Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Accès universel à l'énergie'
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Chaibou, Oumarou Ali. "Le développement de l'électricité au Niger. Aspects juridiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ0015.
Full textElectricity evokes the Greek legend of King Midas, who turned everything he touched into “gold”. Since its artificial creation, electricity has been turning the conditions of human existence to “gold”, by fostering progress through people's comfort or its promotion improving, and through productive activities boosting. From this point of view, it gives access to the effective enjoyment of fundamental rights, because of its impact on food, education, health, drinking water and sanitation, work, etc. This importance justifies the legal basis, especially constitutional, that the Republic of Niger has given to its development. To achieve the objectives of energy sovereignty and universal access to energy, a firm political will on the part of public authorities, and the support of technical and financial partners, are required. However, it requires just as much, if not more, expansion of electricity as a single form of energy. This need for expansion focuses thought on conditions and means; it tests the exercise of powers and rights. This African thesis for Africans is based on a living law approach, one that reintegrates law into its environment, blending numerous legal disciplines (and even non-legal disciplines such as economics and politics). The author argues that the legal framework for the expansion of electricity as a condition for economic and social development is rich, but nevertheless perfectible. He highlights two complementary aspects. Firstly, he observes that the State's sovereign responsibilities are preserved in determining energy options and controlling the electricity sub-sector. Secondly, he shows that the Republic of Niger has chosen to promote private initiative within the framework of public service and individual autonomy
Sinsin, Léonide Michael. "Economie de l'énergie et accès à l'électricité : trois essais sur le Bénin." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED085.
Full textOur research objectives are multiple. Front of all, we cover literature review in the fields of energy and economics. Specifically, we revisit regulation, pricing and well-being theories in sub-Saharan context where electricity sector is in crisis for a while. Subsequently, our results open up a deeper reflexion spectrum concerning sustainable development, mobile banking and innovation through access for all to clean energy. Finally, this thesis is articulated at the crossraods of theorical and applied research based on real study cases in Benin. Consequently, there is a strong need to expand applied research in African, and in Benin specifically because it constitutes a large scope of challenges and opportunities path beyond this work
Panazio, Cristiano Magalhães. "Étude fréquentielle de l'étalement de spectre et impact sur la conception d'un récepteur de radiocommunications universel." Paris, CNAM, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CNAM0506.
Full textIn this work, we use the frequency domain approach to provide an unified analysis for the spreading spectrum systems. Such approach makes it possible to implement an universal receiver for the multicarrier systems. The despreading can take place in frequency domain with certain advantages. An improvement in the frequency domain receiver is proposed in order to compensate channel distortions. A symbol level synchronization technique based on the correlation of the terms in the frequency domain is studied. The chip level synchronization is implemented with an original technique. Its performance is determined and compared to the Cramér-Rao bound. The multiuser problem is examined in the downlink context. We propose a frequency domain chip level equalizer, which can process systems with and without guard interval. Finally, we globally compare the multicarrier systems, taking into account their advantages and disadvantages
Bachar, Idriss Saleh. "Approches d'évaluation de l'accès universel et stratégies d’optimisation : Application au cas de l' Afrique centrale." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0098/document.
Full textThis thesis deals systematically with the analysis of the situation of ICTs in Central Africa, it identifies the problems related to universal access and studies ICTs harmonization policies. This analysis then enables the proposal of an integrated target mapping to reduce the digital divide. Not only the different optical and radio broadband technologies are used but described to relate the basic concepts allowing to apprehend the advantages and disadvantages of each technology. This allowed us to propose a methodological approach to modeling the universal access and service indicator coupled with an optimization strategy revealing, on the one hand, the technological gap to be filled and on the other hand, predicting the access level based on technologies to achieve in accordance with the investment policies of the Universal Service Fund. Besides the proposal of this modeling approach, other contributions of this thesis is developing a network model architecture based on radio technologies and proposing a methodology consisting of integrating the various parameters involved in the choice of technologies to be deployed for access and universal service. In addition, it is projected into the future evolution of solutions that leads to hybrid technologies
Chibaudel, Quentin. "Personnes en situation de handicap mental avançant en âge - Accès aux soins à travers l’étude de l’accessibilité des dispositifs médicaux en EHPAD." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0297/document.
Full textOne og the biggest challenge for our societies is the aging of the population. One is getting particularly important : the ageing of people with mental disorder. The increase of their life expectancy has several consequences in their access to care. Establishment which are specialized in the welcolme of elderly people are now welcoming people with mental disorder. The access to care is one of the most problematic aspect in this phenomenum : what medical devices are adapted for this new population ? Indeed, medical devices are adapted either for people with mental disorder, either for elderly people. For people with mental disorder getting older, there is a need to adapt the tools for them, to adapt the way of communicating with them and the way to monitore them. We are trying to propose new solutions to answer all these questions
Migazzi, Caroline. "Le droit international face aux défis énergétiques contemporains." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3017.
Full textCurrent energy challenges are multidimentional in nature as they blend together the economic, social, and environmental fields. They are also global, interconnected and transversal. Energy challenges are apprehended globally by international law, despite some shortcomings. Those shortcomings stem from the strategic nature of energy challenges and their simultaneous dependance on sovereignty. They also come to light in the context of environmental risks and risks of harm to humans. Yet, those shortcomings do not deprive international law of its capacity to adapt to energy challenges. It shows adaptation by taking into account their transversal character and the correlated necessity for solidarity. The inclusive and new finality of pursuing universal access to sustainable energy and the efforts shown toward energy democracy yet reinforce this adaptability. Thus, international law exibits all the tools necessary to help, and also be an engine for the energy transition
Migazzi, Caroline. "Le droit international face aux défis énergétiques contemporains." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3017.
Full textCurrent energy challenges are multidimentional in nature as they blend together the economic, social, and environmental fields. They are also global, interconnected and transversal. Energy challenges are apprehended globally by international law, despite some shortcomings. Those shortcomings stem from the strategic nature of energy challenges and their simultaneous dependance on sovereignty. They also come to light in the context of environmental risks and risks of harm to humans. Yet, those shortcomings do not deprive international law of its capacity to adapt to energy challenges. It shows adaptation by taking into account their transversal character and the correlated necessity for solidarity. The inclusive and new finality of pursuing universal access to sustainable energy and the efforts shown toward energy democracy yet reinforce this adaptability. Thus, international law exibits all the tools necessary to help, and also be an engine for the energy transition
Kaddoum, Georges. "Contributions à l’amélioration des systèmes de communication multi-utilisateur par chaos : synchronisation et analyse des performances." Toulouse, INSA, 2008. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000245/.
Full textRadiocommunications field is currently in full development. In recent years, many researchers have explored the possibility of using chaotic signals to transmit data, especially in a multi-user case. Among the various multiple access techniques, the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) allows different users to transmit simultaneously on the same frequency band. The sequences currently used for classical spread spectrum are the sequences known as pseudo-random binary sequences with low cross-correlation generated on the basis of a shift linear register (Gold sequences) or binary orthogonal sequences (Walsh codes). This thesis has focused on the study of a communication system with multi-user spread spectrum using chaotic generators as spreading sequences. The chaotic signals can be generated by iterative discrete systems modelled by discrete transformations. In a first step, we have studied various chaotic signals from different dynamical systems, / a priori / defined by traditional functions continuous or piece wise linear functions. Relying on the correlation properties and the energy distribution of chaotic signals, a comparative study between different chaotic sequences was made in the framework of chaos-based DS-CDMA systems. The purpose of this comparison is to provide necessary elements to choose the best sequence for a spread spectrum system under an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. A simple method to rapidly and accurately predict the bit error rate for chaos-based DS-CDMA was proposed in single and multi-user cases. Further study on the energy distribution has resulted in an analytical expression of the bit error rate. These performances have been also been studied and extended to the multi-user case. In a second part, we have explored the synchronization process of chaotic dynamical systems. After reviewing the existing approaches in the literature, we have focused our attention on the study of different methods of digital integration in order to determine an appropriate method to achieve synchronization using coupling with a low a low computing charge. Finally, we have studied the synchronization process for chaos-based DS-CDMA system. We have proposed receivers incorporating synchronization units similar to the synchronization units (/ acquisition and tracking /) used in conventional spread spectrum systems. These synchronization units are using simultaneously a classical binary pseudo-random sequence together with a chaotic sequence in order to achieve and maintain synchronization. These techniques were compared to a similar existing method recently proposed in literature. We have demonstrate the improvement in performance brought by our proposed system, including the fact that this system is also operational in the asynchronous case
Gladkykh, Ganna. "Connecting Energy System modelling with Sustainable Energy System Narratives at a Global Scale." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2019CLFAD025_GLADKYKH.pdf.
Full textIn my PhD thesis, I explore what can be considered a sustainable energy system on a global scale and what methods and tools can help sustainable energy policy design and assessment. Energy system modelling and sustainable energy system narratives are the two main areas of interest of this thesis. I started my PhD with exploring the current energy systems modelling practice as well as social science contribution in the sustainable energy research. I discovered several main research gaps related to the topic of this thesis: (1) Most of existing energy system models have unrealistic or oversimplified assumptions that can negatively impact the quality of the models’ outputs and consequently the quality of decision-making informed by such models; (2) There is a limited instrumental value of the available theories related to a sustainable energy system development; (3) There is a lack of global energy system narratives that would have a holistic understanding of the long-term energy system purposes (goals) and the principles of the energy system sustainable design. This thesis has become an attempt to close the identified research gaps in order to answer the main research questions. System dynamics, steady-state economy and energy justice theory are the main methodological and conceptual components of the thesis’ research design. The main results of my research are: (1) The list of questions defining the current energy paradigm which can be used as a guidance for a sustainable energy system modelling; (2) The developed steady state of energy concept implying that energy sufficiency should be a universal energy system goal in the context of a long-term energy system sustainability; (2) The list of requirements for a socially sustainable energy provision based on the energy justice principles which can be used as guidelines for a sustainable energy policy assessment and design; (3) The system dynamics model of electricity access provision in Sub-Saharan Africa which demonstrates an example of how energy system modelling can be combined with sustainable energy system narratives for addressing methodological and disciplinary gaps in the energy system research and for contributing to better sustainable energy system policy design and assessment
Lassouaoui, Lilia. "Ordonnancement et routage pour l'augmentation de la durée de vie dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1187.
Full textWireless sensor networks (RCSF) is a technology that has a wide range of civil or military applications, including battlefield monitoring, environmental monitoring or smart city. However, WSN are characterized by high limitations in terms of energy (battery-operated nodes) and wireless links (low power and lossy links). The work done in this PhD thesis aims to provide solutions that guarantee a certain quality of service in the context of wireless sensor networks. The first part of this work concerns the medium access control layer with the aim of increasing the lifetime of the network. The access to the wireless medium is analyzed and modeled as a link scheduling problem, taking into account collisions. First, a study of the complexity of this problem is carried out, then a distributed and fault-tolerant approach with guaranteed performance is proposed (SS-DD2EC) to solve this problem. The second part is about message routing with the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL). First of all, a comparison between the various existing routing metrics for the optimization of the energy consumed has been carried out. In addition of lifetime, the reliability and end-to-end latency criteria are considered for evaluating these metrics. Then, two new RPL metrics (R_MinMax and R_Delai) were proposed, achieving significant gains over the state of the art. The first one only considers the energy consumption and reliability, while the second one takes also into account the end-to-end latency
Torosyan, Anzhela. "La sécurité énergétique et le droit international." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020072.
Full textA non-legal concept, energy security, has traditionally been defined as security of supply, which consists in ensuring the continuity of the supply of energy resources, in view of the different risks and challenges facing this process. Indeed, energy security refers not only to the security of supply, access to resources, production, processing, transport and distribution of energy resources. In addition, the concept of energy security is an ambivalent concept because of the status of these energy resources, being both essential resources for any human community and a potential factor in conflict and geopolitics between the States. Given the strategic importance of energy and the political sensitivity of the energy sector, including issues related to maintaining sovereignty over natural and energy resources, the difficulties associated with the cross-border transit of these resources raise the question of what is the role of international law in the policy aimed at ensuring energy security. This is even more relevant considering the escalation of political conflicts and tensions between states and non-state actors playing an important role in energy supply: the case of the ongoing situation between Ukraine and Russia is one of the most relevant and recent examples. The governance of the energy sector becomes more complicated considering that there is no harmonized legal framework assuring the regulation of cross-border energy activities constituting the core of the energy security on international level. This said, the purpose is, first, to trace the evolution of international cooperation in the energy sector and, further, to determine to what extent the rules of international law today are adapted to the energy sector? How the international law can contribute to resolve the politically sensitive disputes related with the interruption of energy resources flows (transit)? What role can play the multilateral rules of international trade and investment law in order to secure the free and unrestricted trade and foreign investments in energy sector? Moreover, nowadays, the notion of energy security goes beyond its traditional conception of security of supply, considering the fight against global climate change and the protection of the environment. In addition, to what extent are environmental protection and sustainable development policy in line with the concept of energy security? This thesis aims to study the concept of energy security from a historical perspective and from the perspective of the role of law in the development of this concept. This thesis aims to study the concept of energy security from a historical, geopolitical point of view and, above all, from the perspective of the role of international law in the development of this concept. It also aims to assess the example of the European Union's regional cooperation and the progressive construction of the European Union's energy policy and its impact on the state of energy markets and international relations in the energy sector
Lassouaoui, Lilia. "Ordonnancement et routage pour l'augmentation de la durée de vie dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1187/document.
Full textWireless sensor networks (RCSF) is a technology that has a wide range of civil or military applications, including battlefield monitoring, environmental monitoring or smart city. However, WSN are characterized by high limitations in terms of energy (battery-operated nodes) and wireless links (low power and lossy links). The work done in this PhD thesis aims to provide solutions that guarantee a certain quality of service in the context of wireless sensor networks. The first part of this work concerns the medium access control layer with the aim of increasing the lifetime of the network. The access to the wireless medium is analyzed and modeled as a link scheduling problem, taking into account collisions. First, a study of the complexity of this problem is carried out, then a distributed and fault-tolerant approach with guaranteed performance is proposed (SS-DD2EC) to solve this problem. The second part is about message routing with the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL). First of all, a comparison between the various existing routing metrics for the optimization of the energy consumed has been carried out. In addition of lifetime, the reliability and end-to-end latency criteria are considered for evaluating these metrics. Then, two new RPL metrics (R_MinMax and R_Delai) were proposed, achieving significant gains over the state of the art. The first one only considers the energy consumption and reliability, while the second one takes also into account the end-to-end latency
Karayannis, Vassilios-Petros. "Liberté économique et défense de l'intérêt général: le problème de retransmission par câble des émissions télévisées dans l'Union européenne." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211205.
Full textEn ce qui concerne l’accès des émissions aux réseaux câblés, la thèse met en avant le besoin de sauvegarder un service public de l’audiovisuel. Celui-ci est défini comme un ensemble des règles qui visent à la fois le paysage audiovisuel propre à chaque Etat membre (par exemple pluralisme) et le contenu des émissions proprement dit (émissions informatives, éducatives, épanouissement culturel etc.). Le droit communautaire primaire et dérivé, tel qu’interprété par la Cour de justice, fournit les moyens de conciliation entre, d’une part les intérêts généraux et, d’autre part, les exigences découlant de la libre prestation de services et de la libre concurrence.
En ce qui concerne l’application des droits intellectuels, la thèse aborde la problématique liée à l’épuisement ou la subsistance de ceux-ci. Dans le cas de la câblodistribution, la Cour a affirmé la subsistance du droit. Cette position est corroboré par la nouvelle directive européenne sur le droit d’auteur et les droits voisins dans la société de l’information. La thèse appuie la position de subsistance en considérant qu’elle constitue une condition essentielle pour la juste récompense des auteurs.
Enfin, la thèse aborde les questions plus spécifiques qui naissent à propos de la convergence technologique et juridique. Tout d’abord, il est avancé que le service public de l’audiovisuel n’est pas uniquement lié à des contraintes techniques, mais essentiellement à des objectifs qualitatifs (contenu des émissions). Ainsi, la thèse plaide en faveur de la pérpetuité du service public de l’audiovisuel dans l’ère du numérique. Par ailleurs, des questions plus spécifiques (comme l’accès à la boucle locale, l’interconnexion des réseaux et la numérisation des infrastructures) ont été examinées.
Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Hunsmann, Moritz. "Dépolitisations d'une épidémie - La lutte internationale contre le sida et les politiques de santé en Tanzanie." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01055458.
Full textLEMLOUMA, Tayeb. "Architecture de Négociation et d'Adaptation de Services Multimédia dans des Environnements Hétérogènes." Phd thesis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006253.
Full textFace à cette évolution, il est nécessaire de concevoir des systèmes qui permettent l'accès et l'utilisation de l'information sous une forme qui corresponde aux contraintes imposées par l'environnement. Cette thèse a pour objectif de contribuer à l'adaptation et à la négociation des contenus en considérant les limitations des utilisateurs et les contraintes de leur environnement. Nous présentons une architecture flexible appelée NAC qui permet de définir les composants qui interviennent dans la négociation et l'adaptation de contenu, et qui décrit comment ces composants sont organisés.
NAC permet plusieurs types d'adaptation : une adaptation structurelle, une adaptation sémantique et une adaptation des ressources médias. Ces types d'adaptation sont basés sur les différents contextes des clients (caractéristiques des terminaux, préférences des utilisateurs, etc.). Nous proposons également un modèle de description de contextes UPS (schémas universels pour la description des profils), un protocole de négociation et un ensemble de techniques d'adaptation. Les concepts de l'architecture NAC ont contribué aux travaux de standardisation du consortium W3C, en particulier au cadre de travail CC/PP et aux travaux sur l'indépendance des terminaux. Cette étude est complétée par une évaluation de performances qui démontre que le système proposé est exploitable dans la pratique.