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Kılıç, Elgin, and Pınar Dündar. "TOTAL ACCESSIBILITY NUMBER OF GRAPHS." Neural Network World 27, no. 3 (2017): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/nnw.2017.27.017.
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Bonaldi, G. "La Neuroradiologia interventistica nella patologia del basicranio." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 13, no. 3 (June 2000): 495–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090001300317.
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Il basicranio è sede di una grande varietà di eventi patologici; la sua complessità anatomica condiziona una difficile accessibilità terapeutica, in particolare chirurgica. La neuroradiologia interventistica diviene quindi strumento di grandi utilità e versatilità, potendo da un lato intervenire a supporto del chirurgo, con tecniche di embolizzazione preoperatoria, dall'altro potendo realizzare trattamenti definitivi di lesioni non altrimenti aggredibili. Le lesioni neoplastiche di interesse neurointervenzionistico che più frequentemente coinvolgono tale distretto sono: - i meningiomi, tendenzialmente meno ipervascolari rispetto a quelli della volta, possono beneficiare di un'embolizzazione preoperatoria, in tal caso solitamente realizzata con particelle solide di piccole dimensioni. L'obiettivo è quello di ottenere una devascolarizzazione il più radicale e il più distale possibile; per tale motivo vengono utilizzate particelle anche di diametro medio inferiore ai cento micron, le particelle più usate sono di P.V.A. (gelatina di alcol di polivinile), la tecnica è quella della microcateterizzazione iperselettiva dei rami durali afferenti. Spesso l'asportazione radicale di neoplasie della base cranica (tipicamente i meningiomi della regione cavernosa) non può prescindere da una dissecazione del tumore dalle pareti dall'arteria carotide interna, con conseguente rischio intraoperatorio di lesione od occlusione della stessa. In questi casi diventa importante l'esecuzione preoperatoria di un test d'occlusione per valutare i circoli di compenso. - I chemodectomi sono tumori ipervascolari, pressoché ubiquitari ma la cui sede più frequente è rappresentata dalla regione timpano-giugulare. Una loro asportazione chirurgica totale, che può condurre alla completa guarigione, non può assolutamente prescindere da una devascolarizzazione preoperatoria mediante embolizzazione. Quest'ultima può essere realizzata sia con particelle solide, sia con colle acriliche. - L'angiofibroma giovanile naso-faringeo è una lesione neoplastica benigna, modicamente vascolarizzata, originante a livello del forame sfeno palatino, spesso con coinvolgimento verso l'alto delle regioni etmoidali e del basicranio anteriore, con apporti al circolo patologico neoformato originanti dai sifoni carotidei o dalle arterie oftalmiche, di difficile embolizzazione per via endovascolare con tecnica di microcateterismo; la neoplasia può quindi essere embolizzata mediante puntura diretta (attraverso orifici naturali o per via percutanea) e successiva iniezione di colla acrilica. Alcune malformazioni vascolari che coinvolgono il basicranio sono di particolari interesse terapeutico mediante gli approcci endovascolari della neuroradiologia interventistica. Gli aneurismi del sifone carotideo intracavernoso, che solitamente si rendono evidenti clinicamente quando raggiungono le dimensioni dell'aneurisma gigante, possono essere trattati mediante embolizzazione selettiva con spirali di Guglielmi e risparmio dell'arteria portante; più frequentemente per il loro trattamento è necessario il sacrificio dell'asse carotideo interno, mediante occlusione con palloncini staccabili previo test d'occlusione. Le fistole carotido cavernose dirette sono più spesso di natura post-traumatica, meno frequentemente da rottura di aneurisma intracavernoso, da collagenopatia, da displasia fibro-muscolare. Il trattamento endovascolare è particolarmente elegante, e uno dei primi trattamenti eseguiti a livello intracranico per via endovascolare. La tecnica consiste nel ripristinare la normale pervietà dell'arteria carotide interna, occludendo il tramite patologico, mediante gonfiaggio di un palloncino staccabile nel versante venoso. Solo nelle lesioni traumatiche più gravi, con lacerazioni irregolari o multiple della parete arteriosa, può essere necessario il sacrificio della stessa. È possibile in casi selezionati anche un trattamento per via venosa, mediante stipamento del seno cavernoso con spirali staccabili di Guglielmi. Le fistole durali più frequenti sono a livello della loggia cavernosa e delle regioni dei seni trasverso e sigmoideo. Esse possono essere trattate mediante embolizzazione degli apporti arteriosi durali, con particelle solide oppure con con colle acriliche; è possibile anche un approccio per via venosa a livello di un seno durale di scarico, solitamente occluso per pregresso evento trombotico, e successivo stipamento con spirali metalliche. Nei casi ritenuti chirurgici, con clippaggio dell'origine delle vene di scarico intracraniche, l'embolizzazione preoperatoria può ridurre il rischio dell'intervento diminuendo la pressione nelle strutture venose.
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Khamseh, Hossein Bonyan, and M. Navabi. "Simple surrogate models to determine total accessibility duration of low Earth orbit sunsynchronous satellites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 227, no. 1 (January 17, 2012): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410011433118.
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Short and infrequent access events are inherent characteristics of low Earth orbit sunsynchronous satellites. Furthermore, for such satellites, distribution pattern of access events varies significantly in time. Thus, determination of the metric of total accessibility duration in a given time interval has been a challenge in the field of low Earth orbit satellite systems engineering. In this article, for zero and conventional non-zero minimum elevation angles, surrogate models were developed to determine total accessibility duration of low Earth orbit satellites, based on orbital altitude of the satellite and latitude of the ground segment. For this purpose, concept of repeatability cycle was employed to achieve total accessibility duration in a time-independent manner. Then, a perturbative propagation model was presented to determine pattern of accessibility events and quantify total accessibility duration metric. In order to account for non-zero minimum elevation angles, two distinct approaches were adopted. In the first approach, four modification factors were introduced to modify the surrogate model for zero elevation angle to account for conventional non-zero minimum elevation angles. In the second approach, a dedicated surrogate model was developed to directly determine total accessibility duration for conventional non-zero minimum elevation angles. Numerous examples are examined to verify fidelity of our two proposed approaches. Due to their simplicity, the surrogate models given in this article eliminate the need for professional staff to determine metric of total accessibility duration. The advantage is that considerable saving in required initial staff cost and schedule can be realized, especially in early mission design phases.
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Kaijser, Sten, and Oleg Reinov. "On α-nuclearity and total accessibility for some tensor norms α." Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis de Mathematica 5 (December 31, 2001): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/acutm.2001.05.05.
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For a tensor norm α on the class of all Banach spaces there is a natural way to define the Banach operator ideal Nα associated with the tensor norm. We give sufficient conditions for an operatorto be in Nα if its second adjoint posesses this property. We show one way to get from this the negative answers to some questions of A. Defant and K. Floret: their tensor norms g∞, w1 and w∞ are not totally accessible.
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Bogdanova, Galina, Negoslav Sabev, Mirena Todorova-Ekmekci, Nikolay Noev, Kalina Sotirova-Valkova, Todor Todorov, and Zhivko Tomov. "Digital Accessibility for People with Special Needs: Research, Methodology, Analysis of Accessibility." Cultural and Historical Heritage: Preservation, Presentation, Digitalization 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 268–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/kinj.2022.080123.
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The paper presents a major part of the research work of a team of scientists under project No. KP-06-Н42/4, funded by the National Institute for Scientific Research, concerning the analysis, evaluation, and improvement of digital accessibility for people with disabilities. The research aims to support accessibility for people with severe or total vision loss, as well as understanding the problems they face, and the ways to overcome them. This includes offering a methodology for assessment, analysis and evaluation of accessibility tested on more than 100 sites and documents. Software programmes were also reviewed for accessibility. The paper also includes examples offering more adequate digital presentations of information to people with disabilities. Examples include a site with accessibility and QR codes, a training site and a system with appropriate digital representation and encoding of information.
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Armanto, M. Edi, and Elisa Wildayana. "Accessibility Impact to Government Programs on the Household Income Contribution at the Various Livelihood Sources of Farmers." AGRIEKONOMIKA 11, no. 1 (September 2, 2022): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/agriekonomika.v11i1.13191.
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This paper aimed (1) to describe the accessibility of farmers to programs made by the government for rural development, and (2) to analyze the impact of this accessibility on the contribution generating household income of farmers in South Sumatra wetlands. This research was an experimental research using Split Plot Design. The study resulted that accessibility had a significant effect on the income structure of farmers' households. If accessibility was high to very high, the sector and types of off-farm activities were more developed and diverse. Household income in low accessibility was dominated by subsistence agriculture, although the types of off-farm activities varied, but their contribution to total household income was very small. In high accessibility areas, the income contribution from subsistence farming was relatively small, but the diversity of activities was large, which could increase the total household income, i.e. trade, non-agricultural labor, forest income, government projects, beca, drivers, carpenters, welding, shipping, etc. The total income of households in high accessibility was higher than in low accessibility areas. The better the accessibility, the better the total household income will be as long as the government manages farmers in off-farm activities.
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Forjanič, Miran, Valerij Dermol, and Valentina Prevolnik Rupel. "Factors affecting dental services accessibility." Obzornik zdravstvene nege 53, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14528/snr.2019.53.4.2984.
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Introduction: Access to dental services is a basic right included in the compulsory health insurance for patients and thus an important part of the healthcare system in Slovenia. The purpose of this research was to identify and explore the factors that have the greatest impact on the accessibility of dental services from the perspective of the system stakeholders in Slovenia.Methods: A qualitative study was conducted based on the focus group method. The focus group consisted of relevant system stakeholders, namely two representatives of the regulator, provider and payer, a total of six participants. A thematic analysis was carried out in order to identify the patterns and themes within thequalitative data obtained.Results: The results of the focus group revealed the views of system stakeholder on the accessibility of dental services in Slovenia. According to the system stakeholders' perspective, accessibility of dental services in Slovenia is not optimal and significant changes in terms of financing and organisation are required.Discussion and conclusion: We found that the lack of adequate human resources, insufficient health insurance and payment for services are the crucial factors in providing adequate access to dental health in Slovenia. In order to increase its accessibility, the dental programme needs to be expanded and the number of teams for its implementation increased.
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Chen, Ying, and Jiale Wu. "The Effect of the Referral System on the Accessibility of Healthcare Services: A Case Study of the Wuhan Metropolitan Development Zone." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 10441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610441.
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The geographical accessibility of public healthcare institutions is the key factor affecting the equity of healthcare services. Based on the hierarchical medical system and referral system in China, we analyzed the referral accessibility of hospitals in the Wuhan Metropolitan Development Zone. Before the implementation of the referral system, only 7.91% of the total communities met the accessibility standard for secondary and tertiary hospitals, which meant that there was significant inequality in high-level healthcare. Moreover, 5.4% of the total communities did not meet the accessibility standard for primary hospitals, which meant that there were insufficient primary hospitals. After the implementation of the referral system, the proportions of communities meeting the accessibility standards for the first-stage referral, second-stage referral and cross-level referral were 92.6%, 99.9% and 98.3%, respectively. The results show that the referral system has improved the accessibility of healthcare, but it has not completely solved healthcare inequality. The first-stage referral accessibility of healthcare services in the northern, western and eastern groups does not meet the accessibility standard, which is due to the inefficient layout of secondary hospitals. The Wuhan government should construct secondary hospitals in these groups and primary hospitals in the central urban area and the southeastern, southern, western and eastern groups.
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Welch, Timothy F., Sabyasachee Mishra, and Fangru Wang. "Interrelationship between Airport Enplanements and Accessibility." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2501, no. 1 (January 2015): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2501-07.
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Increasingly, because urbanized areas have access to multiple airports, airlines must compete for passengers. One such location is the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area with three international airports within a 30-mi radius, each governed by a different planning authority. A traveler's choice to fly from a particular airport depends on a number of factors, chiefly convenient accessibility to the airport. Transportation planning agencies in the area often plan for network improvements to provide the best accessibility to a single major airport, although such improvements may also provide accessibility benefits to airports outside their jurisdiction. This paper presents an approach to estimate airport accessibility by highway and transit for both peak and off-peak hours. Furthermore, accessibility to these airports for a base year and a 20-year planning horizon are measured. The accessibility measure presented in the paper incorporates congestion travel times as obtained from a travel demand model. The results show that accessibility varies greatly for competing airports and, with that variation, there appears to be a correlation with total airport enplanements. The analysis also reveals the importance of taking a multimodal and multiple time-of-day approach to accessibility analysis.
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El-Geneidy, Ahmed, David Levinson, Ehab Diab, Genevieve Boisjoly, David Verbich, and Charis Loong. "The cost of equity: Assessing transit accessibility and social disparity using total travel cost." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 91 (September 2016): 302–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.07.003.
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Bashir, Rabi, and Abubakar Danlami. "Gender accessibility to credit among entrepreneurs." European Journal of Government and Economics 11, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2022.11.1.8198.
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This study was carried out to empirically assess women entrepreneurs’ access to credit in Kano metropolis. The study was aimed at analyzing the maximum willingness to accept loans by women entrepreneurs and exploring the major problems hindering women entrepreneurs from fundraising for businesses in Kano Metropolis. The study employed a multi-stage random sampling to select a total of three hundred and seventy-six (376) women entrepreneurs as the sample of the study. The analysis of the data was carried out using frequency count and simple percentages to analyze the demographic characteristics of the respondents. Furthermore, the inferential statistics were done using logit models to capture the specific objectives of the study. The findings of the study revealed that high interest and collateral requirement prevent women entrepreneurs from accessing a loan from financial institutions, while religious affiliation is a major factor affecting women entrepreneurs' access to credit facilities. Based on the findings of the study, the study recommends that financial institutions should introduce and operate an Islamic finance system to encourage women entrepreneurs to go for a loan as the interest rate is one of the most important constraints to women entrepreneurs seeking financial credits. Additionally, collateral demand attached to a loan for women should be removed to encourage women entrepreneurs to raise capital.
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Scott, Aba Anoa, Alfredo Polo, Eduardo Zubizarreta, Charles Akoto-Aidoo, Clement Edusa, Ernest Osei-Bonsu, Joel Yarney, Bismark Dwobeng, Michael Milosevic, and Danielle Rodin. "Geographic Accessibility and Availability of Radiotherapy in Ghana." JAMA Network Open 5, no. 8 (August 11, 2022): e2226319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26319.
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ImportanceRadiotherapy is critical for comprehensive cancer care, but there are large gaps in access. Within Ghana, data on radiotherapy availability and on the relationship between distance and access are unknown.ObjectivesTo estimate the gaps in radiotherapy machine availability in Ghana and to describe the association between distance and access to care.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis is a cross-sectional, population-based study of radiotherapy delivery in Ghana in 2020 and model-based analysis of radiotherapy demand and the radiotherapy utilization rate (RUR) using the Global Task Force on Radiotherapy for Cancer Control investment framework.ExposuresReceipt of radiotherapy and the number of radiotherapy courses delivered.Main Outcomes and MeasuresGeocoded location of patients receiving external beam radiotherapy (EBRT); median Euclidean distance from the district centroids to the nearest radiotherapy centers; proportion of population living within geographic buffer zones of 100, 150, and 200 km; additional capacity required for optimal utilization; and geographic accessibility after strategic location of a radiotherapy facility in an underserviced region.ResultsA total of 2883 patients underwent EBRT courses in 2020, with an actual RUR of 11%. Based on an optimal RUR of 48%, 11 524 patients had an indication for radiotherapy, indicating that only 23% of patients received treatment. An investment of 23 additional EBRT machines would be required to meet demand. The median Euclidean distance from the district centroids to the nearest radiotherapy facility was 110.6 km (range, 0.62-513.2 km). The proportion of the total population living within a radius of 100, 150 and 200 km of a radiotherapy facility was 47%, 61% and 70%, respectively. A new radiotherapy facility in the northern regional capital would reduce the median of Euclidean distance by 10% to 99.4 km (range, 0.62-267.7 km) and increase proportion of the total population living within a radius of 100, 150 and 200 km to 53%, 69% and 84%, respectively. The greatest benefit was seen in regions in the northern half of Ghana.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of geographic accessibility and availability of radiotherapy, Ghana had major national deficits of radiotherapy capacity, with significant geographic disparities among regions. Well-planned infrastructure scale-up that accounts for the population distribution could improve radiotherapy accessibility.
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ALmaghalsah, Husam. "Taiwan’s E-Government Usability from Foreign Perspective and Website Accessibility amid COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship 5, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 16–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jobbe.005.1.02.
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The aim of this research intends to investigate Taiwanese egovernment websites with regards to Accessibility and Usability. The automated WAVE Accessibility tool and Nielsen’s 10 Heurestic Principle based surveys of foreign users of the English egovernment websites were used to test Accessibility and Usability respectively. The study found poor results that were unanimous across the board for Usability and total of just over 100 errors for Accessibility was the best performing website. The study proves that further research and investigation is necessary if Taiwan wants to meet its own governmental ambitions with regards to egovernment.
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Journal, Ucc-journal, Richard Obour, Samua Domokana, Paul Ankomah, and Trent Larson. "Accessibility to elephants as tourism flagship species." African Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 1, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/ajthm.v1i1.135.
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Mole National Park (MNP), Ghana’s largest protected area and most notable wildlife destination, permits tourists to view elephants and other wildlife species in their natural habitat. The elephant, a charismatic mega-herbivore and one of the ‘Big Five’ plays a flagship role in attracting tourists world- wide to protected areas. The paucity of information on habitat conditions, elephant numbers, trends and distribution has brought some uncertainty regarding elephants in tourism activities of the park. This study used both spatial data and structured questionnaire to examine the prevalence and distribution of elephants in MNP and the likelihood of tourists encountering elephants while visiting the park. A total of 120 respondents formed the basis of the study. Results revealed a drastic decline in elephant encounters in 2009 accompanied by a slight increase in 2011. The study showed that presence of the elephants has a significant effect on tourists’ patronage of the park.
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Ollberding, Nicholas J., Claudio R. Nigg, Karly S. Geller, Caroline C. Horwath, Rob W. Motl, and Rod K. Dishman. "Food Outlet Accessibility and Fruit and Vegetable Consumption." American Journal of Health Promotion 26, no. 6 (July 2012): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.101215-arb-401.
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Purpose. To examine if spatial access to healthy and unhealthy outlets comprising the local food environment was associated with fruit and vegetable consumption. Design. Cross-sectional. Setting. Population-based sample residing in Hawaii. Subjects. Three hundred and eighty-four adults (36% Asian-American, 33% non-Hispanic white, 31% other/mixed race). Measures. A spatial model of the local food environment was constructed using radial buffers extending from participants' place of residence. Fruit and vegetable intake was estimated using the National Cancer Institute Fruit and Vegetable All-Day Screener. Analysis. Mean intakes of fruits and vegetables were compared for spatial access to total, healthy, and unhealthy food outlets at distances of .5 to 3.5 km. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate differences in fruit and vegetable intake for residing further from a food outlet or for residing in an area with a greater number of food outlets. Results. Residing in an area with a greater density of total or healthy food outlets was associated with a higher mean intake of fruits and vegetables (p < .05) at .5 km. No differences in mean intakes were detected for distances beyond .5 km or for regression models. Conclusion. Findings suggest that greater spatial accessibility to food outlets comprising the local food environment in Hawaii may not be meaningfully associated with fruit and vegetable consumption; however, associations were detected for the smallest spatial scale examined, warranting further investigation.
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Di, Xiaodong, Lijian Wang, Xiuliang Dai, and Liu Yang. "Assessing the Accessibility of Home-Based Healthcare Services for the Elderly: A Case from Shaanxi Province, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 7168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197168.
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With the rapid increase of the elderly population in China, healthcare services for the elderly have gradually become an important welfare resource. However, the healthcare service for the elderly still has problems such as mismatched supply and demand and unbalanced resources. In order to effectively eliminate the path barriers to match supply and demand, and improve the accessibility of healthcare services, this paper introduces the sustainability of the healthcare service based on the accessibility theory, and constructs an index system from the three dimensions of potential accessibility, realized accessibility, and sustainable accessibility of healthcare services for the elderly. Then, the paper makes a practice application of the index system based on survey data of healthcare services from Shaanxi province, China. Finally, the paper finds that the total accessibility and sustainable accessibility of healthcare services for the elderly in Shaanxi Province are at an average level. The score of potential accessibility is high, indicating that elderly people have greater opportunities to use healthcare services. The realized accessibility score is low, which indicates that the actual use of healthcare services for the elderly presents low satisfaction.
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Xiong, Xuechen, and Li Luo. "Patient-centred method to evaluate the spatial accessibility of primary health care in a case study in Shanghai." Australian Journal of Primary Health 26, no. 4 (2020): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py19233.
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Quantitative methodology investigating medical resource accessibility does not incorporate patients’ feelings about the adequacy and fairness of primary health care (PHC). In this study we quantified the spatial accessibility of PHC from the patient perspective. The main obstacles regarding access to PHC services are: (1) distance from the medical facility; and (2) waiting times after reaching the facility. The total time cost to access PHC is calculated as the sum of the time cost to access the PHC facility and the time cost waiting to receive health care; the total time cost was used in this study to reflect the potential spatial accessibility (i.e. probable entry into the healthcare system) of PHC. In Shanghai, it took residents approximately 13min to reach the nearest primary care facility, with an approximate 23min wait time after arriving at the facility. Thus, the spatial accessibility of PHC in Shanghai is approximately 36min. The method of assessing the spatial accessibility of PHC from the perspective of patients is more explanatory and easier to interpret. In the case of Shanghai, the regional accessibility of PHC is much better than its regional availability. Relevant managers should focus on increasing the resource supply capacity of existing facilities providing primary care in the suburbs of Shanghai.
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Król, Karol, and Dariusz Zdonek. "Local Government Website Accessibility—Evidence from Poland." Administrative Sciences 10, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020022.
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The paper investigates the accessibility of local government websites. It focuses in particular on disability, e-administration, and web accessibility standards for the visually impaired. The research involved 182 websites of local government bodies of the Małopolskie Voivodeship (Poland). It employed selected automated testing applications. The occurrence of selected accessibility tools on the websites was verified with a cognitive walkthrough. A questionnaire survey was conducted as well. Results of the automatic measurements were standardized using the unitarization method. The effort yielded an aggregate final score for each website in the form of the AAR (Aggregate Accessibility Rating). It was used to build a ranking list of the websites and order them by the accessibility criterion. The websites achieved 57.23% of the available AAR points in total. This indicates there is a great opportunity for improvement in the accessibility of the investigated websites (in the employed research design). Moreover, municipalities were found to be heavily committed to the questionnaire survey, which is indicative of the importance and relevance of the problem of accessibility and quality of public websites.
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DeWeese, James, and Ahmed El-Geneidy. "How Travel Purpose Interacts with Predictors of Individual Driving Behavior in Greater Montreal." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 8 (July 7, 2020): 938–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120926505.
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Rising transport emissions represent a significant challenge for policy makers. Two principal options exist to reduce emissions: make driving less polluting or reduce driving overall. Though cities have a role to play in both approaches, the levers that may influence the latter more squarely align with municipal competences concerning the urban form. This paper aims to refine our understanding of the relationship between urban form, public transport systems, and driving behavior by exploring whether accessibility—the ease of reaching desired destinations—exerts a different influence on people’s decision to drive on weekdays and total distance driven depending on travel purpose. We relied on disaggregate data from the 2013 Montreal Origin–Destination Survey and employed a two-step “hurdle” approach with multilevel logistic and linear models. We found both local and regional accessibility displayed statistically significant negative correlations with driving mode choice and vehicle distance driven by drivers. Concerning the decision to drive, regional accessibility, defined by transit-accessible jobs, appeared to possess a stronger relationship than local, as measured by Walk Score across all purposes. When considering total kilometers driven, however, the relative impact of both types of accessibility varied. Overall, and for work and school driving, regional accessibility correlated with the greatest declines in distance driven. For healthcare and discretionary travel, local accessibility correlated with a larger decline in total driving distance. Our findings also highlight the potentially profound impact of other explanatory factors, particularly car ownership, suggesting additional policy approaches for municipal decision makers to reduce vehicle kilometers traveled.
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Bullock, Emily K. C., Michael J. Brown, Gavin Clark, James G. A. Plant, and William G. Blakeney. "Robotics in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Current Concepts." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 6674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226674.
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This current concepts article reviews the literature pertaining to the use of robot-assisted systems in total hip arthroplasty (THA). The bulk of the literature is regarding the MAKO (currently the most used system worldwide) and the historic ROBODOC robotic systems. There is a paucity of literature available on other systems, with several still in pilot-phase development. Whilst the evidence shows improved radiological outcomes with robotic THA, functional outcomes are equivocal between conventional and robotic techniques. Acceptance of robotic THA worldwide is limited by its accessibility including cost, and by already exceptional results with the conventional technique. It is, however, a rapidly developing area of orthopaedic surgery. This article discusses the history of robotics in THA, current surgical techniques, functional and radiological outcomes, and ongoing avenues for development.
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Campanile, Jessica, Caroline Cerilli, Varshini Varadaraj, Fiona Sweeney, Jared Smith, Jiafeng Zhu, Gayane Yenokyan, and Bonnielin K. Swenor. "Accessibility and disability inclusion among top-funded U.S. Undergraduate Institutions." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 23, 2022): e0277249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277249.
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Background There is limited data to assess, track, or quantify accessibility and disability inclusion across universities. Objective This cross-sectional study assessed disability inclusion and accessibility at the top 50 National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded undergraduate programs in the United States. We hypothesized that there is no association between NIH funding and the University Disability Inclusion Score. Methods A novel tool, the University Disability Inclusion Score assessed disability inclusion and accessibility using 10 indicators spanning 4 categories: (1) accessibility of built and virtual environment, (2) public image of disability inclusion, (3) accommodations processes and procedures, and (4) grievance policy. Based upon the total points (out of a total score of 100), each university was assigned a letter grade (A-F). Results Of the top 50 NIH-funded institutions, 6% received an A grade on the Score, while 60% received D or F. The mean scores were 15.2 (SD = 5) for accessibility of built and virtual environment (20 points), 10 (SD = 3) for public image of disability inclusion (20 points), 30.6 (SD = 10) for accommodations processes and procedures (50 points), and 8.1 (SD = 3) for grievance policy (10 points). Conclusions Our findings suggest room for improvement in disability inclusion and accessibility among top university recipients of NIH funding. To provide an equitable academic experience, universities must prioritize disability inclusion.
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Wang, Fan, Xuefeng Bai, Yuezhu Wang, Yong Jiang, Bo Ai, Yong Zhang, Yuejuan Liu, et al. "ATACdb: a comprehensive human chromatin accessibility database." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. D1 (October 30, 2020): D55—D64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa943.
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Abstract Accessible chromatin is a highly informative structural feature for identifying regulatory elements, which provides a large amount of information about transcriptional activity and gene regulatory mechanisms. Human ATAC-seq datasets are accumulating rapidly, prompting an urgent need to comprehensively collect and effectively process these data. We developed a comprehensive human chromatin accessibility database (ATACdb, http://www.licpathway.net/ATACdb), with the aim of providing a large amount of publicly available resources on human chromatin accessibility data, and to annotate and illustrate potential roles in a tissue/cell type-specific manner. The current version of ATACdb documented a total of 52 078 883 regions from over 1400 ATAC-seq samples. These samples have been manually curated from over 2200 chromatin accessibility samples from NCBI GEO/SRA. To make these datasets more accessible to the research community, ATACdb provides a quality assurance process including four quality control (QC) metrics. ATACdb provides detailed (epi)genetic annotations in chromatin accessibility regions, including super-enhancers, typical enhancers, transcription factors (TFs), common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), risk SNPs, eQTLs, LD SNPs, methylations, chromatin interactions and TADs. Especially, ATACdb provides accurate inference of TF footprints within chromatin accessibility regions. ATACdb is a powerful platform that provides the most comprehensive accessible chromatin data, QC, TF footprint and various other annotations.
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Li, Tao, Sha Qiu, Shuxin Mao, Rui Bao, and Hongbing Deng. "Evaluating Water Resource Accessibility in Southwest China." Water 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2019): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081708.
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The accessibility, quantity, and quality of water resources are the basic requirements for guaranteeing water resource security. Research into regional water resource accessibility will contribute to improving regional water resource security and effective water resource management. In this study, we used a water resource accessibility index model considering five spatial factors to evaluate the grid-scale water resource accessibility and constructed the spatial pattern of water resource accessibility in Southwest China. Then, we analyzed the coupling coordination degree between county-level water resource accessibility and eco-socio-economic water demand elements. The water resource accessibility showed obvious regional differences, and the overall trend gradually decreased from Southeast to Northwest. The coupling coordination degree between county-level water resource accessibility and eco-socio-economic water demand elements was between 0.26 and 0.84, and was relatively low overall, whereas the counties (districts) with high coordination, moderate coordination, low coordination, reluctant coordination, and incoordination accounted for 0.92%, 5.31%, 21.06%, 59.71%, and 13.00% of total counties (districts), respectively. Therefore, the Southwest region needs to further strengthen the construction of its agricultural irrigation facilities, protect the water resources, and coordinate the relationship between water resource management and water demand elements to comprehensively guarantee regional sustainable development.
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Carlson, Kristin, and Andrew Owen. "Accessibility Impacts of Park-and-Ride Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 9 (May 4, 2019): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119845665.
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This work presents a methodology for calculating park-and-ride (PNR) accessibility and provides case study results for the Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota (Twin Cities) facility system. PNR is a form of mixed-mode transit travel which is studied for its impacts on access to opportunities. Regional PNR systems offer a long-standing and widespread example of the collective benefits of mixed-mode travel. The Twin Cities metropolitan region has over 100 PNR facilities that are primarily connected to business districts through express and limited-stop transit service. PNR trip types require automobile and transit travel time matrices to link across space and time to capture mixed-mode travel characteristics. The resulting matrix is used in a cumulative accessibility analysis in which total jobs accessible within a travel time threshold is the variable of interest. Experimental results indicate that PNR facilities affect the suburban transit accessibility profile more than exurban or urban areas during the morning commute. The average worker-weighted job accessibility for a 30-min PNR trip increases by 230% from the comparable walk-to-transit measure. The transit accessibility made available through PNR facilities highlights the need to include PNR trip types in transit accessibility analyses and suggests that current methods underestimate transit accessibility in suburban regions.
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Redondi, Renato, Paolo Malighetti, and Stefano Paleari. "THE ACCESSIBILITY OF EUROPEAN REGIONS AND AIRPORT NETWORK." Journal of Air Transport Studies 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.38008/jats.v6i2.60.
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The objective of this work is to evaluate the accessibility of European municipalities by air transport. We focus on travels that typically require the use of air transport by computing the quickest paths between any pair of municipalities separated by more than 500 km. The total travel time includes three components: i) travel by car or High Speed Train to reach the origin airport, ii) travel by air from the origin airport to the destination airport, including waiting times when no direct flight is available and iii) travel by car or High Speed Train from the destination airport to the municipality of destination. For each territorial unit, we calculate the population-weighted average travel time to reach any other municipality in Europe.
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Danesi, Antonio, and Simone Tengattini. "Evaluating accessibility of small communities via public transit." Archives of Transport 56, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5601.
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Accessibility to and from urban centres allows small communities’ dwellers to participate in primary activities and use essential services that are not available on-site, such as educational, work and medical services. Public transport networks are supposed to enhance accessibility and pursue equity principles, overcoming socio-economical differences among people that can exacerbate during crisis. In this paper a methodology is proposed and implemented to assess small communities’ accessibility via public transit. A metric is defined based on the calculation of total travel time, taken as a proxy of travel impedance, with consideration of in-vehicle time, schedule delay and users’ arrival and departure preference curves (i.e. time-of-day functions). A “rooftops” model is specified and implemented under the assumption that travellers cannot accept (scheduled) late arrival or early departure time penalties before and after the participation in their activities in the main urban centre, as many activities rarely admit time-flexibility. Also, a public transport specific impedance factor (PTSIF) is proposed, in order to account for travel impedance determinants, which are a consequence of service scheduling and routing decisions and not due to inherent geographical and infrastructural disadvantages affecting car users too. An application of the methodology for the city of Cesena, Italy, and 90 surrounding small communities is presented. The city is served by train and bus services. Assessment of small communities' accessibility based on both total travel time and PTSIF is presented and discussed. This practice-ready quantitative method can help transport professionals to evaluate impacts on small communities’ accessibility in light of public transport service changes or reduction. Quantitative approach to support strategic decisions is needed, for example, both to assess public transport strengthening politics against depopulation of rural and marginal mountainous areas and to mitigate the effects of possible increasing concentration of services towards high-demand lines, which may follow as a consequence of budget cuts or contingencies, such as vehicle capacity reductions required by sanitary emergencies.
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Surage, Justice, Richard Tawiah, and Timothy Twumasi-Mensah. "Geographical perspective of modeling primary healthcare accessibility." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 10, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-08-2016-0013.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure the spatial accessibility of primary healthcare facility in Ghanaian rural areas, by determining the barriers to healthcare accessibilities in the Amansie Central District. Design/methodology/approach Both network and proximity analyses were performed on the digitized data such as road networks, settlements, population, district boundary, natural resources (rivers, streams and forest) and site location (health facilities). To quantify the population who have access to healthcare the authors used the Ghana Health Service access criteria that health facility should be accessible to an estimated population within 8 km radius from the facility. Findings The overall mean distance to the nearest health facility in the district was 8.9 km. Fiankoma sub-district recorded the highest mean distance whereas Tweapease sub-district recorded the least. In general, 31.2 percent of the district population has no access to healthcare facility. Transportation was identified to be one of the major hindrances to healthcare accessibility and this was as a result of poor road network in the district. Research limitations/implications The study was restricted to the Amansie Central District of Ghana. This limits the extent of generalization of results. Originality/value The study proposed additional sites for siting new health facilities base on criteria such as population, distance, centrality and existing infrastructural development. This will consequently improve healthcare accessibility and utilization by increasing total coverage closer to 100 percent.
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Amalindo, Heri, Anis Saggaff, and Joni Arliansyah. "The Role of Road Database in Supporting Road Network Development Analysis for Regional Development." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012083.
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Abstract Analysis of regional accessibility is very important in regional development, where good accessibility is needed to support regional development, especially for potential areas. In the accessibility analysis, it is necessary to have regional spatial data that shows the potential of the area, and accurate road network data including geometric and road network conditions required for accessibility calculations, in which the data derived from the road database were the main and accurate data source. Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir (PALI) is a new district in South Sumatra and has great plantations and mining potential. PALI District continues to develop its road network to improve regional accessibility. The road database for PALI District has been developed since 2017 and has complete road data covering162 roads with a total length of 555.85 km. This paper discusses the development of regional accessibility, through road improvement and road network development in PALI District using the existing spatial plan and road database. The calculation of accessibility was carried out using the principle of regional connectivity and considering the effect of distance and road network conditions. The network scenario was developed and the accessibility analysis provided the best road network development plan for the regional development of PALI District.
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Amalindo, Heri, Anis Saggaff, and Joni Arliansyah. "The Role of Road Database in Supporting Road Network Development Analysis for Regional Development." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012083.
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Abstract Analysis of regional accessibility is very important in regional development, where good accessibility is needed to support regional development, especially for potential areas. In the accessibility analysis, it is necessary to have regional spatial data that shows the potential of the area, and accurate road network data including geometric and road network conditions required for accessibility calculations, in which the data derived from the road database were the main and accurate data source. Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir (PALI) is a new district in South Sumatra and has great plantations and mining potential. PALI District continues to develop its road network to improve regional accessibility. The road database for PALI District has been developed since 2017 and has complete road data covering162 roads with a total length of 555.85 km. This paper discusses the development of regional accessibility, through road improvement and road network development in PALI District using the existing spatial plan and road database. The calculation of accessibility was carried out using the principle of regional connectivity and considering the effect of distance and road network conditions. The network scenario was developed and the accessibility analysis provided the best road network development plan for the regional development of PALI District.
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Bondemark, Anders, Erik Johansson, and Fredrik Kopsch. "Accessibility and uncertainty: An empirical analysis of option value in transport." Journal of Transport and Land Use 14, no. 1 (April 24, 2021): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2021.1783.
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Are there option values for transport services? A few studies have tried to answer this question through various stated preference methods, but we do not know much about its magnitude in different contexts. In this paper, we summarize the theory on option value, present previous empirical work concerning transport, and discuss its links to accessibility. Accessibility can be seen as the end product of the transport system, and the argument we pursue is that option value is a component of accessibility. Therefore, estimations of the option value ought to be connected to the marginal accessibility change of an optional transport mode. The concept of substitutability has the potential to meet this criterion. It is the degree to which an alternative trip can replace an initially preferred trip, or, put differently, how accessibility at a location is composed. We conduct an empirical application to test whether the variation in housing transaction prices is associated with substitutability. We find that housing prices are higher where the accessibility is built up by several transport modes, given any level of total accessibility. We interpret this as households, on average, are willing to pay a risk premium to keep optional transport modes available.
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Pritchard, John P., Karst Geurs, Diego B. Tomasiello, Anne Slovic, Adelaide Nardocci, Prashant Kumar, Mariana Giannotti, and Alex Hagen-Zanker. "Satisfaction with travel, ideal commuting, and accessibility to employment." Journal of Transport and Land Use 14, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 995–1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2021.1835.
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This paper explores relationships between commuting times, job accessibility, and commuting satisfaction based on a large-scale survey applied in the Greater London Area (GLA), the municipality of São Paulo (MSP) and the Dutch Randstad (NLR). Potential accessibility to jobs is estimated under 3 different scenarios: reported actual commuting times (ACT), ideal commuting times (ICT), and maximum willingness to commute (MCT). In addition, binary logistic regression models, estimated using generalized linear modeling (GLM), are performed to assess the impact of these temporal preferences on the likelihood of being satisfied with commuting. As expected, ideal and maximum commuting preferences strongly impact the volume and spatial distribution of the measured accessibility to jobs. In the selected case studies, estimated ICT-based job accessibility significantly decreases total measured accessibility (60 to 100 percent), with those living in the lowest accessibility zones impacted most. Furthermore, although specific results varied between regions, the overall findings show an association between ACT and satisfaction. Likewise, commuting mode is found to be a strong predictor of travel satisfaction. Those actively traveling in all three metropolitan regions tend to be more satisfied with their commutes. Potential job accessibility is found to be only weakly associated with travel satisfaction.
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Gartland, Sara, Paul Flynn, Maria Ana Carneiro, Greg Holloway, Jose de Sousa Fialho, Joe Cullen, Emma Hamilton, Amy Harris, and Clare Cullen. "The State of Web Accessibility for People with Cognitive Disabilities: A Rapid Evidence Assessment." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12020026.
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Increased digitisation of day-to-day activities was occurring prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic only accelerated the virtual shift, making web accessibility an urgent issue, especially for marginalised populations. Despite decades of work to develop, refine, and implement web accessibility standards, people with cognitive disabilities regularly experience many barriers to web accessibility. To inform ongoing work to improve web accessibility for people with cognitive disabilities, a systematic review was conducted. The main question guiding this review is: what are the state-of-the-art of interventions that support web accessibility for citizens, 9 years of age and up, living with cognitive impairment? A set of 50 search strings were entered into three academic databases: SCOPUS, ProQuest, and Web of Science. Systematic screening procedures narrowed the search returns to a total of 45 included papers. A data analysis revealed themes associated with the lived experiences of people with cognitive disabilities, tools for improving web accessibility, and methodological best practices for involving people with cognitive disabilities in research. These findings have immediate implications for ongoing research and the development of meaningful solutions to the problem of web accessibility for people with cognitive disabilities.
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Egoshin, S. F., and A. V. Smirnov. "AIR TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILITY AND TRANSPORT DISCRIMINATION OF POPULATION IN CONSTITUENTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Civil Aviation High TECHNOLOGIES 21, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2018-21-3-78-90.
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The article deals with the introduction of numerical indicators for the notions "the air transport accessibility" and "the transport discrimination of the population" as applied to the local (suburban) traffic. Due to significant financial cost of air service, the local airlines are essential only in those regions of the Russian Federation, where the low-cost ground traffic is impossible. Thereby, the air transport accessibility should be considered as paired accessibility "the regional center - the capital of the constituent of the Russian Federation". This fact imposes restrictions on those indicators that can be applied to the relevant numerical estimates. A technique has been developed for numerical estimation of transport accessibility and transport discrimination of the population using the notions "transport accessibility levels" and "minimum social transport standard". The results of calculations with a software package based on geoinformation system are presented. It is shown that when using only the ground transport, the capital transport accessibility level of the constituent of the Russian Federation exceeds four hours for residents including more than 450 municipal and urban districts in 50 constituents of the Russian Federation. The most of these territorial entities belong to the hard-to-reach territories of Northwestern, Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts of Russia. The total population of these entities is about 15 million people, which is more than 10% of the total population of Russia. The existing local airlines can solve the transportation problems in local traffic for about 5 million people. To ensure four-hour level of transport accessibility for the rest of the population, it is necessary to organize at least 300 local airlines in the constituents of the Russian Federation.
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Cíntia Yuki Fukuoka, Edgard Michel-Crosato, Ismar Eduardo Martins Filho, Maria Gabriela Haye Biazevic, and Wellington Menyrval Zaitter. "Accessibility to dental care for patients with special needs." RSBO 8, no. 3 (September 28, 2012): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v8i3.1071.
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Introduction and objective: The aim of this study was to verify the professionals’ perception about the accessibility to dental care establishments for three types of patients with special needs: Diabetes, AIDS, and Cerebral Paralysis patients, in the city of São Paulo. Material and methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a non probabilistic sample. For the analysis, 107 dental care establishments were selected and divided into two categories (private and insurance). Each one of the establishments was randomly selected from a list containing a total of 3,234 private and 2,015 insurance establishments. The information for the study was based on phone conversations, when a semi-structured interview was accomplished to verify the accessibility for AIDS, Diabetes, and Cerebral Paralysis special need patients. The analysis of the interviews’ content was executed according to the methodology of Lefèvre and Lefèvre (2000) and in agreement with the central idea. Results: From the total of participants, 55.14% were female and 53.27% worked at a private clinic. In relation to the patients’ accessibility, 96.26% had already treated Diabetes patients, 55.14% AIDS patients, and 28.97% Cerebral Paralysis patients. Conclusion: It can be concluded that concerning to Diabetes patients, the main difficulty is the clinical practice, mainly related to problems in blood coagulation. For Cerebral Paralysis patients, the difficulties were related to personnel training, establishment structure, and also clinical practice. For AIDS patients, although difficulties in clinical practice were mentioned, prejudice still seemed to be the major difficulty.
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Tabattanon, Kamolnat, Nicholas Sandhu, and Clive D’Souza. "Accessible Design of Low-Speed Automated Shuttles: A Brief Review of Lessons Learned from Public Transit." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631362.
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Low-speed, driverless automated shuttles have the potential to significantly improve community mobility for older adults and people with disabilities who are otherwise unable or ineligible to drive. However, accessibility and inclusive design of these shuttles to accommodate the spectrum of human abilities and impairments is impeded by the lack of accessible design regulations, standards, and information tools specific to automated vehicles. In light of the scarce accessibility research on automated shuttles, a literature review on public transit was performed. A total of 66 documents were identified addressing components of the public transit travel chain involving older adults and people with disabilities. This paper reviewed 11 of the documents pertaining to onboard circulation. Findings highlight the importance of vehicle interior design on accessibility and usability for people with impairments, the inadequacy of existing accessibility standards when designing beyond minimum requirements, and a lack of evidence-based design tools and information to support designing for accessibility. An interactive web-based repository for transportation accessibility research is introduced to inform the accessible design of LSAS, along with directions for future research.
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Li, Daoyong, Hengyi Zang, Demiao Yu, Qilin He, and Xiaoran Huang. "Study on the Influence Mechanism and Space Distribution Characteristics of Rail Transit Station Area Accessibility Based on MGWR." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021535.
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The accessibility of rail transit station areas is an important factor affecting the efficiency of rail transit. Taking the Beijing rail transit station area as our research object, this paper took a 15 min walking distance as the index of station area accessibility, and investigated the status quo and influencing factors of the unbalanced distribution of rail transit station area accessibility in Beijing. In this paper, the data of Beijing rail transit stations were obtained from the Amap open platform, and the accessibility of the station area was calculated using the path planning service provided by the Amap API. The Getis–Ord Gi* method was used to analyze the overall distribution characteristics of the accessibility of the Beijing rail transit station area, then the high accessibility area and the low accessibility area were determined. To explore the factors influencing domain accessibility, multi-source data were obtained, a total of 11 indicators were constructed, and the random forest model was used to identify feature importance. Using the eight selected influencing factors, the OLS regression model, GWR model, and MGWR model were used to study the spatial heterogeneity of influencing factors. By comparison, it was concluded that the MGWR model can not only effectively analyze the spatial heterogeneity of rail transit station accessibility, which can automatically mediate the bandwidth of different influencing factors, and then reflect the spatial changes of the influencing factors of rail transit station accessibility more truly. The results show that (1) the accessibility of the Beijing rail transit station area shows obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics in space. The accessibility of the station area in the fourth ring is higher than that outside of the fourth ring road, and the accessibility near the south and north fifth ring road is higher than that of the east fifth ring road and the west fifth ring road. (2) The basic influencing factors of rail transit station accessibility include road density and functional mixing degree.
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Shao, Weiping, Elias Fernandez, Jill Wilken, Darren A. Thompson, Michael A. Siani, John West, Elias Lolis, and Barry I. Schweitzer. "Accessibility of selenomethionine proteins by total chemical synthesis: structural studies of human herpesvirus-8 MIP-II." FEBS Letters 441, no. 1 (December 11, 1998): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01520-8.
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Kosova, E. A., and M. Yu Khalilova. "Web Accessibility Analysis of Massive Open Online Courses in Mathematical Disciplines." Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia 28, no. 10 (November 1, 2019): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2019-28-10-157-166.
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The paper studies the problem of developing the massive open online courses (MOOCs) that conform to the content accessibility principles for persons with disabilities. Using the browsing of MOOCs platform catalogues, a total of 56 Russian-language free MOOCs in mathematical disciplines hosted on 5 platforms has been received. By automatic testing using Web Accessibility Checker, the accessibility of the functional and informational content of the MOOCs was evaluated. 73% of MOOCs were found to conform to the syllabus subjects “Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics”, “Discrete Mathematics” and “Algebra and Geometry”; 8 basic disciplines of higher mathematics education are not covered by online education; 96,4% of the courses have accessibility limitations, especially for people with visual impairment. Accessibility problems are related to shortcomings of the platforms and MOOC developers’ errors. The results show a weak coverage by MOOCs of the basic mathematical disciplines included in the higher education curriculum in Russia and indicate the low content accessibility of the mathematical MOOCs for students with disabilities. The results of the work imply the need for: expanding the range of MOOCs to cover all basic mathematical disciplines; troubleshooting the accessibility in existing courses (pursuant to WCAG); prescription to platforms and developers to strictly adhere to WCAG in future courses.
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Kosova, E. A. "Analytical Review of Digital Accessibility Services on Official Sites of the World’s Best Universities." Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia 31, no. 4 (April 8, 2022): 148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2022-31-4-148-166.
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The paper discusses the problem of e-learning accessibility for persons with disabilities. Development of e-learning content accessible to all students is gaining special relevance in the context of global trends in higher education related to the massive transition of learning to distance and hybrid formats. Based on the analysis of the official websites of 25 world’s top universities (according to the QS World University Rankings 2021), data on university digital accessibility services were systematized. The data search was carried out by total browsing of university sites’ structure and headings and by keywords. Data on 14 checklist categories were registered. Signs of administrative and project activities in the field of digital accessibility were found for 20 universities (80%), among which 10 (40%) have specialized structural subdivisions for digital accessibility. The content of digital accessibility web services contains data on the following topics: training in digital accessibility for educational content for authors and developers (14 university sites – 56%); a guide for authors (15–60%) and web developers (12–48%); consulting and assistance for authors and web developers (17–68%); accessibility examination (5–20%); legal norms (11–44%) and accessibility standards (16–64%); accessibility testing guide (16–64%); procurement requirements for accessible web products and services (8–32%); frequently asked questions (6–24%), etc. Based on the results of the analysis, the model of university digital accessibility services was developed and corresponding web site was published. It seems important to create similar web resources and corresponding structural subdivisions in universities of the Russian Federation, as well as to approve the intra-university local acts regulating the mandatory fulfillment of digital accessibility requirements in the development of educational content and the procurement of digital products and services. GOST R 52872-2019, based on WCAG 2.1, should be used as the basis for local legal regulations.
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Odetayo, T. A., and A. R. Onaolapo. "Influence of Microfinance Bank Products Accessibility on Small Scale Enterprises Performance." American Journal of Business and Management 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11634/216796061706771.
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This study examined the influence of the Microfinance bank products accessibility on Small scale enterprises (SSEs) in Osun State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for this study. The population for the study comprised all microfinance banks and small scale enterprises in Osun State. Thirty (30) MFBs were purposively sampled and For Hundred and Fifty (450) SSEs were randomly sampled. Two sets of questionnaires designed to collect data were tested for reliability using Cronbach’s alpha: QMFB (r = 0.89) and QSSEs(r = 0.70). Data were analysed using tables, frequencies as well as simple percentages while multiple regressions were used to test hypotheses one and two at 0.05 level of significance. Degree of accessibility to MFB products was measured using savings account (92%), current account (54.2%) and business loan (52.3%). A regression analysis designed to examine the influence of MFB products accessibility on SSEs’ performance revealed that MFB products accessibility perception jointly predicted changes in SSEs total capital given F(8,318) = 17.936; number of employees F(8,318) = 4.136; sales F (8,318) =15.316; and profit F(8,318) = 15,699; all values being significant at 0.05 level. In conclusion, activities of MFBs impacted on the SSEs in the study area given the predicted values of financial product accessibility on sales and profit but with a limited effect on total capital and number of employees engaged.
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Ravikrishna, Madala, George Abraham, Vijay Maruti Patil, Atanu Bhattacharjee, Vanita Noronha, Nandini Sharrel Menon, Amit Joshi, and Kumar Prabhash. "Checkpoint inhibitor accessibility in 15,000+ Indian patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): 9012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.9012.
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9012 Background: Access to newer therapies is an issue in low and low middle income countries. Hence we decided to audit our practice in the head and neck and thoracic medical oncology unit from 2015 to 2019 to study the accessibility of checkpoint inhibitors and factors influencing them. Methods: All patients who were registered in the head and neck and thoracic medical oncology unit between 2015-2019 were included in the study. The number of patients who received immunotherapy among them was identified from the prospective database of immunotherapy maintained in the department. We made a list of patients who were eligible for immunotherapy per year and identified how many of them received recommended immunotherapy. The indication for eligibility of immunotherapy was based on published pivotal data and its date of publication of the study online. For nominal and ordinal variable percentage with 95% CI was provided. Factors impacting the accessibility of immunotherapy were identified. Results: A total of 15,674 patients were identified who required immunotherapy; out of them only 444 (2.83%, 95% CI, 2.58-3.1) received it. The distribution of patients eligible as per cancer disease management group and time period is shown in the Table. Among head and neck cancer patients 4.5% (156 out of 3,435) received immunotherapy versus 2.35% (288 out of 12,239) among thoracic cancer patients (p < 0.0001). Among the general category (low socioeconomic), 0.29% (28 out of 9,405) versus 6.6% (416 out of 6,269) among the private category (high socioeconomic) received immunotherapy (p < 0.0001). While 3.7% (361 out of 9,737) among males versus 1.39% (83 out of 5,937) females received immunotherapy (p < 0.0001). There was also a temporal trend seen in the accessibility of immunotherapy (p < 0.0001, Table). Conclusions: The accessibility of immunotherapy is below 3% in India. Patients with head and neck cancers, those with private category and with male gender had higher access to this therapy. There was also a temporal trend observed suggesting increased accessibility over the years. [Table: see text]
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Ravikrishna, Madala, George Abraham, Vijay Maruti Patil, Atanu Bhattacharjee, Vanita Noronha, Nandini Sharrel Menon, Amit Joshi, and Kumar Prabhash. "Checkpoint inhibitor accessibility in 15,000+ Indian patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): 9012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.9012.
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9012 Background: Access to newer therapies is an issue in low and low middle income countries. Hence we decided to audit our practice in the head and neck and thoracic medical oncology unit from 2015 to 2019 to study the accessibility of checkpoint inhibitors and factors influencing them. Methods: All patients who were registered in the head and neck and thoracic medical oncology unit between 2015-2019 were included in the study. The number of patients who received immunotherapy among them was identified from the prospective database of immunotherapy maintained in the department. We made a list of patients who were eligible for immunotherapy per year and identified how many of them received recommended immunotherapy. The indication for eligibility of immunotherapy was based on published pivotal data and its date of publication of the study online. For nominal and ordinal variable percentage with 95% CI was provided. Factors impacting the accessibility of immunotherapy were identified. Results: A total of 15,674 patients were identified who required immunotherapy; out of them only 444 (2.83%, 95% CI, 2.58-3.1) received it. The distribution of patients eligible as per cancer disease management group and time period is shown in the Table. Among head and neck cancer patients 4.5% (156 out of 3,435) received immunotherapy versus 2.35% (288 out of 12,239) among thoracic cancer patients (p < 0.0001). Among the general category (low socioeconomic), 0.29% (28 out of 9,405) versus 6.6% (416 out of 6,269) among the private category (high socioeconomic) received immunotherapy (p < 0.0001). While 3.7% (361 out of 9,737) among males versus 1.39% (83 out of 5,937) females received immunotherapy (p < 0.0001). There was also a temporal trend seen in the accessibility of immunotherapy (p < 0.0001, Table). Conclusions: The accessibility of immunotherapy is below 3% in India. Patients with head and neck cancers, those with private category and with male gender had higher access to this therapy. There was also a temporal trend observed suggesting increased accessibility over the years. [Table: see text]
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Oktasari, Dwince, Saiful Saiful, and Nila Aprila. "EKSPLORASI PENYAJIAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN DAN AKSESIBILITAS INFORMASI PENGGUNAAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN DAERAH PROVINSI BENGKULU." JURNAL FAIRNESS 10, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/fairness.v10i2.15251.
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This study aims to review, discuss and prove the presentation of financial statements and the accessibility of financial information to the use of financial statement information. This research was conducted in the Provincial DPRD, Inspectorate and BPK with a total of 47 respondents. Data were collected using a research questionnaire and processed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that the financial statements and the accessibility of positive and significant information on the use of Bengkulu Province regional financial statement information. Hoping the better financial statement presentation and information accessibility will increase the use of financial statement information.
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Wang, Shicong, Jieqiang He, Mengting Deng, Caixia Wang, Ruifeng Wang, Jinjiao Yan, Minrong Luo, Fengwang Ma, Qingmei Guan, and Jidi Xu. "Integrating ATAC-seq and RNA-seq Reveals the Dynamics of Chromatin Accessibility and Gene Expression in Apple Response to Drought." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 11191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911191.
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Drought resistance in plants is influenced by multiple signaling pathways that involve various transcription factors, many target genes, and multiple types of epigenetic modifications. Studies on epigenetic modifications of drought focus on DNA methylation and histone modifications, with fewer on chromatin remodeling. Changes in chromatin accessibility can play an important role in abiotic stress in plants by affecting RNA polymerase binding and various regulatory factors. However, the changes in chromatin accessibility during drought in apples are not well understood. In this study, the landscape of chromatin accessibility associated with the gene expression of apple (GL3) under drought conditions was analyzed by Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) and RNA-seq. Differential analysis between drought treatment and control identified 23,466 peaks of upregulated chromatin accessibility and 2447 peaks of downregulated accessibility. The drought-induced chromatin accessibility changed genes were mainly enriched in metabolism, stimulus, and binding pathways. By combining results from differential analysis of RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, we identified 240 genes with higher chromatin accessibility and increased gene expression under drought conditions that may play important functions in the drought response process. Among them, a total of nine transcription factor genes were identified, including ATHB7, HAT5, and WRKY26. These transcription factor genes are differentially expressed with different chromatin accessibility motif binding loci that may participate in apple response to drought by regulating downstream genes. Our study provides a reference for chromatin accessibility under drought stress in apples and the results will facilitate subsequent studies on chromatin remodelers and transcription factors.
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Zhang, Shaoyao, Xueqian Song, Yongping Wei, and Wei Deng. "Spatial Equity of Multilevel Healthcare in the Metropolis of Chengdu, China: A New Assessment Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 10, 2019): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030493.
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The spatial equity of the healthcare system is an important factor in assessing how the different medical service demands of residents are met by different levels of medical institutions. However, previous studies have not paid sufficient attention to multilevel healthcare accessibility based on both the divergence of hierarchical healthcare supplies and variations in residents’ behavioral preferences for different types of healthcare. This study aims to propose a demand-driven “2R grid-to-level” (2R-GTL) method of analyzing the spatial equity in access to a multilevel healthcare system in Chengdu. Gridded populations, real-time travel distances and residents’ spatial behavioral preferences were used to generate a dynamic and accurate healthcare accessibility assessment. The results indicate that significant differences exist in the spatial accessibility to different levels of healthcare. Approximately 90% of the total population living in 57% of the total area in the city can access all three levels of healthcare within an acceptable travel distance, whereas multilevel healthcare shortage zones cover 42% of the total area and 12% of the population. A lack of primary healthcare is the most serious problem in these healthcare shortage zones. These results support the systematic monitoring of multilevel healthcare accessibility by decision-makers. The method proposed in this research could be improved by introducing nonspatial factors, private healthcare providers and other cultural contexts and time periods.
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Totland, Torunn H., Nanna Lien, Ingunn H. Bergh, Mona Bjelland, Mekdes K. Gebremariam, Knut-Inge Klepp, and Lene F. Andersen. "The relationship between parental education and adolescents' soft drink intake from the age of 11–13 years, and possible mediating effects of availability and accessibility." British Journal of Nutrition 110, no. 5 (February 4, 2013): 926–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512005946.
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The present study examined the prospective relationship between parental education and adolescents' soft drink intake over 20 months, and possible mediating effects of adolescents' availability and accessibility of soft drinks at home. A total of 866 adolescents, with data on two time points in the Norwegian HEalth In Adolescents (HEIA) cohort study (2007–9), were included in the analyses. Data on intake and determinants of soft drinks were collected from adolescents and both parents by questionnaires. Mediation analyses using linear regression investigated the total and direct effects of parental education on adolescents' soft drink intake from the age of 11–13 years. In order to investigate prospective relationships, two models were set up to measure the (1) prediction and (2) change in consumption over 20 months. Possible mediation effects of availability and perceived accessibility at home were further examined in both models. The results showed that a lower level of parental education predicted a higher intake of soft drinks among adolescents after 20 months, and that higher perceived accessibility of soft drinks reported by adolescents and mothers explained 39 % of the total effect. No relationship was observed between parental education and the change in adolescents' intake of soft drinks over 20 months. Interventions aimed at families with low parental education should target the perceived accessibility of soft drinks at home in order to diminish social differences in adolescents' soft drink consumption.
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Chen, Yuan, Qiushi Ding, and Yinghua Shen. "Assessing Accessibility and Social Equity of Tertiary Hospitals for Older Adults: A City-Wide Study of Tianjin, China." Buildings 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122107.
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Building age-friendly cities with good accessibility and social equity can help improve older adults’ well-being and quality of life. However, current accessibility analysis of service facilities tends to target most general users, while few studies have been conducted regarding hospitals from an age-friendly perspective. This study aims to measure accessibility to tertiary hospitals and conduct its equity analysis for older adults aged 65 years or over. First, the gravity-based model and geographic information system are utilized to measure accessibility to tertiary hospitals within regions and across regions, and the overall accessibility of a region. Second, coefficient of variation and global Moran’s I are adopted to investigate differences in accessibility to tertiary hospitals by type among regions. Third, Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients are employed to analyze social equity of access to medical services for the elderly. Taking Tianjin, China as the case study, the results show that there exist spatial clusters in terms of accessibility to tertiary hospitals within districts, across districts, and of the whole district. Most districts in the city center have better access to these hospitals than the peripheral and suburban districts. The social equity of accessibility to tertiary hospitals is slightly better in the senior population than in the total population. This study can help the governments improve the spatial distribution and allocation of urban health care resources in a more equitable manner and promote the development of age-friendly cities in future.
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Khogeer, Layla, Narmin Helal, Osama Basri, Sara Madani, Abeer Basri, and Azza A. El-Houseiny. "Instrument Development and Validation to Assess Care Barriers for Patients in Saudi Arabia with Oral Clefts." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 3399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073399.
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The study objective was to construct and validate a tool to assess, measure, and evaluate the barriers and obstacles that patients with orofacial clefts (OFCs), and their families, face during treatment. The Effective Accessibility and Accommodation subscale, based on the translated Primary Care Assessment Survey and Primary Care Assessment Tool scales, was used as a reference for the questionnaire. A total of 165 parents from three main cleft referral centers in Saudi Arabia were interviewed. Questionnaire content validity was conducted by calculation of a content validity index for each item (I-CVI) as well as for the total scale (S-CVI). Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha. Factor analysis and principal components analysis were performed to determine the factor structure of the instrument. The final questionnaire had nine items. Rating results showed both I-CVI and S-CVI scores of 1 and Cronbach’s alpha was 0.86. There were three factors (geographic accessibility, appointment availability and accessibility, and scheduling-related barriers) with eigenvalues above 1.00, which collectively accounted for 73% of the variance. In conclusion, this tool is valid and reliable to evaluate accessibility and barriers to care of patients with OFCs in Saudi Arabia.
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Kosova, Ye A. "Analysis of massive open online courses on web accessibility." Informatics and education, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32517/0234-0453-2021-36-1-38-46.
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The article discusses the results of the analysis of massive open online courses (MOOCs) on web accessibility and web accessibility in e-learning. Using the search by keywords in four MOOC aggregators and total browsing of the four Russian-language online education platforms, 38 free and 28 paid courses on the research topic were allocated. The only one course in Russian — “Web accessibility in e-learning” (Stepik platform) was detected. The following positions presented on MOOCs’ promo pages were analyzed: platform, author, target audience, duration of training, access (open / closed), cost, student’s achievement document (certificate / badge / other); training mode (independently / with instructor / other); prerequisites (starting skills). An average MOOC “portrait” in the field of web accessibility has been formed: target audience — web developers/web designers (45 % of MOOCs) or developers/teachers of online courses (24 %); prerequisites — not required (76 %); achievement document — certificate for an additional fee (55 %); platform — Coursera (26 %), Canvas (24 %) and EdX (21 %). The content of the nine MOOCs available for study was analyzed in detail. It was shown, that the content of MOOCs on the web accessibility in e-learning can vary and have different depth depending on the target audience of students, but it must include: concepts of web accessibility and universal design in learning and related WCAG guidelines; web content accessibility assessment methods; methods for developing accessible online materials.
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Alkhaldi, Rasha Zuhair, and Ayman Bahjat Abdallah. "Lean management and operational performance in health care." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 69, no. 1 (August 30, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-09-2018-0342.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of lean management (LM) on operational performance (OP) in the context of health care in Jordanian private hospitals. LM is measured using four bundles: total quality management (TQM), human resource management (HRM), just-in-time system (JIT) and total productive maintenance (TPM). The study also investigates the effects of OP dimensions on hospitals’ business performance (BP). Design/methodology/approach The study is based on survey data collected from 260 respondents from 25 private hospitals in Jordan. Validity and reliability analyses were performed using SPSS and Amos, and the study hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. Findings The study found that the TQM bundle affects quality performance positively, but does not affect efficiency and accessibility performances, while the HRM bundle positively affects all OP dimensions. Furthermore, the JIT bundle positively contributes to both efficiency and accessibility performances, while the TPM bundle positively influences quality and accessibility performances. Moreover, the results have demonstrated that OP dimensions of quality and accessibility significantly and positively affect hospitals’ BP. Originality/value This study is one of the first to adapt the four lean bundles popularized in the manufacturing sector and apply them in a health-care context. It examines the effects of the four lean bundles on hospitals’ OP in terms of efficiency, quality and accessibility. In addition, the study demonstrates the role of OP dimensions in improving private hospitals’ BP.