Academic literature on the topic 'Acceptable Losses'
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Journal articles on the topic "Acceptable Losses"
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Yechiam, Eldad. "Acceptable losses: the debatable origins of loss aversion." Psychological Research 83, no. 7 (April 16, 2018): 1327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-1013-8.
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Silva, V. M., and J. F. Coimbra Leite Costa. "Selecting the maximum acceptable error in data minimising financial losses." Applied Earth Science 125, no. 4 (September 16, 2016): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03717453.2016.1230972.
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OERKE, E. C. "Crop losses to pests." Journal of Agricultural Science 144, no. 1 (December 9, 2005): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005708.
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Productivity of crops grown for human consumption is at risk due to the incidence of pests, especially weeds, pathogens and animal pests. Crop losses due to these harmful organisms can be substantial and may be prevented, or reduced, by crop protection measures. An overview is given on different types of crop losses as well as on various methods of pest control developed during the last century.Estimates on potential and actual losses despite the current crop protection practices are given for wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, soybeans, and cotton for the period 2001–03 on a regional basis (19 regions) as well as for the global total. Among crops, the total global potential loss due to pests varied from about 50% in wheat to more than 80% in cotton production. The responses are estimated as losses of 26–29% for soybean, wheat and cotton, and 31, 37 and 40% for maize, rice and potatoes, respectively. Overall, weeds produced the highest potential loss (34%), with animal pests and pathogens being less important (losses of 18 and 16%). The efficacy of crop protection was higher in cash crops than in food crops. Weed control can be managed mechanically or chemically, therefore worldwide efficacy was considerably higher than for the control of animal pests or diseases, which rely heavily on synthetic chemicals. Regional differences in efficacy are outlined. Despite a clear increase in pesticide use, crop losses have not significantly decreased during the last 40 years. However, pesticide use has enabled farmers to modify production systems and to increase crop productivity without sustaining the higher losses likely to occur from an increased susceptibility to the damaging effect of pests.The concept of integrated pest/crop management includes a threshold concept for the application of pest control measures and reduction in the amount/frequency of pesticides applied to an economically and ecologically acceptable level. Often minor crop losses are economically acceptable; however, an increase in crop productivity without adequate crop protection does not make sense, because an increase in attainable yields is often associated with an increased vulnerability to damage inflicted by pests.
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Erejepov, Madiyar, A. N. Novikov, B. M. Khusanov, Bayram Seytmuratov, and Ziynatdin Sayimbetov. "Algorithm for estimating the mode and electricity losses in distribution electric networks 6-110 kV conditions of incomplete information." E3S Web of Conferences 289 (2021): 07018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128907018.
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The article provides an analysis of methods for calculating electricity losses. The conditions for the application of methods for calculating electricity losses are determined, and structural separated losses in electrical networks are shown. An algorithm for calculating electricity losses is presented, which makes it possible to obtain acceptable results with a minimum of initial information, which has a limited degree of reliability.
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Solovjev, D. S., I. A. Solovjeva, Yu V. Litovka, and V. A. Nesterov. "Searching Method for Suboptimal Action Ensuring Acceptable Losses in the Process Quality." Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Reliability 49, no. 5 (September 2020): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1052618820050143.
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Солнцев, Vyacheslav Solntsev, Дерканосова, and Natalya Derkanosova. "Reduction of losses of alfalfa seeds at harvesting." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 3 (December 8, 2014): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6269.
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The features of the testes of alfalfa as an object of harvesting is considered, an analysis of ex-isting methods of harvesting alfalfa seeds is given. Combing harvesting of seeds at the root is barely acceptable method because of gather-ing of water-logged heap requiring drying, which requires energy. Combing using adapters to combine harvesters not only reduces the loss of alfalfa seeds, but on the contrary increases them as overwetting small pile, that does not separate, comes for machine cleaning. The problem of reducing the loss of seeds is solved by harvesting with collection of all biological mass and its treatment at the station.
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Airimioaei, M., M. T. Buscaglia, I. Tredici, U. Anselmi-Tamburini, C. E. Ciomaga, L. Curecheriu, A. Bencan, V. Buscaglia, and L. Mitoseriu. "SrTiO3–BaTiO3 nanocomposites with temperature independent permittivity and linear tunability fabricated using field-assisted sintering from chemically synthesized powders." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 35 (2017): 9028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc02629c.
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Tripathi, Rahul, Megan Parker, Zoey Chanin, Seema Kapoor, Domonique Masumbuko, Dipika Matthias, and Peiman Milani. "Ultra Rice Technology: Acceptable Micronutrient Losses and Limited Microbial Growth Enable Shelf Life Extension." European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety 5, no. 5 (January 10, 2015): 373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2015/20862.
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Takács, S. "Acceptable coupling losses in coated conductors at industrial frequencies without twisting the superconducting stripes." Journal of Applied Physics 103, no. 5 (March 2008): 053907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2844490.
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Ash, Kevin D., Susan L. Cutter, and Christopher T. Emrich. "Acceptable losses? The relative impacts of natural hazards in the United States, 1980–2009." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 5 (September 2013): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.08.001.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Acceptable Losses"
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Bordieri, Michael James. "Generating Sustainable Weight Loss: Investigating the Efficacy of a Behavioral Based Weight Loss Intervention." OpenSIUC, 2009. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/42.
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Two thirds of Americans are overweight or obese. Traditional obesity interventions (e.g. drug therapy, diets, behavior therapy) generate moderate short-term weight loss but have little evidence of long-term weight maintenance. The cultural phenomenon of "yo-yo dieting" mirrors empirical findings which suggest that weight loss, albeit demanding, is a far easier process to target than weight maintenance. The present study sought to evaluate the efficacy of an acceptance based behavioral intervention designed to generate improvements in psychological health and quality of life in obese and overweight adults as well as encourage gradual and sustainable weight loss. The therapy package combined the traditional behavioral interventions of self-monitoring and goal setting with an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) protocol across eight weekly individual therapy sessions. While no significant immediate weight loss was observed following the intervention, significant improvements in general psychological health, reductions in anxiety and escape maintained eating, and increases in weight related acceptance and action were found in the treatment group (n = 9) compared to a wait list control group (n = 10). These findings suggest that an acceptance based intervention targeting wide band outcomes might serve as a viable alternative to traditional approaches targeting only immediate weight loss.
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Black, Suzie. ""I just wasnae me anymore" : individual experiences of identity loss, identity negotiation, acceptance and 'adjustment' in acquired hearing loss." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3264.
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Objectives: There appears to be growing evidence that living with acquired hearing loss (AHL) results in people experiencing increased psychological distress. However, there is currently a dearth of research examining psychological adjustment to AHL. The available models assume that psychological adjustment to AHL is a sequential process. Personal accounts of AHL and evidence regarding other disabilities suggest that psychological adjustment is a far more complex process. Consequently, the present study aimed to explore individuals‟ experience of the process of psychological adjustment to AHL. In addition, individuals‟ understandings of the concept of adjustment were also explored. Method: Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals who had acquired a moderate, severe or profound hearing loss in adulthood. These were transcribed and analysed for recurrent themes using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results: Data analysis revealed that 9 super-ordinate themes represented participants‟ experience of adjustment to AHL. Findings indicated that AHL resulted in participants experiencing identity loss and changes in the dynamics of their relationships. Participants suggested that acceptance was a difficult but vital process that reduced psychological distress. Acceptance was hypothesised to be a multi-dimensional continuum along which participants moved back and forth. Identity negotiation appeared to be an important psychological process associated with acceptance. Participants believed that there was a “right” way to “adjust” but none felt their experiences matched this ideal. Consequently, it appeared that there was a discrepancy in the way participants and the researcher understood the concept of “adjustment.” Discussion: The findings suggested that psychological “adjustment” to AHL was a complex dual-directional process. Participant narratives appeared to be consistent with the recurrent model of acceptance and adjustment proposed by Newsome and Kendall (1996). It was suggested that findings regarding participants‟ perceptions of “adjustment” had important implications for clinical practice and these were described. It was recommended that future qualitative research should attempt to explore individuals‟ assumptions regarding “adjustment” in more detail.
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Lillis, Jason. "Acceptance and commitment therapy for the treatment of obesity-related stigma and weight control." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3275825.
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Hallett, LewEllyn. "Across The Belly Of A Sad Country." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1379003884.
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C, Manchaiah Vinaya K. "Evaluating the process of change : Studies on patient journey, hearing disability acceptance and stages-of-change." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för beteendevetenskap och lärande, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-98046.
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Person with hearing impairment (PHI) and their Communication partners (CPs) have a range of experiences and milestones before, during and after their audiological assessment and/or rehabilitation sessions. The term ‘patient journey’ refers to understanding the experiences and the processes the patient goes through during the course of the disease and the treatment regime. The aims of the current thesis were: (1) to further develop patient journey models of individuals with gradual-onset hearing impairment and CPs by taking their views into consideration; (2) to develop the patient journey model for PHI of sudden-onset; (3) to develop a self-reported measure of hearing disability acceptance and to study its construct and concurrent validity; (4) to investigate the health behaviour change characteristics of people noticing hearing difficulties using the stages-of-change model. Papers I (n=32) and III (n=9) were aimed at further developing the journey model of PHI and their CPs proposed by the Ida Institute. Both studies employed qualitative methods (i.e., focus groups and interviews for data collection and thematic analysis for data analysis), and defined the models based on the perspectives of PHI and CPs both of which had seven main phases. These data were compared with the professionals’ perspectives of the journey as reported in the Ida Institute model which had six main phases. Our studies highlight new phases (i.e., self-evaluation in PHI journey and adaptation in CP journey) and also various commonalities and differences in the perspectives expressed by professionals and patients. Paper II included a pilot study to explore the patient journey of sudden-onset acquired hearing impairment from both professionals (n=16) and patients (n=4) perspectives. Both identified all the six main phases, which include: awareness; movement; diagnostics; rehabilitation; self-evaluation; and resolution. The pre-awareness phase may hinder the realisation of hearing loss in persons with gradual onset hearing loss, whereas it is far more straightforward in persons with sudden-onset due to its nature of onset. Papers IV and V employed a cross-sectional design (n=90). Paper IV was aimed at developing a Hearing Disability Acceptance Questionnaire (HDAQ), and to study its construct and concurrent validity. Results suggested that the HDAQ has a two factor structure which explains 75.7% of the variance and had good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.86). Also, the scale had good concurrent validity in relation to self-reported hearing disability, self-reported anxiety and depression and readiness to change measures. Paper V was aimed at understanding the stages-of-change in adults with hearing disability using the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale. As predicted a high percentage of participants (over 90%) were in the contemplation and preparation stages, supporting the stages-of-change model. Overall, the papers presented in this thesis may contribute to a better understanding of process of change through hearing impairment in PHI and their CPs.Personer med hörselnedsättning (eng. PHI) och deras kommunikationspartners (eng. CPs) har en uppsättning upplevelser och erfarenheter före, under och efter audiologisk bedömning och/eller hörselrehabilitering. Begreppet "patientprocess" avser förståelsen av de erfarenheter och de förändringsprocesser patienten genomgår under sjukdomsförloppet och behandlingen av denna. Syftet med avhandlingen var: (1) att ytterligare utveckla individuella modeller för patientprocessen vid gradvis debut av hörselnedsättning och att ta CPs erfarenheter under beaktande, (2) att utveckla modeller för patientprocessen vid plötslig debut av hörselnedsättning, (3) att utveckla självskattningsmått på acceptans av hörselnedsättning och att studera dess begreppsvaliditet och samtidig validitet, (4) att undersöka beteendeförändring avsende hälsa för personer som upplever hörselnedsättning. Artikel I (n = 32) och artikel III (n = 9) syftade bland annat till att vidareutveckla modell av patientprocessen som och deras kommunikationspartner som föreslagits av Ida Institutet. I båda studierna användes kvalitativa metoder (fokusgrupper och intervjuer för datainsamling och tematisk analys) för att bygga modeller av patientprocessen personen med hörselnedsättning och dess kommunikationspartner, där båda modellerna kom att inkludera sju huvudfaser av processen. Resultaten jämfördes med sjukvårdspersonalens perspektiv på patientprocessen enligt Ida Institutets modell. Studierna visar nya faser (självvärdering för PHIs process och anpassning för CPs process). Dessutom identifierades likheter och skillnader i jämförelsen mellan sjukvårdspersonalens och patientens perspektiv. Artikel II innehåller en pilotstudie för att undersöka och skapa modeller för patientprocessen vid plötslig förvärvad hörselnedsättning från både vårdgivarens (n = 16) och patientens (n = 4) perspektiv. Båda grupper identifierade alla sex huvudfaser. Dessa inkluderar: medvetenhet; rörelse; diagnos; rehabilitering; självvärdering; och lösning på problemet. Pre-awareness (för-medvetande) fasen kan eventuellt fördröja/förhindra förståelsen för hörselnedsättningen för personer med gradvis tilltagande hörselnedsättning, emedan förståelsen är mer direkt för personer med plötslig förvärvad hörselnedsättning. Artikel IV och artikel V var bägge baserade på en tvärsnittsstudie (n=90). Artikel IV syftade till att utveckla ett frågeformulär angående acceptans av hörselhandikapp (eng. Hearing Disabiliy Acceptance Questionnaire, HDAQ) och att studera dess begreppsvaliditet och samtidig validitet. Resultaten visar att HDAQ fick en två-faktor struktur som förklarde 75,7 % av variansen och uppvisade god intern konsistens (Cronbach’s alpha 0,86). Dessutom hade skalan god samtidig validitet i förhållande till självrapporterad hörselnedsättning, självrapporterad ångest och depression, samt i förhållande till beredskap för förändring. Artikel V (n = 90) syftade till att undersöka stadier av beteendeförändring för personer med tidig, förmodad hörselnedsättning, via den så kallade stages-of-change modellen. Mätinstrumentet för beteendeförändring var University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale. Som förväntat var en hög andel av deltagarna (över 90%) i tidiga stadier (eng. contemplation and preparation), vilket stöder stages-of-change modellen. Sammanfattningsvis, bidrar artiklarna i denna avhandling till en bättre förståelse av förändingsprocesser via hörselnedsättning för personer med hörselnedsättning och deras kommunikationspartners.
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Zamith, José Luis Cardoso. "Gestão de riscos e prevenção de perdas: um novo paradigma para a segurança nas organizações." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/3395.
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Previous issue date: 2006This study analyzes the possibility of organizational change in the security activity in organizations, assuming a new paradigm: management of risks and loss prevention. Based in this, two different analytical problems had structuralized the research: A) To demonstrate the absence of an activity regulated between the public and private security, presenting as it is played and justifying by means of historical and methodological aspects the responsibility of the actors on the losses generated for the current form of management; B) the challenge of the management of risks and loss prevention, leaving of the estimated one that the acceptability of treatment of the risks is based not only by the evaluation technique, but mainly in the involved intuitive aspects in the decision made. In general lines, the intention to carry through a theoretical quarrel and an analysis of the speech of controllers of organizations, to the end, is to arrive at the conclusion of that if it cannot more admit the different sides of security and a bigger universe, where if does not have to look for to only decide the urgent problem, but also to participate and to contribute in the life of the organization, by means of a cycle of accompaniment of risks based in preventive activities. Moreover, a new involved approach in the process of understanding of the heuristically ones of the organization brings the possibility of uneven benefits in that it concerns to provide actions that if locate inside of one continuum, whose extremities are in playing activities with a maximum degree of risks displaying the life of the organization the concretion of a starter fact of damages and keeping the activity end of the organization stopped in the search of a degree of risk next to zero.
Esta dissertação analisa a possibilidade de mudança organizacional na atividade de segurança dentro das organizações, assumindo um novo paradigma: gestão de riscos e prevenção de perdas. Baseado nisto, dois diferentes problemas analíticos estruturaram a pesquisa: A) Demonstrar a ausência de uma atividade regulamentada entre a segurança pública e privada, apresentando como é desempenhada e justificando por meio de aspectos históricos e metodológicos a responsabilidade dos atores sobre as perdas geradas pela atual forma de gestão; B) O desafio da gestão de riscos e prevenção de perdas, partindo do pressuposto que a aceitabilidade de tratamento dos riscos é fundamentada não somente pela avaliação técnica, mas principalmente nos aspectos intuitivos envolvidos na tomada de decisão. Em linhas gerais, a intenção de realizar uma discussão teórica e uma análise do discurso de dirigentes de organizações, ao final, é chegar à conclusão de que não se pode mais admitir a atividade de segurança dissociada de um universo maior, onde não se deva procurar apenas resolver o problema emergencialmente, mas também participar e contribuir na vida da organização, por meio de um ciclo de acompanhamento de riscos pautado em atividades preventivas. Além disso, um novo enfoque envolvido no processo de compreensão das heurísticas da organização traz a possibilidade de benefícios ímpares no que concerne a prover ações que se posicionem dentro de um continuum, cujos extremos estão em desempenhar atividades com um grau máximo de riscos expondo a vida da organização à concretização de um fato originador de danos e manter a atividade fim da organização estagnada na busca de um grau de risco próximo de zero.
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Fullbrook, Ashley C. "You have Nothing to Lose! Using Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in Secondary Education to Make Space for Body Acceptance." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33650.
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Schools are sites of great power and influence where the “obesity” discourse is often taken uncritically as truth and reproduced, to the detriment of young people. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how theories of fatness can inform theories of culturally relevant pedagogy with the goal of helping teachers create spaces where increased size acceptance is possible for secondary students. Literature from both these areas of study was reviewed and applied to the Ontario secondary curriculum documents for science and physical education. This analysis demonstrated a body acceptance orientation in teaching these disciplines, and that doing so can mitigate many of the negative effects of living in a fat hating world.
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Peng, Yu-Hsuan, and 彭俞軒. "Perception and Acceptance for Taiwanese Companies on the Environmental Profit and Loss (EP&;L) Methodology." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/login?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22103TIT05087102%22.&searchmode=basic.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
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In recent years, there is an advocate to ask corporations’ operation must cope with the goal of Sustainable Development, which is to gain the profitability while minimize the impact to the ecosystems and the usage of natural capital (resources). However, due to the inherent and intangible characteristics, the value (especially monetary value) of environmental impacts and natural capitals, such as the damages from climate change, various pollutions and land use changes, are difficult to be quantified. Several natural capital accounting (NCA) methods have been developed, such as willingness to pay, travel cost method and damage cost avoided, however, their utilizations are limited due to the criticism of the methodologies are too subjective. Recently, the natural capital and its valuation has been gaining attention again, especially for corporations. It is found that NCA can significantly improve in managing corporates’ risk, selecting supply chain, investing on emerging economies, and saving cost. Among newly developed NCA methodologies, EP&;L (Environmental Profit and Loss) is the most important one. It was first developed by PUMA and Trucost in 2010 for quantifying the “true cost” of environmental impacts and natural capital. In 2014, Novo Nordisk adopted Environmentally Extended Input Output (EEIO) and successfully calculated the environmental costs of its whole supply chain. This result provides extra information for the company which enables company to understand the overall environmental impacts of the company and to identify hotspots for improvements in the future. In light of the importance of NCA and the rapid development of EP&;L, this study intends to understand the development of different NCA methodologies and the localization and application of EP&;L in Taiwan. The focus group interviews was conducted in this study, in which experts from industry, research groups and academia were invited to discuss the awareness and acceptance of EP &; L, as well as the suggestions for future promotion in Taiwan. Experts all agreed that to quititify the value of environmental impact is an international trend and corporations need to be aware of its development. Several advices and sugggetions were given by experts, such as start from the most important ones, such as carbon and water issues; establish database for calculating EP&;L and stored in the “cloud”, and elevate the awareness of EP&;L among companies. The results from this prilimiary study should be able to provide some insights for future studies.
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Wang, Zih-Huei, and 王姿惠. "Developing Improved Acceptance Sampling Plans for Variables with Simultaneous Consideration of Process Yield and Quality Loss." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2pd8nr.
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Basson, Nerine Celeste. "Narrative pastoral practice at a primary school." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1097.
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South African schools provide an enormous challenge for transformation towards inclusive and caring communities of learners, facilitators and caregivers. This qualitative study conducted at a primary school used narrative pastoral therapy-as-research and participatory action research-as-therapy to develop inclusive and caring practices. Co-authoring conversations with learners and caregivers from a diverse cultural and religious traditions and collaborating with facilitators challenged me to develop pastoral care as political care. This paved a way for future transformation of a school as a multi-religious community of care and respect. I engaged with participants in finding alternative ways of dealing with loss due to death of loved ones or separartion from caregivers. Children with chronic illness challenged their experiences of rejection and marginalisation at school by writing and producing a play while those whose voices were silenced chose other ways to inform learners and facilitators about their illness.Practical Theology
M. Th. (Practical Theology with specialisation in Pastoral Therapy)
Books on the topic "Acceptable Losses"
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Acceptable losses. Sevenoaks: New English Library, 1985.
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Ziesk, Edra. Acceptable losses: A novel. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1996.
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Pohl, Amelia E. Beyond grief to acceptance and peace. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Eagle Pub., 2001.
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Ellen, Frankel, ed. The diet survivor's handbook: 60 lessons in eating, acceptance, and self-care. Naperville, Ill: Sourcebooks, 2006.
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Schow, Betsy. Finished being fat: An accidental adventure in losing weight and learning how to finish. Springville, Utah: Plain Sight Publishing, an imprint of Cedar Fort, Inc., 2013.
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Hasan, Servet. La vida en transición: Un método intuitivo para volver a empezar. Barcelona: Urano, 2014.
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Coyle, Neva. Loved on a grander scale: Affirmation, acceptance, and hope for women who struggle with their weight. Ann Arbor, Mich: Servan Publications, 1998.
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Hutchinson, Marcia Germaine. Transforming body image: Learning to love the body you have. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press, 1985.
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Transforming body image: Learning to love the body you have. Trumansburg, N.Y: Crossing Press, 1985.
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Journey to the shape of you: A seven week course in discovering and recovering your ideal weight through the pathway of journaling. Cloverdale, CA: Backwater, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Acceptable Losses"
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Kleinn, Jan, Dörte Aller, and Matthias Oplatka. "Characteristics of Risk." In Hurricane Risk in a Changing Climate, 25–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08568-0_2.
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AbstractRisk, as opposed to the physical hazard, always involves consequences like damages or losses. Risk is a concept which is difficult to grasp, partly because it cannot be directly measured. Furthermore, risk cannot be summarized in only a single number. Nevertheless, risk has to be characterized for a number of applications, ranging from risk assessment to risk communication, stakeholder involvement, and discussions on the level of acceptable risk.The authors are providing an approach to characterize risk. These risk characteristics are the result of practical applications in natural hazard risk management. With these characteristics, risk can be used as a basis for decisions regarding the level of acceptable risk or for the appraisal of risk reduction measures, including the characterization of uncertainties in current or future risk.
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Pritchard, Jacki. "Acceptance and aspirations." In Dealing with Different Types of Losses Using Hypnotherapy Scripts, 159–64. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032245706-35.
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Newman, Cory F., Robert L. Leahy, Aaron T. Beck, Noreen A. Reilly-Harrington, and Laszlo Gyulai. "Stigma, loss, and acceptance." In Bipolar disorder: A cognitive therapy approach., 169–90. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10442-007.
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Rosoman, Clare. "Acceptance and detaching." In An Emotionally Focused Guide to Relationship Loss, 113–28. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003264163-10.
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Rosoman, Clare. "Acceptance and detaching." In An Emotionally Focused Guide to Relationship Loss, 113–28. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003264163-10.
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Rosoman, Clare. "Acceptance and detaching." In An Emotionally Focused Guide to Relationship Loss, 113–28. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003264163-10.
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Ortiz, Michael. "Loss of Control and Technology Acceptance." In Loss of Control and Technology Acceptance in (Digital) Transformation, 21–29. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-39661-9_3.
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Lentz, Albrecht, and Rüdiger Rackwitz. "Loss-of-Life Modelling in Risk Acceptance Criteria." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 1924–29. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_309.
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Ortiz, Michael. "Technology Acceptance in Germany and Baden-Württemberg: State of the Debate." In Loss of Control and Technology Acceptance in (Digital) Transformation, 5–19. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-39661-9_2.
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Ortiz, Michael. "Empirical Framework: The #techourfuture Project Initiative." In Loss of Control and Technology Acceptance in (Digital) Transformation, 31–36. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-39661-9_4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Acceptable Losses"
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Ergas, Raymond A., Robert S. Polzer, Paul L. Donoho, and John D. Villasenor. "Measuring seismic data compression: What losses are acceptable?" In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1996. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1826571.
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Kladas, D. D., and D. P. Georgiou. "Turbine Cascade Optimization Against Particle Deposition." In ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/92-gt-345.
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Modern turbine cascades are usually being optimized for minimum total pressure losses. Gas turbines, however, operating in dirty environments or using coal–derived fuels need cascades that minimize the deposition, erosion and corrosion (DEC) implications of the particle–laden gas. This can be achieved by altering certain geometrical key–parameters of cascades and blades which influence the particle deposition rate, while keeping the inlet and outlet velocities and angles fixed. Since reference cascades have already been optimized for minimum aerodynamic losses, the associated loss increase penalty is accounted for. Two stator and two rotor cascades were optimized by a penalty function method. The results suggest that solid particle deposition rates can be minimized by as much as 40 per cent while keeping profile losses to acceptable limits in both stator and rotor cascades for the particle size range 0.1 to 1 μm.
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Ho, Clifford K., Sean Kinahan, Jesus D. Ortega, Peter Vorobieff, Andrea Mammoli, and Vanderlei Martins. "Characterization of Particle and Heat Losses From Falling Particle Receivers." In ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3826.
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Abstract Camera-based imaging methods were evaluated to quantify both particle and convective heat losses from the aperture of a high-temperature particle receiver. A bench-scale model of a field-tested on-sun particle receiver was built, and particle velocities and temperatures were recorded using the small-scale model. Particles heated to over 700 °C in a furnace were released from a slot aperture and allowed to fall through a region that was imaged by the cameras. Particle-image, particle-tracking, and image-correlation velocimetry methods were compared against one another to determine the best method to obtain particle velocities. A high-speed infrared camera was used to evaluate particle temperatures, and a model was developed to determine particle and convective heat losses. In addition, particle sampling instruments were deployed during on-sun field tests of the particle receiver to determine if small particles were being generated that can pose an inhalation hazard. Results showed that while there were some recordable emissions during the tests, the measured particle concentrations were much lower than the acceptable health standard of 15 mg/m3. Additional bench-scale tests were performed to quantify the formation of particles during continuous shaking and dropping of the particles. Continuous formation of small particles in two size ranges (< ∼1 microns and between ∼8–10 microns) were observed due to de-agglomeration and mechanical fracturing, respectively, during particle collisions.
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Kubo, Ryo, Fumio Otomo, Yoshitaka Fukuyama, and Yuhji Nakata. "Aerodynamic Loss Increase due to Individual Film Cooling Injections From Gas Turbine Nozzle Surface." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-497.
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A CFD investigation was conducted on the total pressure loss variation for a linear nozzle guide vane cascade of a gas turbine, due to the individual film injections from the leading edge shower head, the suction surface, the pressure surface and the trailing edge slot. The results were compared with those of low speed wind tunnel experiments. A 2-D Navier-Stokes procedure for a 2-D slot injection, which approximated a row of discrete film holes, was performed to clarify the applicable limitation in the pressure loss prediction during an aerodynamic design stage, instead of a costly 3-D procedure for the row of discrete holes. In mass flow rate ratios of injection to main flow from 0% to 1%, the losses computed by the 2-D procedure agreed well with the experimental losses except for the pressure side injection cases. However, as the mass flow rate ratio was increased to 2.5%, the agreement became insufficient. The same tendency was observed in additional 3-D computations more closely modeling the injection hole shapes. The summations of both experimental and computed loss increases due to individual row injections were compared with both experimental and computed loss increases due to all-row injection with the mass flow rate ratio ranging from 0% to 7%. Each summation agreed well with each all-row injection result. Agreement between experimental and calculated results was acceptable. Therefore, the loss due to all-row injections in the design stage can be obtained by the correlations of 2-D calculated losses from individual row injections. To improve more precisely the summation prediction for the losses due to the present all-row injections, extensive research on the prediction for the losses due to the pressure side injection should be carried out.
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Andreychek, Timothy S., Maurice E. Dingler, John DeBarba, and William F. Sadowski. "Performance of DBA-Qualified/Acceptable Coatings When Subjected to Jet Flows From High Energy Pipe Breaks." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48861.
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A postulated Loss-of-Coolant Accident (LOCA) for a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) results in the escape of high-pressure, high-temperature subcooled coolant from the pipe break location. As the coolant escapes from the break, it forms a two-phase jet. The impingement of a two-phase jet may damage protective coatings used on surfaces inside the reactor containment building, resulting in the generation of coatings debris. The coatings debris may be transported to the pool forming on the containment floor. When the Emergency Core Cooling (ECC) and the Containment Spray (CS) Systems are realigned to draw suction from the containment sump, the coatings debris can be transported to the containment sump screen. Large amounts of coatings debris at the sump screen may contribute to undesirable head losses across the sump screen and have undesirable effects on components downstream of the screen. This paper presents the experimental program undertaken to study the performance of Design Basis Accident (DBA) Qualified/Acceptable coating systems typically used inside PWR containments under jet impingement loads, temperatures and pressures associated with a postulated large break LOCA. The coating systems were applied to both carbon steel and concrete substrates consistent with the manner in which the coating systems were applied for DBA testing. A total of eight (8) coupons were subjected to the thermal and hydraulic processes and phenomena associated with jet impingement that would result from the coatings being in close proximity to a postulated large break LOCA. A description of the test protocol, the test facility, and the test conditions is presented, along with post-test inspection summaries for the individual test coupons. This paper will also discuss the extension of the test data to other DBA Qualified/Acceptable epoxy coating systems and untopcoated IOZ coating systems.
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Kalabegishvili, M. "Engineer Solutions Decreasing Seepage Losses From Enguri Pressure Tunnel." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20533.
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The majority of pressure tunnels are designed with pervious concrete lining, considering limited parameters (quantity and opening) equidistributed cracks. In general, according to the requirements of building specifications admissible seepage losses from tunnel shall not exceed 1% of HPP design discharge. As shown by the operation of HPP’s the value of seepage losses is in reality much higher than the acceptable one. The Inguri HPP pressure tunnel (15 km in length and 9.5 m in diameter) passes in complex geological conditions. The maximum value of pressure at the beginning and end of tunnel is, correspondingly, 110–175 m, while the water level variability in the reservoir is 90 m. The main characteristic of the structure of diversion tunnel is that in the main part of its length it is represented as a single complex: concrete lining (0.5 m thick) with strengthened grouting zone (6 m deep). Such design decision replaced more traditional structures, e.g. strengthened concrete, combined or metal linings. The internal pressure of tunnel is borne by the monolithic mass formed by reinforcement grouting. Thereby lining operation is completely dependent on the parameters characteristic for the zone of strengthened grouting (resilient backpressure and perviousness), which must satisfy design values. Thus reinforcement grouting, along with filling grouting are integral parts of pressure tunnel, without which the operation of structure is practically impossible. At the initial stage of operation (in 1985, at the low level in the reservoir and under the impact of the increase of pressures from massif the loss of lining stability (of the wall and inverted arch) occurred. Presently, based on general assessment the seepage losses developed from tunnel reach up to 10 m3/sec, which thrice exceed the design ones. As a result of rehabilitation works (massif grouting and shotcrete lining) conducted in 2006 in certain sections of tunnel seepage losses were temporarily reduced. Subsequently seepage losses increased again due to the development of erosive leakage processes in massif. In the present work calculations were conducted of the seepage parameters and stress condition of the “tunnel-massif” system during filling and discharge of reservoir using a static-seepage coupled scheme, in which a complex geological structure of massif (anisotropy, presence of cracks), the deformation of massif and seepage body force developed in it are taken into consideration. The processes developed during operational period, including depression surface enlarged and the loss of concrete lining stability, are also analyzed. Inguri HPP is Georgia’s powerful energy object (capacity – 1300 MW, design head – 450 m). Clearly the reduction of seepage losses has a great impact on power generation. In future the rehabilitation of tunnel is envisaged, as alternative options of which shotcrete lining is viewed, the same with strengthening grouting zone and stressed lining (with expanding cement). The present work presents part of the research.
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Bruurs, K. A. J., B. P. M. van Esch, and M. S. van der Schoot. "Exit Loss Model for Plain Axial Seals in Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pumps." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69251.
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Plain axial seals are often used in centrifugal pumps as a means to achieve acceptable sealing against leakage flow without the much higher friction losses that are associated with mechanical seals. Examples of their application are the front seals in shrouded radial and mixed-flow pumps and the inter-stage seals in multi-stage pumps. Knowledge about the relation between leakage flow rate and pressure drop over the seal is vital, not only for estimating the volumetric losses, but also for calculating the axial thrust and shaft power of a pump. Investigations up till now have mainly concentrated on the frictional pressure drop in the seal (e.g. Yamada [1], Weber [2]), and hardly on the expansion losses at the exit of the seal. These exit losses are commonly modelled by a kinetic loss coefficient equal to or close to 1, but recent measurements by Storteig [3] have shown that exit loss coefficients can have values well above 1. This paper presents an analytical method to compute the exit loss coefficient of a plain axial seal. It is derived from energy and momentum balances and assumes power-law profiles for the velocity distribution in the seal. The power-law coefficients are computed using CFD and are found to only depend on the Reynolds numbers based on axial flow, Reax, and Couette flow in circumferential direction, ReΩ. The resulting exit loss coefficients are shown to range between 1 and 2, depending on the ratio of Reax and ReΩ. Results of the analytical model are compared with measurements and CFD calculations. This new analytical model can help improve the prediction of rotor dynamic stability, efficiency and axial thrust of turbomachinery without the need for dedicated CFD calculations in these tight clearances.
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Larson, Jacob, Jonatan Pozo-Palacios, Grey Boyce-Erickson, Nathaniel Fulbright, Jaichen Dai, John Voth, Ninaad Gajghate, et al. "Experimental Validation of Subsystem Models for a Novel Variable Displacement Hydraulic Motor." In ASME/BATH 2021 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2021-68604.
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Abstract A novel, variable displacement, low-speed high-torque hydraulic motor is being developed that is expected to be highly efficient across a broad operating range. To ensure the final hardware achieves the expected performance, the models used in the development of the motor must be experimentally validated and revised. The focus of this work is on mechanical energy loss models that were used to guide the design of a single-cylinder motor prototype and then experimental tests used for validation. Losses were modeled and organized into five primary groups: main shaft bearings, main shaft seal, case windage, valve actuation, and linkage losses. The single-cylinder prototype was fabricated, and test parameters were defined. Two test rigs were designed and built to capture losses of the motor experimentally; one was used to collect low torque, zero/low-pressure differential results, and the other used to collect high torque, high-pressure differential results. A staged assembly procedure was developed to capture the independent contributions of each loss. By reviewing the quality of correlation between test observations and model predictions and revising the model when necessary, the models were validated. The correlation was improved by reviewing and modifying model inputs. This allows future solutions to be more accurately predicted in the design phase to drive the design of better machines. The validated model package was able to predict the motor performance within an acceptable range of error.
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Mcilvenna, Amelia, Valentina Zaccaria, Nor Farida Harun, and David Tucker. "Integrating Anode Recycle in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Hybrid Applications: Design Considerations." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-65060.
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In Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) hybrid systems, anode recycle allows us to reach high stack fuel utilization without causing anode re-oxidation, which is detrimental for the fuel cell. In addition, anode recycle also helps the system to mitigate the risk of carbon deposition within the fuel cell when employing fuel with high methane/CO content. This work incorporated anode recycle within a pre-existing fuel manifold model which is embedded in a larger real-time SOFC model. To optimize system performance, we considered fuel manifold design and anode recycle concurrently. The pre-existing manifold model contained a fuel valve, mixing volume, and pipe system for pressure losses. Because increasing anode recycle percentage increased fuel mass flow, pressure losses in the system also increased. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis on manifold pipe diameter and fuel composition was conducted with parametric variation in anode recycle percentage. This enabled both minimization of pressure loss to avoid damage to the SOFC, and minimization of manifold residence time to maintain acceptable control response. The updated model allowed for further investigation of the effects of anode recycle within the fuel cell and ultimately the entire hybrid system.
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Borisov, I., A. Khalatov, S. Kobzar, and B. Glezer. "Heat Transfer and Pressure Losses in a Narrow Dimpled Channel Structured With Spherical Protrusions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90121.
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Achieving a high heat transfer effectiveness at low pressure losses in narrow channels continue to present a significant challenge for designers of gas turbine components and heat exchangers. The task of low pressure losses often requires that some of these components, particularly heat exchangers, have to operate at a flow rate that corresponds to relatively low Reynolds numbers ranging from 200 to 800. The operation at higher Reynolds numbers permits to improve the recuperator performance, however it leads to unacceptable pressure losses. Introduction of hemispherical dimples for heat transfer augmentation has become recently one of the promising techniques for achieving higher heat transfer performance in narrow channels at an acceptable pressure loss level. A structural support between the primary heat transfer surfaces is usually required for a double walled back-side cooled turbine components and multichannel heat exchangers (recuperators), operating with pressure differential between cold and hot channels. For this purpose in the current study spherical protrusions (reversed dimples) were employed on a panel opposing a dimpled panel. This structural arrangement was expected to result in additional blockage of the channel cross-section and certain increases in a pressure loss. The experimental study has been performed to assess the effect of spherical dimples and protrusions on heat transfer and pressure losses in a formed narrow channel. The airflows in the experiments corresponded to the Reynolds number ranging from 800 to 6,500. A dimple diameter and depth were 10.0 mm and 2.0 mm, correspondingly; the protrusions established the 2.0 mm height of the channels. Both the in-line and staggered dimple arrangements were studied with the x-pitch ranging from 9.0 to 18.0 mm and z-pitch changing from 13.0 to 18.0 mm. The data presented in this paper include results for measurements of average heat transfer coefficients and pressure losses. Reynolds analogy factor and thermal performance of the primary surface were obtained and discussed in the paper. Considering potential application of studied surfaces for gas turbine heat exchangers, the paper provided a comparison between a “pure” dimpled channel, dimpled channel with protrusions against a more traditional channel with sinusoidal corrugated primary surface. As expected, the protrusions in the channel enhanced the heat transfer, but led to increased pressure losses due to the partial destruction of the dimple-generated vortex structures. Nevertheless, it was demonstrated that the Reynolds analogy factor of 0.4 could be achieved in a dimpled channel with protrusions, resulting in overall pressure losses of under 5% for the application in a recuperator core.
Reports on the topic "Acceptable Losses"
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JOHNSON, D. C. Loss on Ignition Furnace Acceptance and Operability Test Procedure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/804227.
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JOHNSTON, D. C. Loss on Ignition Furnace Acceptance and Operability Test Procedure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/804753.
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Singhvi, Punit, Javier García Mainieri, Hasan Ozer, and Brajendra Sharma. Rheology-Chemical Based Procedure to Evaluate Additives/Modifiers Used in Asphalt Binders for Performance Enhancements: Phase 2. Illinois Center for Transportation, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-020.
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The increased use of softer binders in Illinois over the past decade is primarily attributed to the increased use of recycled materials in asphalt pavement construction. The shift in demand of using PG 58-28 over PG 64-22 has resulted in potential alternative methods to produce softer binders more economically using proprietary products. However, there are challenges in using these proprietary products for asphalt modification because of uncertainty in their long-term performance and significant variability in binder chemistry. The current SuperPave performance grading specification for asphalt binders is insufficient in differentiating binders produced from these modifiers. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of various softener-type asphalt binder modifiers using a wide array of rheological and chemistry tests for their integration into the Illinois Department of Transportation’s material specifications. The small-strain rheological tests and their parameters allowed for consistent grouping of modified binders and can be used as surrogates to identify performing and nonperforming asphalt binders. A new parameter, Δ|G*|peak τ, was developed from the linear amplitude sweep test and showed potential to discriminate binders based on their large-strain behavior. Chemistry-based parameters were shown to track aging and formulation changes. The modifier sources were identified using fingerprint testing and were manifested in the modified binder chemical and compositional characteristics. The two sources of base binders blended with the modifiers governed the aging rate of the modified binders. Mixture performance testing using the Illinois Flexibility Index Test and the Hamburg Wheel-Track Test were consistent with the rheological and chemical findings, except for the glycol amine-based modified binder, which showed the worst cracking performance with the lowest flexibility index among the studied modifiers. This was contrary to its superior rheological performance, which may be attributed to lower thermal stability, resulting in high mass loss during mixing. According to the characterization of field-aged binders, laboratory aging of two pressurized aging vessel cycles or more may represent realistic field aging of 10 to 15 years at the pavement surface and is able to distinguish modified binders. Therefore, an extended aging method of two pressurized aging vessel cycles was recommended for modified binders. Two different testing suites were recommended for product approval protocol with preliminary thresholds for acceptable performance validated with field-aged data.
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Bonfil, David J., Daniel S. Long, and Yafit Cohen. Remote Sensing of Crop Physiological Parameters for Improved Nitrogen Management in Semi-Arid Wheat Production Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696531.bard.
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To reduce financial risk and N losses to the environment, fertilization methods are needed that improve NUE and increase the quality of wheat. In the literature, ample attention is given to grid-based and zone-based soil testing to determine the soil N available early in the growing season. Plus, information is available on in-season N topdressing applications as a means of improving GPC. However, the vast majority of research has focused on wheat that is grown under N limiting conditions in sub-humid regions and irrigated fields. Less attention has been given to wheat in dryland that is water limited. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine accuracy in determining GPC of HRSW in Israel and SWWW in Oregon using on-combine optical sensors under field conditions; (2) develop a quantitative relationship between image spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters; (3) develop an operational precision N management procedure that combines variable-rate N recommendations at planting as derived from maps of grain yield, GPC, and test weight; and at mid-season as derived from quantitative relationships, remote sensing, and the DSS; and (4) address the economic and technology-transfer aspects of producers’ needs. Results from the research suggest that optical sensing and the DSS can be used for estimating the N status of dryland wheat and deciding whether additional N is needed to improve GPC. Significant findings include: 1. In-line NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately (SEP <5.0 mg g⁻¹) measure GPC of a grain stream conveyed by an auger. 2. On-combine NIR spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate (R² < 0.88) grain test weight across fields. 3. Precision N management based on N removal increases GPC, grain yield, and profitability in rainfed wheat. 4. Hyperspectral SI and partial least squares (PLS) models have excellent potential for estimation of biomass, and water and N contents of wheat. 5. A novel heading index can be used to monitor spike emergence of wheat with classification accuracy between 53 and 83%. 6. Index MCARI/MTVI2 promises to improve remote sensing of wheat N status where water- not soil N fertility, is the main driver of plant growth. Important features include: (a) computable from commercial aerospace imagery that include the red edge waveband, (b) sensitive to Chl and resistant to variation in crop biomass, and (c) accommodates variation in soil reflectance. Findings #1 and #2 above enable growers to further implement an efficient, low cost PNM approach using commercially available on-combine optical sensors. Finding #3 suggests that profit opportunities may exist from PNM based on information from on-combine sensing and aerospace remote sensing. Finding #4, with its emphasis on data retrieval and accuracy, enhances the potential usefulness of a DSS as a tool for field crop management. Finding #5 enables land managers to use a DSS to ascertain at mid-season whether a wheat crop should be harvested for grain or forage. Finding #6a expands potential commercial opportunities of MS imagery and thus has special importance to a majority of aerospace imaging firms specializing in the acquisition and utilization of these data. Finding #6b on index MCARI/MVTI2 has great potential to expand use of ground-based sensing and in-season N management to millions of hectares of land in semiarid environments where water- not N, is the main determinant of grain yield. Finding #6c demonstrates that MCARI/MTVI2 may alleviate the requirement of multiple N-rich reference strips to account for soil differences within farm fields. This simplicity will be less demanding of grower resources, promising substantially greater acceptance of sensing technologies for in-season N management.
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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.
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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.