fu, Jing Wang, Xianfeng Zhang, Dengjun Gu, Yang Yang, and Hongbin Zhu. "Analysis of the Causes of Traffic Accidents and Identification of Accident-Prone Points in Long Downhill Tunnel of Mountain Expressways Based on Data Mining." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 8460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148460.
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China has a large vehicle base, uneven road conditions, and the highest rate of traffic accidents in the world. Particularly on the long downhill sections of expressway tunnels in mountainous areas with harsh geographical conditions, traffic accidents are densely distributed, and once a traffic accident occurs, the consequences are serious, which poses a large threat to people’s lives and property. This paper mined and analyzed the traffic accident data collected by the project on the Baoding section of Zhangshi Expressway. SPSS software was used to analyze the traffic accident data characteristics of the long downhill tunnel of the mountain expressways. The time, space, accident form, vehicle type, and road alignment distribution characteristics of the traffic accident in the long downhill tunnel section of mountain expressways were obtained. The decision tree algorithm was used to construct the cause analysis model of traffic accidents in the long downhill tunnel of mountain expressways, and the five primary influencing factors were obtained: horizontal curve radius, week, slope length, time, and cart ratio. The improved cumulative frequency curve method was used to study the accident-prone points of mountain expressways, and the accident-prone points and potential accident-prone points were obtained.
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Ji, KeKe, ZhengZhong Li, Jian Chen, GuanYan Wang, KeLiang Liu, and Yi Luo. "Freeway accident duration prediction based on social network information." Neural Network World 32, no. 2 (2022): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/nnw.2022.32.006.
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Accident duration prediction is the basis of freeway emergency management, and timely and accurate accident duration prediction can provide a reliable basis for road traffic diversion and rescue agencies. This study proposes a method for predicting the duration of freeway accidents based on social network information by collecting Weibo data of freeway accidents in Sichuan province and using the advantage that human language can convey multi-dimensional information. Firstly, text features are extracted through a TF-IDF model to represent the accident text data quantitatively; secondly, the variability between text data is exploited to construct an ordered text clustering model to obtain clustering intervals containing temporal attributes, thus converting the ordered regression problem into an ordered classification problem; finally, two nonparametric machine learning methods, namely support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest neighbour method (KNN), to construct an accident duration prediction model. The results show that when the ordered text clustering model divides the text dataset into four classes, both the SVM model and the KNN model show better prediction results, and their average absolute error values are less than 22 %, which is much better than the prediction results of the regression prediction model under the same method.
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Van, Tan Hong, and Trung Ho Nguyen. "Modeling and forecasting trafic accident severity based on main factors." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i2.1351.
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The purposes of this study were to construct main factors causing traffic accidents by measuring attributes of an accident, and to model the ordered regression relationship between those factors and the severity of the accident. The result showed that the hazard factor due to speed and collision direction and the risk factor due to control difficulty were two main factors that significantly affect the severity of a traffic accident. In validating the model, we found that within 1 unit diffirence, the model showed an accuracy of 82.8, which means that the model is viable for practical application to estimate the severity of accidents and to help delivering preventive measures.
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Sweeney, Margaret M. "The Role of Individual Differences in Accident Involvement." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 11 (October 1998): 801–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804201107.
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Many research studies have focused on identifying how individual differences are linked to accident involvement. Results have indicated that such factors as external locus of control, anti-authority, delinquency, and low emotional stability are predictive of accident involvement (see Hansen, 1988 and Arthur, Barrett and Alexander, 1991). However, many studies have been limited to examining a few individual difference measures and determining the bivariate correlation between the construct and the criterion measure of accidents (i.e. number of accidents involved in). Typically, a concurrent research design is used, possibly confounding the measures of individual differences. This paper examines the influence of individual differences on accident involvement using a longitudinal research design. Individual difference measures were collected on soldiers in FY 86/87 and measures of job performance and accident involvement were collected for these soldiers for the following 3 years. Overall, the results are weak linking temperament or intelligence to accident involvement. One possible reason for the findings is the low frequency of accidents. Suggestions for additional research such as using incidents rather than accidents are presented.
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Wiig, Siri, Jeffrey Braithwaite, and Robyn Clay-Williams. "It’s time to step it up. Why safety investigations in healthcare should look more to safety science." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 32, no. 4 (March 18, 2020): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzaa013.
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Abstract Accident models and theoretical foundations underpinning safety investigations are key to understanding how investigators construct causality and make recommendations. Safety science has devoted large efforts to investigating and theorizing about accidents. Why doesn’t healthcare pay more interest to these theories when investigating healthcare accidents? We use established accident theories to suggest how these can support safety investigations in healthcare and provide new lenses to investigatory bodies. We reflect on examples from research and practice in healthcare systems and other high-risk industries. Investigation processes and reports serve multiple purposes. We argue there is an untapped improvement potential for healthcare safety investigations and suggest new ways of integrating different accident theoretical reflections with investigatory practice.
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Zhang, Cheng, Xiong Zou, and Chuan Lin. "Fusing XGBoost and SHAP Models for Maritime Accident Prediction and Causality Interpretability Analysis." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 8 (August 20, 2022): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081154.
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In order to prevent safety risks, control marine accidents and improve the overall safety of marine navigation, this study established a marine accident prediction model. The influences of management characteristics, environmental characteristics, personnel characteristics, ship characteristics, pilotage characteristics, wharf characteristics and other factors on the safety risk of maritime navigation are discussed. Based on the official data of Zhejiang Maritime Bureau, the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm was used to construct a maritime accident classification prediction model, and the explainable machine learning framework SHAP was used to analyze the causal factors of accident risk and the contribution of each feature to the occurrence of maritime accidents. The results show that the XGBoost algorithm can accurately predict the accident types of maritime accidents with an accuracy, precision and recall rate of 97.14%. The crew factor is an important factor affecting the safety risk of maritime navigation, whereas maintaining the equipment and facilities in good condition and improving the management level of shipping companies have positive effects on improving maritime safety. By explaining the correlation between maritime accident characteristics and maritime accidents, this study can provide scientific guidance for maritime management departments and ship companies regarding the control or management of maritime accident prevention.
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Nizar, Jusoh, Mohamad Wijayanuddin Ali, Tuan Abdullah Tuan Amran, Husain Alias, and Zamri Chik. "Assessment Model for Construct Occupational Accident Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 90 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199003004.
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The objective of this paper is to assess the occupational accident model construct using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The data for the study were obtained from the questionnaire survey using Likert scale rated 1 to 10 on 450 workers at the oil and gas terminal in Terengganu. CFA was used to verify the fitness of measurement model construct of occupational accident. A total of 53 significant items for the overall variables of occupational accident input were studied. In conclusion, all the variables of occupational accident construct such as engineering, human, and technical factors comply with the requirements of dimensions, validity, and reliability of the CFA requirement.
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Tsai, Ming-Kuan, Yung-Ching Lee, Chung-Hsin Lu, Mei-Hsin Chen, Tien-Yin Chou, and Nie-Jia Yau. "Integrating four-dimensional geographical information and mobile techniques into radiological accident emergency response training." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 27, no. 1 (2012): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1201084t.
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When radiological accidents occur, radioactive material may spread into the atmosphere, causing large-scale and long-term contamination. To diminish the effects of such accidents, researchers from many countries have investigated training programs in emergency response to radiological accidents, especially in the wake of several serious radiological accidents. Although many training programs have been proposed, this study identifies two problems: the lack of effective data representation and the lack of complete training records. Therefore, by considering various requirements for relief and evacuation work at radiological accident sites, it integrates four-dimensional geographical information and mobile techniques to construct a training platform for radiological accident emergency response. During training, groups of participants learn to respond to simulated radiological accident scenarios. Moreover, participants can use the training platform to review and discuss training details. Judging by the results, the training platform has not only increased the effectiveness of training programs, but also complied with standard operating procedures for radiological accident emergency response in Taiwan. In conclusion, this study could serve as a useful reference for similar studies and applications.
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Lee, Ying, Chien-Hung Wei, and Kai-Chon Chao. "Non-parametric machine learning methods for evaluating the effects of traffic accident duration on freeways." Archives of Transport 43, no. 3 (September 13, 2017): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4228.
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Traffic accidents usually cause congestion and increase travel-times. The cost of extra travel time and fuel consumption due to congestion is huge. Traffic operators and drivers expect an accurately forecasted accident duration to reduce uncertainty and to enable the implementation of appropriate strategies. This study demonstrates two non-parametric machine learning methods, namely the k-nearest neighbour method and artificial neural network method, to construct accident duration prediction models. The factors influencing the occurrence of accidents are numerous and complex. To capture this phenomenon and improve the performance of accident duration prediction, the models incorporated various data including accident characteristics, traffic data, illumination, weather conditions, and road geometry characteristics. All raw data are collected from two public agencies and were integrated and cross-checked. Before model development, a correlation analysis was performed to reduce the scale of interrelated features or variables. Based on the performance comparison results, an artificial neural network model can provide good and reasonable prediction for accident duration with mean absolute percentage error values less than 30%, which are better than the prediction results of a k-nearest neighbour model. Based on comparison results for circumstances, the Model which incorporated significant variables and employed the ANN method can provide a more accurate prediction of accident duration when the circumstances involved the day time or drunk driving than those that involved night time and did not involve drunk driving. Empirical evaluation results reveal that significant variables possess a major influence on accident duration prediction.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Accident construct"
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BOTTRELL, John Robert, and John Bottrell@dsl-riotinto com au. "ACCIDENT DENOMINATORS RELATIVE TO AGE GROUPS IN HEAVY INDUSTRIES OF THE PORT HEDLAND REGION OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA." Edith Cowan University. Computing, Health And Science: School Of Exercise, Biomedical & Health Science, 2007. http://adt.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2007.0045.html.
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The aim of this research is to investigate characteristics of accident denominators across age groups in mining and associated process industries in the Port Hedland region of Western Australia. Emphasis has been focussed on comparing young, inexperienced groups with older, more experienced groups. A literature review revealed some key contributors to accidents among younger workers, in particular, those who had only recently entered the workforce. The review also revealed contributors impacting accidents regarding other age groups over a wide range of industry types. From these findings an accident construct model and questionnaire were designed to identify contributing and mitigating denominators which input to accidents occurring across the defined age groups.
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Bottrell, John R. "Accident denominators relative to age groups in heavy industries of the Port Hedland region of Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2007. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/8.
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The aim of this research is to investigate characteristics of accident denominators across age groups in mining and associated process industries in the Port Hedland region of Western Australia. Emphasis has been focussed on comparing young, inexperienced groups with older, more experienced groups. A literature review revealed some key contributors to accidents among younger workers, in particular, those who had only recently entered the workforce. The review also revealed contributors impacting accidents regarding other age groups over a wide range of industry types. From these findings an accident construct model and questionnaire were designed to identify contributing and mitigating denominators which input to accidents occurring across the defined age groups.
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Mantelli, Fernando Eduardo Alonso. "Segurança em instalações elétricas provisórias em canteiros de obras." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4614.
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Previous issue date: 2007-03-09Temporary electric installations occur in small, average and great construction-sites and many times for being of temporary nature are unsafe and precariously executed. The electricity, source of potential danger even in low tension, is responsible on significant part of the occupational accidents, directly by means of electrical shocks and burnings due the voltaic arcs or indirectly by means of injuries caused for machines, equipment and components, requiring therefore, special attention in order to prevent accidents. Through case study it is considered to verify the safety condition in a construction-site temporary electric installations in the NR 18 - Conditions and Environment of Work in Construction Industry regulations.
As instalações elétricas provisórias em canteiros de obras ocorrem em pequenos, médios e grandes empreendimentos e muitas vezes, por serem de natureza temporária, são executadas de forma precária e insegura. A eletricidade, fonte de perigo potencial mesmo em baixa tensão, é responsável por parte significativa dos acidentes de trabalho, sendo que estes ocorrem diretamente por meio dos choques elétricos e queimaduras devidas a arcos voltaicos ou indiretamente, por meio de lesões causadas por máquinas, equipamentos, componentes elétricos, ou quedas, requerendo, portanto, atenção especial para que se previnam acidentes, muitas vezes, fatais. Através de estudo de caso pretende-se avaliar a segurança das instalações elétricas provisórias de um canteiro de obras verificando as condições de atendimento às prescrições da NR 18 Condições e Meio Ambiente de Trabalho na Indústria da Construção.
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Liu, Hsin-hsien, and 劉欣憲. "A Study of the Application of the Procedure Analysis Method, the Classification Tree Method, and Artificial Neural Network Method to Construct the Authentication Models of the Roadway Accidents." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15976300103018019953.
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碩士逢甲大學
交通工程與管理所
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The roadway traffic accidents are increasing yearly, and the clients of the traffic accident want to protect their own rights, so that the cases of traffic accidents need to be authenticated are increasing simultaneously. However, the Local Traffic Authentication Committee (LTAAC) is lack of manpower, and the quoted authentication criteria are inconsistent by the different LTAAC. Therefore, it results a delay and decreasing the quality of the authentication case. This study uses three methods such as the Procedural Authentication Method (PAM), the Classification Tree Method (CTM), and the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to construct those authentication models, so that we can use these models to predict the responsibilities of the clients in a traffic accident. Also this study mainly focuses on the two-vehicle collision which doesn’t include pedestrian and bicyclist. The total data includes 2,634 cases and 5,268 clients. First, the PAM uses literature review and brainstorming to find the authentication criteria. Second, the CTM uses the cross table analysis to pick up the major factors as the input variables, and then sets up the different end-node numbers. Finally, the CTM produces 30 sub-models for validating. Third, the ANN method also uses the cross table analysis to pick up the major factors as the input variables, and sets up the different neuron numbers in the hidden layer. Finally, the ANN method also produces 30 sub-models. There are three collision types: car/car、car/motorcycle、and motorcycle /motorcycle. Both the CTM and the ANN methods will use 80 percentages of cases in database for training, and 20 percentages of cases for validating. This study shows that under the existing criteria, the PAM has the better results than the CTM and ANN method such as the accuracy percentage of the PAM are 74.1%, the accuracy percentage of the CTM are 71.92%, and the accuracy percentage of the ANN method are 67.17%. However, if we include the total client data, the accuracy percentage of the PAM will reduce into 62.5%.
Books on the topic "Accident construct"
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Leheny, David. Empire of Hope. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501729072.001.0001.
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How do emotions become meaningful in public life? Closely examining key episodes in Japanese politics, Empire of Hope examines the varied roles that feelings play in contemporary politics. They construct the boundaries of the national body, they inform and discipline appropriate expression, and they depoliticize messy problems that could quickly produce divisive questions about winners and losers. And most important, they work because they appear to be so natural: the simple and expected expression of how the nation shares feelings, even when they paper over the extraordinary divergence in how the nation’s members experience each incident. By emphasizing the embeddedness of emotional expression in national narratives, the book challenges recent arguments in the social sciences and humanities about role that emotions should play in political analysis. A unique array of case studies — from the medical treatment of two Vietnamese victims of Agent Orange to the global promotion of Japanese popular culture, and from a tragic maritime accident involving a US Navy submarine to the 2011 tsunami and nuclear disaster — illustrates the myriad ways in which political expression of feelings matter even as they are divorced from the messiness of people’s emotional lives.
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Pereira, Mosiris Roberto Giovani. Historia Ocupacional: Uma Construc~ao Sociotecnica E Etica. Editora Ltr, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Accident construct"
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Jinnah, Zaheera. "The Accident." In Informal Livelihoods and Governance in South Africa, 59–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10695-8_4.
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AbstractIn this chapter, I use a case study of an underground accident to illustrate the pervasive forms of exclusion that the urban poor face. It follows the story of Florence, the wife of a miner who has been injured underground, and subsequently arrested, as she and others like her interface with the criminal justice and public health care sectors. Through these engagements, the chapter constructs an argument of the informalisation of governance in South Africa and its dangers.
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Nidos, Andreas, Spyros Stavrakis Kontostavlos, Petros Roussos, and Kostas Mylonas. "Aerospace Neuropsychology: Exploring the Construct of Psychological and Cognitive Interaction in the 100 Most Fatal Civil Aviation Accidents Through Multidimensional Scaling." In Advances in Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering, 235–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60642-2_22.
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Oris, Michel, Marie Baeriswyl, Aline Duvoisin, Rainer Gabriel, Myriam Girardin, Julia Henke, Barbara Masotti, Aude Tholomier, and Eric Widmer. "On the Sociohistorical Construction of Social and Economic Reserves Across the Life Course and on Their Use in Old Age." In Withstanding Vulnerability throughout Adult Life, 269–83. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4567-0_17.
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AbstractCoherently with the life course perspective that studies individual life trajectories embedded in sociohistorical changes, this chapter offers a synthesis on the long-term dynamics of vulnerabilities in old age that are associated with a deficit of reserves. In a first time, we investigate how economic, social and health reserves have been unevenly constructed across long lives. The impact of social stratification in the early stage of life, the institutionalization of the life courses and the process of accumulating (dis)advantages are confronted. In a second time, we show how the results of those life course dynamics, the unequal distribution of reserves older adults have to cope with aging, changed during the last 40 years. Undeniable progresses also resulted in new inequalities, or the accentuation of older ones. Third, challenging the classical perspectives of political economy of ageing and social gerontology, we show that depletion is not a linear process but that social inequalities and life accidents play a role. Moreover, coping mechanisms are considered since they tend to be based on reserves’ activation while preserving a level of reserves, for further ageing challenges.
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Rava, Gabriella. "Traces and Their (In)significance." In Frontiers in Sociology and Social Research, 269–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11756-5_17.
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AbstractThe concept of trace is useful for a semiotic reflection upon what is left behind. Similar to the concepts of index and footprint, traces are traditionally described as already signs, or more precisely as something recognized as a sign (Violi, Riv Ital Filos Linguaggio, 2016, http://www.rifl.unical.it/index.php/rifl/article/view/365; Mazzucchelli, Riv Ital Filos Linguaggio, 2015, http://www.rifl.unical.it/index.php/rifl/article/view/312). This act of recognition is fundamentally dependent on a community’s work of interpretation, in order to actualize a potential narration lying in the trace, but what if the promised sense is not grasped? Adopting the notion of intentionality (Greimas and Courtés, Sémiotique: dictionnaire raisonné de la théorie du langage. Hachette, Paris, 1979) to include partially unconscious traces within the sphere of semiotic investigation, the article considers the possibility to conceive traces as paradoxical signs standing for nothing, i.e., signs of insignificance (Leone, On insignificance. The loss of meaning in the post-material age. Routledge, 2020). Through the analysis of digital traces and trolling, (in)significance is disputed on the basis of a proposed paradigm, within which even such seemingly accidental traces may possess profound significance within a digital network constructed of distributed subjectivity. One conclusion drawn from the example is that strong normative claims about what may qualify as significant often conceal an ideologically charged agenda. For this reason in particular, a detailed account of digital traces should be the highest priority of semiotics today.
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Starza Smith, Daniel, and Leah Veronese. "Desire, Dreams, Disguise." In The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern Women's Writing in English, 1540-1700, 531–46. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198860631.013.34.
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Abstract The virtually unknown writings of Elizabeth Bourne present remarkable but opaque opportunities to explore the creative interior life of an Elizabethan woman—albeit one in extraordinary circumstances. Subject to domestic violence, Bourne escaped the family home and found protection in a legal guardian, Sir John Conway—with whom she then fell in love. In a series of exchanges with Conway, which included the exchange of books and poetry, Bourne’s letters pick up tropes of literary forms including Spenserian romance, dream visions, Latin translation, coded sexual fantasy, and even intelligence activity. Bourne used her letters to craft a literary space to imagine passion, peace, and happiness. Those letters were themselves subject to misogynistic archival violence in the nineteenth century and come down to us almost by accident. This chapter sets out the literary achievements they preserve for the first time by attending to how Bourne’s writings construct and navigate social networks.
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Peter, Hough. "Part I International Law and Global Security, Ch.6 Accidently Insecure." In The Oxford Handbook of the International Law of Global Security. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198827276.003.0007.
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This chapter investigates why accidents are rarely construed as matters of security and considers the case for giving greater recognition to accidental insecurity in international law and politics. Accidents are far removed from the conventional conceptualization of security politics and yet represent a much bigger threat to most people’s lives than those most typical security concerns: war and terrorism. The average citizen of the world is actually far less threatened by military action from another State or a foreign non-State actor than they are in ways rarely labelled as matters of security. The chapter looks at transport accidents, structural accidents, workplace accidents, and personal accidents. Since the 1990s, both academic and ‘real world’ political discourse has increasingly granted security status to non-military issues in ‘widening’ and ‘deepening’ the agenda of international political priorities. However, security ‘wideners’ and even many human security advocates, while acknowledging that diseases, crime, environmental change, and natural disasters can sometimes be matters of security, are often still reluctant to grant this status to accidents. This reluctance seems to boil down to two objections: (i) there are no military or power politics dimensions inherent in accidents; (ii) accidents are not deliberate attacks on countries or people.
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Abdulsater, Hussein Ali. "God and the World." In Shi'i Doctrine, Mu'tazili Theology, 52–86. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474404402.003.0003.
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This chapter explains the conceptual framework of Murtaḍā’s system by detailing his views of God and the natural world. It presents a discussion of the major epistemological tools needed to construct an understanding of being, such as his view on the role of reason, the method of investigation and the need for evidence. Following is a study of the basic ontological claims that govern both divine and natural realms; atoms and accidents, the constitutive units of the world, are studied both as independent entities and as the basis for casual relations that govern all existents. The last part concentrates on God’s attributes, with emphasis on Murtaḍā’s efforts to create a coherent system to satisfy various conceptual requirements while still preserving the integrity of earlier Shiʿi doctrines. The key is his classification of attributes into essential and accidental, informed by the Muʿtazilī ‘Theory of States’. The chapter is divided into four sub-headings: Epistemological Sketch; Ontological Sketch; God’s Attributes; Theoretical Model
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Lawrence, Regina G. "Accidents Will Happen." In The Politics of Force, 181—C8.P52. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197616543.003.0009.
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Abstract This chapter considers questions about the prevalence and causes of police brutality, which have continued to spark controversy in both New York and Los Angeles. It illustrates this with the Amadou Diallo case, which initiated an intensive struggle to define a policing problem in New York, even making its way into the presidential campaign. The chapter also explores the meaning of future news events, which can be constructed out of the complex interplay between communication strategies and story cues as police, elected officials, experts, activists, and grassroots communities vie to push the story in different directions. The chapter presents a research and theoretical framework that more closely joins studies of the social construction of the news with studies of the construction of public problems. It discusses how the official dominance of the public definitions of policy issues, also known as institutionally driven problem definition, anchors one end of a continuum of news dynamics.
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Niu, Gao, and Alan Olinsky. "Generalized Linear Model for Automobile Fatality Rate Prediction in R." In Open Source Software for Statistical Analysis of Big Data, 137–61. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2768-9.ch005.
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This chapter demonstrates the descriptive and statistical modeling function in R. The automobile fatal accident data of the United States is extracted from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). The model will be used to understand significant contributing factors of automobile accident death when a fatal crash happens. First, descriptive analysis is performed by basic R functions and packages. Then, generalized linear model (GLM) with logit link function is explored and constructed. Finally, multiple validation metrics are introduced and calculated to ensure the reasonability and accuracy of the predictions. The focus of this chapter is to demonstrate the power and flexibility of the most popular Open Source Statistical Software (OSSS) through a real data analysis.
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Liu, Xiangming, and Gao Niu. "Automobile Fatal Accident and Insurance Claim Analysis Through Artificial Neural Network." In Biomedical and Business Applications Using Artificial Neural Networks and Machine Learning, 233–62. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8455-2.ch009.
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This chapter presents a thorough descriptive analysis of automobile fatal accident and insurance claims data. Major components of the artificial neural network (ANN) are discussed, and parameters are investigated and carefully selected to ensure an efficient model construction. A prediction model is constructed through ANN as well as generalized linear model (GLM) for model comparison purposes. The authors conclude that ANN performs better than GLM in predicting data for automobile fatalities data but does not outperform for the insurance claims data because automobile fatalities data has a more complex data structure than the insurance claims data.
Conference papers on the topic "Accident construct"
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Renze, Kevin J. "Accident/Incident Reconstruction and Visualization." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6265.
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Factual evidence from locomotive event data recorders (EDR), locomotive image data recorders, accident site surveys, witness marks, rail equipment, track structure, photographs, video cameras, AEI readers, hot wheel or hot bearing detectors, wayside signal bungalows, train consist documents, and radio communication is integrated, validated, and visualized in a three-dimensional model environment. The goal is to build a physics-based, data-driven model of train position as a function of time to enhance the documentation, investigation, understanding, and analysis of in-service train derailments. Methods to construct, validate, and interrogate time-accurate, interactive visualizations of train movements for partial and complete train consists are discussed and demonstrated. In-service freight train derailments that occurred in Hoxie, Arkansas (offset frontal collision between opposing freight trains), Casselton, North Dakota (unit grain train derailment with car fouling opposing mainline track and subsequent crude oil unit train head-on collision), and Graettinger, Iowa (unit ethanol train derailment) are used to illustrate the accident reconstruction method. Similar vehicle path reconstructions for recent highway, aviation, and marine investigations are also presented.
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Shinoda, Takeshi, and Takashi Tanaka. "Development of Risk Assessment Methodology for Occupational Safety in Using Work Observation Technique." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2012-p04.
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It is a challenge to prevent an occupational accident in any industrial activities. The aim of this study is to improve the safety and reduce the risk of occupational accidents at shipyard through developing a risk assessment. This paper describes the concept and methodology of risk assessment for occupational safety and its application. The methodology introduces an effective and useful assessment procedure to construct the database based on the past occupational accidents occurred at shipyards. Quantitative methodology is developed to understand the unsafe working conditions and environment at the shipyard by the convenient handheld to collect the data with Information Technology. Some examples of effective hazard countermeasures are suggested and a feasibility study is conducted to improve a walking environment at shipyards.
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Lu, Yuan, and Changzhi Xiao. "The Research and Comparison of Thermal-Hydraulic Test Facilities for Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs)." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67071.
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Recently, nuclear power safety draws more attention after Fukushima nuclear accident, for which it is essential to construct a large number of test facilities simulating possible issues occurred in the reactor. The thermal-hydraulic test facility is extensively used to simulate thermal-hydraulic response during a loss of coolant accident (LOCA) or an operational transient which can minimize the nuclear safety accidents. This paper focus on the research of thermal-hydraulic test facilities of PWRs in different countries. All of facilities were designed by scaling analysis method. Meanwhile, a wide range of data comprising of power data, pressure data, volume data, configuration and a series of nuclear safety test data is compared in over ten test facilities. Based on above comparable data and relevant research, the main conclusions are as follows: Scaling analysis lays a solid foundation for the design and construction of scale-down nuclear reactor thermal-hydraulic test facilities. This would provide the reference for choosing scaling concepts in the reactor integral test facility.
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Endo, T., M. Matsushita, and A. Yamamoto. "Development of Efficient Data Sampling Method to Construct Surrogate Model of Severe Accident Analysis Code for SBO Aiming Probabilistic Safety Margin Analysis." In Tranactions - 2019 Winter Meeting. AMNS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/t30744.
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Gomez, Mark A. "Determining the Failure Potential of Total Hip Arthroplasty in Frontal Motor Vehicle Impacts: An Interdisciplinary Approach." In ASME 2009 4th Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2009-83057.
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Due to the ever increasing number of total hip arthroplasties performed every year, the loading conditions typically experienced by a patient during the activities of everyday living must be accounted for in both the design and testing of an artificial joint (5). The probability of implant failure must constantly be addressed. Further, knowledge of these loading conditions may be applied to accidental events such as motor vehicle impacts to determine the potential for failure of a total hip arthroplasty during such “abnormal” occurrences. Specifically, when considering loading conditions experienced during a motor vehicle accident, one could determine if the failure of an implant was due to the inadequacy of the implant, the failure of the bone around the implant, or a pre-existing degraded condition in the implant-bone construct. The goal of this presentation is to provide an outline of the types of data and analyses that are necessary to determine the nature of a failed total hip arthroplasty subsequent to a frontal motor vehicle impact. These include data from the patient’s medical records, biomechanical properties of bone, structural and material properties of implant materials, and accident vehicle dynamics. This information may then be consolidated and analyzed in a flowchart fashion to provide a most probable cause of implant failure.
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Nava Rivera, Milka Hebi, Daisuke Ito, Yasushi Saito, Mitsuhiro Aoyagi, Kenji Kamiyama, and Tohru Suzuki. "Measurements of Two-Phase Pressure Drop in a Simulated Debris Bed." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67927.
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Two-phase flow through porous media should be well understood to develop a severe accident analysis code not only for light water reactor but also sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR). When a core disruptive accident occurs in SFR, the fuel inside the core may become melted and interacts with the coolant. As a result, gas-liquid two-phase flow will be formed in the debris bed, which may have porous nature depending on the cooling process. Thus, as first step, present work focuses on the characteristics of pressure drop in single- and two-phase flows in different porous media conditions (porous size, liquid and gas flow velocity). In addition, in order to construct an experimental database, the measured pressure drop under different conditions was compared with existing correlations.
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Chandra, Steven, and Farasdaq Sajjad. "Real-Time Quantification of Offshore Oil Spills During Blow-Out Accident." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21478-ms.
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Abstract In the event of offshore oilfield blow-out, real-time quantification of both spilled volume, recovered oil and environmental damage is essential. It is due to costly recovery and restoration process. In order to develop a robust and accurate quantification, we need to consider numerous parameters, which are sometimes tricky to be identified and captured. In this work, we present a new modeling technique under uncertainty, which accommodates numerous parameters and interaction among them. We begin the model by identifying possible parameters that contributes to the process: grouped into (1) subsurface, (2) surface and (3) operations. Subsurface e.g. well and reservoir characteristics. Surface e.g. ocean, wind, soil. (3) Operations e.g. oil spill treatment blow-out rate, oil characteristics, reservoir characteristics, ocean current speed, meteorological aspects, soil properties, and oil-spill treatment (oil booms and skimmers). We assign prior distribution for each parameter based on available data to capture the uncertainties. Before progressing to uncertainty propagation, we construct objective response (amount of recovered oil) through mass conservation equation in data-driven and non-intrusive way, using design of experiment and regression-based method. We propagate uncertainties using Monte Carlo simulation approach, where the result is presented in a distribution form, summarized by P10, P50, and P90 values. This work shows how to robustly calculate the amount of recovered oil under uncertainty in the event of offshore blow out. There are several notable challenges within the approach: 1) determining the uncertainty range in blow-out rate in case of rupture occurs in the well, 2) obtaining data for wind and ocean current speed since there is an interplay between local and global climate, and 3) accuracy of capturing the shoreline geometry. Despite the challenges, the results are in-line with the physics and several recorded blow-out cases. Through sensitivity analysis with Sobol decomposition, we can define the heavy hitters. These heavy hitters give us knowledge on which parameters should be aware of. In real-time quantification, this analysis can provide an insight on what treatment method should be performed to efficiently recover the spill. We also highlight about the sufficiency of the model to obtain several parameters’ range, for example blow-out rate. The model should at least capture the physics in high details and incorporate multiple scenarios. In the case of blow-out rate, we extensively model the well completion and consider leaking due to unprecedented fractures or crater formation around the wellbore. We introduce a new framework of modeling to perform real-time quantification of offshore oil spills. This framework allows inferring the causality of the process and illustrating the risk level.
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Novog, D. R., K. Atkinson, M. Levine, O. Nainer, and B. Phan. "Treatment of Epistemic and Aleatory Uncertainties in the Statistical Analysis of the Neutronic Protection System in CANDU Reactors." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48127.
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In existing and new nuclear power plants a variety of special safety systems are employed which will trigger fast reactor shutdown in the event of an accident or undesirable plant condition. A key consideration in determining the optimal trip setpoints for these safety systems is the treatment of both epistemic and aleatory uncertainties. A significant issue also arises in attempting to construct probabilistic methodologies that accurately account for these uncertainties while still maintaining consistency with instrument uncertainty calculation methodologies like ISA 67.04. Furthermore, for probabilistic based analyses such as Loss of Regulation events in a CANDU reactor, the calculation of the neutron overpower trip setpoint involves extremal functions and as such extreme value statistics are applied. Since there are variations in the actual reactor physics parameters (fuel channel power, flux detector drift and total reactor power) and thermalhydraulic conditions, determination of accident behavior is more complicated than if the reactor conditions were completely fixed in time. This paper presents the methodology used to establish the epistemic and aleatory uncertainties in reactor trip setpoints such that margins to safety can be established and so that quantitative statistical statements can be made on the probability of safety system action and the confidence level which is self-consistent with the instrument calculation methodology outlined in ISA 67.04. This paper examines the trip setpoints required to mitigate Loss of Power Regulation accidents in a CANDU reactor using a unique treatment of the epistemic and aleatory uncertainties. In addition to the statistical treatment, a key finding in this work relates to the specification of the initial reactor state based on synchronous plant measurements as opposed to Monte Carlo generated states based on sampling of fitted probability distributions.
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Kim, Hyoung Tae, Jae Eun Cha, Bo Wook Rhee, Hwa-Lim Choi, Han Seo, and In Cheol Bang. "Measurement of Velocity and Temperature Profiles in the Scaled-Down CANDU-6 Moderator Tank." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15620.
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We are planning to construct a scaled-down moderator test facility to simulate the CANDU-6 moderator circulation phenomena during steady state operation and accident conditions at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. In the present work a preliminary experiment using a 1/40 scaled-down moderator tank has been performed to identify the potential problems of the flow visualization and measurement in the scaled-down moderator test facility. With a transparent moderator tank model, a flow field is visualized with a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique under an isothermal state, and the temperature field is measured using a Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) technique. A preliminary CFD analysis is also performed to find out the flow, thermal, and heating boundary conditions with which the various flow patterns expected in the prototype CANDU-6 moderator tank can be reproduced in the experiment.
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McNelles, Phillip, and Lixuan Lu. "Lab-Scale Design, Demonstration and Safety Assessment of an FPGA-Based Post Accident Monitoring System for Westinghouse AP1000 Nuclear Power Plants." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30457.
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A Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a type of integrated circuit (IC), which is programmed after it is manufactured. FPGAs are referred to as a form of programmable hardware, as there is typically no software or operating system running on the FPGA itself. A significant amount of design work has been performed regarding the application of FPGAs in the nuclear field in recent years, with much of that work centered around safety related Instrumentation and Control (I&C) systems and safety systems. These new FPGA based systems are considered to be viable alternatives to replace many old I&C systems that are commonly used in Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Many of these older analog and digital systems are obsolete, and it has become increasingly difficult to maintain and repair them. FPGAs possess certain advantages over traditional analog circuits, PLCs and microprocessors, when considering nuclear I&C and safety system applications. This paper describes how FPGA technology has been used to construct a lab-scale implementation of a Post-Accident Monitoring System (PAMS), for a Westinghouse AP1000 Nuclear Power Plant, using a National Instruments “cRIO” chassis and I/O modules. This system will perform the major functions of the existing PAMS, including monitoring the vital values such as temperature, water level, pressure, flow rate, radiation levels and neutron flux in the event of a serious reactor accident. These values are required in standards such as United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). All of the input signals are read and processed using the FPGA, which includes alarms if the values go beyond the specified range, or if the values change rapidly. The values were then output to the computer through the FPGA interface to provide information to the operator, as well as being sent through analog and digital output modules for further processing. The system was tested using both simulated and real inputs from sensors. Furthermore, the reliability of the new system has also been analyzed, using the Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology (DFM). DFM has been successfully applied in both the nuclear and aerospace fields, and has been described as one of the best methodologies for modeling software/hardware interactions, by the scientific literature as well as in NRC reports. DFM was applied to fine-tune the design parameters by determining the potential causes of faults in the design, as well as to highlight the effectiveness of DFM in nuclear and in FPGA applications.