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1
1908-, Gutmann Felix, ed. Charge transfer complexes in biological systems. New York: M. Dekker, 1997.
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United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management, ed. Physical system requirements-- accept waste. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.
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The benzodiazepine receptor: Drug acceptor only or a physiologically relevant part of our central nervous system? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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Shackelford, Douglas A. A unifying model of how the tax system and generally accepted accounting principles affect corporate behavior. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.
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United States. Dept. of Defense., ed. Defense acquisition: Guidance is needed on payments for conditionally accepted items : report to the Secretary of Defense. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.
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Evtushenko, Sergej, and Viktor Logvinov. Resistance of materials. Laboratory works. 4th edition. 4th ed. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16966.
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Data on laboratory works on resistance of materials are provided, the assessment of errors of results of measurements and experiments is given, statistical processing of experimental data is in detail stated. The book contains information on nondestructive methods and control devices of characteristics and diagnostics of materials and designs. In a grant the International system of units (SI) (tab. 1 of the Appendix) is used, designations of sizes are accepted according to the international recommendations of ISO. Data on physicomechanical characteristics of steel, cast iron, non-ferrous metals, wood and polymers and the allowed tension for them are provided in tab. 2-8 of the Appendix. The grant is intended for the students studying courses of resistance of materials, mechanics of materials and designs, applied mechanics, construction mechanics and construction designs.
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Shinn, George Wolfe. Some modern substitutes for Christianity: A consideration of the claims of theosophy, Christian Science, spiritualism, socialism and agnosticism, and of the reasons for declining to accept any one of these systems as a substitute for Christianity. 3rd ed. New York: T. Whittaker, 1990.
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Kirchman, David L. Processes in anoxic environments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0011.
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During organic material degradation in oxic environments, electrons from organic material, the electron donor, are transferred to oxygen, the electron acceptor, during aerobic respiration. Other compounds, such as nitrate, iron, sulfate, and carbon dioxide, take the place of oxygen during anaerobic respiration in anoxic environments. The order in which these compounds are used by bacteria and archaea (only a few eukaryotes are capable of anaerobic respiration) is set by thermodynamics. However, concentrations and chemical state also determine the relative importance of electron acceptors in organic carbon oxidation. Oxygen is most important in the biosphere, while sulfate dominates in marine systems, and carbon dioxide in environments with low sulfate concentrations. Nitrate respiration is important in the nitrogen cycle but not in organic material degradation because of low nitrate concentrations. Organic material is degraded and oxidized by a complex consortium of organisms, the anaerobic food chain, in which the by-products from physiological types of organisms becomes the starting material of another. The consortium consists of biopolymer hydrolysis, fermentation, hydrogen gas production, and the reduction of either sulfate or carbon dioxide. The by-product of sulfate reduction, sulfide and other reduced sulfur compounds, is oxidized back eventually to sulfate by either non-phototrophic, chemolithotrophic organisms or by phototrophic microbes. The by-product of another main form of anaerobic respiration, carbon dioxide reduction, is methane, which is produced only by specific archaea. Methane is degraded aerobically by bacteria and anaerobically by some archaea, sometimes in a consortium with sulfate-reducing bacteria. Cultivation-independent approaches focusing on 16S rRNA genes and a methane-related gene (mcrA) have been instrumental in understanding these consortia because the microbes remain uncultivated to date. The chapter ends with some discussion about the few eukaryotes able to reproduce without oxygen. In addition to their ecological roles, anaerobic protists provide clues about the evolution of primitive eukaryotes.
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Echenique, Ignacio A., and Michael G. Ison. To Accept or Not To Accept? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0026.
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These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain the state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
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Strijbos, Sytse. Systems Thinking. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.24.
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Systems thinking was launched by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and others in the 1950s as an interdisciplinary movement with a broad and bold scientific program. The movement attempts to overcome the dominating mechanistic world picture and related reductionism in the sciences which is regarded as one of the main causes of the problems of the modern world. This chapter discusses the sixty-year history of systems thinking and sketches some main lines of its three domains: systems science, systems approach in technology and management, and systems philosophy. This interdisciplinary movement has stimulated fruitful theory formation in the first mentioned domain, although it has not succeeded in achieving its original far-reaching goals. Furthermore, integrative, interdisciplinary systems approaches in technology and management have become well accepted. Finally, recent developments signal a return to the intellectual-spiritual roots of the systems movement aiming for a renewal of its scientific agenda.
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Müller, Walter Erhard, Walter E. Müller, and Walter Erhard M8ller. Benzodiazepine Receptor: Drug Acceptor Only or a Physiologically Relevant Part of Our Central Nervous System? Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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Shukla, Praveen K. SCRS CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS ON INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS. Edited by Raju Pal. Soft Computing Research Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/978-93-91842-08-6.
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This book presents the collection of the accepted research papers presented in the Conference on Intelligent Vision and Computing, 2021 and Conference on Intelligent Systems, 2021. In addition, this edited book contains articles related to the themes of business intelligence, artificial intelligence, data analysis, fake news detection, natural language processing, neural network, and cognitive computing.
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Hart, Graeme K., and David Pilcher. Severity of illness scoring systems. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0029.
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Clinical outcome comparisons for research and quality assurance require risk adjustment measures validated in the population of interest. There are many scoring systems using intensive care unit (ICU)-specific or administrative data sets, or both. Risk-adjusted ICU and hospital mortality outcome measures may be not granular enough or may be censored before the absolute risk of the studied outcome reaches that of the population at large. Data linkage methods may be used to examine longer-term outcomes. Organ failure scores provide a method for assessing the intra-episode time course of illness and scores using treatment variables may be useful for assessing care requirements. Each adjustment system has specific merits and limitations, which must be understood for appropriate use. Graphical representations of the comparisons facilitate understanding and time-appropriate response to variations in outcome. There are, as yet, no universally-accepted measures for severity of illness and risk adjustment in deteriorating patients outside the ICU.
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Product Of Random Stochastic Matrices And Distributed Averaging Doctoral Thesis Accepted By The University Of Illinois At Urbanachampaign Il Usa. Springer, 2012.
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Ronen, Boaz, Joseph S. Pliskin, and Shimeon Pass. The Complete Kit Concept (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190843458.003.0012.
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The complete kit (CK) concept is a well-established concept that offers considerable improvement potential for healthcare systems. It enables faster response times, lower costs, and improved quality. Working with incomplete kits leads to more work in process, longer response times, poor quality and customer dissatisfaction. The CK concept can be applied in all departments of healthcare systems including, among others, operating rooms, emergency departments, and outpatient clinics. To implement the CK concept, the healthcare system must train and educate executives, managers, physicians, nurses, and paramedical staff. Even though the concept is intuitively appreciated and accepted by people, there is a need to reinforce some formal frameworks as an infrastructure for implementing the CK concept.
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Svantesson, Dan Jerker B. Jurisdictional Interoperability— the Path Forward (for Now). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795674.003.0005.
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This chapter draws conclusions from the previous chapter on the history of Internet jurisdiction and suggests that the most appropriate path forward at this stage is to focus our attention on the concept of ‘jurisdictional interoperability’ as a part of ‘legal interoperability’. In other words, rather than vainly hoping for law reform in the shape of an all-encompassing international agreement overcoming the problems of Internet jurisdiction, we must accept that the road ahead will instead be travelled by many thousands of small steps. Just as the Internet is a successful network of networks, the mid-term solution to the jurisdictional issues online will be found in what one can see as a legal system of legal systems—a system in which domestic legal systems operate smoothly together with a minimum of inconsistencies and clashes.
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Müller, Walter Erhard. The Benzodiazepine Receptor: Drug Acceptor Only or a Physiologically Relevant Part of our Central Nervous System? (The Scientific Basis of Psychiatry). Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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Widerquist, Karl, and Grant McCall. The Prehistory of Private Property. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474447423.001.0001.
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This book examines the origin and development of the private property rights system from prehistory to the present day to debunk three widely accepted false beliefs about the private property system: that inequality is natural, inevitable, or incompatible with freedom; that capitalism is more consistent with negative freedom than any other conceivable economic system; and that there is something “natural” about the private property system. That is, the normative principles of appropriation and voluntary transfer applied in the world in which we live support a capitalist system with strong, individualist, and unequal private property rights. The book reviews the intellectual history of these claims and demonstrates their importance in contemporary political thought before reviewing the history and prehistory of the private property system to address their veracity. In so doing, the book uses thorough anthropological and historical evidence to refute these three claims. The book shows that societies with common-property systems maintaining strong equality and extensive freedom were initially nearly ubiquitous around the world, that their claims to common ownership were consistent with appropriation-based theories, and that the private property rights system was established through a long series of violent state-sponsored aggressions.
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Huret, Romain. The Not-So-Infernal Revenue Service? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796817.003.0008.
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This chapter describes the central issue of tax collection and the reasons why people still comply with the federal tax system in the United States. The current coercive model implies that fear and enforcement officers are the main vehicles of tax compliance in a country so attached to the idea of freedom against tyranny. However, rather than a coercive model of compliance, the chapter proposes a common ground model based upon three elements that explain why Americans have accepted and, generally speaking, still accept the expansion of fiscal power: (1) social legitimacy of the state and its actors; (2) a reach-out consensus on the definition and measurement of incomes and wealth; and (3) the ability of taxpayers and tax collectors to find room for negotiation. A historical outlook on different tax regimes demonstrates how institutional and social actors have searched continuously for common ground since the Early Republic.
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Balcerowicz, Piotr. Jayarāśi Against the Philosophers. Edited by Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.21.
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Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa (c.800–840), one of the most original Indian philosophers, a skeptic with a strong affiliation to the materialists, launches a devastating project against all philosophical schools: to demonstrate the existence of inherent flaws in any philosophical system one may construct. He does this by demonstrating systemic inconsistencies primarily involving the mutual dependence of our knowledge, on the one hand, and the means and categories, epistemic and ontological, we adopt in order to establish its validity and certitude, on the other. The upshot is that no consistent philosophical system is possible in which its fundamental premises can be proved by a valid, effective procedure. Perhaps the most significant outcome of Jayarāśi’s project is that all philosophical claims are necessarily made within a particular set of beliefs, or a particular closed system, the foundations of which are based on arbitrarily accepted criteria, definitions, and categories.
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Russell, Paul. Responsibility, Naturalism, and “The Morality System”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627607.003.0006.
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Even those who follow the general strategy of P. F. Strawson’s enormously influential “Freedom and Resentment” accept that his strong naturalist program needs to be substantially modified, if not rejected. An important effort to revise the Strawsonian program has been provided by R. Jay Wallace. This chapter argues that Wallace’s narrow construal of reactive attitudes, as they are involved in holding an agent responsible, comes at too high a cost. Related to this point, it is also argued that Wallace’s narrow conception of responsibility is a product of his effort to construct his account within the confines of the morality system and that this way of construing responsibility turns on a series of unnecessary and misleading oppositions. A more plausible middle path, it is maintained, can be found between Strawson’s excessively strong naturalist program and Wallace’s narrow and restrictive view of responsibility.
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Hinings, Bob, and Roston Greenwood. The Opening Up of Organization Theory. Edited by Adrian Wilkinson, Steven J. Armstrong, and Michael Lounsbury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198708612.013.7.
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This chapter explores the history of an open systems approach to the study of management and organizations, and the way in which it has become a taken-for-granted, institutionalized part of organization theory. Its introduction in the 1960s transformed our understanding of organizations because of its concern with the organization in its environment. It led to contingency theory which became a dominant approach within organization theory. Examined here are three variants of open-systems theory: general systems theory which argues that there are general ideas that can be applied to all systems; specific systems thinking where the concept of interdependent parts is accepted without necessarily accepting that all systems are similar; and approaches that theorize the organization within an environment but without any specific use of systems concepts and metaphors.
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Gibson, James L., and Michael J. Nelson. Symbols of Justice or of Social Control? Legal Authority and the Views of African Americans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865214.003.0005.
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Extant research has established that black and white Americans hold vastly different explicit attitudes about law, justice, and the legal system. What has not been established, however, is whether implicit attitudes—such as the networks of considerations that are activated by the symbols of legal authority—differ between blacks and whites. Earlier research has shown that exposure to the symbols of authority can have legitimacy-enhancing consequences, increasing the likelihood that an unwelcomed court decision will be accepted. Given the negative experiences many African Americans have with legal authorities—and clear evidence that blacks learn vicariously from the experiences of their co-ethnics—it seems unlikely that the finding from earlier research that law is viewed as just and benevolent is widely shared in the black community. Instead, we hypothesize, legal symbols are likely to stimulate associations colored with thoughts of injustice and social control. The American legal system is developing a crisis of legitimacy among its black constituents; understanding how explicit and implicit information processing systems affect black attitudes is therefore of crucial scientific and political relevance.
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Black, Donald W., and Nancee Blum, eds. Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving for Borderline Personality Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199384426.001.0001.
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This edited, multi-authored text brings together all that is known about Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS), a group treatment program for outpatients with borderline personality disorder. The book describes the program, the evidence that is supportive of STEPPS, and its implementation in a variety of settings and countries. Created at the University of Iowa in 1995, STEPPS combines cognitive-behavioral therapy, skills training, and psychoeducation with a systems component for family, friends, and significant others. The 5-month-long program is easily learned and delivered by therapists from a wide range of theoretical orientations. Data show that STEPPS is effective and produces clinically important improvement. The program is well accepted by patients and therapists. STEPPS is listed in the US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) National Registry of Evidence-based Practices (NREPP). The program is embraced by the health care systems in the United Kingdom and The Netherlands and is used in correctional settings.
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Stivachtis, Yannis A. International Society: Global/Regional Dimensions and Geographic Expansion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.244.
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To understand the global and regional dimensions of the contemporary international society, one must become familiar with the English School literature related to the historical expansion of the European society of states and its gradual transformation to the global international society of today. There is a distinction between an international system and an international society. English School scholars have accepted that this distinction is valid, but the boundary line between the two concepts is problematic. According to the English School literature, before and during the establishment of the European society of states, the world was divided into many regional international systems/societies—each with its own distinctive rules and institutions reflecting the dominant regional culture. The global international society of the early twentieth century was the result of the expansion of the European international society, which gradually brought other regional international systems/societies into contact with one another. However, World War I led to the destruction of the European society of states. Moreover, the emergence of a bipolar world in conjunction with the imperial Soviet policies during the Cold War led to the division of the global international system into two separate international societies. Nevertheless, with the end of the Cold War, a united global international society emerged. Within the confines of the global gesellschaft international society, one can find several gemeinschaft types of regional international societies—some of which are more developed than others.
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Tolchin, Benjamin, and Gaston Baslet. Readiness to Start Treatment and Obstacles to Adherence. Edited by Barbara A. Dworetzky and Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0013.
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Effective evidence-based psychotherapeutic regimens for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are available, but several obstacles still contribute to poor adherence to treatment. This chapter reviews the three stages at which patient dropout tends to occur in clinical practice and in studies. Patient-related, provider-related, and systemic causes of nonadherence are reviewed. Patient-related factors include a failure to accept or understand the diagnosis, psychiatric comorbidities, and ambivalence about change. Provider-related and systemic factors include a shortage of behavioral health specialists, gaps in care between neurologists and mental health providers, a lack of familiarity with the disorder, and stigmatization of patients. The chapter concludes with a review of potential interventions to address obstacles to treatment, including an integrated treatment team with joint presentation of the diagnosis, rapid and streamlined transition into psychotherapy, motivational interviewing, and engagement of patients’ family members and support systems.
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Defense acquisition: Guidance is needed on payments for conditionally accepted items : report to the Secretary of Defense. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.
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Defense acquisition: Guidance is needed on payments for conditionally accepted items : report to the Secretary of Defense. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.
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Interacting Boson Model From Energy Density Functionals Doctoral Thesis Accepted By The University Of Tokyo Tokyo Japan. Springer Verlag, Japan, 2013.
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Carty, Anthony, and Janne Nijman. The Moral Responsibility of Rulers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199670055.003.0001.
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It is a generally accepted idea in contemporary international legal scholarship that to think about an international rule of law is a liberal project, the ‘sole thinkable principle of organization’ for the modern international system. Martti Koskenniemi opened his seminal article ‘The Politics of International Law’ with the observation that...
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Weller, Patrick, Dennis Grube, and R. A. W. Rhodes. Comparing Cabinets. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844945.001.0001.
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Why is cabinet government so resilient? Despite many obituaries, why does it continue to be the vehicle for governing across most parliamentary systems? This book answers these questions by examining the structure and performance of cabinet government in five democracies: the United Kingdom, Denmark, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Australia. The book is organized around the dilemmas that cabinet governments must solve: how to develop the formal rules and practices that can bring predictability to the daily business and allow consistent decision making; how to balance good policy with good politics; how to ensure cohesion between the factions and parties that constitute the cabinet while allowing levels of self-interest to be advanced; how leaders can balance persuasion and command; and how to maintain support through accountability at the same time as being able to make unpopular decisions. All these dilemmas are continuing challenges to cabinet government, never solvable, and constantly reappearing in different forms. We ask how traditions, beliefs, and practices shape the answers. The different practices between the democracies examined show there can be no single definition of cabinet government. This comparative approach provides analysis and insights into the process of cabinet government that cannot be achieved in the study of any single political system. We better understand the pressures on each system by appreciating the options that are elsewhere accepted as common beliefs.
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Scolding, Neil. Vasculitis and collagen vascular diseases. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0862.
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That part of the clinical interface between neurology and general medicine occupied by inflammatory and immunological diseases is neither small nor medically trivial. Neurologists readily accept the challenges of ‘primary’ immune diseases of the nervous system: these tend to be focussed on one particular target such as oligodendrocytes or the neuro-muscular junction present in predictable ways, and are amenable as a rule to rational, methodological diagnosis, and occasionally even treatment. This is proper neurology.‘Secondary’ neurological involvement in diseases mainly considered systemic inflammatory conditions—for example, SLE, sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and Behçet’s—is a rather different matter. It may be difficult enough to secure such a diagnosis even when systemic disease has previously been diagnosed and new neurological features need to be differentiated from iatrogenic disease, particularly drug side effects or the consequences of immune suppression. But all the diseases mentioned may present with and confine themselves wholly to the nervous system; they may mimic one another, and pursue erratic and unpredictable clinical courses. In central nervous system disease, diagnosis by tissue biopsy is potentially hazardous and unattractive. Few neurologists enjoy excesses of confidence or expertise when faced with such clinical problems: the cautious diagnostician is perplexed, and the evidence-based neuroprescriber confounded. Unsurprisingly, great variations in approaches to diagnosis and management are seen (Scolding et al. 2002b).But rheumatologically inclined general, renal or respiratory physicians, comfortable when managing inflammation affecting their system or indeed other parts of the body designed to support the nervous system, are generally also ill at ease when faced with neurological features whose differential diagnosis may be large, particularly given the near universal diagnostic non-specificity of either imaging or CSF analysis.Here then is the subject material for this chapter: the diagnosis and management of central nervous system involvement in inflammatory and immunological systemic diseases (Scolding 1999a). In not one of these neurological conditions has a single controlled therapeutic trial been reported, and much that is published on these conditions is misleading or inaccurate. And yet the frequency with which the diagnosis is only confirmed or even first emerges at autopsy bears stark witness to both the severity and evasiveness of these disorders.
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Thompson, William R. American Global Pre-Eminence. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197534663.001.0001.
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Most discussions of US decline in global politics couch their arguments and evidence in the most contemporary context. But US systemic leadership is not entirely novel. The United States follows a global lineage that has been emerging and evolving for centuries. From this perspective, systemic leadership is based not so much on executive personality, clever diplomacy, or randomness as it is on a pecking order established by leads in technological innovation, energy, and global reach. When these leads falter, the ability to engage in systemic leadership becomes more difficult, regardless of whoever occupies the American presidency. The context that facilitates systemic leadership does not determine what chief executives will attempt to do, but it does play an important facilitative or non-facilitative role. Similarly, the people who compete for and win the presidency reflect that systemic and sub-systemic (domestic politics) context. Thus, the interactions among global and domestic contexts and politicians are more complex and yet more shaped by long-term history than is commonly accepted. The ultimate irony is that as it becomes clearer how these variables interact, the possibility that the processes are undergoing fundamental transformation cannot be ruled out. The real policy question is not whether the United States is ahead or behind China but, rather, will it be possible for a single state to lead the global system as in the past? As technological innovation, energy consumption, and global reach capability become less concentrated, the prospects for systemic leadership shrink—even as global problems become more complex and acute.
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Butow, Phyllis N. Issues in coding cancer consultations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0064.
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It is now well accepted that communication between the health professional and the patient is a critical component of quality patient care, and that poor communication can adversely affect both patient and health professional outcomes. However, audits of doctor and nurse communication with patients have consistently revealed deficits, prompting the growth of communication skills training for both junior and senior clinicians, and the publication of communication guidelines for various challenging situations. Interaction analysis systems (IAS) enable the analysis of communication between the doctor, patient, family, and other health professionals in a qualitative and quantitative fashion. They are used as descriptive and outcome measures in research into medical communication, as well as to provide feedback to individual clinicians on their behaviour. Two types of IAS can be identified: ‘content’ systems, which describe task-oriented behaviour; and ‘process’ systems, which measure socio-emotional behaviour. This chapter describes and compares a variety of IAS.
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Sweet, Bridget. Thinking Outside the Voice Box. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190916374.001.0001.
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Thinking Outside the Voice Box: Adolescent Voice Change in Music Education is different from other books on voice change in that it encourages new and holistic ways of thinking about the female and male adolescent changing voice. It gives choral music educators (or anyone interested in the changing voice) the opportunity to step away from typical considerations of voice change and explore the experience within the bigger picture of adolescence. Female and male adolescent voice change are addressed at length, but special efforts have been made to bring new attention to female voice change to boost considerations of females in choral music education. Holistic considerations encompass the importance of understanding physical development during adolescence, including the body, brain, and auditory system; vocal anatomy and physiology in general, as well as during male and female voice change; the impact of hormones on the adolescent voice, especially for female singers; ideas of resolve and perseverance that are essential to adolescent navigation of voice change; and exploration of portrayals of voice change that have contributed to a situated reality not based in fact, but accepted in pop culture. Choral educators are also given a larger scope of voice classification systems and other foundational ideas in choral music education through examination of some of the most eminent works in the profession. Emerging considerations of adolescent voice change beyond classification systems provide new food for thought about working with the adolescent changing voice.
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John, Lovell. Part II Institutions and Constitutional Change, B The Parliamentary System, Ch.9 Parliamentary Sovereignty in Canada. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0009.
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Despite a federal division of powers and entrenched constitutional rights provisions, parliamentary sovereignty is accepted in Canada as a significant legal phenomenon. The traditional understanding inherited from Britain is that Parliament remains legally free at all times to make or change any legal rule that it wants. This chapter recounts the story of how that understanding has been adapted to the Canadian constitutional context. It also discusses Canadian experience with the problem of a Parliament binding its successors, including certain qualifications that are now brought to the uncompromising view attributed to constitutional scholar A.V. Dicey. Finally, it examines the question of what official bodies, in addition to courts, are recognized by Canadian law as being able to decide that a statute is invalid.
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Finochietto, Jorge Raúl, and Patricia Mabel Pesado, eds. Computer Science & Technology Series. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/58553.
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CACIC’13 was the nineteenth Congress in the CACIC series. It was organized by the Department of Computer Systems at the CAECE University in Mar del Plata. The Congress included 13 Workshops with 165 accepted papers, 5 Conferences, 3 invited tutorials, different meetings related with Computer Science Education (Professors, PhD students, Curricula) and an International School with 5 courses. CACIC 2013 was organized following the traditional Congress format, with 13 Workshops covering a diversity of dimensions of Computer Science Research. Each topic was supervised by a committee of 3-5 chairs of different Universities. The call for papers attracted a total of 247 submissions. An average of 2.5 review reports were collected for each paper, for a grand total of 676 review reports that involved about 210 different reviewers. A total of 165 full papers, involving 489 authors and 80 Universities, were accepted and 25 of them were selected for this book.
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Arroyo, Vicente, Mónica Guevara, and Javier Fernández. Renal failure in cirrhosis. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0247.
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A major event in liver cirrhosis is the development of a progressive deterioration of circulatory function due to splanchnic arterial vasodilation and impairment in cardiac function. This feature determines a homeostatic activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and antidiuretic hormone. The splanchnic microcirculation is resistant to the vasoconstrictor effect of these systems. Therefore, the homeostasis of arterial pressure in cirrhosis occurs in the extrasplanchnic, mainly renal circulation. The activation of these systems produces renal fluid retention, which accumulates as ascites, and water retention and dilutional hyponatraemia. In the latest phase of cirrhosis, when circulatory dysfunction is severe, renal vasoconstriction is intense and patients develop type 2 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and refractory ascites.Type 1 HRS is an acute and rapidly progressive renal failure that occurs in the setting of a precipitating event, commonly an infection. Patients with type 1 HRS also present with rapid deterioration of liver function (encephalopathy, jaundice) and relative adrenal insufficiency. The mechanism of this multiorgan failure is an acute deterioration in circulatory function due to both an accentuation of arterial vasodilation and of cardiac dysfunction.There is no specific test for the diagnosis of HRS. The most accepted diagnostic criteria are those proposed by the International Ascites Club which are based on the exclusion of other types of renal failure. The course of renal failure following treatment of the precipitating event of HRS is another important diagnostic feature.The treatment of choice of tense ascites in cirrhosis is paracentesis associated with intravenous albumin infusion. Moderate sodium restriction and diuretics (spironolactone alone or associated with furosemide) are subsequently given to prevent re-accumulation of ascites. Diuretics are the treatment of choice in patients with moderate ascites. Patients with type 2 HRS and refractory ascites (not responding to diuretics) could be treated by frequent paracentesis or by the insertion of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS).Terlipressin plus albumin is the treatment of choice in type 1 HRS
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Elwood, Mark, and Simon Sutcliffe. Cancer control and the burden of cancer. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550173.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 discusses that treatment is essentially a facility-based intervention according to defined or accepted protocols; care describes the coordination and integration of activities to enhance well-being, including treatment episodes, across the various locations and circumstances in which care is provided; and control refers to the system response to meet the needs of the population served, encompassing issues of awareness, communication, education, access, support, costs, etc. associated with interventions to control cancer.
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Brachman, Ronald J., and Hector J. Levesque. Machines like Us. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14299.001.0001.
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How we can create artificial intelligence with broad, robust common sense rather than narrow, specialized expertise. It's sometime in the not-so-distant future, and you send your fully autonomous self-driving car to the store to pick up your grocery order. The car is endowed with as much capability as an artificial intelligence agent can have, programmed to drive better than you do. But when the car encounters a traffic light stuck on red, it just sits there—indefinitely. Its obstacle-avoidance, lane-following, and route-calculation capacities are all irrelevant; it fails to act because it lacks the common sense of a human driver, who would quickly figure out what's happening and find a workaround. In Machines like Us, Ron Brachman and Hector Levesque—both leading experts in AI—consider what it would take to create machines with common sense rather than just the specialized expertise of today's AI systems. Using the stuck traffic light and other relatable examples, Brachman and Levesque offer an accessible account of how common sense might be built into a machine. They analyze common sense in humans, explain how AI over the years has focused mainly on expertise, and suggest ways to endow an AI system with both common sense and effective reasoning. Finally, they consider the critical issue of how we can trust an autonomous machine to make decisions, identifying two fundamental requirements for trustworthy autonomous AI systems: having reasons for doing what they do, and being able to accept advice. Both in the end are dependent on having common sense.
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Beck, Robert J. International Law and International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.406.
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International Law (IL) is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations. It serves as a framework for the practice of stable and organized international relations (IR). International law differs from state-based legal systems in that it is primarily applicable to countries rather than to private citizens. National law may become international law when treaties delegate national jurisdiction to supranational tribunals such as the European Court of Human Rights or the International Criminal Court. The immense body that makes up international law encompasses a piecemeal collection of international customs; agreements; treaties; accords, charters, legal precedents of the International Court of Justice (aka World Court); and more. Without a unique governing, enforcing entity, international law is a largely voluntary endeavor, wherein the power of enforcement only exists when the parties consent to adhere to and abide by an agreement. This is where IR come about; it attempts to explain behavior that occurs across the boundaries of states, the broader relationships of which such behavior is a part, and the institutions (private, state, nongovernmental, and intergovernmental) that oversee those interactions. Explanations can also be found in the relationships between and among the participants, in the intergovernmental arrangements among states, in the activities of multinational corporations, or in the distribution of power and control in the world as a single system.
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Godrej, Farah. Freedom Inside? Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190070083.001.0001.
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Freedom Inside? offers a combination of personal narrative and scholarly research in order to examine the role of yoga and meditation in US prisons. It offers a glimpse inside the system now known as mass incarceration, which disproportionately punishes, confines, and controls those from black, brown, and/or poor communities at exponentially higher rates, diminishing their life-chances and creating a vast underclass of disempowered, subordinated citizens. How do self-disciplinary practices such as yoga and meditation work when they are taught inside unjust systems? Do they produce political passivity, quietism, and compliance, if offered as palliatives to accept, cope, and comply with unjust power structures? Or, might they prove disruptive to mass incarceration, if offered as tools to develop awareness and attunement toward injustice, to engage in nonconformist responses that include critique and challenge? The book explores both the promises and pitfalls of yoga and meditation when taught in prisons in different ways. It is based on four years of immersion in prisons and prison volunteer communities, along with ethnographic work inside a detention facility, and many in-depth interviews with those who teach and practice inside prisons. It interweaves academic narratives with personal experiences of collaboration with volunteers and incarcerated practitioners.
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McCorquodale, Robert. Sources and the Subjects of International Law. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0036.
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This chapter explores the range of participants involved in international law-making, including corporations, non-State armed groups, and non-governmental organizations, in addition to States and international organizations. The approach taken in this chapter is that of global legal pluralism, which recognizes that there can be multiple actors participating in a legal system to create law, and which accepts disparities in powers. In addition, the chapter indicates that the terminology of ‘subjects’ is deeply problematic in international law and should be abandoned.
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Rothman, Mitchell S. Interaction of Uruk and Northern Late Chalcolithic Societies in Anatolia. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0037.
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This article presents an overview of the Uruk period. It considers the disagreement over an analysis of the organization and evolution of societies in southeastern and eastern Anatolia represented by a number of key sites. If one accepts, as most people do, that an Uruk Expansion trading system existed, and furthermore, if one accepts that the south had tremendous structural advantages in this trade, does that necessarily imply that Wallerstein's description of the periphery applies to the Mesopotamian case, in particular to the development of northern and Anatolian societies? It is argued that first, the northern societies were involved in this trade, and that it did affect the evolution of these societies; but that, second, they were already developing, so that the nature of this interaction was not the same in extent or kind as in the sixteenth century CE and the indigenous societies of the New World and their initial European colonists.
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Keating, Michael, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Scottish Politics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825098.001.0001.
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Politics in Scotland has changed massively in recent decades. Since 1999, there has been a devolved Parliament and Government. Scotland is of interest, not because of some essential difference from England but as a European nation, with its own history and society, within the larger union of the United Kingdom. Devolution, once a contested issue, is now broadly accepted. Since devolution, the party system and voting patterns have changed. Scotland’s capacity to make its own public policy has grown. The constitutional issue was not resolved in the Independence Referendum of 2014 and has entered a new phase with Brexit.
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Swarm, Robert A., Menelaos Karanikolas, Lesley K. Rao, and Michael J. Cousins. Interventional approaches for chronic pain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0098.
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Severe, uncontrolled pain remains common in populations with serious or life-threatening illness. Despite the availability of oral opioid therapy in most developed countries, an estimated 10-30% of people with advanced cancer have inadequate pain control. Published guidelines endorse the view that these patients should be considered for procedural, or so-called interventional, pain therapies. Generally accepted indications for interventional pain therapies include (a) uncontrolled pain despite systemic analgesics and (b) unacceptable systemic analgesic adverse effects. This chapter describes these therapies and discusses how they are best used within a multimodal strategy for symptom management. Interventional pain therapies are now incorporated into best practices for cancer pain management. These therapies, especially spinal analgesics, neurolytic coeliac plexus block, and vertebroplasty, have become essential components of palliative care, to control pain that cannot be safely and effectively managed with systemic analgesics.
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Galliott, Jai. The Unabomber on Robots. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652951.003.0024.
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This chapter offers a limited defense of a controversial argument put forward by Ted Kaczynski, the “Unabomber,” namely that technological society threatens humanity’s survival. It draws on direct correspondence and prison interviews with Kaczynski and applies his broader views to the robotization of humanity; and it argues that the technological system is so complex that users are forced into choosing between jailed technology controlled by those within existing oppressive power structures, dedicating their lives to building knowledge and understanding of the software and robotics that facilitate participation in the technological system, or otherwise revolting against said system. That is, contra Peter Ludlow, it is not simply a matter of putting technology back in the hands of the people through “hacktivisim” or open-source design and programming. We must either accept revolt as permissible or recover a philosophy of technology truly geared toward human ends—parts set against the dehumanizing whole.
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Marks, Amber, Ben Bowling, and Colman Keenan. Automatic Justice? Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.32.
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This chapter examines how forensic science and technology are reshaping crime investigation, prosecution, and the administration of criminal justice. It highlights the profound effect of new scientific techniques, data collection devices, and mathematical analysis on the traditional criminal justice system. These blur procedural boundaries that have hitherto been central, while automating and procedurally compressing the entire criminal justice process. Technological innovation has also resulted in mass surveillance and eroded ‘double jeopardy’ protections due to scientific advances that enable the revisiting of conclusions reached long ago. These innovations point towards a system of ‘automatic justice’ that minimizes human agency and undercut traditional due process safeguards that have hitherto been central to the criminal justice model. To rebalance the relationship between state and citizen in a system of automatic criminal justice, we may need to accept the limitations of the existing criminal procedure framework and deploy privacy and data protection law.
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de Beauvoir, Simone, Véronique Zaytzeff, Frederick M. Morrison, Sonia Kruks, and Andrea Veltman. Right-Wing Thought Today. Translated by Véronique Zaytzeff and Frederick M. Morrison. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036941.003.0009.
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Truth is one, but error is multiple. It is not just by chance that the right wing professes pluralism. Right-wing doctrines that give expression to pluralism are far too numerous for this article to seriously examine them all. Yet, bourgeois thinkers—who forbid their adversaries the use of Marxist methods if they do not accept the entire system as a whole—still have no qualms themselves about eclectically pulling together ideas borrowed from Spengler, Burnham, Jaspers, and many others....
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McCrudden, Christopher. Fundamentals of Human Rights Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759041.003.0007.
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The previous three chapters described three central problems that recur when courts have to deal with religious litigation: the teleological problem, epistemological problem, and ontological problem. All three problems are both the occasion for disputes, and (taken together) exacerbate other disputes, bringing the courts themselves into the fray, preventing them from playing the role of standing above the conflict. So, what is to be done? This chapter proposes a reconstructed practice-dependent theory of human rights that addresses issues of religion. It discusses how human dignity provides a normative foundation for the system of human rights as a whole. The proposed theory accepts that human rights law and human rights practice beyond the legal sphere is pluralistic, and that building this pluralism into human rights theory accurately reflects the diverse nature of human rights, including judicial adjudication and religious narratives within that system.