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1

Oliveira Junior, Geraldo Gomes de, Viviane da Silva Ribeiro, Lucas Eduardo de Oliveira Aparecido, Felipe Campos Figueiredo, Raphael Nogueira Rezende, Ana Paula da Silva Rezende, and Joao Paulo Custodio de Brito. "Balanço do dióxido de carbono equivalente em lavouras cafeeiras." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 7 (May 22, 2022): e25311729966. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i7.29966.

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Objetivou-se no presente estudo realizar o balanço do carbono equivalente em lavouras cafeeiras ocupadas por duas diferentes cultivares. O estudo foi conduzido no ano de 2021, em propriedade agrícola localizada dentro dos municípios de Guaxupé - MG e Tapiratiba - SP, Brasil. Foram avaliadas duas glebas (A e B), plantadas no ano de 2018 com espaçamento 3,5 x 0,7 m. A gleba A ocupada com a cultivar Acaia IAC 474-19 e a gleba B cultivar Catuaí IAC - 99. A estimativa de emissões foi calculada utilizando-se das metodologias GHG Protocol, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação e Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). O carbono presente na biomassa foi quantificado a partir do abate das plantas, determinação da umidade (%), teor de carbono (C) e estimativa do dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2 eq). O balanço do carbono equivalente por hectare (CO2 eq ha-1) foi obtido pela diferença entre o carbono sequestrado e as emissões estimadas. Os resultados demonstraram que o sequestro de carbono equivalente na biomassa do cafeeiro em 3,5 anos foi de aproximadamente 3,6 vezes maior que as emissões. A remoção de CO2 eq aos 3,5 anos foi estimada em 15,15 e 24,92 Mg CO2 eq ha-1 para a cultivar Catuai IAC-99 e Acaia IAC 474-19 respectivamente. As emissões ao longo do período avaliado foram de 5,05 e 5,77 Mg CO2 eq ha-1 para as glebas cultivadas com Catuaí IAC-99 e Acaia IAC 474-19, portanto o sistema de produção avaliado aos 3,5 anos pode ser considerado carbono neutro.
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2

Isaacson, S., S. Rachmilevitch, J. E. Ephrath, S. Maman, and D. G. Blumberg. "MONITORING TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN ARID ZONE THROUGH MULTIPLE TEMPORAL SCALES: INTEGRATION OF SPATIAL ANALYSIS, CHANGE DETECTION AND FIELD LONG TERM MONITORING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 513–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-513-2016.

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High mortality rates and lack of recruitment in the acacia populations throughout the Negev Desert and the Arava rift valley of Israel have been reported in previous studies. However, it is difficult to determine whether these reports can be evidence to a significant decline trend of the trees populations. This is because of the slow dynamic processes of acaia tree populations and the lack of long term continuous monitoring data. We suggest a new data analysis technique that expands the time scope of the field long term monitoring of trees in arid environments. This will enables us to improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal changes of these populations. <br><br> We implemented two different approaches in order to expand the time scope of the acacia population field survey: (1) individual based tree change detection using Corona satellite images and (2) spatial analysis of trees population, converting spatial data into temporal data. The next step was to integrate the results of the two analysis techniques (change detection and spatial analysis) with field monitoring. This technique can be implemented to other tree populations in arid environments to help assess the vegetation conditions and dynamics of those ecosystems.
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3

Isaacson, S., S. Rachmilevitch, J. E. Ephrath, S. Maman, and D. G. Blumberg. "MONITORING TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN ARID ZONE THROUGH MULTIPLE TEMPORAL SCALES: INTEGRATION OF SPATIAL ANALYSIS, CHANGE DETECTION AND FIELD LONG TERM MONITORING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 513–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-513-2016.

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High mortality rates and lack of recruitment in the acacia populations throughout the Negev Desert and the Arava rift valley of Israel have been reported in previous studies. However, it is difficult to determine whether these reports can be evidence to a significant decline trend of the trees populations. This is because of the slow dynamic processes of acaia tree populations and the lack of long term continuous monitoring data. We suggest a new data analysis technique that expands the time scope of the field long term monitoring of trees in arid environments. This will enables us to improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal changes of these populations. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; We implemented two different approaches in order to expand the time scope of the acacia population field survey: (1) individual based tree change detection using Corona satellite images and (2) spatial analysis of trees population, converting spatial data into temporal data. The next step was to integrate the results of the two analysis techniques (change detection and spatial analysis) with field monitoring. This technique can be implemented to other tree populations in arid environments to help assess the vegetation conditions and dynamics of those ecosystems.
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4

Scoriza, Trinidad. "Teoría arqueológica y feminismo." Boletín Antropológico 103, no. 1 (2022): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53766/ba/2021.103.01.03.

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Pretendo hacer un breve recorrido desde los inicios de mis investigaciones, en relación a las sociedades del pasado, hasta la actualidad. Ello significa abordar diferentes tiempos y perspectivas y mostrar cómo han ido modificándose y perfilándose hasta conformar las propuestas que realizamos desde el Equipo de Investigación ACAIA, del cual formo parte. Propuestas claramente arraigadas en el Feminismo Materialista, el Pensamiento Crítico y Libertario, la Teoría de la Diferencia Sexual y la Historia Materialista. Pensamos que ésta es la única vía factible para acercarnos de una manera diferente y comprometida a un pasado que ha sido mayoritariamente escrito por una Arqueología Patriarcal, al amparo del Capitalismo y sus políticas, a las que a veces incluso se pretende naturalizar
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5

Escoriza-Mateu, Trinidad. "Teoría arqueológica y feminismo." Boletín Antropológico 1, no. 103 (2022): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53766/ba/2022.01.103.03.

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Pretendo hacer un breve recorrido desde los inicios de mis investigaciones, en relación a las sociedades del pasado, hasta la actualidad. Ello significa abordar diferentes tiempos y perspectivas y mostrar cómo han ido modificándose y perfilándose hasta conformar las propuestas que realizamos desde el Equipo de Investigación ACAIA, del cual formo parte. Propuestas claramente arraigadas en el Feminismo Materialista, el Pensamiento Crítico y Libertario, la Teoría de la Diferencia Sexual y la Historia Materialista. Pensamos que ésta es la única vía factible para acercarnos de una manera diferente y comprometida a un pasado que ha sido mayoritariamente escrito por una Arqueología Patriarcal, al amparo del Capitalismo y sus políticas, a las que a veces incluso se pretende naturalizar.
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6

Banda, Nirmal, Allyson Wood, Kazue Takahashi, William P. Arend, Alan Ezekowitz, and V. Michael Holers. "The Alternative Pathway is Necessary and Sufficient for Complement Involvement in the Effector Phase of Anti-Collagen Antibody Induced Arthritis (ACAIA)." Clinical Immunology 123 (2007): S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2007.03.451.

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Afrianti, Nur Afni, and Tamaluddin Syam. "Evaluation of Primary Macro Nutrients on Arboretum Area in Lampung University Campus, Gedong Meneng." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 19, no. 2 (May 21, 2015): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2014.v19i2.91-97.

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Vegetation has a strong influence on soil characteristics. Vegetation can contribute organic matter sand nutrients to the soil. This study aimed to assess soil fertility through various approaches physical and chemical soil on various types of cover crop in the arboretum area at University of Lampung, and determined the type of cover crop that had the best effect on soil fertility. The research was be conducted by a survey method, which made observations on the soil characteristics of six species of cover crops following were rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia), teak (Tectona grandis), albizia (Paraserianthes Albiziaria), acacia (Acasia mangium), fern tree (Filicium desipiens), and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King). Soil characteristics observed data were the physical and chemical properties, obtained by field observations, through boring profiles and soil sampling. The results showed that soil fertility on rosewood, albizia, acacia and mahogany on campus area of Lampung University had contents of soil organic C, organic matter, and soil total N higher than teak and Fern tree. Litter from Rosewood, Albizia, and acacia had the best effect on soil fertility, so they could be the best covered vegetation to improve soil characteristics related to optimal and sustainable of land management.Keyword : Acacia, albizia, arboretum, cover crop, fern tree, litter, macronutrient, mahogany, rosewood, teak, and vegetation. [How to Cite: Nur AA and T Syam. 2014. Evaluation of Primary Macro Nutrients on Arboretum Area in Lampung University Campus, Gedong Meneng. J Trop Soils 19(2): 101-107. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2014.19.2.101]
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Palacios, Clide, Carlos Rafael Coppa, Luciano Palazesi, and Luciana Inés Ruiz. "Análisis comparativo del aseguramiento de los informes de sostenibilidad en Argentina." Cuadernos de Contabilidad 23 (December 20, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.cc23.acai.

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Este trabajo presenta un estudio sobre el aseguramiento de informes de sostenibilidad emitidos por organizaciones que operan en Argentina. Sobre una muestra de 383 informes obtenidos de la base de datos de la Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), se analizó comparativamente la tendencia a verificar externamente dichos informes, las características corporativas de las organizaciones que deciden asegurar, el perfil de los aseguradores y las normas empleadas en el aseguramiento. Si bien existe una leve tendencia creciente a verificar los informes de sostenibilidad, aun es reducido el número de informes asegurados. Según el sector de actividad, entre las organizaciones que contratan el aseguramiento, se destaca el grupo de servicios a organizaciones profesionales y otras sin fines de lucro. El estudio de los informes de aseguramiento revela que las firmas de auditoría predominan en la provisión del aseguramiento y que los profesionales, contadores públicos, resultan ser los firmantes casi exclusivos de los informes de verificación. Al mismo tiempo, se observa que existe uniformidad en el empleo de normas para realizar el aseguramiento de los informes emitidos lo cual resulta positivo en lo que a calidad y utilidad de la información revelada se refiere.
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9

Soverda, Nerty, Evita Evita, and Elly Indraswari. "Weeds Pressuring on the Grow th and Yield of Soybean Plants By Giving an Acasia Organic Mulch." Current Agriculture Research Journal 2, no. 2 (December 29, 2014): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.2.2.02.

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Soybean is the one of agricultural commodities that was very needed in Indonesia, neither as a human food, animal feed nor a basic material of industry. In the development of soybean plants, there were some issues that related to the agro-ecosystem during the planting and it must be overcome, the one of them was the problem of the weeds management that have not optimum yet. The purpose of this research is to examined the effectiveness of a combination of some organic mulchs towarded the weeds suppressing ability on the growth and yield of soybean. In this experiment, it was conducted the effectiveness of acasia organic mulch to suppress the growth of weeds, and also the testing of community coefficient, vegetation analysis (initial SDR value, middle and final), the weeds heavy with broad and narrow leaf types, and kinds of other teki-tekian. Plant’s growth (height, dry weight of shoots and roots). The yield components (amount of pods, amount of meaty pods, weight of 100 seeds and the yield of soybean). The experiment was conducted in a Group Randomized Plan. From the results of this study, found that the Acacia mulch is the organic mulch that effective to suppress the growth of weeds, especially in doses of 20 tons per-ha-1 of mulch Acacia.
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10

Gómez Fernández, Eva. "identitarismo cántabro: la Asociación Cultural Alfonso I de Cantabria (ACAIC)." Revista Latinoamericana Estudios de la Paz y el Conflicto 3, no. 5 (December 15, 2021): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rlpc.v3i5.11429.

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La Asociación Cultural Alfonso I de Cantabria (ACAI) es un movimiento español de extrema derecha que surgió en Santander en 2011. Su discurso populista, antiinmigración y antisistema ha calado en Burgos y Logroño, donde se han creado dos organizaciones homónimas que persiguen los mismos objetivos. El artículo analizará la génesis y la evolución de esta organización cántabra para comprender los motivos de su aceptación social. A través de la netnografía examinaremos su ideología, sus herramientas discursivas y sus estrategias para captar simpatizantes. Este colectivo se integra en una nueva extrema derecha que se ha modificado, aunque se perciben ciertos elementos nacional-católicos que podrían recordarnos al franquismo. ACAIC emplea las nuevas tecnologías para difundir su mensaje provocando que los partidos convencionales tengan que amoldarse a los cambios.
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11

Hopkins, Michael S., Paul Reddell, Robert K. Hewett, and Andrew W. Graham. "Comparison of root and mycorrhizal characteristics in primary and secondary rainforest on a metamorphic soil in North Queensland, Australia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, no. 6 (November 1996): 871–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010130.

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ABSTRACTRoot biomass, root lengths, and mycorrhizal associations were compared in a series of primary and Acacia-dominated secondary rainforest stands on nutrient-poor, red podzolic soils developed from low grade Palaeozoic metasediments. Five soil cores to 200 mm depth were collected at random locations from each of 20 sites. Ten of these sites were in 20–25 m high closed secondary forest (30–40 y old) dominated by Acacia aulacocarpa and ten sites were located in primary, selectively-logged, rainforest (28–32 m tall). Arbuscular mycorrhizas were the only form of association found in the primary forest sites. Ectomycorrhizas dominated the secondary forest sites although arbuscular mycorrhizas were also present. The primary forest sites had significantly higher root biomass (34.4 ± 17.8 t ha-1) and root length (33,400 ± 3,200 km ha-1) than the secondary forests (11.6 ± 4.6 t ha-1 and 25,200 ± 4,800 km ha-1 respectively), and this was interpreted as a reflection of the greater allocation of biomass to roots necessary to support the greater above ground biomass. The specific root length in the secondary forest (340 ± 119 cm g-1) was twice that of the primary forest (154 ± 65 cm g-1) indicating that the trees in the secondary forests achieved a degree of soil exploration which was comparable to that in the primary forest with less than half the biomass allocation to roots. The dominance of ectomycorrhizas in the secondary forest was associated with the prevalence of Acacia aulacocarpa, and the results cannot be extended to other secondary forests in the region. The implications that the dominant ectomycorrhizal associations have for the patterns of successional development and the patterns of species colonization in these Acaria-dominated secondary forests are discussed.
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Whitley, James, Sophia Germanidou, Dusanka Urem-Kotsou, Anastasia Dimoula, Irene Nikolakopoulou, Artemis Karnava, and Don Evely. "Achaia." Archaeological Reports 53 (November 2007): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0570608400000132.

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Morgan, Catherine. "Achaia." Archaeological Reports 54 (November 2008): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0570608400000624.

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Morgan, Catherine. "Achaia." Archaeological Reports 55 (November 2009): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0570608400001137.

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Gomes Chemello, Matheus, and Patricia Fernanda De Sousa Cruz. "“CIDADE ACABA COM O SERTÃO. ACABA?”." PIXO - Revista de Arquitetura, Cidade e Contemporaneidade 6, no. 20 (October 10, 2022): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/pixo.v6i20.20856.

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O sertão é uma borda onde se constitui o menor. De cidades pequenas a povoados que mesclam características rurais e urbanas encontramos singularidades capazes de ressignificar o habitar a cidade. Pretendemos refletir sobre as tensões entre borda e hegemônico como matéria geradora do devir enquanto potência criativa, subversiva às narrativas do atraso que estigmatizam o sertão como desvio indesejado a um pretenso progresso incapaz de suportar a diferença. A cidade enquanto ideal normatizado é configurada por máquinas modeladas com vistas a invadir culturalmente as bordas. Se só o menor pode ser grande e revolucionário (DELEUZE; GUATTARI, 2003), identificar os fenômenos de interdição e opressão também nos permite reconhecer agenciamentos capazes de desmontar as máquinas colonizadoras do hegemônico, a literatura maior da cidade. Buscamos, no Sertão do Piauí, discutir tanto a forma da opressão, como as linhas de fuga que reivindicam maneiras próprias de estar no mundo.
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Elgailani, Isam Eldin Hussein, and Christina Yacoub Ishak. "Determination of Tannins of Three Common Acacia Species of Sudan." Advances in Chemistry 2014 (September 17, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/192708.

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The objective of this study is to analyze and compare tannins of three common Acacia species of Sudan, since vegetable tannins are important in leather industry. Acacia nilotica and Acacia seyal samples were collected from Sunt Forest in Khartoum State, while Acacia senegal samples were collected from the Debabat Forest in South Kordofan State. Bark samples from bulk collections of the three Acacia species were extracted with boiled deionized water. The amount of tannins present in these bulk samples was determined by Folin-Denis method for total phenolic materials, followed by precipitation with hide-powder. The difference between the amount of phenolic materials present before and after addition of hide-powder represents the amount of tannins present. The percentage of tannins in the leaves, bark, and mature and immature fruits of collections of individuals of Acacia species was estimated; mature and immature fruits of Acacia nilotica contain tannins (22.15% and 22.10%, resp.). The leaves of Acacia nilotica and Acacia seyal contain tannins (11.80% and 6.30%, resp.). The barks of Acacia seyal, Acacia nilotica, and Acacia senegal contain tannins (12.15%, 10.47%, and 3.49%, resp.).
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Sukaryani, Sri, Engkus Ainul Yakin, and Diyah Kartika Wulan. "Effect of Fermentation of Acacia Leaves (Acacia Mangium) Using Aspergillus Niger on Nutrient Content." Bantara Journal of Animal Science 3, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32585/bjas.v3i2.1948.

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Acacia (Acacia mangium) is a multipurpose plant, useful for fuel, hedge plants, and available throughout the year. Fermentation on acacia leaves needs to be done to reduce crude fiber and increase the dissolved protein content of the feed ingredients. This study aims to determine the effect of the nutritional content of acacia leaves (Acacia magium) fermented using Aspergillus niger as much as 0-2%. The method used in this research is the experimental method of fermenting acacia leaves (Acacia magium). The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of three treatments and three repetitions. The treatments were as follows: P0= Fermentation with Aspergillus niger as much as 0% of 300 grams of acacia leaves, P1= Fermentation with Aspergillus niger as much as 1% of 300 grams of acacia leaves, P2= Fermentation with Aspergillus niger as much as 2% of 300 grams of acacia leaves for 7 days . Parameters observed were soluble protein, soluble fat, crude fiber. The average value of crude fat P0: 7.18%, P1: 8.33%, P2:15,47%. The average value of dissolved protein content P0: 2.89%, P1: 2.93%, P2: 3 ,51%. The average value of crude fiber P0: 68.23%, P1: 68.40%, P2: 68.90%. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that Acacia leaves (Acacia Mangium) fermented using Aspergillus niger had a significant effect on crude fat content, but did not significantly affect soluble protein content and crude fiber content of acacia (Acacia Mangium) leaves.
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Gerrits, Gerry. "Acadia University." Florilegium 20, no. 1 (January 2003): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/flor.20.037.

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K.S. Whetter (Ph. D. Wales) teaches first-year literature and medieval literature in Acadia University’s English Department. His principal areas of expertise and interest are medieval literature, especially the medieval Arthurian tradition, Thomas Malory’s Morte Darthur, and Middle English romance, but he is also interested in genre theory, and epic and heroic literature (both medieval and classical). He has published in the Bibliographical Bulletin of the International Arthurian Society, Reading Medieval Studies (forthcoming), a collection of essays from Trent University’s Department of Ancient History and Classics, and a collection of essays entitled Writing War: Medieval Literary Responses (forthcoming from Boydell & Brewer). He has also appeared on BBC’s Time Team as the Malory expert for their In Search of King Arthur special.
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Keenen, George E. "Acadia House." American Journal of Hospice Care 4, no. 5 (September 1987): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104990918700400507.

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Abrol, D. P. "Acacia modesta." Bee World 82, no. 2 (January 2001): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0005772x.2001.11099507.

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Occhipinti, Egidia. "Trattato di alleanza tra Atene e Arcadia, Acaia, Elide e Fliunte." 3 | 1 | 2019, no. 1 (June 28, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/axon/2532-6848/2019/01/006.

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This paper presents and analyses the text of an alliance decree among Athens, Arcadia, Achaia, Elis and Phleious, which was signed in 362-361 BC. The text is inscribed in a stone relief. The decree established that the contracting parties were allies of the Athenians and their allies, but they were not members of the Second Athenian league. Moreover, this article discusses the relief figures.
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Buffo, Paolo. "Guerra e costruzione del publicum nel principato di Savoia-Acaia (1295-1360)." Mélanges de l’École française de Rome - Moyen Âge, no. 127-1 (February 2, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/mefrm.2541.

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Ciarreta, A., and A. Zarraga. "Analysis of mean and volatility price transmissions in the MIBEL and EPEX electricity spot markets." Energy Journal 36, no. 4 (October 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.5547/01956574.36.4.acia.

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Brown, Amelia Robertson. "Book Review of Patrasso colonia di Augusto e le trasformazioni culturali, politiche ed economiche della provincia di Acaia agli inizi dell'età imperiale romana: Atti del convegno internazionale, Patrasso 23–24 marzo 2006, edited by Emanuele Greco." American Journal of Archaeology 115, no. 4 (October 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/ajaonline1154.brown.

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Vélez-Gavilán, J. "Acacia angustissima (prairie acacia)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2148.

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This datasheet on Acacia angustissima covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Management, Further Information.
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"Acacia senegal (gum acacia)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2405.

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"Acacia dealbata (acacia bernier)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2207.

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This datasheet on Acacia dealbata covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Dispersal, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Economics, Further Information.
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"Acacia podalyriifolia (pearl acacia)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.111976.

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"Acacia robusta (splendid acacia)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2385.

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"Acacia dealbata (acacia bernier)." PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank Species Pages (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.species.2207.

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"Acacia paradoxa (kangaroo acacia)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2356.

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"Acacia sieberiana (paperbark acacia)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2407.

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"Acacia hebeclada (candle acacia)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2268.

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"Acacia irrorata x Acacia mearnsii." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2277.

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"Acacia leucophloea (white-barked Acacia)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2313.

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"Acacia ligulata x Acacia sclerosperma." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2305.

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37

"Acacia mangium x Acacia auriculiformis." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2321.

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38

"Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Acacia Catechu Gum, Acacia Concinna Fruit Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Wax, Acacia Decurrens Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Flower Wax, Acacia Farnesiana Gum, Acacia Senegal Extract, Acacia Senegal Gum, and Acacia Senegal Gum Extract1." International Journal of Toxicology 24, no. 3_suppl (May 2005): 75–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810500257170.

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These ingredients are derived from various species of the acacia plant. Only material derived from Acacia Senegal are in current use according to industry data. The concentration at which these ingredients are reported to be used ranges from 9 % in mascara to 0.0001 % in tonics, dressings, and other hair-grooming aids. Gum arabic is a technical name for Acacia Senegal Gum. Gum arable is comprised of various sugars and glucuronic acid residues in a long chain of galactosyl units with branched oligosaccharides. Gum arabic is generally recognized as safe as a direct food additive. Little information is available to characterize the extracts of other Acacia plant parts or material from other species. Acacia Concinna Fruit Extract was generally described as containing saponins, alkaloids, and malic acid with parabens and potassium sorbate added as preservatives. Cosmetic ingredient functions have been reported for Acacia Decurrens Extract (astringent; skin-conditioning agent—occlusive) and Acacia Farnesiana Extract (astringent), but not for the other Acacias included in this review. Tox-icity data on gum arabic indicates little or no acute, short-term, or subchronic toxicity. Gum arabic is negative in several genotoxicity assays, is not a reproductive or developmental toxin, and is not carcinogenic when given intraperitoneally or orally. Clinical testing indicated some evidence of skin sensitization with gum arabic. The extensive safety test data on gum arabic supports the safety of Acacia Senegal Gum and Acacia Senegal Gum Extract, and it was concluded that these two ingredients are safe as used in cosmetic formulations. It was not possible, however, to relate the data on gum arabic to the crude Acacias and their extracts from species other than Acacia Senegal. Therefore, the available data were considered insufficient to support the safety of Acacia Catechu Gum, Acacia Concinna Fruit Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Wax, Acacia Decurrens Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Flower Wax, Acacia Farnesiana Gum, and Acacia Senegal Extract in cosmetic products. The additional data needed to complete the safety assessment for these ingredients include (1) concentration of use; (2) identify the specific chemical constituents, and clarify the relationship between crude Acacias and their extracts and the Acacias and their extracts that are used as cosmetic ingredients; (3) data on contaminants, particularly relating to the presence of pesticide residues, and a determination of whether Acacia melanoxylon is used in cosmetics and whether acamelin (a quinone) and melacacidin (a flavin) are present in the Acacias that are being used; (4) skin sensitization study (i.e., dose response to be determined); (5) contact urticaria study at use concentration; and (6) ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrum; if there is significant absorbance in the UVA or UVB range, then a photosensitization study may be needed. It was also noted that other data may be needed after clarification of the chemical constituents of the Acacia-derived ingredients.
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Espitia, Miguel, Olman Murillo, Carlos Castillo, Hermes Araméndiz, and Nelson Paternina. "Ganancia genética esperada en la selección de acacia (Acacia mangium Willd.) En Córdoba (Colombia)." Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.31910/rudca.v13.n2.2010.736.

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Apriani, Rachmawati, and Muhammad Akbar. "Pengaruh Lama Penyimpanan Chip Terhadap Kualitas Pulp." JURNAL VOKASI TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI (JVTI) 3, no. 1 (May 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.36870/jvti.v3i1.213.

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Pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui lama penyimpanan bahan baku chip guna mengetahui kualitas pulp yang dihasilkan dan pengaruhnya apabila disimpan dalam waktu yang lama. Di dalam penelitian ini ada beberapa tahap proses yakni, proses cooking dengan memvariasikan waktu penyimpanan chip selama 1 minggu, 2 minggu, 3 minggu dan 4 minggu dengan bahan baku yang berupa kayu Acacia mangium, Acacia crasicarpa, dan Eucalyptus. Untuk waktu optimum diperoleh maksimal waktu tunggu yakni dua minggu. Semakin lama chip disimpan maka akan membuat tingkat kekeringan chip meningkat sehingga lebih banyak larutan pemasakan yang akan digunakan. Dengan nilai parameter yang dihasilkan minggu kedua total solid acacia mangium 16.23%, acacia crassicarpa 16.78% dan Eucalyptus 17.23%. Nilai yield acacia mangium 54.87%, acacia crassicarpa 54.15% dan Eucalyptus 48.33%. Nilai kappa number Acacia mangium 22.3, Acacia crassicarpa 21.7 dan Eucalyptus 20.4. Nilai viskositas Acacia mangium 1228.23 cm3/gr, Acacia crassicarpa 1200.13 cm3/gr dan eucalyptus 1162.87 cm3/gr. Nilai REA Acacia mangium 9.43 g/L, Acacia crassicarpa 8.73 g/L dan eucalyptus 8.41 g/L. Nilai brightness Acacia mangium 28.23 %, Acacia crassicarpa 24.99 % dan Eucalyptus 37.51 %. Nilai reject Acacia mangium 0.57 %, Acacia crassicarpa 0.42 % dan Eucalyptus 0.31%.
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Berthiaume, Pierre. "Sub-Acadia." LittéRéalité 5, no. 2 (December 1, 1993). http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/0843-4182.29434.

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"Acacia powder." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2006, no. 1 (June 2006): pdb.caut123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.caut123.

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43

"Acacia suberosa." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2062.

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"Acacia cochliacantha." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2019.

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Pasiecznik, N. "Acacia hockii." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2265.

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This datasheet on Acacia hockii covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
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"Acacia confusa." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2191.

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This datasheet on Acacia confusa covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Management, Further Information.
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"Acacia cincinnata." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2189.

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This datasheet on Acacia cincinnata covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Uses, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Economics, Further Information.
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"Acacia latifolia." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.107801.

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"Acacia riceana." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.107805.

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50

"Acacia tumida." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.2434.

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