Journal articles on the topic 'Acceptable Losses'
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1
Yechiam, Eldad. "Acceptable losses: the debatable origins of loss aversion." Psychological Research 83, no. 7 (April 16, 2018): 1327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-1013-8.
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Silva, V. M., and J. F. Coimbra Leite Costa. "Selecting the maximum acceptable error in data minimising financial losses." Applied Earth Science 125, no. 4 (September 16, 2016): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03717453.2016.1230972.
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OERKE, E. C. "Crop losses to pests." Journal of Agricultural Science 144, no. 1 (December 9, 2005): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005708.
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Productivity of crops grown for human consumption is at risk due to the incidence of pests, especially weeds, pathogens and animal pests. Crop losses due to these harmful organisms can be substantial and may be prevented, or reduced, by crop protection measures. An overview is given on different types of crop losses as well as on various methods of pest control developed during the last century.Estimates on potential and actual losses despite the current crop protection practices are given for wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, soybeans, and cotton for the period 2001–03 on a regional basis (19 regions) as well as for the global total. Among crops, the total global potential loss due to pests varied from about 50% in wheat to more than 80% in cotton production. The responses are estimated as losses of 26–29% for soybean, wheat and cotton, and 31, 37 and 40% for maize, rice and potatoes, respectively. Overall, weeds produced the highest potential loss (34%), with animal pests and pathogens being less important (losses of 18 and 16%). The efficacy of crop protection was higher in cash crops than in food crops. Weed control can be managed mechanically or chemically, therefore worldwide efficacy was considerably higher than for the control of animal pests or diseases, which rely heavily on synthetic chemicals. Regional differences in efficacy are outlined. Despite a clear increase in pesticide use, crop losses have not significantly decreased during the last 40 years. However, pesticide use has enabled farmers to modify production systems and to increase crop productivity without sustaining the higher losses likely to occur from an increased susceptibility to the damaging effect of pests.The concept of integrated pest/crop management includes a threshold concept for the application of pest control measures and reduction in the amount/frequency of pesticides applied to an economically and ecologically acceptable level. Often minor crop losses are economically acceptable; however, an increase in crop productivity without adequate crop protection does not make sense, because an increase in attainable yields is often associated with an increased vulnerability to damage inflicted by pests.
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Erejepov, Madiyar, A. N. Novikov, B. M. Khusanov, Bayram Seytmuratov, and Ziynatdin Sayimbetov. "Algorithm for estimating the mode and electricity losses in distribution electric networks 6-110 kV conditions of incomplete information." E3S Web of Conferences 289 (2021): 07018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128907018.
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The article provides an analysis of methods for calculating electricity losses. The conditions for the application of methods for calculating electricity losses are determined, and structural separated losses in electrical networks are shown. An algorithm for calculating electricity losses is presented, which makes it possible to obtain acceptable results with a minimum of initial information, which has a limited degree of reliability.
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Solovjev, D. S., I. A. Solovjeva, Yu V. Litovka, and V. A. Nesterov. "Searching Method for Suboptimal Action Ensuring Acceptable Losses in the Process Quality." Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Reliability 49, no. 5 (September 2020): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1052618820050143.
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Солнцев, Vyacheslav Solntsev, Дерканосова, and Natalya Derkanosova. "Reduction of losses of alfalfa seeds at harvesting." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 3 (December 8, 2014): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6269.
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The features of the testes of alfalfa as an object of harvesting is considered, an analysis of ex-isting methods of harvesting alfalfa seeds is given. Combing harvesting of seeds at the root is barely acceptable method because of gather-ing of water-logged heap requiring drying, which requires energy. Combing using adapters to combine harvesters not only reduces the loss of alfalfa seeds, but on the contrary increases them as overwetting small pile, that does not separate, comes for machine cleaning. The problem of reducing the loss of seeds is solved by harvesting with collection of all biological mass and its treatment at the station.
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Airimioaei, M., M. T. Buscaglia, I. Tredici, U. Anselmi-Tamburini, C. E. Ciomaga, L. Curecheriu, A. Bencan, V. Buscaglia, and L. Mitoseriu. "SrTiO3–BaTiO3 nanocomposites with temperature independent permittivity and linear tunability fabricated using field-assisted sintering from chemically synthesized powders." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 35 (2017): 9028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc02629c.
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Tripathi, Rahul, Megan Parker, Zoey Chanin, Seema Kapoor, Domonique Masumbuko, Dipika Matthias, and Peiman Milani. "Ultra Rice Technology: Acceptable Micronutrient Losses and Limited Microbial Growth Enable Shelf Life Extension." European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety 5, no. 5 (January 10, 2015): 373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2015/20862.
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Takács, S. "Acceptable coupling losses in coated conductors at industrial frequencies without twisting the superconducting stripes." Journal of Applied Physics 103, no. 5 (March 2008): 053907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2844490.
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Ash, Kevin D., Susan L. Cutter, and Christopher T. Emrich. "Acceptable losses? The relative impacts of natural hazards in the United States, 1980–2009." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 5 (September 2013): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.08.001.
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Boers, Paul C. M. "Nutrient emissions from agriculture in the Netherlands, causes and remedies." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0503.
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Agriculture causes 60% of the total nitrogen emissions and 40-50% of the total P emissions to the surface waters in the Netherlands. These high emissions are mainly caused by the large amounts of fertilizers used on Dutch farms. On average, 39 kg P ha−1 and 340 kg N ha−1 are given in excess to the uptake by the crop. The Netherlands follows a strategy of gradual reduction of the nutrient applications to crops. The first two phases were aimedat stabilisation and a gradual reduction of the use of organic manure. The goal of the third phase is to accomplish equilibrium fertilization in the year 2000. This means that the amount of fertilizer given may not exceed the crop uptake, considering an acceptable loss to the environment. The losses are based upon acceptable emissions, mainly to surface waters. With the average excess rainfall in the Netherlands, the water quality standards are met with a loss of 0.4 kg P ha−1 and 6 kg N ha−1, much lower than the present excesses of minerals. The challenge for the future is to close the gap between environmentally acceptable and present losses. Equilibrium fertilization will not solve all problems at short notice. Therefore, additional techniques to reduce nutrient losses are in development. Examples are restoration of buffer strips and wetlands, lowering of groundwater levels, dosing of ferric and aluminum compounds in the soils and several additional measures in eutrophied lakes.
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Oluwole Olakunle Green, Gbenga Ayodeji Gbotoso, Samuel Okeolu Omogoye, Olufemi Sobowale Soneye, Iskeel Adekunle Sadiq, and Abayomi Olukayode Ajayi. "A model of optical fiber point-to-point communication system." International Journal of Engineering Research Updates 3, no. 1 (August 30, 2022): 033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.1.0049.
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The waveguide which is considered recently for transmission of radio frequency (RF) signals from one node to another node is the optic fiber technology. The reliance on fast transmission of information can be achieved with the implementation of fiber optic cable as a waveguide in a communication channel. Basically, optic fiber transmits information with the aid of light called laser at majorly two categories of wavelengths which are 1310 nm and 1550 nm. Propagation of signal over a long stretch of fiber is affected by attenuation due to scattering, fiber bend due to impurities and absorption between the core and the cladding when signal travels along the channel, but these loses are minimal between acceptable value. Optical fiber sensors called photodetector are used to detect the information at the receiving end with minimal losses along the fiber channel. Results obtained demonstrate that there are minimal losses in a fiber cable-based signal transmission.
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Knetsch, Jack L., Yohanes E. Riyanto, and Jichuan Zong. "Gain and Loss Domains and the Choice of Welfare Measure of Positive and Negative Changes." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 3, no. 4 (December 17, 2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/2152-2812.1084.
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Mounting evidence continues to suggest that people value changes in terms of a neutral reference state and that those in the domain of losses are commonly valued far more than those in the gains. Consequently, both negative and positive changes in the domain of losses, including mitigation of losses such as restoring environmental quality and reducing accident rates, may be more accurately valued with the minimum acceptable-compensation (WTA) measure, those in the domain of gains are more accurate with the maximum willingness-to-pay (WTP) measure. Current practice, that assumes equivalence and that all positive changes are considered as gains, is therefore likely to often seriously mislead.
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Hind-Roff, Judie, and Debbie Withers. "Chatty Cats: Bereavement Work with Nine to Fifteen Year Olds." Australian Journal of Primary Health 7, no. 1 (2001): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py01024.
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Bereavement group work provides an opportunity for young people to deal with the responses to their loss and to learn skills that will support them in adjusting to other losses that they may experience throughout their lives. The group uses adolescent acceptable modalities like self-assessment, mentoring, experimenting with coping, including such things as massage, pottery and music. This provides a variety of ways to encourage the expression, and then acceptance, of the complex range of emotions evoked by a significant loss. Group work aims to build resilience and to create positive health outcomes for young people now and into adulthood and perhaps even "generationally" as they become parents.
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Connell, Joseph H., John M. Labavitch, G. Steven Sibbett, Wilbur O. Reil, William H. Barnett, and Chris Heintz. "Early Harvest of Almonds to Circumvent Late Infestation by Navel Orangeworm." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 4 (July 1989): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.4.595.
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Abstract Third-generation navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) damage to almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) kernels is a serious problem in the California almond industry. An early harvest is one means of reducing losses and increasing crop quality. A successful early harvest was accomplished 2 to 3 weeks before the normal harvest date, with no perceptible effect on kernel quality. Percent hullsplit was correlated with nut removal, providing a field guide to acceptable maturity. Within defined limits, yield, drying rate, and hullability of early harvested almonds were acceptable.
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Prymirenko, Volodymyr, Andrii Demianiuk, Roman Shevtsov, Serhii Bazilo, and Petro Steshenko. "The impact of the joint use of false aircraft targets in a group of combat unmanned aerial vehicles on the results of destruction." RADIOELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS, no. 3 (October 4, 2022): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/reks.2022.3.10.
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The subject of the paper is the process of joint use of false aircraft targets as part of a group of combat unmanned aerial vehicles to perform tasks to destroy enemy targets. The current paper determines the optimal number of false aircraft targets in a group of combat unmanned aerial vehicles to defeat targets with the desired degree of their defeat and acceptable losses of own combat unmanned aerial vehicles. The scientific task is to improve the methodology for determining the optimal number of false aircraft targets in a group of combat unmanned aerial vehicles to defeat targets with the desired degree of defeat and acceptable losses of own combat unmanned aerial vehicles. To achieve the purpose of the research paper, the following tasks were performed: the process of joint use of false aircraft targets as part of a group of combat unmanned aerial vehicles to defeat targets with the desired degree of their defeat has been formalized; a mathematical model for determining the optimal composition of false aircraft targets as part of a group of combat unmanned aerial vehicles to minimize the losses of real aircraft during their tasks has been developed; based on the conditions of a practical example, the functioning of the improved methodology has been tested and the relevant recommendations have been substantiated. Methods. The mathematical model uses combinatorics and binomial probability distribution. The following results were obtained. An improved methodology is presented, which is multifunctional since, on the one hand, its use makes it possible to determine the required number of false aircraft targets in a group of combat unmanned aerial vehicles to defeat targets with the desired degree of their defeat and acceptable losses of own combat unmanned aerial vehicles, and on the other hand, to determine the predicted level of losses of real aircraft targets from the group when using a certain number of false aircraft targets. Conclusions. The availability of an improved methodology with ready-made calculation formulas will allow the prediction of possible results of combat use of groups of unmanned aerial vehicles based on the initial parameters and substantiate recommendations on their possible composition.
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Kadlec, R. H. "Thermal environments of subsurface treatment wetlands." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0837.
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Treatment wetlands are solar powered ecosystems, resulting in annually cyclic temperatures. This paper reports data and models for temperatures and energy flows for subsurface flow wetlands. The water temperature seasonal cycle follows the air temperature during unfrozen conditions, with small hysteresis. Winter under-ice water temperatures are approximately 2°C. The energy balance is dominated by radiation to and from the wetland, and evaporative losses. Sensible heat flows, conduction and convection are of smaller magnitude. Lateral energy losses were measured to be small. Vertical gains and losses were also small, but of importance in winter conditions. A simple model for ice formation shows that ice formation may be held to an acceptable minimum by addition of mulch or by early snow accumulation.
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Lin, Yu-Cheng, Yu-Hsin Lu, Fang-Chi Lin, and Yi-Chen Lu. "Net Losses and the Relationship between Auditor Independence and Client Importance: Evidence from a Cubist Regression-Tree Model." Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jeta-51673.
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ABSTRACT This paper uses a cubist regression-tree model to explore when and why auditors compromise their independence. Using data from companies in Taiwan, we study the association between client importance and auditor independence. The results show a positive relationship between client importance and auditor dependence when clients report net losses in the current year. We also find that auditors allow more important clients to manage their discretionary accruals slightly upward, but the clients still report net losses on their financial statements. This suggests that auditors may impair their independence for clients with certain characteristics and acceptable levels of audit risk.
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Noor, Hamze, Seyed Khalagh Mirnia, Somaye Fazli, Mohamad bagher Raisi, and Mahdi Vafakhah. "Application of MUSLE for the prediction of phosphorus losses." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.092.
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Soil erosion in forestlands affects not only land productivity but also the water body down stream. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been applied broadly for the prediction of soil loss from upland fields. However, there are few reports concerning the prediction of nutrient (P) losses based on the USLE and its versions. The present study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of the deterministic model Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) to estimation of phosphorus losses in the Kojor forest watershed, northern Iran. The model was tested and calibrated using accurate continuous P loss data collected during seven storm events in 2008. Results of the original model simulations for storm-wise P loss did not match the observed data, while the revised version of the model could imitate the observed values well. The results of the study approved the efficient application of the revised MUSLE in estimating storm-wise P losses in the study area with a high level of agreement of beyond 93%, an acceptable estimation error of some 35%.
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Francaviglia, Rosa, and Ulderico Neri. "Temporary ditches are effective in reducing soil erosion in hilly areas. An evaluation with the RUSLE model." Italian Journal of Agronomy 15, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1762.
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The European Cross-Compliance mechanism set up within the Common Agricultural Policy provides support payments to farmers under the condition that specific Standards for Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions (GAECs) are respected. GAEC standard 5 is specific to limit soil loss by erosion in arable crops and requires to comply with the ‘Realization of temporary ditches’ in sloping lands affected by soil erosion. The evaluation of soil erosion with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), performed in 60 hilly areas of Italy located in 11 administrative regions, indicated the effectiveness of temporary ditches in reducing soil erosion. As average the presence of ditches significantly decreased erosion by 22.6 Mg ha–1 yr–1 (67%) compared to erosion without temporary ditches. The highest soil losses in the presence of temporary ditches were found in Marche (24.1 Mg ha–1), Umbria (17.4 Mg ha–1), and Emilia-Romagna (15.3 Mg ha–1) regions, which were much above the USDA maximum acceptable erosion rate. Instead, the lowest soil losses were observed in Apulia (1.6 Mg ha–1), Molise (4.1 Mg ha–1), and Tuscany (5.9 Mg ha–1), where they assumed values below the USDA acceptable limit. Results pointed out that the topographic factor has the highest weight among the RUSLE parameters, thus its appraisal requires the best accuracy for a correct estimation of soil losses.
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Tanaka, Katsuhiro. "Forecasting plausible scenarios and losses in interest rate targeting using mathematical optimization." International Journal of Financial Engineering 06, no. 03 (September 2019): 1950025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424786319500257.
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This study proposes a mathematical optimization model for simultaneously forecasting plausible market scenarios and portfolio losses. Interest rates, volatilities and correlation coefficients can be modeled by the DCC-GARCH. A constraint condition is set by the Mahalanobis distance for deciding an acceptable range of change in interest rates. An objective function is set as a hypothetical market portfolio loss from delta, gamma and vega. The mathematical optimization model becomes a nonlinear programming problem for which it is difficult to find appropriate solutions. Therefore, the study introduces an original heuristic approach for preventing the signs of solutions from unintentionally becoming inverse. The study finds that, compared to a stressful scenario in Japan, the forecasting scenarios and losses are plausible.
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Takács, S. "Acceptable coupling losses in striated coated conductors or twisted cables ensuring current sharing between superconducting filaments." Superconductor Science and Technology 26, no. 5 (April 16, 2013): 055022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/26/5/055022.
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May, Peter J. "Societal Perspectives about Earthquake Performance: The Fallacy of “Acceptable Risk”." Earthquake Spectra 17, no. 4 (November 2001): 725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1423904.
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Seismic safety is a matter of public welfare involving potential loss of life or injury, disruption of communities, and costs to governments for addressing earthquake losses and recovery. Societal perspectives are incorporated into minimum seismic performance standards for codes and other guidelines. Discussion of revisions to these often entails consideration of acceptable levels of risk from a societal perspective. However, there is a fundamental Catch-22 in addressing acceptable levels of risk. On the one hand, determining these is fundamentally a value judgment that presumably requires some form of collective decision making. On the other hand, knowledge of relevant risk considerations, technical details, and costs and benefits are important for establishing meaningful standards. The first consideration argues for public processes for establishing safety goals. The second argues for deference to technical experts. Finding the appropriate middle ground is a serious challenge. I argue that a recasting of the discussion of acceptable risk is important for advancing seismic safety.
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Moreira Rodrigues, Carlos Eduardo, Maria Emilia de Lima Tostes, Ubiratan Holanda Bezerra, Thiago Mota Soares, Edson Ortiz de Matos, Lázaro Serra Soares Filho, Elaine Cristina dos Santos Silva, Michel Ferreira Rendeiro, and Carlos Jeferson da Silva Moura. "Technical Loss Calculation in Distribution Grids Using Equivalent Minimum Order Networks and an Iterative Power Factor Correction Procedure." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030646.
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Energy losses are a fundamental issue in the electricity distribution sector, being an inevitable consequence of transporting energy from supplying sources to consumers’ installations and are becoming one of the factors to be considered in planning and operation of electrical distribution networks. So, electrical distribution losses must be continuously monitored so that they are kept within acceptable levels to ensure the business profitability as well as the good power quality of supplied energy. In this context, this work introduces a modified methodology for technical losses calculation with the application of the concept of reduced equivalent networks, via definition of an Equivalent Operational Impedance, taking as a starting point the electrical network modeling in the Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS). The losses calculation also considers customer’s energy billing measurement data, measurements of injected energy and power factor at the feeder’s coupling bus at the substation, also considering measurement campaigns to characterize the load consumption profiles for working days, Saturdays and Sundays. The proposed methodology disaggregates energy injections in billed energy, technical and non-technical losses parcels, and presents, as the results have demonstrated, a good precision in the proposed calculation procedures.
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Gulieva, Kh B. "Some aspects of justification of acceptable risk levels in oil refineries." Bulletin of the Innovative University of Eurasia 84, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37788/2021-4/46-52.
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Currently, the problems of environmental safety are facing society. The industry develops every year. In this critical economic situation, the oil industry is a stimulant for the economic sector in Azerbaijan. The level of development of this industry is also relevant due to other reasons: sociological, technological and features of the economy of Azerbaijan. The production activity of oil processing, concentrating harmful substances and energy, is a source of man-made danger and pollution of the natural environment. The risk management process mainly consists of three stages - risk safety analysis, risk assessment, which is carried out in comparison of calculated and actual risk levels, the so-called acceptable risk levels and the adoption of appropriate regulations and management decisions. One of the factors that should be taken into account when assessing risk and safety is to determine the necessary costs. Since these costs are paid directly to the company, they try to minimize them as much as possible, which reduce the accuracy of risk assessment. One of the objectives of the study is to determine the optimal value of the necessary costs. It is established that the less reliable the method, the lower is the cost of its implementation. The methodological basis of the work was scientific works on these problems of scientists-economists, mathematicians on safety and risk assessment at industrial enterprises. When developing the presented methodology, computational algorithms developed by Dow Chemical were used. This company has collected a large volume of material on accident statistics, taking into account damages. Based on the obtained and experimentally verified data, a system of indices has been developed, an assessment of various indicators for qualitative and quantitative risk assessment of oil refineries. The analysis of the technogenic danger of oil refineries makes it possible to determine ecological and economic losses and choose rational possibilities of acceptable risk. The required costs, depending on the level of risk, are determined based on an increase in the accuracy of calculating the probability of occurrence of the cause of risks. The article examines the relationship between the expected level of risk and economic losses during oil refining in separate technological units, which allow determining the required level of risk and the expected economic damage.
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Bondarenko, O. F., T. O. Ryzhakova, and Yu V. Kozhushko. "Improved method of evaluating power losses in pulse converters of micro resistance welding machines." Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре, no. 3 (2018): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15222/tkea2018.3.38.
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The paper represents resistance welding characteristics and construction features of power supplies for resistance welding. The authors give an overview of circuit topologies of converters for resistance welding and distinguish the most promising one — the transistor buck converter with a synchronous transistor. It is shown that in order to ensure acceptable energy efficiency of power supply for resistance welding machines, while maintaining sufficient accuracy of current regulation in a welding contact, special modes of pulse transistor converters are used. The analysis of resistance welding features — high currents, low voltages — makes it possible to presume that the evaluation of the power losses in semiconductor elements only is insufficient and needs to be complemented by taking into account the losses on the inductive element of the converter circuit. In this work, the authors propose the method of estimating the power losses in the pulse buck converter of the power supply of resistance welding machine, which allows for more accurate calculations at the design stage due to consideration of the power losses on the inductive element of the circuit. The methodology is to calculate the total power losses as the sum of power losses on all individual elements of the circuit. Power losses on inductance is calculated using the Steinmetz equation. The calculations carried out with this technique proved the advisability of taking into account the power losses on the inductive element, especially in the region of high frequencies. The obtained diagrams demonstrated the dependency of the power losses in the converter on the frequency at different values of current and voltage.
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Saravanan, Vimala, M. Ramachandran, and Manjula Selvam. "Interaction between Technical and Economic Benefits in Distributed Generation." Electrical and Automation Engineering 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/eae/1/2/3.
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The definition of a restricted power supply area for a distribution network disqualifies this scheme as a distributed product even though it is a very common dg scheme. Power system quality is a key issue for low and medium voltage power companies and consumers, to minimize power network losses; this paper provides guidelines for guaranteed allocation and distribution of distributed generation (DG) in distribution systems for an acceptable reliability level and voltage profile. The optimization process involves the use of genetic algorithms (GA) techniques and is solved by combining systems to estimate system reliability, losses and dg impacts on the voltage profile. The fitness evaluation process leads to the determination of the ga's relationship between investment and operating costs as a benefit of setting numerical units. Estimation based on current flow method for radial networks reconciliation of scattered generator losses with profile of voltage profile
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Pavičić, Ivan, Ninoslav Holjevac, Igor Ivanković, and Dalibor Brnobić. "Model for 400 kV Transmission Line Power Loss Assessment Using the PMU Measurements." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 5562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175562.
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This paper presents an advanced model for monitoring losses on a 400 kV over-head transmission line (OHL) that can be used for measured data verification and loss assessment. Technical losses are unavoidable physical effects of energy transmission and can be reduced to acceptable levels, with a major share of technical losses on transmission lines being Joule losses. However, at 400 kV voltage levels, the influence of the electrical corona discharge effect and current leakage can have significant impact on power loss. This is especially visible in poor weather conditions, such as the appearance of fog, rain and snow. Therefore, loss monitoring is incorporated into exiting business process to provide transmission system operators (TSO) with the measure of losses and the accurate characterization of measured data. This paper presents an advanced model for loss characterization and assessment that uses phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurements and combines them with end-customer measurements. PMU measurements from the algorithm of differential protection are used to detect differential currents and angles, and this paper proposes further usage of these data for determining the corona losses. The collected data are further processed and used to calculate the amount of corona losses and provide accurate loss assessment and estimation. In each step of the model, cross verification of the measured and calculated data is performed in order to finally provide more accurate loss assessment which is incorporated into the current data acquisition and monitoring systems.
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Mohammadi, A., and J. M. Floryan. "Pressure losses in grooved channels." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 725 (May 14, 2013): 23–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.184.
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AbstractThe effects of small-amplitude, two-dimensional grooves on pressure losses in a laminar channel flow have been analysed. Grooves with an arbitrary shape and an arbitrary orientation with respect to the flow direction have been considered. It has been demonstrated that losses can be expressed as a superposition of two parts, one associated with change in the mean positions of the walls and one induced by flow modulations associated with the geometry of the grooves. The former effect can be determined analytically, while the latter has to be determined numerically and can be captured with an acceptable accuracy using reduced-order geometry models. Projection of the wall shape onto a Fourier space has been used to generate such a model. It has been found that in most cases replacement of the actual wall geometry with the leading mode of the relevant Fourier expansion permits determination of pressure losses with an error of less than 10 %. Detailed results are given for sinusoidal grooves for the range of parameters of practical interest. These results describe the performance of arbitrary grooves with the accuracy set by the properties of the reduced-order geometry model and are exact for sinusoidal grooves. The results show a strong dependence of the pressure losses on the groove orientation. Longitudinal grooves produce the smallest drag, and oblique grooves with an inclination angle of ${\sim }42\textdegree $ exhibit the largest flow turning potential. Detailed analyses of the extreme cases, i.e. transverse and longitudinal grooves, have been carried out. For transverse grooves with small wavenumbers, the dominant part of the drag is produced by shear, while the pressure form drag and the pressure interaction drag provide minor contributions. For the same grooves with large wavenumbers, the stream lifts up above the grooves due to their blocking effect, resulting in a change in the mechanics of drag formation: the contributions of shear decrease while the contributions of the pressure interaction drag increase, leading to an overall drag increase. In the case of longitudinal grooves, drag is produced by shear, and its rearrangement results in a drag decrease for long-wavelength grooves in spite of an increase of the wetted surface area. An increase of the wavenumber leads to the fluid being squeezed from the troughs and the stream being forced to lift up above the grooves. The shear is nearly eliminated from a large fraction of the wall but the overall drag increases due to reduction of the effective channel opening. It is shown that properly structured grooves are able to eliminate wall shear from the majority of the wetted surface area regardless of the groove orientation, thus exhibiting the potential for the creation of drag-reducing surfaces. Such surfaces can become practicable if a method for elimination of the undesired pressure and shear peaks through proper groove shaping can be found.
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Shober, A. L., C. Wiese, G. C. Denny, C. D. Stanley, and B. K. Harbaugh. "Plant Performance and Nutrient Losses during Containerized Landscape Shrub Production using Composted Dairy Manure Solids as a Peat Substitute in Substrate." HortTechnology 21, no. 2 (April 2011): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.21.2.240.
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Concerns over the environmental impact and economics of harvesting sphagnum and reed-sedge peat have increased the desire to identify acceptable peat substitutes for use in container substrates. This preliminary study evaluated the use of composted dairy manure solids as a substitute for sphagnum or reed-sedge peat in container substrates for production of woody ornamental shrubs and assessed potential leaching of nutrients. Walter's viburnum (Viburnum obovatum), sandankwa viburnum (Viburnum suspensum), and japanese privet (Ligustrum japonicum) were grown in 3-gal plastic containers with seven substrates containing (by vol.) 60% pine bark, 10% sand, and 30% sphagnum peat (S), reed-sedge peat (R), and/or composted dairy manure solids (C). Substrate composition had no effect on plant quality ratings for any species, growth index (GI) of walter's viburnum, or shoot and root dry weight of walter's viburnum and japanese privet. However, the GI of japanese privet and sandankwa viburnum was the lowest when grown in substrates containing a high percentage of reed-sedge peat (0S:3R:0C). Substrate effects on average nitrate + nitrite nitrogen leachate losses were minimal over the 88-day leachate collection period. However, the substrate containing the highest proportions of composted dairy manure solids (0S:0R:3C) generally had the highest average ammonium nitrogen and dissolved reactive phosphorus losses compared with other substrates. All substrates tested as part of this study appeared to be commercially acceptable for production of container-grown woody ornamental shrub species based on growth and quality. However, average nutrient losses from containers differed depending on the peat or peat substitute used to formulate the substrates.
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Strini Paixão, Carla Segatto, Murillo Aperecido Voltarelli, Jarlyson Brunno Costa Souza, Armando Lopes De Brito Filho, and Rouverson Pereira da Silva. "Loss sampling methods for soybean mechanical harvest." Bioscience Journal 38 (August 12, 2022): e38050. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v38n0a2022-56409.
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Harvesting is one of the most important stages of the agricultural production process. However, the lack of monitoring during this operation and the absence of efficient methodologies to quantify losses have contributed to the decline in the quality of the operation. The objective of this study was to monitor mechanized soybean harvest by quantifying losses through two methodologies using statistical process control. The study was conducted in March 2016 in an agricultural area in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, SP, using a John Deere harvester model 1470 with a tangential-type track system and separation by a straw-blower. The experimental design followed the standards established by statistical process control, and every 8 min of harvest, the total losses by the circular framework and rectangular framework methodologies were simultaneously quantified, totaling 40 points. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical process control. The averages of the circular methodology framework were values above those found in the rectangular methodology framework, presenting greater representativeness of losses. The process was considered unable to maintain losses of soybeans at acceptable levels during mechanical harvest throughout the operation of the two frameworks. The circular framework for collecting samples at different locations resulted in higher reliability of data.
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Erokhin, Gennady, Valery Konovskiy, and Ilya Perchin. "QUALITY OF SOYBEAN HARVESTING WITH GRAIN HARVESTERS." SCIENCE IN THE CENTRAL RUSSIA, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35887/2305-2538-2022-3-7-13.
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The assessment of the quality of soybean harvesting by grain harvesters was carried out in the farms of the Central Black Earth region. Combine harvesters RSM 161, Acros 595Plus, KZS-1218A were selected as objects of observation. Combines worked with headers of three types. These are a conventional grain header, a lowcut modified header, and a stock soybean header. When working with a conventional grain header, soybean losses behind the header reached 12.6%. Large losses limit the use of conventional grain headers in soybean harvesting. The headers upgraded for a low cut had losses of 2.1 ... 2.4%. Serial domestic soybean headers "Float Stream" allowed losses of 4 ... 8% under the observed conditions. This was a loss in loose grain, no loss in uncut beans. The main reason for the increased losses is the harvesting of dry, overripe crops. In other conditions, these headers may well work on harvesting soybeans with losses acceptable by agro-requirements. Losses behind the thresher for the observed combines were in the range of 1.4 ... 4.0%. The increased losses of soybean grain behind the threshing machine were due to the high rotational speed of the cleaning fan. Light grain was simply blown out. Crushing of bunker grain of combines varied within 3.6…10%. High crushing was observed in combines with increased speed of the threshing drum and insufficient clearance between the drum and the deck. The clogging of bunker grain on the observed combines was in the range of 0.8 ... 2.7%. Combines with a cleaning fan speed of 800 rpm showed less contamination of about 1%, but at the same time, grain losses increased up to 4% behind the combine thresher. As a result, the decisive influence on losses during soybean harvesting was confirmed by the type of header and technological adjustments of the combine.
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Rigg, Robin, Slavomír Finďo, Maria Wechselberger, Martyn L. Gorman, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, and David W. Macdonald. "Mitigating carnivore–livestock conflict in Europe: lessons from Slovakia." Oryx 45, no. 2 (April 2011): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000074.
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AbstractConflicts with human interests have reappeared following recovery of large carnivores in Europe. Public acceptance is higher than historically but there is a need to identify effective, acceptable techniques to facilitate coexistence. We present a case study of predation on livestock in Slovakia. Damage, mitigation measures and public opinion were assessed using compensation records, analysis of farm conditions, questionnaire surveys, semi-structured interviews, diet analysis and on-farm trials of livestock-guarding dogs. Economic damage was inconsequential on a national scale but high locally: c. 80% of reported losses occurred at 12% of sheep flocks. Grey wolves Canis lupus were held responsible for four to six times more damage than brown bears Ursus arctos, although livestock occurred in only 2 of 78 wolf faeces during spring–autumn, when sheep and cattle were most vulnerable. Losses to Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx were negligible. Compared to other sectors of society shepherds had the most negative attitudes, particularly towards wolves, despite compensation payments. Appropriate use of livestock-guarding dogs was associated with fewer losses: median loss at trial flocks with predation was 70% lower than at control flocks. We conclude that identifying vulnerable farms and targeting them for mitigation could reduce damage, although lack of motivation and awareness are obstacles. This study shows that damage levels need not be excessive despite high predator densities in human-dominated landscapes. Conflicts were unevenly distributed, with much of the variation explained by local conditions and husbandry practices, especially preventive measures. Livestock-guarding dogs are particularly appropriate where wolves are present in proximity to unfenced pastures.
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Stavytskyi, Valerii, Oleksandr Bashta, Pavlo Nosko, and Yurii Tsybrii. "Determination of Hydrodynamic Power Losses in a Gearing." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2022-0001.
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Abstract Despite the relatively numerous experimental studies, there are few published works on the topic of development of mathematical models that describe the hydrodynamic processes in gears. There is no generic analytical model that integrates all types of losses. The purpose of this work is to develop a modern generalised methodology for calculating the hydrodynamic power losses of high-speed gears. For each gear, partially or fully immersed into an oil bath, the power spent to overcome the hydromechanical resistance can be represented as the sum of the following: the Coriolis force moment arising from the radial movement of the oil in the tooth spaces of the rotating gear, the viscous friction forces moment on the periphery of the gear addendums in the oil bath and the viscous friction forces moment at the face of the gear in the oil bath. The hydrodynamic power losses due to the Coriolis force action, viscosity friction losses at the periphery of the gear and the viscosity friction at the face of the gear (both turbulent and laminar modes) were observed separately. From the mathematical simulation of the rotation processes when the gear is immersed into the oil bath, an analytical dependence was obtained. It allows predicting the influence of the geometrical parameters of the gearing on the hydrodynamic power losses. Analysis of the calculation results of the power losses due to the action of hydraulic resistance forces and results from experimental studies is provided for several gears with different hydromechanical parameters. The proposed method of calculating power loss due to hydromechanical resistance of the oil bath to the rotation of the gear gave results that were close to the experimental data. Acceptable coincidence of theoretical and experimental results allows recommending the received analytical dependencies for practical calculations of high-speed gears.
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Patnala, Raghu Vamsi, Suresh P. R, and Sasikumar M. P. "Methodology to Analyse Power Losses in Off-Highway Power Train Aggregates for Two Different Lubricants." International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology 10, no. 04 (July 3, 2020): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14741/ijcet/v.10.4.2.
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Powertrain aggregates used in mining equipment are complex, and it comprises of primary aggregates like an engine, powershift transmission, differential and final drive, which in-turn includes many tribological systems including gears, bearings, and shafts. Evaluating the effect of different lubricants on preliminary design phase is a crucial challenge, especially identifying various power losses such as gear meshing, oil churnings and the bearings losses in several machine elements on single go is a complex one. To identify combined power losses in gear and bearings, an analytical model or analysing individual component and summing up the effect as a complete system loss can cater acceptable result, but in case of accuracy, it significantly lags. The experimental setup, which incorporates the real-time equipment environmental factor takes ample time and cost. In this paper, detailed study and analysis have been carried out to identify power losses and thermal rating factor for gears and bearing on one go for different lubricants (i.e. SAE30 8 Tailor-made BEML C6002-44) using a gear train analysis tool called KISSsoft/KISSsys. The result exhibits a significant reduction in power losses 8 contact temperature for C6002-44. The comparative results illustrate that it is an effective method, and it can be used in a preliminary stage of a planetary transmission design to identify the gear train power losses in a shorter duration. This methodology can also be employed to determine the effect of tailor-made new lubricants.
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Zeaiter, Amal, Etienne Videcoq, and Matthieu Fénot. "Real-time identification of PMSM losses through a novel past-time averaging method." Inverse Problems 38, no. 4 (March 10, 2022): 045006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6420/ac5386.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is the identification of unknown losses in a permanent-magnet synchronous motor through the thermal assessment of the motor behavior. These unknown losses can be sometimes hardly determined with analytical calculations. Their influence could be critical to some materials of the electric motor, such as windings and rotor, which are sensitive to hot-spot temperatures. The evaluation of the evolution of these unknown losses during cycles of mission is a crucial step in the motor conception phase. The applied method consists in solving a heat transfer inverse problem in real time. A new approach is used in this study for the regularization of the solution. It is based on a past-time averaging method. The work is numerically carried out based on a lumped-parameter thermal model developed for a high specific-power motor for the propulsion of hybrid aircrafts. Few reachable temperature nodes with known data are considered for the simulation. A dynamical mission profile is studied herein for a flight scenario of a hybrid aircraft, propelled by motors having around 1 MW of power. Three cases are investigated for the losses identification using the inverse technique. A study on the number of past time steps for the regularization of the ill-posed problem is presented. The results show that the thermal heat dissipated due to losses can be accurately estimated with an acceptable average error. The proposed procedure allows real-time determination of losses and monitoring of critical temperatures.
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Steffens, K., M. Larsbo, J. Moeys, E. Kjellström, N. Jarvis, and E. Lewan. "Modelling pesticide leaching under climate change: parameter vs. climate input uncertainty." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 2 (February 6, 2014): 479–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-479-2014.
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Abstract. Assessing climate change impacts on pesticide leaching requires careful consideration of different sources of uncertainty. We investigated the uncertainty related to climate scenario input and its importance relative to parameter uncertainty of the pesticide leaching model. The pesticide fate model MACRO was calibrated against a comprehensive one-year field data set for a well-structured clay soil in south-western Sweden. We obtained an ensemble of 56 acceptable parameter sets that represented the parameter uncertainty. Nine different climate model projections of the regional climate model RCA3 were available as driven by different combinations of global climate models (GCM), greenhouse gas emission scenarios and initial states of the GCM. The future time series of weather data used to drive the MACRO model were generated by scaling a reference climate data set (1970–1999) for an important agricultural production area in south-western Sweden based on monthly change factors for 2070–2099. 30 yr simulations were performed for different combinations of pesticide properties and application seasons. Our analysis showed that both the magnitude and the direction of predicted change in pesticide leaching from present to future depended strongly on the particular climate scenario. The effect of parameter uncertainty was of major importance for simulating absolute pesticide losses, whereas the climate uncertainty was relatively more important for predictions of changes of pesticide losses from present to future. The climate uncertainty should be accounted for by applying an ensemble of different climate scenarios. The aggregated ensemble prediction based on both acceptable parameterizations and different climate scenarios has the potential to provide robust probabilistic estimates of future pesticide losses.
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Steffens, K., M. Larsbo, J. Moeys, E. Kjellström, N. Jarvis, and E. Lewan. "Modelling pesticide leaching under climate change: parameter vs. climate input uncertainty." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2013): 10461–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-10461-2013.
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Abstract. The assessment of climate change impacts on the risk for pesticide leaching needs careful consideration of different sources of uncertainty. We investigated the uncertainty related to climate scenario input and its importance relative to parameter uncertainty of the pesticide leaching model. The pesticide fate model MACRO was calibrated against a comprehensive one-year field data set for a well-structured clay soil in south-west Sweden. We obtained an ensemble of 56 acceptable parameter sets that represented the parameter uncertainty. Nine different climate model projections of the regional climate model RCA3 were available as driven by different combinations of global climate models (GCM), greenhouse gas emission scenarios and initial states of the GCM. The future time series of weather data used to drive the MACRO-model were generated by scaling a reference climate data set (1970–1999) for an important agricultural production area in south-west Sweden based on monthly change factors for 2070–2099. 30 yr simulations were performed for different combinations of pesticide properties and application seasons. Our analysis showed that both the magnitude and the direction of predicted change in pesticide leaching from present to future depended strongly on the particular climate scenario. The effect of parameter uncertainty was of major importance for simulating absolute pesticide losses, whereas the climate uncertainty was relatively more important for predictions of changes of pesticide losses from present to future. The climate uncertainty should be accounted for by applying an ensemble of different climate scenarios. The aggregated ensemble prediction based on both acceptable parameterizations and different climate scenarios could provide robust probabilistic estimates of future pesticide losses and assessments of changes in pesticide leaching risks.
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Topolska, Grażyna, Anna Gajda, and Urszula Imińska. "Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Honeybee Colony Winter Losses in Poland from Autumn 2006 to Spring 2012; Survey Based on Self-Selected Samples." Journal of Apicultural Science 62, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2018-0014.
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Summary Estimations of honeybee colony winter losses in Poland have been carried out at Warsaw University of Life Sciences since 2008 (in 2008 they concerned the two winters of 2006/07 and 2007/08), using a preliminary questionnaire in 2008 and the standardized COLOSS questionnaire since 2009. During the first years of the survey, concerning the period of autumn 2006 - spring 2012, the multimode method of data collection was used, and beekeepers sent in between 393 and 769 questionnaires a year. Overall, the number of participants increased, but in particular voivodeships it fluctuated. The estimated overall winter colony loss in Poland was low during the winter of 2006/07 (10%) and quite low during the winter of 2008/09 (11.5%). In other years it was substantially higher reaching 15.2% in 2007/08, 14.8% 2009/10, as much as 18.3% in 2010/11 and then down to 15.8% in 2011/12. A similar pattern of average losses was observed, but each year, excluding the winter of 2010/11, at least 50% of beekeepers reported acceptable losses of only up to 10%. During the analysis of the spatial pattern of overall losses, some data which could blur the pattern were eliminated. The results suggest that such climatic factors as a warm autumn but also high summer precipitation, followed by low winter temperatures influenced the spatial distribution of the losses.
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Rahim, S. R. A., Ismail Musirin, Muhammad Murtadha Othman, and Muhamad Hatta Hussain. "Analysis on Load Model for Cost Optimization Using Embedded Meta EP-Firefly Algorithm for DG Installation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 793 (September 2015): 478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.793.478.
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This paper presents the analysis on load models for cost optimization for distributed generation planning. The Embedded Meta EP – Firefly Algorithm technique is performed in order to identify the optimal distributed generation sizing. The result obtained show that the proposed technique has an acceptable performance to simulate the data and voltage dependent load models have a significant effect on total losses of a distribution system consequently will affect the cost of the system.
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Ruggieri, Roberto, Giuliana Vinci, Marco Ruggeri, and Henry Sardaryan. "Food losses and food waste: The Industry 4.0 opportunity for the sustainability challenge." RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA', no. 1 (August 2020): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/riss2020-001009.
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United Nations in 2011 estimated every year worldwide around 1.3 billion tons of food is lost or wasted. According to a 2018 analysis by the Boston Consulting Group, this figure will reach 2.1 billion tons in 2050. FAO is trying to quantify food waste again, and according to his report "The state of Food and Agriculture 2019", 14% of production global food is lost or wasted even before it is sold. Food loss and waste are therefore unsustainable and no longer acceptable issues and reduc-ing them is becoming a priority. The negative effects of these problems are con-nected to the scarce availability and consumption of food, but also to sustainabil-ity and environmental impacts. In this regard, it will be necessary to change our eating habits. Industry 4.0 innovations can provide opportunities to reduce food waste and loss, as well as to adopt a healthier and more sustainable lifestyle.
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Ramos, Tatiane Rogelio, Ana Carolina Pelaes Vital, Camila Mottin, Juliana Akamine Torrecilhas, Maribel Velandia Valero, Ana Guerrero, Emília Maria Barbosa Carvalho Kempinski, and Ivanor Nunes do Prado. "Sodium reduction by hyposodic salt on quality and chemical composition of hamburgers." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 42 (February 28, 2020): e47690. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v42i1.47690.
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This work evaluated the effect of NaCl reduction on the quality and sensorial attributes of hamburgers. Three treatments were tested: control (CON), 100% NaCl; reduction of 25% NaCl (T25), and one with 50% NaCl (T50). The pH, color, lipid oxidation, cooking losses, and texture were analyzed during 120 days of freezing storage. Chemical composition and sensory analyses were performed. The chemical composition was similar for all treatments. The pH value remained within acceptable limits throughout storage. The color, lipid oxidation, cooking losses, and texture were not influenced by the sodium replacement and freezing storage. Sensorial acceptability was also not influenced by sodium reduction. Thus, the results indicated that up to 50% replacement of NaCl by KCl could be carried out in hamburger production without altering the quality and sensorial acceptability.
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Herrick, Owen W., and David A. Gansner. "Gypsy Moth on a New Frontier: Forest Tree Defoliation and Mortality." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 4, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/4.3.128.
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Abstract The gypsy moth infestation in central Pennsylvania has been closely monitored between 1979 and 1984 for tree defoliation and subsequent mortality. These losses serve as an indicator of potential impact as gypsy moth invades new territory. Tree mortality on study plots averaged 18%, worth $18.80 per acre. During the three most severe defoliation years (1980-82), plots that averaged less than 10% defoliation lost 13% of their trees by 1984. Where defoliation averaged 40% or more, the average tree loss was 28%. Timber losses predicted with models developed from the 1970s infestation in northeastern Pennsylvania were within 2% of the actual average loss. The models seem to be acceptable for obtaining broad regional estimates of potential tree mortality and value loss. North. J. Appl. For. 4:128-133, Sept. 1987.
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Takács, S. "Acceptable coupling losses in twisted cables with current sharing by connecting the superconducting strands with normal metal plates." Superconductor Science and Technology 22, no. 7 (June 2, 2009): 075006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/22/7/075006.
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Menezes, Patricia C. de, Rouverson P. da Silva, Franciele M. Carneiro, Lucas A. da S. Girio, Mailson F. de Oliveira, and Murilo A. Voltarelli. "Can combine headers and travel speeds affect the quality of soybean harvesting operations?" Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 22, no. 10 (October 2018): 732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n10p732-738.
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ABSTRACT Assuring the quality of mechanical soybean harvesting is crucial to ensure that investment in other stages of crop production is converted into profit for the farmer. Because the quality of this operation is related to decreased losses, which may be affected by the combine header used and by the harvesting speed, the aim of the present study was to assess the quality of mechanical soybean harvesting in the Southern Cone of Rondônia, using harvesters with different combine headers and travel speeds via statistical process control. The experiment was performed during the 2015/16 harvest in an agricultural area of the municipality of Cabixi, RO, located at the geographical coordinates 13° 27’ S and 60° 41’ W. The study was designed based on the premises of the statistical process control, sampling 80 points 100 m apart. Combine header, internal, total, and cutting height losses were assessed. Quality of the harvesting process was assessed using the draper header. Travel speed had little effect on process quality. Crop losses were higher than the acceptable limit, indicating the need to improve the process.
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Thébault, Simon, and Jean-Robert Millet. "Cost-effective air flow rate estimations using blowerdoor and wind speed measurements to assess building envelope thermal performances." Journal of Building Physics 40, no. 6 (August 2, 2016): 504–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259116659652.
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Thermal performance discrepancies between theory and practice in buildings is a well known issue. Reducing this gap is crucial for enhancing energy efficient building construction and renovation. To measure the actual transmission heat loss coefficient of a building from in situ testing, an evaluation of time-varying infiltration losses needs to be quantified to improve the result’s precision, especially for short dynamic methods. This study first presents a theoretical analysis to explain why this evaluation is necessary and how to perform it using different technical approaches (simplified aeraulic models and tracer gas). An experimental comparison of four of these solutions on a small shed reveals that blowerdoor and wind speed measurements can be sufficient to evaluate infiltration losses with acceptable accuracy. Results of the identified transmission losses coefficient [Formula: see text] using the In Situ Assessment of Building EnvoLope pErformances (ISABELE) method shows how much the bias is reduced by including permeability specifications and local wind speed measurements. ISABELE is a measurement method of the overall transmission heat loss coefficient of a building.
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Nkan, I. E., E. E. Okpo, and O. I. Okoro. "Multi-Type FACTS Controllers for Power System Compensation: A Case Study of the Nigerian 48-Bus, 330 kV System." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 18, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v18i1.9.
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Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices have provided proficient answers to power system instabilities faced in the systems operations today with very little infrastructural investment fund. This paper investigates the effects of the installation of the combination of two kinds of FACTS controllers; static VAR compensator (SVC) and thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) compared with the installation of SVC or TCSC alone in the system. Voltage magnitude profile, active and reactive power losses of the three scenarios were achieved in the Nigerian 48-bus power system network using power system analysis toolbox (PSAT) in MATLAB environment. Simulation results obtained without and with FACTS devices optimally placed using voltage stability sensitivity factor (VSSF), revealed that the percentage decrease of the net real and reactive power losses of the combined SVC and TCSC was the highest at 31.917% whereas that of the standalone SVC and TCSC stood at 19.769% and 30.863% respectively. This shows that in addition to their capabilities to maintain acceptable voltage profile, the combination of SVC and TCSC has better compensating effect as they mitigate against power losses which was observed in their high percentage decrease in power losses compared to the standalone FACTS devices.
Keywords: FACTS, optimum location, PSAT, SVC, TCSC, VSSF
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Meilani, Any. "PENERAPAN METODE CREDITRISK+ DALAM PENGUKURAN RISIKO KREDIT KENDARAAN BERMOTOR (KASUS PADA PT X)." Jurnal Organisasi dan Manajemen 6, no. 2 (March 10, 2010): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/jom.v6i2.286.2010.
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Identify and measure credit risk by using a method in accordance with the characteristics of finance companies is one of a prudent first step in minimizing potential losses. Potential losses can be seen from the Non Performing Loan (NPL) and recovery rate of the company. Credit risk measurement remains important as preventive and anticipatory measures for a finance company in managing the potential consumer default in fulfilling their obligations. By using 36 months of credit risk in motor vehicles (2006-2008) which includes the number of units of motor vehicles, the amount of exposure, collectability and recovery rate can be calculated expected Loss, unexpected loss and economic capital. Results showed that both the expected Loss and unexpected loss from year to year increase. Also with the economic capital increases annually. However, if the economic value associated with authorized capital owned by PT "X" each year, it can be concluded that the capital is still sufficient to cover possible losses caused by credit default unexpected losses. Testing the model using back testing and Likelihood Ratio, indicates that during the observation period the number of adverse events "X" with the level of losses that exceed the value of the vehicle financing credit VaR is still below the threshold amount of loss that can be tolerated. In other words the risk measurement method using a motor vehicle financing CreditRisk+ is acceptable and accurate enough to measure the risk of motor vehicle financing PT "X".
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Jongebreur, A. A., and G. J. Monteny. "Prevention and Control of Losses of Gaseous Nitrogen Compounds in Livestock Operations: A Review." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 844–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.339.
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Nitrogen (N) losses from livestock houses and manure storage facilities contribute greatly to the total loss of N from livestock farms. Volatilisation of ammonia (NH3) is the major process responsible for the loss of N in husbandry systems with slurry (where average dry matter content varies between 3 and 13%). Concerning this volatilisation of NH3, the process parameters of pH and air temperature are crucial. During a period of approximately 10 years, systematic measurements of NH3losses originating from a large variety of different livestock houses were made. One of the problems with NH3emissions is the large variation in the measured data due to the season, the production of the animals, the manure treatment, type of livestock house, and the manure storage. Generally speaking, prevention and control of NH3emission can be done by control of N content in the manure, moisture content, pH, and temperature[1]. In houses for growing pigs, a combination of simple housing measures can be taken to greatly reduce NH33 emissions[2]. In houses for laying hens, the control of the manure drying process determines the emission of NH3[1]. Monteny[3] has built an NH3production model with separate modules for the emission of the manure storage under the dairy house and the floor in the house. Manure spreading is also a major source of NH3emission and is dependent on slurry composition, environmental conditions, and farm management. The effects of these factors have been employed in a model[4]. Losses via NO, N2O, and N2are important in husbandry systems with solid manure and straw. The number of experimental data is, however, very limited. As N2O is an intermediate product of complex biochemical processes of nitrification and denitrification, optimal conditions are the key issues in N2O reduction strategies. We may expect that in the near future the emission of greenhouse gases will get the same attention from policy makers as NH3. Sustainable livestock production has to combine low emissions of gaseous N compounds with acceptable odour emissions, low emissions of greenhouse gases, and acceptable standards of animal welfare. For the entrepreneur, the strategy must be built on the regulations, the special conditions of his farm, and what is reasonably achievable.
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Yaniga, Paul M. "GROUNDWATER ABATEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-253.
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ABSTRACT Losses and spills of refined petroleum products have in some cases become a groundwater problem of major significance. The effects of fugitive volatile organics in the subsurface are various. Common concerns are the contamination of potable water supplies, long-term health problems associated with inhalation of hydrocarbon vapors and odors, and flammable concentrations of vapors in homes, utility conduits, and buildings. The sources of petroleum losses are also quite varied, ranging from small losses at homeowners' fuel storage tanks to major leaks at commercial refining, storage, transfer, and retailing facilities. Although recent years have seen marked increases in the safe handling, control, and transfer of refined organic products, inadvertent, accidental, and certainly unintentional losses of organics still occur. When these problems occur, it is common for the smaller losses at retail outlets (service stations) to have the greater social and environmental impacts. This is true because the retail outlets are often located in close proximity, if not immediately adjacent, to commercial and residential establishments. Such facilities may rely on individual groundwater supplies that are subject to degradation by the lost hydrocarbon products, or they may be serviced by common utilities, whose backfilled pathways act as conduits for transmission of the fugitive product and associated vapors. These factors of physical proximity and reliance on groundwater, when coupled with the introduction of refined organic products to the subsurface, generate problems of local significance and sensitivity. Cleanup programs must entail mechanisms of thorough definition, symptoms treatment, and comprehensive removal or abatement of the organic product in the subsurface. These aproaches must be technically sound, acceptable to governing regulatory agencies, physically and economically possible to enact, and acceptable to affected parties. Groundwater Technology has carried out many such programs. This paper discusses two case histories. One case history describes the successful collection and removal of approximately 8,000 gallons of offending unleaded gasoline that had threatened closure of public buildings. This remedial action was accomplished by the application of a specially designed, sensor-controlled, two-pump recovery system that removed the product from an unconsolidated sand aquifer. The second case history shows the success of employing a program combining bioreclamation, air stripping, and granular activated carbon usage to abate contamination of a bedrock aquifer. The contamination problem involved soluble components of unleaded gasoline that affected more than 10 water supply wells.