Journal articles on the topic 'Accession of Croatia to the EU'
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1
Mavricek, Morana. "EU Tax Issues Arising from Croatias Accession to the EU: Dividend Taxation." EC Tax Review 22, Issue 3 (June 1, 2013): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2013017.
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The following document will examine the position of Croatian tax system in relation to the EU tax system. The issues that the document will concentrate on are dividend taxation issues. First, the gradual development of the European Union landmark judgments will be examined, from the first, Verkooijen case, to the current situation in the The Test Claimants in the FII Group Litigation v. The Commissioners for HM Revenue and Customs (FII GLO) case. Second, dividend taxation in other Member States in Croatia's region (Eastern Europe) will be looked at together to see what hurdles they had to overcome when entering the EU while examining how comparable Croatia is to them. Third, the text will assume a critical approach of the new system of dividend taxation adopted in Croatia in March 2012 and its subsequent implementation. At the end of the paper, it will be discussed whether the changes made by Croatia are sufficient to make it compliant with EU law on dividend taxation.
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Kranjac, David, Krunoslav Zmaic, Ivo Grgic, Petra Salamon, and Emil Erjavec. "Accession impact and outlook for Croatian and EU crop and livestock markets." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): e0103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020181-14669.
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Aim of study: To investigate the impact of Croatia’s accession to the EU on its agricultural sector, its market outlook and the EU’s key agricultural products up to 2030.Area of study: Croatia and European Union member statesMaterial and methods: Comparative approach was used in order to identify similarities of the changes that took place when other Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) acceded to the EU (results of previously conducted research) with the changes that happened in Croatia (historical data between 2010 and 2016). The second approach involved the AGMEMOD partial equilibrium model, which has been used as a comprehensive tool to model the complex outlook of Croatian agricultural markets. The results of the Croatian outlook were compared to the EU’s AGMEMOD outlook results in order to identify future trends in key agricultural market development (production, yield and net trade) and whether these newly established trends were comparable with EU trends.Main results: The changes that took place in the Croatian agricultural sector during and after the EU accession period are not significantly different from the trends and changes observed in other Central and Eastern EU member states. Similarities can especially be found in neighbouring CEEC countries (Hungary and Slovenia), which kept their producer prices close to EU levels prior to accession. Furthermore, the results indicate a similarity with CEEC trends in terms of the strengthening of crop production compared to livestock.Research highlights: Positive effects of EU integration on the Croatian agricultural sector took place after a few years of adjustment. Simulations of future market developments indicate many similarities between Croatia and EU 13 member states.
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Pervan, Maja, Marijana Ćurak, and Tomislava Pavić Kramarić. "Has Accession to the European Union Affected the Efficiency of Croatian Insurance Companies?" Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 24, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 67–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2021-0004.
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Abstract Accession of Croatia to the EU brought legal, regulatory and market changes for the insurance companies. The question that arises is whether the new environment in which the companies operate has improved their efficiency. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to separately estimate the efficiency of non-life and life insurance industry in Croatia and to compare it through the period before (2009-2012) and after (2013-2018) Croatian accession to the EU. The research is based on the Data Envelopment Analysis and the obtained results indicate an average increase in overall technical efficiency in both, non-life and life sector in period after Croatia’s accession to the EU. Still, this increase was not proved to be significant. Additionally, although increase in pure technical efficiency was significant in non-life sector, an insignificant slight decrease is recorded in life sector. Finally, insurers conducting (non)life business activities are mainly operating at increasing returns to scale.
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Gantner, Vesna, Božo Važić, and Maja Gregić. "The Challenges of Accession to the European Union." АГРОЗНАЊЕ 19, no. 3 (December 10, 2018): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agren1803221g.
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On the 21st of February 2003 Croatia submitted a request for membership in the European Union, thus starting a long process of preparation and negotiations on accession to the EU. A number of decisions that define the structure for negotiations were adopted in the period to follow. The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development was defined as responsible for Chapter 11, 12 and 13. Croatia’s key negotiating requests concerned the determination of amount of financial envelope for direct payments, the terms of application and financing of the direct payments and the determination of production quotas. The overall process of accession negotiations was completed at the meeting of the Intergovernmental Conference on Croatian accession to the European Union on 30 June 2011. The financial envelope for direct payments determined on the basis of statistical data about the agricultural production realized and resource utilized in the defined reference period was set to 373 million Euros per year. Also, since 2014, Croatia could use the EU budget for Rural Development in the amount of 333 million Euros per year (additionally including national budget funds). Finally, the EU provides the legal framework and financial ability, but whether and how the funds will be used depends on the Member State.
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Ivančan, Antonija, and Davor Petrić. "Are Croatian Courts Prepared for the Interpretive Obligation?" Review of Central and East European Law 44, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 493–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730352-04404003.
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This article discusses compliance with the interpretive obligation by Croatian courts five years into Croatia’s membership in the EU. Our aim is to analyze whether Croatian courts have (and, if so, to what extent) accepted this obligation. We will first review the Croatian courts’ record of compliance with the interpretive obligation during the pre-accession period, and revisit some of the existing findings. In the second part, we turn to analysis of the Croatian courts’ record of compliance with the interpretive obligation following accession. Some of the key findings are: higher national courts have accepted that the EU interpretive obligation binds all national courts; lower national courts have fully embraced this obligation; the Constitutional Court struggles with adopting a clear position on the interpretive obligation. We conclude by observing whether EU membership has contributed to the transformation of legal culture and the relationship between different judicial instances in Croatia.
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Ilgün, Erkan, and Adnan Murad. "CROATIA’S ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE FUTURE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA." ЗБОРНИК РАДОВА ЕКОНОМСКОГ ФАКУЛТЕТА У ИСТОЧНОМ САРАЈЕВУ 1, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/zrefis1408167i.
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Whenever a country joins European Union, there are some effects, which not only change the game for entering country but also for third non member countries. The foremost objective of this paper is to examine the possible effects of Croatian joining the European Union on the foreign trade between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The core assumption is that Croatian accession to the EU has negative effects on the trade between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina because Croatia is not giving preferential treatment to BH market. To maintain its export market share in the Croatian market, Bosnia and Herzegovina has to show high level of competitiveness.
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Pickering, Paula M., and Mark Baskin. "What is to be done? Succession from the League of Communists of Croatia." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 41, no. 4 (October 22, 2008): 521–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2008.09.001.
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Croatia’s complex and violent transition contributed to conditions under which ex-communists have exerted significant influence over multiple post-Communist parties. In the 1990s, the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) led by President Franjo Tudjman employed war to impose a semi-authoritarian system that further weakened the electoral prospects of the most logical Communist successor party—the Social Democratic Party (SDP). The SDP-led coalition’s win in the 2000 elections ushered in conditions that enabled a deeper democratization in Croatia that brought it closer toward integration into the EU. HDZ’s loss in 2000 and EU leverage then helped compel HDZ to reform and to continue work toward meeting EU accession requirements.
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Kunst, Ivo. "Croatian tourism and EU accession." Tourism and hospitality management 13, no. 2 (June 2007): 437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.13.2.1.
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The aim of the article is to examine the implications of the EU integration process on Croatian tourism. Analysing the experience of the countries which took part in the two last EU accession rounds, and focusing especially on Malta, Cyprus and Slovenia as most interesting cases for Croatia, integration process impact areas relevant for tourism sector have been pointed out. On the basis of this analysis, numerous areas of potential benefits and costs have also been defined and classified. The emphasis in the selected countries’ case study analyses has been directed primarily to identify: (i) characteristic features of the tourism sector before the commencement of the EU negotiation process, (ii) modifications and/or possible turnarounds in the tourism development strategy as a result of the EU negotiation process and/or adaptations of the legal framework, as well as (iii) increases/decreases in the pre-negotiation levels of tourism demand, supply and receipts during the EU accession period. The analyses for all three countries strongly indicate that new tourism strategies that have been adopted, as well as dynamic growth of tourism receipts, coincide with the EU accession process. The new tourism development strategies lean strongly towards environment friendly development, as well as towards more efficient usage and preservation of space.
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Spehar, Andrea. "This Far, but No Further?" East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 26, no. 2 (December 22, 2011): 362–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325411429742.
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The European Union (EU) is one of the world’s most important policy promoters for gender equality. This article examines the benefits and limitations of EU gender equality policy making in two Western Balkan countries, Croatia and FYR Macedonia. Besides analyzing specific gender policy developments that can be attributed to the EU, particular focus is put on the women’s movement activists’ perceptions of the impact that accession may have on women and gender equality. The study demonstrates that while the Croatian and Macedonian EU accession processes have been beneficial to the introduction of new gender legislation and institutional mechanisms for the advancement of gender equality, the EU gender strategy has also shown serious limitations. Among these—and perhaps the most fundamental—is the strong contrast between stated goals and their actual implementation. I argue that unless profound institutional changes as well as changes in political culture take place in Croatia and Macedonia, the poor compliance with EU gender equality norms and policies will be hard to overcome.
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Moore, Nicki, Mirjana Zećirević, and Simon Peters. "Establishing Croatia’s lifelong career guidance service." Journal of the National Institute for Career Education and Counselling 32, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20856/jnicec.3204.
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On July 1st 2013, Croatia became the 28th member state of the European Union. One requirement for Croatia’s accession to the EU was the establishment of comprehensive life-long career guidance (LLCG) provision. In 2011, the Croatian Employment Service, the traditional provider of career guidance services to the unemployed, embarked on a programme to establish eight public facing pilot LLCG centres funded through EU transition funding. This article uses the results of an early evaluation of the new LLCG centres undertaken at the end of the pilot stage to explore the inter-relationship between this EU imperative and the policy and practice developments required to establish LLCG in a post-conflict and postcommand economy emerging EU country.
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Pisarović, Anamarija, Sanja Tišma, Krševan Antun Dujmović, and Mira Mileusnić Škrtić. "The Event of Croatia’s EU Accession and Membership from the Croatian High School Students’ Perspective." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14010002.
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The knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of the high school students on Croatia’s European Union (EU) accession event were omitted in numerous public opinion polls conducted since the 2013 accession. Therefore, the paper shows key benefits of Croatia’s EU accession and the recent attitudes of high school students about the meaning of this event for their future lives. Research methods include desktop analysis regarding previous researches of the population attitudes and a quantitative survey conducted in January 2017 on a sample of a total of 1944 school graduates who were interviewed on issues of knowledge, perception and attitude to the event of Croatia’s entrance and membership in the EU. The results point out that although Croatia acquires significant benefits from the EU accession, the very event is not recognized as being the key one by high school students. Considering that in many cases the youth opinion is the best indicator of overall social problems and considering the future programs and obligations as well as the role expected from the youth in implementation of these programs, the research findings on the perception of the event of Croatia’s accession to the EU are a field within which future policy activities are envisaged.
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Vuletic, Dean. "Out of the homeland: The Croatian Right and Gay Rights." Southeastern Europe 37, no. 1 (2013): 36–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03701003.
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This article discusses how the Croatian right’s attitudes towards gay rights have been defined by nationalism and Europeanism. It focusses on the Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica, HDZ), which has dominated Croatian politics since it was first elected to government in 1990. It led Croatia to independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 and through the homeland War from 1991 to 1995, and it also started and finished Croatia’s negotiations for accession to the European Union from 2005 to 2011. The HDZ government did not actively address gay rights in Croatia in the 1990s, especially since it espoused a heteronationalism influenced by Roman Catholic teachings. Homosexuality was usually mentioned by HDZ officials only in negative terms, such as when allegations of it were used to discredit critics or opponents. Although the HDZ government had sought to integrate Croatia with Western Europe, it was isolated by the West in the late 1990s because of its authoritarian and nationalist tendencies. However, after its electoral defeat in 2000, the HDZ transformed itself into a more moderate right-wing party, and it returned to government in 2003. Subsequently, it had to actively address gay rights, as these had become a prominent political issue under the previous government and with the rise of a local gay movement. As the HDZ government placed EU accession at the centre of its programme, it also came under pressure from the EU to adopt anti-discrimination laws to protect sexual minorities. However, the HDZ continues to oppose the expansion of gay rights in debates on same-sex marriage or adoption rights for same-sex couples, which are not required for admission into the EU, and it continues to do this with references to traditional Croatian and Catholic values.
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Bojinović Fenko, Ana, and Ana Urlić. "Political Criteria vs. Political Conditionality: Comparative analysis of Slovenian and Croatian European Union accession processes." Croatian International Relations Review 21, no. 72 (February 1, 2015): 107–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cirr-2015-0004.
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Abstract This study analyses the differences in content and procedure in the application of political criteria and political conditionality in the EU accession processes of Slovenia and Croatia. The article ascertains that with regard to substance, the Commission and EU member states did apply political criteria more extensively and meticulously to Croatia in comparison to Slovenia, but mainly due to the difference in the states’ initial assessment of preparedness for EU membership and the application of the principle of own merits. Empirical results, however, show that the differences in political conditionality did not only stem from Croatia’s post-conflict conditions, but also from the EU’s experience of the 2004 and 2007 enlargements and the concern about the EU’s absorption capacity. As for the accession process procedure, the latter has increasingly empowered the Commission rather than EU member states, which bears relevance for future (Western Balkans) enlargements
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Horopakha, Serhii. "Key milestones of the negotiating process on the accession of Croatia to the EU in 2007 – 2008." European Historical Studies, no. 11 (2018): 8–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2018.11.8-27.
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On 1st July 2013, the Republic of Croatia officially became the 28th member of the European Union. This event marked the fulfillment of a foreign policy goal, along with joining NATO in 2009, as a major step forward in the country’s long-term consolidation process. The article therefore analyzes the key events of the Croatia – EU relations in 2007-2008, which moved this Balkan country closer to implementing its Euro-integration course. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of the pre-accession negotiations with the European Union, as well as to internal and foreign policy factors that had a direct impact on the Euro-integration dialogue between Croatia and the European Union. In this context, emphasis is placed on problem issues that slowed down the dynamics of the negotiation process to a certain extent, in particular the unilateral application by Croatia of the Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone, and measures taken by the Croatian authorities to settle them. Significant achievements of Croatia in the negotiation process with the European Union are highlighted, in particular, progress of the country in meeting the European Union criteria as well as a date determination the of pre-accession negotiations completion as an important political sign of the European Union readiness to accept a new member in future.
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Górecki, Maciej. "Proces akcesyjny Chorwacji do Unii Europejskiej – implikacje dla dalszych rozszerzeń Wspólnoty." Świat Idei i Polityki 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2016): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/siip201609.
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This article analyzes the possible implications of Croatia’s accession process for further expansion of the Community (officially aspiring to membership in the European Union aspires five countries – Albania, FYROM, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey). In order to carry out the present historical relations between the EU – Croatia, the characteristic way of Croatia’s accession process on each of its stages, the state of its accomplishment by the designated official candidates, assessment of their nature of the relationship with the European Union and possible prospects for future membership.
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Škrinjarić, Tihana, and Mirjana Čižmešija. "Has the Accession of Croatia to the EU Affected Business Sentiment in Industry? Synthetic Control Method Approach." Drustvena istrazivanja 29, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 643–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5559/di.29.4.07.
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Some economic and political events determine the level and dynamics of real economic variables on one hand, and business sentiment as a "soft" variable with a good predictive power for those variables, on the other. In this paper, we observe the impact Croatia's accession to the European Union (EU) in 2013 had on the Industrial confidence indicator (ICI) as a measure of business sentiment in Croatia's industry. Entering the EU had a strong positive impact on the economies of countries that had joined the Union. Unlike other new EU member states, which entered the EU in an upward phase of the European business cycle, Croatia entered this community immediately after the stabilization of the European debt crisis and in a long period of recession. Using a novel application of the Synthetic Control Method (SCM) to the business survey (BS) data, the main hypothesis, that Croatia's accession to the EU had a strong positive impact on the ICI (which can be explained as euphoria), is confirmed. Conclusions derived from this research are a contribution to the improvement and popularization of BS and SCM.
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Drinkovic, Marina. "Analysis of the process of introducing euro in new member states: Defining lessons for Croatia case study: Slovenia." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 3, no. 1-2 (May 30, 2009): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2009/1-2/13.
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On 1 May 2004, EU made a historical enlargement by expanding from 15 to 25 members, and with another enlargement in 2007, EU is now a union of 27 member states. Following the new member states accession to the EU the next challenge for them is joining European Monetary Union and introducing the euro as a national legal currency. This thesis concentrated on the analysis on how the new member states handle the process of joining the Euro-zone with the main objective to examine whether there are any possible lessons that Croatia can apply to its EMU integration path. The thesis is mainly focused on analysing the Slovenian EMU integration process, as this member state has been identified by the Croatian Authorities and Croatian National Bank as the one whose experience Croatia should try to follow. The central questions that are discussed are weather Croatia is economically and politically capable to follow the Slovenian example, and, on the other side, weather the Slovenian example is the best one to follow i.e. should Croatia introduce euro by using the quick EMU entry strategy as Slovenia did. In order to answer those questions thesis focused on analysing and explaining different strategies for euro adoption chosen by the new member states with special emphasis on the strategy of quick EMU entry approach chosen by Slovenia. The thesis also concentrated on analysing the Slovenian political and economical path from Yugoslavia to the EU and especially on its economic performance and key economic indicators prior to introducing euro. Finally, with the aim to compare the economic performance between Slovenia and Croatia and define similarities/differences in their transition and EU accession process, the thesis gave a detailed overview of the Croatian current economical and political situation. After brief analysis of all pros and cons of an early euro adoption, the thesis concluded that following the experiences of small sized countries with opened economies and strong trade orientation towards the countries of the Euro-zone, such Slovenia is, would be a comprehensive and logical strategy for Croatia. Early euro adoption would provide more benefits than costs for Croatian economy and society in general. The thesis also concluded that Croatia should face no major problems when it comes to fulfilling most of the Maastricht criterion on time, in order to be able to adopt the euro in the shortest possible period as Slovenia did. However, the thesis also highlighted that in order to do so Croatia has to put a serious emphasis on improving certain aspects of its current macroeconomic situation, in particular the one concerning the percentage of state sector deficit in the GDP and the size of public debt.
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Cerruti, Tanja. "The Political Criteria for Accession to the EU in the Experience of Croatia." European Public Law 20, Issue 4 (December 1, 2014): 771–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2014046.
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Croatia became the twenty-eighth member of the European Union following an intense preparation process that was heavily influenced by adherence to the so-called political criteria set for the fifth enlargement of the Union, but that were implicit also in previous phases. The additional conditions laid down in the criteria applied to the preparation process of the Western Balkan Countries reflecting the historical and political context of what was characterized, in the 1990s, by bloody ethnic conflicts. The strict application of the political criteria and the careful monitoring of their application by the European Institutions have spurred in Croatia a number of significant reforms, both at legislative and constitutional level, particularly concerning the judiciary. The outcome of the preparation process not only led to Croatia's accession to the EU, but also benefitted the Country itself. However, the management of this process and the overall EU scenario pose
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Kukoč, Marin, Bruno Skrinjaric, and Josip Juračak. "The impact assessment of the EU pre-accession funds on agriculture and food companies: The Croatian case." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 19, no. 3 (June 15, 2021): e0107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2021193-16764.
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Aim of study: This paper evaluates the effect of pre-accession EU grants on beneficiaries in the agri-food sector using a quasi-experimental approach on the case of Croatia. An insight into the available literature reveals a lack of rigorous research and evaluation of the results of using these funds in Croatia as well as in other beneficiary countries.Area of study: Republic of Croatia, Europe (2006–2017).Material and methods: Two datasets were used: (1) financial and structural data on the population of Croatian enterprises for the 2003–2017 period, and (2) data on SAPARD and IPARD grants in the 2007–2016 period. Data were analyzed using counterfactual impact analysis, i.e., a combination of difference-in-difference approach and propensity score matching.Main results: The grants showed to have a positive effect on firm survival, as well as positive effects on obtaining bank loans and increasing turnover, value added, employment, and total factor productivity. Heterogeneous treatment effects show that the grants resulted in the greatest additionality for micro-sized firms located in Central Croatia. Cost-benefit analysis estimates an increase in the value added, which outweighs scheme-induced costs by 120% in the short run and 90% in the mid run.Research highlights: Pre-accession programs in Croatia had a positive impact on the beneficiaries’ growth and business performance indicators in both short and mid term. This paper also promotes the application of similar research in other EU candidate countries where the same or similar funds are implemented.
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Vušović, Olivera. "OUTILS D’AIDE À LA TRADUCTION DE LA LÉGISLATION DE L’UE : PRATIQUES EUROPÉENNES ET CAS DU BCMS." La mémoire et ses enjeux. Balkans – France: regards croisés, X/ 2019 (December 30, 2019): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.29.2019.12.
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TRANSLATION TOOLS FOR EU LEGISLATION: EUROPEAN PRACTICES AND THE CASE OF BCMS The aim of this paper is to analyse the issue of memory through tools for storing linguistic data (terminological databases, parallel corpora, thesauri, glossaries and dictionaries) deployed in the context of the translation of EU legislation. On the one hand, we present an overview of the tools used within the EU, distinguished by a complex and highly specific linguistic regime, currently including 24 official languages. On the other hand, we review the preparations and implementation of various tools in the former Serbo-Croatian countries, namely the language framework of their accession to the EU. Within the BCMS languages, a parallel has to be drawn between Croatia, which has been a member of the EU since 2013, with the most developed mechanisms in this area, of the one part, and Montenegro, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the other part. Keywords: European Union, translation, tools, databases, accession to the EU, BCMS.
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Žiljak, Tihomir. "Adult education in Croatia after 1990." Andragoška spoznanja 24, no. 4 (December 14, 2018): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.24.4.53-68.
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The main goal of the paper is to explain key elements of three cycles of adult education policy in Croatia from 1990 to 2018. The first cycles encompasses changes in the 1990s. The second begins in 2000 and is marked by the process of Europeanization within the process of Croatia’s accession to the European Union. The third begins with the accession of Croatia into the EU (2013) and with the passing of the Strategy of Education, Science and Technology (2014). In each cycle adult education policy instruments, actors, goals are analysed. In the last two cycles similar policy goals, instruments, actors as part of Europeanisation adult education policy are maintained, while first cycle is marked by political, ideological and institutional severing ties from the socialist education system. Final results of those processes are not satisfactory, and adult education is still marginalized with small participation in adult education.
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Moric Milovanovic, Bojan, and Darko Solaja. "Analysis of tobacco industry attractiveness." International journal of contemporary business and entrepreneurship 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47954/ijcbe.1.1.1.
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Tobacco industry is one of the most profitable global industries with the steady increase in global demand for tobacco and tobacco related products. Tobacco industry in Croatia has a centuries-old tradition and tobacco is one of the most important non-food agricultural crops produced in Croatia. Moreover, tobacco industry in Croatia is one of the major revenue sources of the government’s budget. The aim of this paper is to determine whether tobacco industry in Croatia is attractive enough for a new player willing to enter the market. Paper provides brief overview of the tobacco industry and the impact it has on Croatian economy. Furthermore, paper explains how excise duties and product prices changed over time, shows market consolidation and concentration before and after the EU accession, and in detail depicts forces which determine industry’s profitability, i.e. its attractiveness.
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Özdemir, Sahir. "A Comment on the Inconsistency between the EU-Turkey Association Law and EU Secondary Legislation." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 42, Issue 3 (August 1, 2015): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2015013.
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The Court of Justice dealt with the problem of inconsistency between the EU-Turkey association law and European Union (EU) secondary legislation in the Soysal case. The solution adopted by the Court was to accord primacy to the association law and to interpret the provisions of secondary legislation, to the extent possible, in a manner that is consistent with that law. However, this solution was not taken into consideration during the accession of Croatia to the EU and Croatia had to adopt the relevant secondary legislation which itself was adopted by the EU without observing its respective standstill obligation, which led to the tightening of its more liberal regime towards Turkey. Moving from the example of Croatia, this contribution explores the limits of the consistent interpretation approach of the Court and proposes a solution reconciling this approach with the obligations of EU membership.
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Sokol, Tomislav. "Implementation of European Arrest Warrant in Croatia: A Risk for the Functioning of Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters in the eu?" European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 23, no. 3 (July 22, 2015): 258–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-23032071.
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Croatian accession to the eu included the implementation of the Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States. The way Croatia implemented the eaw Framework Decision, however, has resulted in controversies and public attention, both in Croatia and other Member States, revealing many problems within the system of judicial cooperation in criminal matters within the eu. The aim of the paper is to investigate the implementation of the eaw Framework Decision within Croatia; to determine whether the manner in which the said Member State has carried out the implementation has highlighted a risk for the functioning of judicial cooperation in criminal matters within the eu; and which legal measures should be used in order to prevent disintegration of the cooperation from happening. Several legal measures are proposed, both on the national and the European level, to prevent the risk of further undermining the system of judicial cooperation within the eu. These measures are presented within the context of several overarching legal principles like (providing clearer definition of the notion of) non-verification of double criminality and protection of legal interests of the Member States issuing the European Arrest Warrant.
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Čavoški, Aleksandra. "The Environmental Challenges of EU Enlargement." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 11, no. 1 (2014): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01101003.
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Although the implementation of the acquis is a crucial element of the EU integration process, it is recognised as its ‘weakest link’. The implementation deficit is especially apparent with the EU environmental acquis, both in the existing member states and the accession countries. Most recently, following the accession of Croatia, the EU faces prospective enlargement to other Western Balkans countries. The author argues that there are specific problems in implementing the environmental acquis in accession countries and that the case of Serbia, or other countries of the Western Balkans, is not particularly unique. The case study used to support this argument is the implementation of the waste acquis in Serbia as it represents a highly demanding and costly policy area for national authorities and the country faces extensive legal, institutional, economic and financial challenges in implementing the environmental acquis.
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Viskovic, Alfredo, and Vladimir Franki. "Status of Croatia’s energy sector framework: Progress, potential, challenges and recommendations." Thermal Science 19, no. 3 (2015): 751–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci141208073v.
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Following the accession of Croatia in the European Union a number of questions are raised regarding Croatia's legal framework and its ability to cope with the demands that it faces. This paper provides an overview of the current status of the Croatian energy sector framework and discusses the prospects of successful reform in this new Member State. One of the main aims of this paper is to discuss the current progress, potential prospects and challenges for implementing a successful reform model in the newest EU Member State - Croatia. In this context, it is necessary to note the difficulties in analysing electricity reform which derive from the fact that it can take many different forms, that it involves a number of interrelated steps and that it is an ongoing process. With that in mind, the approach to the problem was a thorough literature review of all possible factors influencing the development of the Croatian energy sector and a detailed analysis of all the options and problems the sector faces. The study offers a detail structure of the energy sector discusses its situation, problems and offers insights on possible paths to improvement.
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Buturac, Goran, Željko Lovrinčević, and Davor Mikulić. "International competitiveness and restructuring of the Croatian food industry." Acta Oeconomica 67, no. 3 (September 2017): 435–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2017.67.3.7.
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The goal of this article is to provide a deeper insight to the overall contribution of the export of food products to the Croatian economy and to estimate the direct and indirect impact of the international competitiveness of food producers on other domestic sectors. The authors measure the importance of the food sector by employing both the constant market share (CMS) and the input-output analysis. The results indicate that a loss in competitiveness in the Croatian food industry was the most important factor that determined the decreasing share of national companies in the period from 2009, when the global recession started, up to 2013, when Croatia joined the EU. EU membership strongly and positively influenced the performance of Croatian food exports. The negative trend regarding the share of the international food market was reversed. Besides having a direct impact on the export performance of the food industry, the international competitiveness of food producers indirectly affects other domestic companies whose products are used as intermediate inputs in the food industry. The study also presents a benchmark of results with previous research for EU countries, which rarely included Croatia before the accession in 2013. As far as output and value added are concerned, multipliers for the food industry are relatively significant and higher than the national average, and the food industry could be assessed as one of the key Croatian economic sectors.
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Strupinskienė, Lina, and Simona Vaškevičiūtė. "What Happened to Transitional Justice in Croatia After the EU Accession?" Politologija 101, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 8–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/polit.2021.101.1.
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This paper proposes to see Croatia’s becoming a member state of the European Union in 2013 as a particular critical juncture that created uncertainty over the type of decisions the government would take in the field of transitional justice once international pressure had stopped. It compares the period before and after the accession by looking into the three elements of transitional justice policy that were given priority by the EU conditionality framework – fighting impunity for war crimes, fostering reconciliation and respect for and protection of minority rights. It finds that all three have deteriorated in the post-accession period. On the one hand, the findings illustrate the power of international pressure, but on the other hand, they question the overall effectiveness of the conditionality policy, as it seems to not have affected deeper societal issues at stake and has not resulted in true transformation.
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Tiede, Wolfgang. "Croatia and Serbia on their road to EU accession – halfway there?" SEER 10, no. 1 (2007): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2007-1-7.
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Varjú, Viktor. "Environmental cohesion across the Hungarian-Croatian border." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 96, no. 1 (2016): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1601081v.
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Environmental cohesion (as a new EU paradigm for a place-based interpretation of environmental justice) has a clear connection to territorial cohesion. Based on this idea, advantages for people can include an equitable distribution of environmental protection and access to environmental services. In non-EU countries regional environmental cohesion is used as an instrument to accelerate accession to the EU and it may be manifested as a declaration of environmental diplomacy. Environmental cohesion across a border can be identified as soon as two regions - alongside the border - start to cooperate in order to improve environmental conditions and to ensure equal access to natural resources and environmental services. After a literature review environmental cohesion is evaluated in multidimensional way, using empirical quantitative and qualitative data and a two-pillar based methodological approach. The Croatian-Hungarian border area was closed for a long time. As a result, developments avoided the area, on the other, natural resources remained mainly untouched. However, the two countries have had different approaches towards the area, while, Croatia made efforts to build another water power plant, Hungary intended to preserve and extend a Natural Park. This contradiction remained until the accession process of Croatia. Finally the disagreement between the two countries was moderated by a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve that was created alongside the border in 2015. The post-2010 period has been characterised by an increasing number of environmental-related cooperations.
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Berberi, Odeta. "The Impact of EU Political Conditionality on Minority Rights in Western Balkans: Insights from the Croatian Enlargement." Journal of Educational and Social Research 7, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2017.v7n1p81.
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Abstract The present paper addresses the following questions: In what way have the European Union (EU) political conditionality affect minority rights in the Western Balkan (WB) region? Did the EU political conditionality on minority issues succeed in addressing the stateness problems in Croatia? With the term “impact” I mean the absorption of formal and informal rules, procedures, norms and practices and I am going to analyze the relation European Union/Western Balkans as unidirectional i.e. the transposing of EU rules on accession countries. In the first part of this work I will analyse the EU standard of minority rights (internal dimension) and compare it with the norm ‘content’ in its external dimension. In the second part, the EU approach concerning minority rights toward the WB region, will be explored. In order to do so I will analyse the Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges produced by the European Commission (EC) from 2004. In the above document the EC emphasize the main challenges and set out the priorities for the whole region, considered as a single entity. In Western Balkans region we do have an example of recent accession. For this reason, the empirical analysis of this paper will focus on the pre-accession process of one of the new member states, Croatia. In the end I will draw some conclusions concerning the future prospects of the WB region concerning the EU conditionality and the real impact of minority right in the process.
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Bănăduc, Doru, and Angela Curtean-Bănăduc. "Management Elements Proposal for Sutla Natura 2000 Site." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 17, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0055.
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Abstract Following the accession of Croatia to the EU, a study was carried out on a Croatian Natura 2000 site which includes habitats used by the following fish species of conservation interest: Eudontomyzon vladykovi, Rhodeus sericeus amarus, Gobio uranoscopus, Romanogobio kesslerii, Barbus meridionalis, Zingel streber and Cottus gobio. Harmful effects on fish fauna were found due to: poorly-integrated water management, over-extraction of water for irrigation, fragmentation of riparian vegetation, low cooperation between environment institutions in Croatia and Slovenia, abuse of pesticides, uncontrolled waste water, sources of chemicals and heavy metals, leakage of nitrogen, habitats fragmentation due to dams and canals, non-native fish species, invasive species and gravel extraction. Specific management actions are proposed that take account of the different fish species of conservation interest and their specific biological and ecological requirements.
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Matviienko, N., and V. Matviienko. "FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN CROATIA." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 72 (2018): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2018.72.14.
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International tourism is gaining increasing influence on the country’s competitiveness in the world markets. The article is dedicated to Croatia, one of the most successful countries in the former Yugoslav republic. Its disintegration became one of the world’s national conflicts, where many human bloods were shed, by the way, it is similar to that which Ukraine is going through today. The Croats managed to put an end to the separatist conflict, embark on a plan for economic stability and enter the European Union. It was investigated that tourism was one of the priority development areas that the country focused on. It is determined that Croatia is one of the most important tourist destinations in the Mediterranean region, and the tourism industry is developing successfully and generating a stable income. The article considers the system of factors which became the prerequisite for the development of the tourist industry in Croatia. Their role in the development of the modern tourism industry in Croatia has been characterized. The main natural-geographical factors are investigated – relief, climate, water factor and nature reserve fund. It is determined that the advantage of Croatia is not only the clean and warm Adriatic sea but also the availability of thermal waters and mineral springs, as well as a unique natural reserve fund. The significance of human-geographical factors – socio-geographical position, historical-geographical, demographic, cultural-historical, level of socio-economic development, material and technical base and transport factors are revealed. Interestingly, the accession of Croatia to the EU was not prevented either by the territorial problems that the country had with Slovenia, nor the restrained attitude of the population towards European integration, nor the external debt of the country, which exceeded the crisis mark for the European Union. An analysis of the level of economic development in Croatia showed that Croatia had become one of the poorest countries of the EU at the time of its accession to this organization. The analysis of the main indicators of socio-economic development of the country in 2017 showed that today Croatia has become a very attractive European country, which tourists are willing to visit. The basis of Croatia’s economy is the service sector, whose share in the country’s GDP is 70.8%, of which direct revenue from tourism is 10.9%. The key factor in the development of tourism in Croatia is the material and technical base. In particular, the system of accommodation of Croatia for quality and service is not inferior to other European countries. Roads are the most modern and safe in Europe. The importance of tourism development in Croatia for the ecological and geographical factor is analyzed. It has been determined that an effective system of governance has been created in Croatia for the protection of the environment. Effective state tourism policy contributes to improving the attractiveness of Croatia in the tourist market and accelerates integration processes in the world economy.
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Mirocha, Piotr. "Europeanisation and the Dialectics of Crisis and Solidarity in the Croatian and Serbian Broadsheet Press between 2007 and 2017." Southeastern Europe 46, no. 3 (February 6, 2023): 271–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763332-46030003.
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Abstract This article explores representations of European solidarity in the aftermath of crisis-like events between 2007 and 2017 in the Croatian and Serbian broadsheet press, as well as their resonance with the discursive construction of Europe and Europeanisation. In order to achieve this goal, corpus-based discourse analysis is performed over a large collection of ca. 20,000 articles, originating in four newspapers. The results demonstrate that discourses on European solidarity rose to particular prominence in 2008–2009, 2011–2013, and 2015. This constitutes a dialectical relation with discourses on crises: the global financial crisis, European debt crisis, and migration crisis – especially the latter – redefined the notion of European solidarity, reflected in Croatian and Serbian discourses as a value promoted by the EU core and related mostly to the EU members. In Serbia, the solidarity discourses were of particular local importance during the first phase of the global financial crisis, coinciding with the country’s application for the EU candidacy, and later losing significance. In Croatia, the notion of European solidarity seems to become more relevant for domestic actors after the 2013 EU accession.
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BRACIC, ANA. "Reaching the Individual: EU Accession, NGOs, and Human Rights." American Political Science Review 110, no. 3 (August 2016): 530–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305541600023x.
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Can human rights institutions influence individual behavior? This article tests the ground level effectiveness of two strategies that aim to eliminate discrimination: a powerful, top-down combination of incentives and norm promotion and a bottom-up NGO-based effort. The study uses a hard case, that of discrimination against the Roma (commonly known by the disfavored term “Gypsies”), spans three towns, Murska Sobota and Novo mesto in Slovenia and Čakovec in Croatia, and includes altogether 606 subjects. Levels of discrimination are estimated via trust games played with money, which are particularly appropriate because the Roma are widely stereotyped as cheaters and thieves. The findings suggest that the EU accession process, widely regarded as a strong incentive-based and norm promoting rights change mechanism, may not substantially reduce discrimination on the ground. Instead, they suggest that ground level organizing aimed at improving relations between Roma and non-Roma helps reduce discrimination.
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Andrlić, Mladen, Iva Tarle, and Suzana Simichen Sopta. "Public Diplomacy in Croatia:Sharing NATO and EU Values with the Domestic Public." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 7, no. 4 (2012): 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-12341234.
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Summary In a globalized world, with dynamic flows of information and communication, public diplomacy also supports internal understanding of international values and relations. The sharing of international standards, democratic changes and market reforms in Central, Eastern and South-East Europe has become more effective by communicating with the domestic public. This has also been experienced in Croatia, which has long been considered as one of the more advanced transition countries. Croatia’s strategic goal of becoming a functional market democracy has always been in line with NATO and EU values, although the costs and benefits of accession were, and still are, to be discussed both abroad and with the domestic public. Creating pluralistic, well-structured and institutionalized platforms for permanent public dialogue is a multifaceted activity that allows all segments of society to practise democracy. The lessons learned in Croatia confirm that a government — if and when it develops a domestic dialogue — not only gains public support for its foreign policy goals at home and abroad, but also becomes better articulated internationally.
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Cziraky, Dario, and Max Gillman. "Money Demand in an EU Accession Country: A VECM Study of Croatia." Bulletin of Economic Research 58, no. 2 (April 2006): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2006.00237.x.
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Nagy, Csongor István. "THE APPLICATION RATIONE TEMPORIS OF THE INSOLVENCY REGULATION IN NEW MEMBER STATES." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 62, no. 4 (October 2013): 941–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589313000328.
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On 5 July 2012, the CJEU rendered a ruling in Erste/BCL on the temporal application of the Insolvency Regulation in Member States that joined the EU after the Regulation's initial entry into force on 31 May 2002 (new Member States).1 The uncertainties of interpretation concerned ‘cross-date’ proceedings; that is, when the insolvency proceeding was launched before the accession of the (new) Member State but after the Regulation's original entry into force (in the old Member States) and remained pending also after the accession. Taking into account that 44.4 per cent of the Member States joined the EU after the Insolvency Regulation's entry into force (12 out of 27 Member States),2 the ruling has an enormous practical and economic relevance, which will be refreshed following the accession of Croatia.3
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Kleszcz, Agnieszka, and Krzysztof Rusek. "Has EU Accession Boosted Patent Performance in the EU-13? A Critical Evaluation Using Causal Impact Analysis with Bayesian Structural Time-Series Models." Forecasting 4, no. 4 (October 29, 2022): 866–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forecast4040047.
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This paper provides new insights into the causal effects of the enlargement of the European Union (EU) on patent performance. The study focuses on the new EU member states (EU-13) and accession is considered as an intervention whose causal effect is estimated by the causal impact method using a Bayesian structural time-series model (proposed by Google). The empirical results based on data collected from the OECD database from 1985–2017 point towards a conclusion that joining the EU has had a significant impact on patent performance in Romania, Estonia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Croatia and Lithuania, although in the latter two countries, the impact was negative. For the rest of the EU-13 countries, there is no significant effect on patent performance. Whether the EU accession effect is significant or not, the EU-13 are far behind the EU-15 (countries which entered the EU before 2004) in terms of patent performance. The majority of patents (98.66%) are assigned to the EU-15, with just 1.34% of assignees belonging to the EU-13.
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Kranjac, David, Krunoslav Zmaic, and Tihana Sudaric. "Croatian medium-term soft wheat market outlook." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 66, no. 1 (2021): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas2101075k.
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With Croatia?s accession to the European Union (EU), numerous changes have taken place within the key agricultural markets. This primarily relates to the introduction of Common Agricultural Policy measures and instruments, the convergence of domestic agri-food product prices, the opening of the domestic market and the producer?s adjustment to the business conditions within the EU single market. Sophisticated tools such as partial equilibrium (PE) econometric models are commonly used in the impact assessments of the integration processes and for the development of medium-term market outlook simulations. The aim of this research is to develop a medium-term outlook of the soft wheat market in the Republic of Croatia up to 2030. As an appropriate tool, the AGMEMOD (PE) model was used to provide baseline simulations. The model results simulate future trends of main agrarian policy indicators (sown area, production, yield, import, export and average producer price) on the soft wheat market. The Croatian soft wheat market outlook assumes ceteris paribus market conditions with the existing agricultural policy structure until the end of the simulated period. The main findings of the simulated outlook indicate a slight growth trend of sown areas, continued growth of yield and production, along with soft wheat exports increase in Croatia by 2030 compared to 2018. Furthermore, the soft wheat degree of self-sufficiency in Croatia is expected to be 114% by the end of the simulated period.
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Bosanac, Gordan. "Croatian civil capacities for peace operations." Journal of Regional Security 9, no. 2 (2014): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11643/issn.2217-995x142ppb45.
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This article gives an overview of the current Croatian policies as well as the legal and institutional framework related to the deployment of civilians in peace operations. It aims to explore the challenges and opportunities for further development of the existing framework to support the current political interest for civilian capacities that exists in Croatia. The article argues that most of the present state activities related to deployment of civilians in peace operations are a result of EU and NATO accession processes. It also explores the challenges in the mindset of decision and policy makers in understanding Croatia more as a security provider, rather than security receiver and questions to what extent, or how fast, the post-conflict state may be transformed into an important player in the peace building arena. The challenges are analysed through state implementation of international development cooperation as a foreign policy tool.
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Kramarić, Tomislava Pavić, and Marko Miletić. "The Boone Indicator as Determinant of Croatian Insurance Market Soundness." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2019-0009.
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Abstract This paper deals with the influence of competition on soundness of Croatian insurers using the Boone indicator when measuring competition. The authors analyse Croatian insurers that operated over the pre-EU accession period 2008 – 2012 as well as in the period 2013 – 2017, i.e. after the accession to the EU. Several firm-level, industry-level and macroeconomic variables are used in the research. The findings of the analysis are twofold. Specifically, the Boone indicator reveals the impact of competition on the performance of efficient insurers in post-EU accession period only accounting for the reallocation effects proving that efficient insurers make higher profits. Regarding the determinants of the insurers’ soundness, premium to surplus ratio and inflation rate play significant role in pre - EU accession period whereas reinsurance and GDP growth rate are statistically significant after EU accession. Moreover, the competition increased in the years after the EU accession. Robustness check provides similar results.
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Vasilev, George. "LGBT recognition in EU accession states: How identification with Europe enhances the transformative power of discourse." Review of International Studies 42, no. 4 (January 14, 2016): 748–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210515000522.
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AbstractIn the EU accession literature, there is a tendency to downplay the role of discourse in facilitating norm diffusion, particularly when domestic resistance towards European norms is strong. The assumptions in this thinking are that critical deliberations and civil society activism simply lack the potency required to elicit norm conforming behaviour in accession states and that the only realistic hope for achieving this rests with the introduction of material incentives that make the costs of normative adaptation lower than its rewards. I focus on developments in the field of LGBT politics to challenge these assumptions and to specify the conditions under which discursive strategies are likely to stimulate the domestic uptake of contentious norms. I highlight shared identity as a crucial factor in the success of discursive influence, contending that under conditions of identity convergence, a cultural environment prevails in which norm promoters can more effectively ignite a process of deliberative reflection, shame norm-violators into conformance and cultivate resonance around controversial ideas. I develop these arguments through an analysis of LGBT and accession politics in Croatia and Serbia, contending that Croatia’s strong identification with Europe accelerated LGBT recognition there while Serbia’s relatively weaker identification with Europe slowed it down.
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Butterfield, Nicole. "Professionalization in Sexual Politics and Activism in Croatia in the 2000s." Southeastern Europe 40, no. 1 (March 13, 2016): 54–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03903015.
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This paper examines Croatian lgbtq activists’ engagement with discourses of human rights and European identity in their struggles for anti-discrimination legislation. Utilizing the external pressure imposed by European Union institutions on the Croatian government and the government’s aim to become an eu member state during the pre-accession process, some activists and the organizations with which they collaborated focused their efforts and resources toward lobbying for legislative protection again discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Aside from the specific circumstances of eu accession, part of the thrust behind the focus on legislative change and lobbying derives from processes of professionalization or the changing financial and legal support structures that the organization began to use during this period, the international and transnational networks in which they took part, and their internal organizational structures. Some activists construct a hierarchical differentiation between a professionalized sphere consisting of serious, professionalized types of activism vs. so-called amateur, cultural-based activism and embrace similar lobbying strategies used by transnational lgbtq organizations in Europe. These professionalized lobbying strategies have reproduced discourses of human rights and European identity that may foreclose recognition of difference within the larger, diverse lgbtq community and its needs.
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Rácz, Szilárd. "Regional Development in Croatia from the turn of Millennium to the EU accession." Regional Statistics 4, no. 2 (2014): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15196/rs04206.
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Knezović, Sandro, and Valbona Zeneli. "Europeanization in a Difficult Environment." Southeastern Europe 42, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 199–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-0401026.
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This article examines the impact of the process of Europeanization on the consolidation of political systems and on the pace of European Union (EU) accession in very difficult transitional environments like those of Croatia and Albania. Croatia, a post-socialist and a post-conflict state, and Albania, heavily burdened with the consequences of its recent isolationist history (which is unprecedented among other post-socialist states), were intentionally selected for this research as atypical cases. Acknowledging the lack of consensus about the Europeanization phenomena in the academic community, the authors decided to rely on indicators that focus not only on institution-building and policy-making processes in the technical sense, but also in the processes of construction and diffusion of formal and informal rules, procedures, styles and shared beliefs, norms and identities that are being transmitted from the European to the national level. Based on qualitative research comparing the two countries – that is, Albania and Croatia – and using a number of indicators, the authors conclude that while Europeanization is an important part of European politics in general and the EU accession process in particular, it does not result in having a uniform impact on different candidate countries. On the contrary, the pace of integration depends on the specific domestic political context, on the role of the institutions, and on the processes of adaptation to the European political environment.
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Dudás, Attila. "The rules on foreigners’ right to acquire ownership of agricultural land in Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian law." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Law = Agrár- és Környezetjog 17, no. 33 (December 22, 2022): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21029/jael.2022.33.20.
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The paper gives an overview of the rules on the acquisition of ownership of agricultural land by foreigners in Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia. Slovenia and Croatia initiated their accession to the European Union at different times and under different conditions, while Serbia is not yet a member state of the Union, but has been a candidate country for several years, and the harmonization of its national law with the acquis communautaire has been under way for some time. These circumstances determine the right of foreigners, in particular natural persons and legal entities from the European Union, to acquire ownership of agricultural land in these countries. In Slovenia non-EU natural persons and legal entities cannot acquire ownership of agricultural land. In contrast, Slovenia opened its real estate market rather early to EU citizens and legal entities. Only the Association Agreement provided for a transitional period of four years during which they could not acquire ownership of agricultural land. From 2003 onwards, citizens and legal entities from the EU are entitled to acquire land ownership without restriction. The Accession Treaty prescribed no moratorium. Similarly to Slovenia, non-EU natural persons and legal entities may not acquire ownership of agricultural land in Croatia either. The Accession Treaty provided for a seven-year moratorium on the acquisition of ownership of agricultural land by EU citizens and legal entities. The primary moratorium expired on 30 June 2020. However, the EU Commission approved an extension of the moratorium for another three years. Thus, EU citizens and legal entities are still unable to acquire ownership of agricultural land until 30 June 2023. Foreigners’ right to acquire ownership of agricultural land is in general excluded in Serbian law as well. The Stabilization and Association Agreement from 2008 provided for the liberalization of the real estate and land markets for EU citizens and legal entities. However, in 2017 the Serbian legislature amended the Act on Agricultural Land only few days before the expiry of the moratorium on ownership included in the Stabilization and Association Agreement. Nominally, the amendments were intended to introduce explicit regulation on the right of EU citizens and legal entities to acquire ownership of agricultural land, as required by the Stabilization and Association Agreement. However, instead of extending the same conditions applicable to the domestic natural persons and legal entities to those from the EU, the legislator specified additional set of conditions applicable only to the latter. It, in fact, excludes legal entities from the right to acquire property, as they cannot be registered family farmers, and makes the right of natural persons subject to conditions that effectively exclude their acquisition of ownership by 1 September 2027 due to the calculation of deadlines.
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Jović, Dejan. "Accession to the European Union and Perception of External Actors in the Western Balkans." Croatian International Relations Review 24, no. 83 (October 1, 2018): 6–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cirr-2018-0012.
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Abstract This paper focuses on perceptions of the European Union (EU) and external actors (such as the United States, Russia, and Turkey) in six countries of the Western Balkans (WB) and Croatia in a comparative perspective. We present data generated by public opinion polls and surveys in all countries of that region in order to illustrate growing trends of EU indifferentism in all predominately Slavic countries of the region. In addition, there is an open rejection of pro-EU policies by significant segments of public opinion in Serbia and in the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia-Herzegovina. On the contrary, there is much enthusiasm and support for the West in general and the EU in particular in predominately non-Slavic countries, Kosovo and Albania. We argue that the WB as a region defined by alleged desire of all countries to join the the EU is more of an elite concept than that shared by the general population, which remains divided over the issue of EU membership. In explaining reasons for such a gap we emphasise a role of interpretation of the recent past, especially when it comes to a role the West played in the region during the 1990s.
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Dixon, Jeffrey C., and Andrew S. Fullerton. "Opposition to Enlargement among “New” and “Old” Europeans: The Cases of Post-Communist EU Members and Candidates." Comparative Sociology 13, no. 2 (May 8, 2014): 135–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341296.
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Abstract As the European Union (eu) continues to expands “eastward,” we know relatively little about enlargement opinion in post-Communist member states and toward post-Communist candidates’ entries. This article develops comparative explanations of enlargement opinion and examines attitudes toward the entries of post-Communist candidates (as of 2006: Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, and Macedonia). Descriptive and multinomial logit analyses of Eurobarometer data reveal that opposition is less pronounced in post-Communist versus other eu member states and somewhat less pronounced in post-Communist countries that began eu accession negotiations earlier. Anti-immigrant sentiment is a consistently weaker predictor of oppositional attitudes in post-Communist versus other eu member states. These and other differences warrant theoretical and empirical attention in eu research.
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Tésits, Róbert, and B. Levente Alpek. "Appearance of European employment policy in the rural areas of Hungarian-Croatian border region." Eastern European Countryside 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eec-2014-0003.
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Abstract The study provides an insight into Interreg and IPA programs achieved so far, having significant impact on the labour market of rural areas. Another objective is the evaluation of the effects of labour market programs, with the help of the interviews with experts coordinating these programs. However, the Croatian- Hungarian cooperation was perfect, went smoothly, which is also due to the similar labour market problems of the cooperative areas. They fight with similar methods, even in the project reports, evaluations, and there are also similar results found. It has become clear that financial resource-intensive elements cooperation programs operated until they were financed. In these cases, the closing of them prevented sustainability. The non financing-intensive programs, especially if there is local demand that is not based on a faulty premise, and no fundamental changes have taken place, prove to be sustainable. The maintenance and expansion collaborations are important tasks after Croatia’s accession to the EU. Croatia, by taking its own path, but with the use of the Hungarian experience, can stabilize the labour market situation in the most underdeveloped areas.