Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'AC/DC Security; Stability'

L'intégration des Énergies Renouvelables pose aujourd'hui des problèmes de congestion et d'incertitude sur le réseau électrique vu l'intermittence et l'imprévisibilité de ce type d'énergie. De plus, pour des questions de rentabilité et d'efficacité, la puissance produite à partir du renouvelable est transmise sous forme de Haute Tension en Courant Continu (HVDC). Un nouveau concept a donc émergé, celui de la fusion d'interconnexions HVDC dans un réseau maillé existant et ceci apportera plus de flexibilité dans le fonctionnement du système global. Le résultat : une hybridation du système de transmission d'électricité avec des interactions mutuelles importantes entre système AC existant et DC intégré. Si les problèmes de stabilité du réseau AC sont aujourd'hui identifiés, ceux du système hybride doivent encore être étudiés puisque l'intégration de convertisseurs de puissance commandables et contrôlables rapidement pourrait modifier le comportement du système entier. De ce fait, ce projet de thèse cherche à établir une étude innovante englobant tout le système hybride AC/DC. Celle-ci portera tout d'abord sur une évaluation de la sécurité prenant en compte les contraintes opérationnelles et la capacité du système à atteindre un nouvel équilibre. En outre, cette thèse relèvera les défis de stabilisation du système hybride global. Pour cela, les missions consisteront en une étude préliminaire de l'état de l'art : quelles nature physique des problèmes d'instabilité du système AC ? Quels types et gammes de perturbations à considérer pour l'évaluation de la stabilité ? Finalement, quels modélisation et contrôle du système HVDC ? Tout cela permettra de développer un outil inclusif d'évaluation de la sécurité prenant en compte différentes méthodes de contrôle du système. Une analyse sera également faite pour comprendre l'influence des paramètres et des méthodes de contrôle adoptés. Cela nous aidera à mettre en place un moyen de contrôle systématique pour améliorer la sécurité du réseau et optimiser la distribution de la puissance à travers un réseau Multi-Terminal DC
Today, the integration of renewable energies poses problems of congestion and uncertainty on the electricity network, given the intermittency and unpredictability of this type of energy. What's more, for reasons of profitability and efficiency, the power generated from renewables is transmitted in the form of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC). A new concept has therefore emerged, that of merging HVDC interconnections into an existing meshed network, which will bring greater flexibility to the operation of the overall system. The result is a hybrid electricity transmission system with significant mutual interactions between the existing AC system and the integrated DC system. While the stability problems of the AC network have now been identified, those of the hybrid system still need to be studied, since the integration of rapidly controllable power converters could modify the behaviour of the entire system. As a result, this thesis project seeks to establish an innovative study encompassing the entire AC/DC hybrid system. This will focus on a security assessment that takes into account operational constraints and the ability of the system to reach a new equilibrium. In addition, this thesis will address the stabilisation challenges of the overall hybrid system. To this end, the assignments will consist of a preliminary study of the state of the art: what is the physical nature of the instability problems of the AC system? What types and ranges of disturbances should be considered for stability assessment? Finally, what modelling and control of the HVDC system? All of this will enable the development of an inclusive security assessment tool that takes into account different system control methods. An analysis will also be carried out to understand the influence of the parameters and control methods adopted. This will help us to implement a systematic means of control to improve network security and optimise power distribution across a Multi-Terminal DC network

Modern power networks incorporate communications and information technology infrastructure into the electrical power system to create a smart grid in terms of control and operation. The smart grid enables real-time communication and control between consumers and utility companies allowing suppliers to optimize energy usage based on price preference and system technical issues. The smart grid design aims to provide overall power system monitoring, create protection and control strategies to maintain system performance, stability and security. This dissertation contributed to the development of a unique and novel smart grid test-bed laboratory with integrated monitoring, protection and control systems. This test-bed was used as a platform to test the smart grid operational ideas developed here. The implementation of this system in the real-time software creates an environment for studying, implementing and verifying novel control and protection schemes developed in this dissertation. Phasor measurement techniques were developed using the available Data Acquisition (DAQ) devices in order to monitor all points in the power system in real time. This provides a practical view of system parameter changes, system abnormal conditions and its stability and security information system. These developments provide valuable measurements for technical power system operators in the energy control centers. Phasor Measurement technology is an excellent solution for improving system planning, operation and energy trading in addition to enabling advanced applications in Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control (WAMPAC). Moreover, a virtual protection system was developed and implemented in the smart grid laboratory with integrated functionality for wide area applications. Experiments and procedures were developed in the system in order to detect the system abnormal conditions and apply proper remedies to heal the system. A design for DC microgrid was developed to integrate it to the AC system with appropriate control capability. This system represents realistic hybrid AC/DC microgrids connectivity to the AC side to study the use of such architecture in system operation to help remedy system abnormal conditions. In addition, this dissertation explored the challenges and feasibility of the implementation of real-time system analysis features in order to monitor the system security and stability measures. These indices are measured experimentally during the operation of the developed hybrid AC/DC microgrids. Furthermore, a real-time optimal power flow system was implemented to optimally manage the power sharing between AC generators and DC side resources. A study relating to real-time energy management algorithm in hybrid microgrids was performed to evaluate the effects of using energy storage resources and their use in mitigating heavy load impacts on system stability and operational security.

Les nouvelles politiques adoptées par les autorités nationales ont encouragé pendant les dernières années l'intégration à grande échelle des systèmes d'énergie renouvelable (RES). L'intégration à grande échelle des RES aura inévitablement des conséquences sur le réseau de transport d'électricité tel qu'il est conçu aujourd'hui, car le transport de l'électricité massif sur de longues distances pourrait amener les réseaux de transport à fonctionner près de leurs limites, réduisant ainsi leurs marges de sécurité. Des systèmes de transport d’électricité plus complexes seront donc nécessaires.Dans ce scénario, les systèmes de transmission à Courant Continu Haute Tension (HVDC) constituent la solution la plus intéressante pour le renforcement et l'amélioration des réseaux à Courant Alternatif (AC) existants, non seulement en utilisant des configurations point à point, mais aussi dans des configurations multi-terminales. L'introduction des systèmes HVDC aboutira à terme à un réseau électrique hybride haute tension AC/DC, qui doit être analysé comme un système unique afin de mieux comprendre les interactions entre le réseau AC et le réseau DC.Cette thèse porte sur l'analyse de la stabilité transitoire des systèmes de transmission électrique hybrides AC/DC. Plus particulièrement, deux questions ont été abordées: Quel est l'impact d'un défaut du réseau DC sur la stabilité transitoire du réseau AC? Comment est-il possible de se servir des systèmes de transmission DC en tant qu'actionneurs afin d'améliorer la stabilité transitoire AC ?Dans la première partie de ce travail, les modèles mathématiques du réseau hybride AC/DC sont décrits ainsi que les outils nécessaires à l'analyse du système en tenant compte de sa nature non linéaire. Ensuite, une analyse approfondie de la stabilité transitoire du réseau électrique dans le cas particulier d'un court-circuit dans le réseau DC et l'exécution des stratégies de protection correspondantes sont effectuées. En complément, des indicateurs de stabilité et des outils pour dimensionner les futurs réseaux de la MTDC afin de respecter les contraintes des stratégies de protection existantes sont proposés.La deuxième partie de la thèse porte sur les propositions de commande pour la modulation des références de puissance des systèmes de transmission HVDC dans le but d'améliorer la stabilité transitoire du système AC connecté à ce réseau DC. Tout d'abord, nous axons notre étude sur le contrôle non linéaire des liaisons HVDC point à point dans des liaisons hybrides AC/DC. La compensation rapide des perturbations de puissance, l'injection de puissance d'amortissement et l'injection de puissance de synchronisation sont identifiées comme des mécanismes par lesquels les systèmes HVDC peuvent améliorer les marges de stabilité des réseaux AC.Enfin, une stratégie de contrôle pour l'amélioration de la stabilité transitoire par injection de puissance active dans par un réseau MTDC est proposée. Grâce à la communication entre les stations, la commande décentralisée proposée injecte la puissance d'amortissement et de synchronisation entre chaque paire de convertisseurs en utilisant uniquement des mesures au niveau des convertisseurs. L'implémentation proposée permet d'utiliser au maximum la capacité disponible des convertisseurs en gérant les limites de puissance d'une manière décentralisée
The new policy frameworks adopted by national authorities has encouraged the large scale-integration of Renewable Energy Systems (RES) into bulk power systems. The large-scale integration of RES will have consequences on the electricity transmission system as it is conceived today, since the transmission of bulk power over long distances could lead the existing transmission systems to work close to their limits, thus decreasing their dynamic security margins. Therefore more complex transmissions systems are needed.Under this scenario, HVDC transmission systems raise as the most attractive solution for the reinforcement and improvement of existing AC networks, not only using point-to-point configurations, but also in a Multi-Terminal configuration. The introduction of HVDC transmission systems will eventually result in a hybrid high voltage AC/DC power system, which requires to be analyzed as a unique system in order to understand the interactions between the AC network and the DC grid.This thesis addresses the transient stability analysis of hybrid AC/DC electric transmission systems. More in particular, two questions sought to be investigated: What is the impact of a DC contingency on AC transient stability? How can we take advantage of the of DC transmission systems as control inputs in order to enhance AC transient stability?In the first part of this work, the mathematical models of the hybrid AC/DC grid are described as well as the necessary tools for the analysis of the system taking into account its nonlinear nature. Then, a thorough analysis of transient stability of the power system in the particular case of a DC fault and the execution of the corresponding protection strategies is done. As a complement, stability indicators and tools for sizing future MTDC grids in order to respect the constraints of existing protection strategies are proposed.The second part of the thesis addresses the control proposals for the modulation of power references of the HVDC transmission systems with the purpose of transient stability enhancement of the surrounding AC system. Firstly, we focus our study in the nonlinear control of point-to-point HVDC links in hybrid corridors. Fast power compensation, injection of damping power and injection of synchronizing power are identified as the mechanisms through which HVDC systems can improve stability margins.Finally, a control strategy for transient stability enhancement via active power injections of an MTDC grid is proposed. Using communication between the stations, the proposed decentralized control injects damping and synchronizing power between each pair of converters using only measurements at the converters level. The proposed implementation allows to fully use the available headroom of the converters by dealing with power limits in a decentralized way

With ambitions of reducing the environmental pollution, power systems integrate larger shares of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) to phase out conventional thermal and nuclear generators. Since RES (such as wind and solar power) are connected to the grid through power electronics devices, they do not inherently contribute to system inertia. With decreasing inertia, the Instantaneous Frequency Deviation (IFD), which follows a power unbalance, is significantly impacted. Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) are designed to provide a fast dynamic response, counteract power imbalances and stabilize the frequency within a short time interval. Besides inertia, the significant factors affecting frequency behavior are the available amount of FCR and the capability of their fast and stable response. System operators define the list of requirements that a generating unit has to satisfy to participate in FCR. Generators, which are the major part of FCR, have different governors and turbines properties. This study assesses the dynamical performance of typical generators in both open-loop testing and closed-loop varying inertia systems. The goal is to evaluate if specific FCR requirements present a sufficient condition for the desired response, and which governor properties are capable of satisfying them. As an additional, and sometimes necessary, support to FCR, HVDC interconnections are utilized in the form of Emergency Power Control (EPC). This thesis investigates which of the EPC methods performs appropriately in terms of IFD improvement, closed-loop stability, and power and energy provided. The analysis is a continuation from the previous investigation on FCR, and mainly compare two EPC methods related to Nordic Power System (NPS) test case: ramp/step method which is currently implemented in the NPS, and droop frequency-based EPC, proposed by this study for the future operation in the NPS. Apart from ensuring a proper system frequency response, the influence of implemented HVDC supplementary active power control is analyzed to rotor angle stability. In further, this thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact that proposed HVDC supplementary power control has on the linearized dynamics of power systems. By building a generic system, this analytical study is the first of its kind that includes both higher order generator dynamics, and local angle/frequency input of the controller. The methodological approach here analytically formulates the impact the HVDC supplementary control has mainly on the generator synchronizing and damping torque components. The positive impact of the droop frequency-based HVDC power support is highlighted using both single and multi-machine systems. In that way, the implementation of desired droop frequency-based HVDC control to mainly improve system frequency is motivated furthermore. It shows that a proper HVDC supplementary control may impose the various positive impacts for future variable and low inertia scenarios, and ensure a proper power system sustainability.

QC 20200907

multiDC - Advanced Control and Optimization Methods for AC and HVDC Grids

In 14th August 2003, the Northeast USA suffered its worst power outage event in history. The power disturbance spreading through the system caused mal-trips of the distance relay remote back-up protections, which indeed contributed to the power outage cascading a wide area. The power outage in the Northeast USA was constrained by the presence of HVDC interconnections between the HVAC networks in Ontario and New York. The system collapse did not progress beyond the HVDC interconnection interface with Quebec. The HVDC link can regulate the voltage and current therefore impacts on the performance of the protection and system stability. The distance relay mal-operations were one of the main cause of the Northeast USA blackout as well as the other recent major large area blackouts which were pointed out by the previous papers. This thesis is focus on investigate how HVDC interconnections contribute to maintaining the power system stability. The research work investigated the performance of a distance relay to faults and disturbance on networks containing HVDC interconnection. The research work was carried out by modelling and testing a classic signal processing distance relay in a simple AC network which was based on Kunder’s two areas system using MATLAB/SIMULINK at first. Then the modeled distance relay’s performance was investigated by combining the distance relay and a simple HVDC link based on the Kunder’s two areas system. The research work firstly combined the signal processing distance relay and the HVDC link together to investigate the distance relay’s performance when the protected feeder containing DC link. The distance relay’s performance was investigated when the protected feeders containing HVDC link under fault conditions and power swing conditions. For comparison, a similar power system without HVDC link was also simulated.

In this thesis, control of future AC/DC systems for improved system dynamic performance is studied. The objective is to determine mechanisms for providing AC network services (e.g. frequency support, damping, etc.) through coordinated control of HVDC power converters and FACTS devices while considering increased levels of wind generation. In particular, this work addresses some of the concerns associated with the stability of the future Great Britain (GB) transmission network as it evolves to support low carbon generation scenarios and the use of DC grids to integrate offshore renewable resources and form a sub-sea interconnection across Europe. The contributions of this thesis are in two main areas: emergency control for power system stabilization and exchange of frequency support across a DC grid. Fast control of FACTS devices and HVDC links can be exercised as a post-fault corrective action to maintain system stability without the need of constraining pre-fault transfer levels. This work employs a model predictive control (MPC) scheme that relies on system wide-area measurements to preserve the system stability after critical contingencies. MPC can explicitly account for system constraints and changing operating conditions and is therefore suited for on-line applications and power electronic actuators with limited short-term overload capability. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated using time domain simulations on representative equivalent models of the future GB transmission network. A detailed analysis of the dynamic behaviour and stability issues associated with the GB transmission grid have also been presented. In the DC grid context, this thesis investigates the provision of frequency services considering frequency droop loops in the control of the converters. The interaction between onshore AC systems and a DC grid is analyzed through an extended steady-state formulation. A methodology for providing frequency response from offshore wind farms connected through a DC grid is also proposed. The performance of this scheme is illustrated both analytically and also through simulation results.

Electrical and Computer Engineering
M.S.E.E.
In recent years, there have been significant changes in power systems due to the integration of renewables, distributed generation, switched power loads, and energy storage systems, etc. Locally these AC/DC microgrids include both DC generation (such as solar PV) and AC generation (such as wind generation), various DC and AC loads, converters and inverters, and energy storage systems, such as storage batteries and supercapacitors. DC systems are often characterized as low inertia systems whereas AC generation and systems are usually high inertia and high time constant systems. As such, various components of the microgrid will have different temporal characteristics in case of disturbances, such as short circuit, load switchings, etc. which may lead to instability of the microgrid. This research develops the first principle model for coupling the AC and the DC subsystem of an integrated AC/DC microgrid utilizing the dq-framework. The developed model is highly nonlinear and captures the dynamic interaction between the AC and DC subsystems of the microgrid. Lyapunov stability is used to evaluate the stability of the complete system. Simulation results show that the AC and DC subsystems are tightly dynamically coupled so that any disturbance in one subsystem induces transients in the other subsystem. Induced transients due to pulse loads on the AC and DC subsystems clearly show that generator damper winding alone may not be enough to mitigate transients in the microgrid. Addition of prime mover and excitation system controllers for the generator improves the transients primarily on the AC subsystem. Thus, a battery storage with a charge/discharge controller was also added to the DC subsystem. Simulations of the AC/DC microgrid with all three controllers validate the smooth operation of the system for all types of disturbances. The proposed method can be extended in modeling microgrid with multiple generators and various types of loads.
Temple University--Theses

The U.S. Navy has developed in their ships, and is continually improving, electric propulsion, ship service power, and electric loads. The latest topology under design is the integrated power system (IPS). The IPS entails the all electric ship concept with electric propulsion, direct current (DC) distribution, and modular technology. In the all electric ship concept, ship propulsion and ship service loads are powered by alternating current (AC) generation. For the IPS, power electronics conversion is to be utilized to convert alternating current (AC) generation to direct current (DC) distribution. As state-of-the-art power electronics, the Navy plans to use power electronic building blocks (PEBB) technology in its IPS. A U.S. naval shipboard power system is required to be a highly reconfigurable system to enhance its survivability and reliability. Reconfiguration is a change in the shipboard power system state for various reasons such as new topology, changing missions and emergencies. It was decided to study the behavior of a PEBB-based integrated shipboard power system during reconfiguration. Since no real time operation data was available, the problem was studied through the simulation of reconfiguration scenarios on a scaled-down computer model of an IPS in MATLAB. Reconfiguration scenarios were determined and staged, and an AC/DC power system stability assessment methodology was applied by decoupling the IPS test system around an intrazonal bus. The coupled system of the test IPS, consisted of two dynamic 4160 VAC generators, two rectifiers, two DC-DC converters between the rectifiers' output looped bus and the downstream intrazonal 775V busses, inverters, buck converters, AC loads and DC loads. There was modeling of excitation perturbations which introduced errors in the assessment of the stability requiring an approximation analysis. The study found that the DC bus of interest was stable for all nine reconfiguration scenarios staged, but it found that other busses were not stable for two of the scenarios. The study further found that lower stability margins occurred at lower frequencies of about 1Hz for stable scenarios. It concluded that there were tangible benefits to advancing the shipboard power system architecture to the IPS topology because of the good stability results.

La stabilité est un facteur très important dans tous les modes de fonctionnement pour un Système à Puissance Distribué (SPD). En SPD, les charges sont connectées au bus DC à travers d’un filtre entré LC. La plupart des charges de SPD d'avions présents une caractéristique de charge à puissance constante dans un domaine de fonctionnement dans laquelle ils sont étroitement contrôlés. Ainsi, elles peuvent être modélisées comme une résistance négative. Changement de la charge dans un sous-système peut conduire un système stable dans l'instabilité.Une solution pratique pour diminuer le risque d'instabilité est présentée dans cette thèse qui consiste à modifier le contrôle des convertisseurs ou système onduleur-moteur connecté au bus DC. Cette solution permet de stabiliser le système, même avec un condensateur plus petit. Dans la première partie de la thèse, une méthode linéaire est présentée qui permet étudier la stabilité locale d'un système onduleur-moteur connecté au réseau par un filtre LC et un redresseur. Une technique de compensation d’oscillation est utilisée pour améliorer la marge de stabilité du système et la taille de la capacité dc-link sans modifier la structure des boucles de courant ou de couple. Cette technique consiste à superposer une puissance stabilisant sur la puissance absorbée par le drive. Bien que les modèles linéaires puissent être employées avec succès pour décrire le comportement d'un système physique au niveau local, ils échouent souvent de fournir une caractérisation satisfaisante de large-signal. Dans la deuxième partie, deux méthodes pour la stabilisation large-signal du système électrique sont présentées. Dans la dernière partie, une nouvelle méthode, basée sur les spécifications dynamiques est proposée pour étudier la stabilité d'un système électrique en cascade
Stability is the first and very important factor in all modes of operation for a Distributed Power System (DPS). In DPS, loads are connected to the DC-bus through an input LC filter. Most of the loads in DPS of aircraft present a constant power load characteristic within a domain of operation in which they are tightly controlled. So they can be modeled as negative resistance. Change of the load in one subsystem may lead a stable system into instability. A practical solution to decrease the risk of instability presented in this thesis which consists in modifying the control of the converters or inverter-motor drive system connected to the DC-bus. This solution permits to stabilize the system even with a smaller size of capacitor. In the first part of the thesis, a linear method is presented which allows investigating local stability of an inverter-motor-drive system connected to the grid through an LC filter and a rectifier. An oscillation compensation technique is used to improve the stability margin of the system and the size of the dc-link capacitance without modifying structure of the torque or current loops. This technique consists in superposing a stabilizing power on the absorbed power by the drive. Although linear models can be successfully employed to locally describe the behavior of a physical system, they often fail to provide a satisfactory large signal characterization. In the second part, two methods for the large signal stabilization of the electrical system are presented. In the last part, a new method, based on dynamic specifications, is proposed to study the stability of a cascaded electric system

Les Microgrids sont une excellente solution aux problèmes actuels soulevés par la croissance constante de la demande de charge et la forte pénétration des sources d’énergie renouvelables, qui se traduisent par une modernisation du réseau grâce au concept de “Smart-Grids”. L’impact des sources d’énergie distribuées basées sur l’électronique de puissance est une préoccupation importante pour les systèmes d’alimentation, où la régulation naturelle de la fréquence du système est entravée en raison de la réduction de l’inertie. Dans ce contexte, les réseaux à courant continu (CC) sont considérés comme une solution pertinente, car la nature CC des appareils électroniques de puissance apporte des avantages technologiques et économiques par rapport au courant alternatif (CA). La thèse propose la conception et le contrôle d’une Microgrid hybride AC/DC pour intégrer différentes sources renouvelables, y compris la récupération d’énergie solaire et de freinage des trains, aux systèmes de stockage d’énergie sous forme de batteries et de supercondensateurs et à des charges telles que les véhicules électriques ou d’autres réseaux (AC ou DC), pour un fonctionnement et une stabilité fiables. La stabilisation des tensions des bus du Microgrid et la fourniture de services systèmes sont assurées par la stratégie de contrôle proposée, où une étude de stabilité rigoureuse est réalisée. Un contrôleur non linéaire distribué de bas niveau, basé sur une approche “Systemof- Systems”, est développé pour un fonctionnement correct de l’ensemble du Microgrid. Un supercondensateur est appliqué pour faire face aux transitoires, équilibrant le bus CC du Microgrid et absorbant l’énergie injectée par des sources d’énergie intermittentes et possiblement très fortes comme celle provenant du freinage régénératif de trains ou metros, tandis que la batterie réalise le flux de puissance à long terme. Un contrôle de linéarisation par bouclage dynamique basé sur une analyse par perturbation singulière est développé pour les supercondensateurs et les trains. Des fonctions de Lyapunov sont construites en tenant compte des dispositifs interconnectés au Microgrid pour assurer la stabilité de l’ensemble du système. Les simulations mettent en évidence les performances du contrôle proposé avec des tests de robustesse paramétriques et une comparaison avec le contrôleur linéaire traditionnel. L’approche VSM (Virtual Synchronous Machine) est implémentée dans le Microgrid pour le partage de puissance et l’amélioration de la stabilité de fréquence. Une inertie virtuelle adaptative est proposée, puis la constante d’inertie devient une variable d’état du système qui peut être conçue pour améliorer la stabilité de fréquence et le support inertiel, où l’analyse de stabilité est effectuée. Par conséquent, le VSM est la connexion de liaison entre les côtés DC et AC du Microgrid, où la puissance disponible dans le réseau DC est utilisée pour les services système dans les Microgrids AC. Les résultats de la simulation montrent l’efficacité de l’inertie adaptative proposée, où une comparaison avec la solution de statisme et le contrôle standard est effectuée
Microgrids are a very good solution for current problems raised by the constant growth of load demand and high penetration of renewable energy sources, that results in grid modernization through “Smart-Grids” concept. The impact of distributed energy sources based on power electronics is an important concern for power systems, where natural frequency regulation for the system is hindered because of inertia reduction. In this context, Direct Current (DC) grids are considered a relevant solution, since the DC nature of power electronic devices bring technological and economical advantages compared to Alternative Current (AC). The thesis proposes the design and control of a hybrid AC/DC Microgrid to integrate different renewable sources, including solar power and braking energy recovery from trains, to energy storage systems as batteries and supercapacitors and to loads like electric vehicles or another grids (either AC or DC), for reliable operation and stability. The stabilization of the Microgrid buses’ voltages and the provision of ancillary services is assured by the proposed control strategy, where a rigorous stability study is made. A low-level distributed nonlinear controller, based on “System-of-Systems” approach is developed for proper operation of the whole Microgrid. A supercapacitor is applied to deal with transients, balancing the DC bus of the Microgrid and absorbing the energy injected by intermittent and possibly strong energy sources as energy recovery from the braking of trains and subways, while the battery realizes the power flow in long term. Dynamical feedback control based on singular perturbation analysis is developed for supercapacitor and train. A Lyapunov function is built considering the interconnected devices of the Microgrid to ensure the stability of the whole system. Simulations highlight the performance of the proposed control with parametric robustness tests and a comparison with traditional linear controller. The Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) approach is implemented in the Microgrid for power sharing and frequency stability improvement. An adaptive virtual inertia is proposed, then the inertia constant becomes a system’s state variable that can be designed to improve frequency stability and inertial support, where stability analysis is carried out. Therefore, the VSM is the link between DC and AC side of the Microgrid, regarding the available power in DC grid, applied for ancillary services in the AC Microgrid. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive inertia, where a comparison with droop and standard control techniques is conducted

In this thesis the design, control, stability, input power quality, and motor drive performance of ac motor drives with front end three phase diode rectifiers utilizing low capacitance dc bus capacitor are investigated. Detailed computer simulations of conventional motor drives with diode rectifier front end utilizing high capacitance dc bus capacitor and the drives with low capacitance dc bus capacitor are conducted and the performances are compared. Performance evaluation of various active control methods found in previous studies aiming to provide the dc bus stability of drives with low capacitance dc bus capacitor are done at various load levels and types. Design recommendations are provided for the drives utilizing low capacitance dc bus capacitor.

La stabilité est un facteur très important dans tous les modes de fonctionnement pour un Système à Puissance Distribué (SPD). En SPD, les charges sont connectées au bus DC à travers d’un filtre entré LC. La plupart des charges de SPD d'avions présents une caractéristique de charge à puissance constante dans un domaine de fonctionnement dans laquelle ils sont étroitement contrôlés. Ainsi, elles peuvent être modélisées comme une résistance négative. Changement de la charge dans un sous-système peut conduire un système stable dans l'instabilité.Une solution pratique pour diminuer le risque d'instabilité est présentée dans cette thèse qui consiste à modifier le contrôle des convertisseurs ou système onduleur-moteur connecté au bus DC. Cette solution permet de stabiliser le système, même avec un condensateur plus petit. Dans la première partie de la thèse, une méthode linéaire est présentée qui permet étudier la stabilité locale d'un système onduleur-moteur connecté au réseau par un filtre LC et un redresseur. Une technique de compensation d’oscillation est utilisée pour améliorer la marge de stabilité du système et la taille de la capacité dc-link sans modifier la structure des boucles de courant ou de couple. Cette technique consiste à superposer une puissance stabilisant sur la puissance absorbée par le drive. Bien que les modèles linéaires puissent être employées avec succès pour décrire le comportement d'un système physique au niveau local, ils échouent souvent de fournir une caractérisation satisfaisante de large-signal. Dans la deuxième partie, deux méthodes pour la stabilisation large-signal du système électrique sont présentées. Dans la dernière partie, une nouvelle méthode, basée sur les spécifications dynamiques est proposée pour étudier la stabilité d'un système électrique en cascade
Stability is the first and very important factor in all modes of operation for a Distributed Power System (DPS). In DPS, loads are connected to the DC-bus through an input LC filter. Most of the loads in DPS of aircraft present a constant power load characteristic within a domain of operation in which they are tightly controlled. So they can be modeled as negative resistance. Change of the load in one subsystem may lead a stable system into instability. A practical solution to decrease the risk of instability presented in this thesis which consists in modifying the control of the converters or inverter-motor drive system connected to the DC-bus. This solution permits to stabilize the system even with a smaller size of capacitor. In the first part of the thesis, a linear method is presented which allows investigating local stability of an inverter-motor-drive system connected to the grid through an LC filter and a rectifier. An oscillation compensation technique is used to improve the stability margin of the system and the size of the dc-link capacitance without modifying structure of the torque or current loops. This technique consists in superposing a stabilizing power on the absorbed power by the drive. Although linear models can be successfully employed to locally describe the behavior of a physical system, they often fail to provide a satisfactory large signal characterization. In the second part, two methods for the large signal stabilization of the electrical system are presented. In the last part, a new method, based on dynamic specifications, is proposed to study the stability of a cascaded electric system

Le développement rapide de la production d'énergie renouvelable intermittente et des liaisons HVDC entraîne une augmentation importante du taux de pénétration des convertisseurs statiques dans les réseaux de transport. Aujourd'hui, les convertisseurs statiques ont pour fonction principale d'injecter une puissance dans le réseau tout en s'appuyant sur des machines synchrones qui garantissent tous les besoins du système électrique. Ce mode de fonctionnement est appelé «Grid-following». Les convertisseurs contrôlés en Grid-following ont plusieurs limitations: leur incapacité à fonctionner en mode autonome, leurs problèmes de stabilité dans des réseaux faibles et en cas de défaut ainsi que leur effet négatif sur l'inertie équivalent du système. Pour relever ces défis, le contrôle en Grid-forming est une bonne solution pour répondre aux besoins du système électrique et permettre un fonctionnement stable et sûr du système même avec un taux de pénétration des convertisseurs statique de 100%. Tout d'abord, trois stratégies de contrôle en Grid-forming sont proposées pour garantir quatre fonctionnalités principales: contrôle de tension, contrôle de puissance, émulation d'inertie et le support de la fréquence. La dynamique et la robustesse du système basées sur chaque contrôle ont été analysées et discutées. Ensuite, selon la topologie du convertisseur, la connexion avec le réseau AC peut nécessiter des filtres et des boucles de contrôle supplémentaires. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, deux topologies de convertisseur ont été envisagées (VSC à 2-niveaux et VSC-MMC) et l'implémentation associée à chacune a été discutée. Enfin, les questions de la protection des convertisseurs Grid-forming contre les surintensités et leur synchronisation post-défaut ont été étudiées, puis, des algorithmes de limitation de courant et de resynchronisation ont été proposés pour améliorer la stabilité transitoire du système. Un banc d'essai a été développé pour confirmer les approches théoriques proposées
The rapid development of intermittent renewable generation and HVDC links yields an important increase of the penetration rate of power electronic converters in the transmission systems. Today, power converters have the main function of injecting power into the main grid, while relying on synchronous machines that guaranty all system needs. This operation mode of power converters is called "Grid-following". Grid-following converters have several limitations: their inability to operate in a standalone mode, their stability issues under weak-grids and faulty conditions and their negative side effect on the system inertia.To meet these challenges, the grid-forming control is a good solution to respond to the system needs and allow a stable and safe operation of power system with high penetration rate of power electronic converters, up to a 100%. Firstly, three grid-forming control strategies are proposed to guarantee four main features: voltage control, power control, inertia emulation and frequency support. The system dynamics and robustness based on each control have been analyzed and discussed. Then, depending on the converter topology, the connection with the AC grid may require additional filters and control loops. In this thesis, two converter topologies have been considered (2-Level VSC and VSC-MMC) and the implementation associated with each one has been discussed. Finally, the questions of the grid-forming converters protection against overcurrent and their post-fault synchronization have been investigated, and then a hybrid current limitation and resynchronization algorithms have been proposed to enhance the transient stability of the system. At the end, an experimental test bench has been developed to confirm the theoretical approach

L'orientation énergétique actuelle vers le développement de systèmes électriques isolés, s'est traduit par l'établissement de nouvelles directives sur les performances et la fiabilité des structures de puissance mises en oeuvre, en particulier ceux à base d'énergies renouvelables. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrivent ces travaux de thèse, qui aboutissent à l'élaboration de nouveaux outils destinés à l'amélioration de la qualité d'énergie et de la stabilité d'un micro-réseau autonome. Concernant l'optimisation énergétique des interfaces de conversion pour un réseau autonome, nous avons développé de nouveaux algorithmes de commande basés sur le concept de platitude des systèmes différentiels. L'avantage de cette technique réside dans la possibilité d'implémentation de régulateurs à une boucle. Cela garantit des propriétés dynamiques élevées en asservissement et en régulation. De plus, une prédiction exacte de l'évolution des variables d'états du système est possible. Concernant la stabilité des micro-réseaux autonomes, nous avons proposé des outils pour traiter les phénomènes d'instabilités, causés notamment par la perte d'informations de charges et par le phénomène de résonance des filtres d'interconnexion
The actual electrical energy demand focuses on the development of stand-alone electrical systems which leads to the definition of new directives on performances and reliability of the electrical structures, especially those based on renewable energy. The main objective of this work concerns the development of new tools to improve the power quality and the stability of autonomous micro-grid systems. In this aim, new control algorithms based on the concept of differential flatness have been developed. The main advantage of the proposed technique is the possibility of implementing one loop controllers ensuring high dynamic properties. In the same time, it allows accurate prediction of the evolution of all state variables of the system. Concerning the stability of the autonomous micro-grid systems, we proposed tools to deal with instability phenomena either caused by the loss of load information and the resonance phenomenon of the passive filters

Le développement rapide d’équipements raccordés sur les réseaux électriques avec des convertisseurs électroniques de puissance tels que les générateurs à base d‘énergie renouvelable et les liaisons de transmission sous haute tension continue entraîne un changement profond dans la physique même du système électrique. Aujourd'hui, les convertisseurs de puissance ont pour fonction principale d'injecter de l'énergie dans le réseau électrique, ce dernier s'appuyant sur des machines synchrones pour assurer tous les besoins nécessaires au fonctionnement et à la conduite du système électrique (par exemple, les services auxiliaires, la fourniture de réserve inertielle énergétique et de réserves dynamiques et fiables de puissance). Ce mode de fonctionnement des convertisseurs de puissance est appelé "grid-following" car suivant la tension alternative imposée au point de raccordement. Il présente plusieurs limitations, telles que : l'incapacité de fonctionner en mode autonome, des problèmes de stabilité dans des réseaux faibles et des fonctionnements défectueux, ainsi que des effets secondaires négatifs sur l'inertie du système. Pour relever ces défis, une alternative est de contrôler le convertisseur électronique de puissance pour générer et contrôler lui-même cette tension alternative. Dans cette thèse, une description fondamentale de cette commande en grid-forming est présentée avec une approche de modélisation quasi-statique simplifiée permettant de concevoir une régulation de la puissance active échangée avec le réseau AC. Plusieurs variantes de cette stratégie de contrôle sont mises en évidence et présentent des différences en termes de comportement dynamique sur la puissance active, de capacité d'émulation d'une réserve énergétique inertielle et de prise en charge de la fréquence du système. Les variantes sont ensuite classées en fonction de leurs capacités et fonctionnalités. Ces stratégies de commande ont été implémentées pour un convertisseur à 2 niveaux. Suivant une analyse de stabilité dite « petits signaux », la robustesse et leur capacité à fonctionner sur un réseau faible sont démontrées. De plus, les services auxiliaires tels que la réponse inertielle et le support au contrôle de la fréquence sont fournis de manière appropriée au réseau AC. Les questions de la protection contre les surintensités et de la synchronisation après défaut (tout en tenant compte de la limitation de courant) sont étudiées et une nouvelle méthode est proposée pour améliorer la stabilité transitoire du système électrique. Les résultats obtenus sont ensuite généralisés à une topologie de convertisseur multi-niveaux modulaire (MMC) avec succès. Avec cette commande, la fourniture d’une réserve inertielle est particulièrement intéressante pour gérer les transferts de puissance à l’interconnexion d’un réseau continu haute tension avec le réseau alternatif de transport d’électricité. La dernière partie de cette thèse évalue les performances dynamiques d'une liaison HVDC interconnectant deux réseaux AC et met en évidence la stratégie et les exigences appropriées pour la fourniture de réserve inertielle
The rapid development of converter-based devices such as converter-interfaced renewable generations and high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission links is causing a profound change into the very physics of the power system. In this scenario, the power generation is shifted from the pollutant synchronous generators based on nuclear or fossil fuels to converter-based renewable resources. The modeling, control, and stability of the power converters are now one of the focuses of attention for researchers. Today, power converters have the main function of injecting power into the utility grid, while relying on synchronous machines that ensure all system needs (e.g., ancillary services, provision of inertia and reliable power reserves). This operation mode of power converters is called "Grid-following". Grid-following converters have several limitations, such as: inability to operate in a standalone mode, stability issues under weak grids and faulty conditions and also, negative side effect on the system inertia. To tackle these challenges, the grid-forming control as an alternative has shown its appropriate performance that could make this kind of control a promising solution to respond to the system needs and to allow a stable and safe operation of power system with high penetration rate of power electronic converters. In this thesis, a fundamental description of grid-forming control with a simplified quasi-static modeling approach aiming to regulate the converter active power by a voltage source behavior is presented. From the description, several variants of grid-forming strategies are identified that represent some differences in terms of active power dynamic behavior, inertia emulation capability and system frequency support. Hence, the presented grid-forming variants are then classified according to their capabilities/functionalities. From the small-signal stability and robustness point of view, the studied grid-forming controls, which are implemented to a 2-level VSC at first, show their ability to operate under very weak grid conditions. Moreover, the ancillary services such as inertial response and frequency support are appropriately provided to the AC grid. The questions of the grid-forming converters protection against overcurrent and their post-fault synchronization while considering the current limitation are investigated and a new method is proposed to enhance the transient stability of the system. All the obtained results are then extended to a modular multi-level converter (MMC) topology successfully. The use of a grid forming control in an HVDC converter is interesting for the grid to which it is connected due to the inertial effect that can be induced. Therefore, the final part of this thesis evaluates the dynamic performance of an HVDC link interconnecting two AC grids and highlights the proper strategy and requirements for inertia provision

L'orientation énergétique actuelle vers le développement de systèmes électriques isolés, s'est traduit par l'établissement de nouvelles directives sur les performances et la fiabilité des structures de puissance mises en oeuvre, en particulier ceux à base d'énergies renouvelables. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrivent ces travaux de thèse, qui aboutissent à l'élaboration de nouveaux outils destinés à l'amélioration de la qualité d'énergie et de la stabilité d'un micro-réseau autonome. Concernant l'optimisation énergétique des interfaces de conversion pour un réseau autonome, nous avons développé de nouveaux algorithmes de commande basés sur le concept de platitude des systèmes différentiels. L'avantage de cette technique réside dans la possibilité d'implémentation de régulateurs à une boucle. Cela garantit des propriétés dynamiques élevées en asservissement et en régulation. De plus, une prédiction exacte de l'évolution des variables d'états du système est possible. Concernant la stabilité des micro-réseaux autonomes, nous avons proposé des outils pour traiter les phénomènes d'instabilités, causés notamment par la perte d'informations de charges et par le phénomène de résonance des filtres d'interconnexion
The actual electrical energy demand focuses on the development of stand-alone electrical systems which leads to the definition of new directives on performances and reliability of the electrical structures, especially those based on renewable energy. The main objective of this work concerns the development of new tools to improve the power quality and the stability of autonomous micro-grid systems. In this aim, new control algorithms based on the concept of differential flatness have been developed. The main advantage of the proposed technique is the possibility of implementing one loop controllers ensuring high dynamic properties. In the same time, it allows accurate prediction of the evolution of all state variables of the system. Concerning the stability of the autonomous micro-grid systems, we proposed tools to deal with instability phenomena either caused by the loss of load information and the resonance phenomenon of the passive filters

La croissante demande d'énergie électrique a conduit à la conception de systèmes électriques de grande complexité où les combustibles fossiles constituent la principale source d'énergie. Néanmoins, les préoccupations environnementales poussent à un changement majeur dans les pratiques de production d'électricité, avec un passage marqué des énergies fossiles aux énergies renouvelables et des architectures centralisées à distribuées. Les problèmes de stabilité dus à la présence de ce qu'on appelle les Charges à Puissance Constante (CPLs) constituent l’un des principaux défis auxquels sont confrontés les systèmes électriques distribués. On sait que ces charges, que l’on trouve couramment dans les installations de technologie de l’information et de la communication, réduisent l’amortissement effectif des circuits qui les alimentent, ce qui peut provoquer des oscillations de tension, voire une chute. Dans cette thèse, les principales contributions sont centrées sur la compréhension et la résolution de divers problèmes rencontrés dans l'analyse et le contrôle de systèmes électriques contenant des CPLs. Les contributions sont énumérées comme suit. (i) Des conditions simplement vérifiables sont proposées pour certifier la non existence d'états en régime permanent pour des réseaux multi-ports, à courant alternatif avec une distribution de CPLs. Ces conditions, qui reposent sur les inégalités matricielles linéaires, permettent d’écarter les valeurs des puissances des charges qui produiraient certainement un effondrement de la tension sur l’ensemble du réseau. (ii) Pour des modèles généraux de certains systèmes électriques modernes, y compris les réseaux de transmission à courant continu haute tension et les microréseaux, il est montré que, si des équilibres existent, il existe un équilibre caractéristique à haute tension qui domine tous les autres. En outre, dans le cas des systèmes d'alimentation en courant alternatif sous l'hypothèse de découplage standard, cet équilibre caractéristique s'avère stable à long terme. (iii) Une classe de systèmes port-Hamiltoniens, dans laquelle les variables de contrôle agissent directement sur l'équation du balance de puissance, est explorée. Il est démontré que ces systèmes sont décalés de manière passive lorsque leurs trajectoires sont contraintes à des ensembles facilement définissables. Ces dernières propriétés sont exploitées pour analyser la stabilité de leurs équilibres intrinsèquement non nuls. Il a également été montré que la stabilité des réseaux électriques à courant continu multiports et des générateurs synchrones, tous deux connectés à des CPLs, peuvent naturellement être étudiée avec le cadre proposé. (iv) Le problème de la régulation de la tension de sortie du convertisseur buck-boost alimentant une CPL non connu est résolu. L'un des principaux obstacles à la conception de commandes linéaires classiques provient du fait que le modèle du système est de phase non minimale par rapport à chacune de ses variables d'état. Cette thèse rapporte un contrôleur adaptatif non linéaire capable de rendre un équilibre souhaité asymptotiquement stable; de plus, une estimation de la région d'attraction peut être calculée. (v) La dernière contribution concerne l'amortissement actif d'un système d'alimentation de petite taille à courant continu avec une CPL. Au lieu de connecter des éléments passifs peu pratiques et énergétiquement inefficaces au réseau existant, l’ajout d’un convertisseur de puissance contrôlé est exploré. La contribution principale rapportée ici est la conception d'une loi de contrôle non linéaire basée sur l'observateur pour le convertisseur. La nouveauté de la proposition réside dans le fait qu'il n'est pas nécessaire de mesurer le courant électrique du réseau ni la valeur de la CPL, soulignant ainsi son applicabilité pratique. L'efficacité du schéma de contrôle est ensuite validée par des expériences sur un réseau à courant continu réel
The continuously increasing demand of electrical energy has led to the conception of power systems of great complexity that may extend even through entire countries. In the vast majority of large-scale power systems the main primary source of energy are fossil fuels. Nonetheless, environmental concerns are pushing a major change in electric energy production practices, with a marked shift from fossil fuels to renewables and from centralized architectures to more distributed ones. One of the main challenges that distributed power systems face are the stability problems arising from the presence of the so-called Constant Power Loads (CPLs). These loads, which are commonly found in information and communication technology facilities, are known to reduce the effective damping of the circuits that energize them, which can cause voltage oscillations or even voltage collapse. In this thesis, the main contributions are focused in understanding and solving diverse problems found in the analysis and control of electrical power systems containing CPLs. The contributions are listed as follows. (i) Simply verifiable conditions are proposed to certify the non existence of steady states in general, multi-port, alternating current (AC) networks with a distributed array of CPLs. These conditions, which are based on Linear Matrix Inequalities, allow to discard the values of the loads' powers that would certainly produce a voltage collapse in the whole network. (ii) For general models of some modern power systems, including High-Voltage Direct Current transmission networks and microgrids, it is shown that if equilibria exist, then there is a characteristic high-voltage equilibrium that dominates, entry-wise, all the other ones. Furthermore, for the case of AC power systems under the standard decoupling assumption, this characteristic equilibrium is shown to be long-term stable. (iii) A class of port-Hamiltonian systems, in which the control variables act directly on the power balance equation, is explored. These systems are shown to be shifted passive when their trajectories are constrained to easily definable sets. The latter properties are exploited to analyze the stability of their---intrinsically non zero---equilibria. It is also shown that the stability of multi-port DC electrical networks and synchronous generators, both with CPLs, can be naturally studied with the proposed framework. (iv) The problem of regulating the output voltage of the versatile DC buck-boost converter feeding an {em unknown} CPL is addressed. One of the main obstacles for conventional linear control design stems from the fact that the system's model is non-minimum phase with respect to each of its state variables. As a possible solution to this problem, this thesis reports a nonlinear, adaptive controller that is able to render a desired equilibrium asymptotically stable; furthermore an estimate of the region of attraction can be computed. (v) The last contribution concerns the active damping of a DC small-scale power system with a CPL. Instead of connecting impractical, energetically inefficient passive elements to the existing network, the addition of a controlled DC-DC power converter is explored. The main contribution reported here is the design of a nonlinear, observer-based control law for the converter. The novelty of the proposal lies in the non necessity of measuring the network's electrical current nor the value of the CPL, highlighting its practical applicability. The effectiveness of the control scheme is further validated through experiments on a real DC network

The objective of an Energy Control Center (ECC) is to ensure secure and economic operation of power system. The challenge to optimize power system operation, while maintaining system security and quality of power supply to customers, is increasing. Growing demand without matching expansion of generation and transmission facilities and more tightly interconnected power systems contribute to the increased complexity of system operation. Rising costs due to inflation and increased environmental concerns has made transmission, as well as generation systems to be operated closure to design limits, with smaller safety margins and hence greater exposure to unsatisfactory operating conditions following a disturbance. Investigations of recent blackouts indicate that the root cause of most of these major power system disturbances is voltage collapse. Information gathered and preliminary analysis, from the most recent blackout incident in North America on 14th August 2003, is pointing the finger on voltage instability due to some unexpected contingency. In this incident, reports indicate that approximately 50 million people were affected interruption from continuous supply for more than 15 hours. Most of the incidents are related to heavily stressed system where large amounts of real and reactive power are transported over long transmission lines while appropriate real and reactive power resources are not available to maintain normal system conditions. Hence, the problem of voltage stability and voltage collapse has become a major concern in power system planning and operation. Reliable operation of large scale electric power networks requires that system voltages and currents stay within design limits. Operation beyond those limits can lead to equipment failures and blackouts. In the last few decades, the problem of reactive power control for improving economy and security of power system operation has received much attention. Generally, the load bus voltages can be maintained within their permissible limits by reallocating reactive power generations in the system. This can be achieved by adjusting transformer taps, generator voltages, and switchable Ar sources. In addition, the system losses can be minimized via redistribution of reactive power in the system. Therefore, the problem of the reactive power dispatch can be optimized to improve the voltage profile and minimize the system losses as well. The Instability in power system could be relieved or at least minimized with the help of most recent developed devices called Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers. The use of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers in power transmission system have led to many applications of these controllers not only to improve the stability of the existing power network resources but also provide operating flexibility to the power system. In the past, transmission systems were owned by regulated, vertically integrated utility companies. They have been designed and operated so that conditions in close proximity to security boundaries are not frequently encountered. However, in the new open access environment, operating conditions tend to be much closer to security boundaries, as transmission use is increasing in sudden and unpredictable directions. Transmission unbundling, coupled with other regulatory requirements, has made new transmission facility construction more difficult. In fact, there are numerous technical challenges emerging from the new market structure. There is an acute need for research work in the new market structure, especially in the areas of voltage security, reactive power support and congestion management. In the last few decades more attention was paid to optimal reactive power dispatch. Since the problem of reactive power optimization is non-linear in nature, nonlinear programming methods have been used to solve it. These methods work quite well for small power systems but may develop convergence problems as system size increases. Linear programming techniques with iterative schemes are certainly the most promising tools for solving these types of problems. The thesis presents efficient algorithms with different objectives for reactive power optimization. The approach adopted is an iterative scheme with successive power-flow analysis using decoupled technique, formulation and solution of the linear-programmingproblem with only upper-bound limits on the state variables. Further the thesispresents critical analysis of the three following objectives, Viz., •Minimization of the sum of the squares of the voltage deviations (Vdesired) •Minimization of sum of the squares of the voltage stability L indices (Vstability) •Minimization of real power losses (Ploss) Voltage stability problems normally occur in heavily stressed systems. While the disturbance leading to voltage collapse may be initiated by a variety of causes, the underlying problem is an inherent weakness in the power system. The factors contributing to voltage collapse are the generator reactive power /voltage control limits, load characteristics, characteristics of reactive compensation devices, and the action of the voltage control devices such as transformer On Load Tap Changers (OLTCs). Power system experiences abnormal operating conditions following a disturbance, and subsequently a reduction in the EHV level voltages at load centers will be reflected on the distribution system. The OLTCs of distribution transformers would restore distribution voltages. With each tap change operation, the MW and MVAR loading on the EHV lines would increase, thereby causing great voltage drops in EHV levels and increasing the losses. As a result, with each tap changing operation, the reactive output of generators throughout the system would increase gradually and the generators may hit their reactive power capability limits, causing voltage instability problems. Thus, the operation of certain OLTCs has a significant influence on voltage instability under some operating conditions. These transformers can be made manual to avoid possible voltage instability due to their operation during heavy load conditions. Tap blocking, based on local measurement of high voltage side of load tap changers, is a common practice of power utilities to prevent voltage collapse. The great advantage of this method is that it can be easily implemented, but does not guarantee voltage stability. So a proper approach for identification of critical OLTC s based on voltage stability criteria is essential to guide the operator in ECC, which has been proposed in this thesis. It discusses the effect of OLTCs with different objectives of reactive power dispatch and proposes a technique to identify critical OLTCs based on voltage stability criteria. The fast development of power electronics based on new and powerful semiconductor devices has led to innovative technologies, such as High Voltage DC transmission (HVDC) and Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), which can be applied in transmission and distribution systems. The technical and economicalBenefits of these technologies represent an alternative to the application in AC systems. Deregulation in the power industry and opening of the market for delivery of cheaper energy to the customers is creating additional requirements for the operation of power systems. HVDC and FACTS offer major advantages in meeting these requirements. .A method for co-ordinated optimum allocation of reactive power in AC/DC power systems by including FACTS controller UPFC, with an objective of minimization of the sum of the squares of the voltage deviations of all the load buses has been proposed in this thesis. The study results show that under contingency conditions, the presence of FACTS controllers has considerable impact on over all system voltage stability and also on power loss minimization.minimization of the sum of the squares of the voltage deviations of all the load buses has been proposed in this thesis. The study results show that under contingency conditions, the presence of FACTS controllers has considerable impact on over all system voltage stability and also on power loss minimization. As power systems grow in their size and interconnections, their complexity increases. For secure operation and control of power systems under normal and contingency conditions, it is essential to provide solutions in real time to the operator in ECC. For real time control of power systems, the conventional algorithmic software available in ECC are found to be inadequate as they are computationally very intensive and not organized to guide the operator during contingency conditions. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques such as, Expert systems, Neural Networks, Fuzzy systems are emerging decision support system tools which give fast, though approximate, but acceptable right solutions in real time as they mostly use symbolic processing with a minimum number of numeric computations. The solution thus obtained can be used as a guide by the operator in ECC for power system control. Optimum real and reactive power dispatch play an important role in the day-to-day operation of power systems. Existing conventional Optimal Power Flow (OPF) methods use all of the controls in solving the optimization problem. The operators can not move so many control devices within a reasonable time. In this context an algorithm using fuzzy-expert approach has been proposed in this thesis to curtail the number of control actions, in order to realize real time objectives in voltage/reactive power control. The technique is formulated using membership functions of linguistic variables such as voltage deviations at all the load buses and the voltage deviation sensitivity to control variables. Voltage deviations and controlling variables are translated into fuzzy set notations to formulate the relation between voltage deviations and controlling ability of controlling devices. Control variables considered are switchable VAR compensators, OLTC transformers and generator excitations. A fuzzy rule based system is formed to select the critical controllers, their movement direction and step size. Results show that the proposed approach is effective for improving voltage security to acceptable levels with fewer numbers of controllers. So, under emergency conditions the operator need not move all the controllers to different settings and the solution obtained is fast with significant speedups. Hence, the proposed method has the potential to be integrated for on-line implementation in energy management systems to achieve the goals of secure power system operation. In a deregulated electricity market, it may not be always possible to dispatch all of the contracted power transactions due to congestion of the transmission corridors. System operators try to manage congestion, which otherwise increases the cost of the electricity and also threatens the system security and stability. An approach for alleviation of network over loads in the day-to-day operation of power systems under deregulated environment is presented in this thesis. The control used for overload alleviation is real power generation rescheduling based on Relative Electrical Distance (RED) concept. The method estimates the relative location of load nodes with respect to the generator nodes. The contribution of each generator for a particular over loaded line is first identified , then based on RED concept the desired proportions of generations for the desired overload relieving is obtained, so that the system will have minimum transmission losses and more stability margins with respect to voltage profiles, bus angles and better transmission tariff. The results obtained reveal that the proposed method is not only effective for overload relieving but also reduces the system power loss and improves the voltage stability margin. The presented concepts are better suited for finding the utilization of resources generation/load and network by various players involved in the day-to-day operation of the system under normal and contingency conditions. This will help in finding the contribution by various players involved in the congestion management and the deviations can be used for proper tariff purposes. Suitable computer programs have been developed based on the algorithms presented in various chapters and thoroughly tested. Studies have been carried out on various equivalent systems of practical real life Indian power networks and also on some standard IEEE systems under simulated conditions. Results obtained on a modified IEEE 30 bus system, IEEE 39 bus New England system and four Indian power networks of EHV 24 bus real life equivalent power network, an equivalent of 36 bus EHV Indian western grid, Uttar Pradesh 96 bus AC/DC system and 205 Bus real life interconnected grid system of Indian southern region are presented for illustration purposes.

The objective of an Energy Control Center (ECC) is to ensure secure and economic operation of power system. The challenge to optimize power system operation, while maintaining system security and quality of power supply to customers, is increasing. Growing demand without matching expansion of generation and transmission facilities and more tightly interconnected power systems contribute to the increased complexity of system operation. Rising costs due to inflation and increased environmental concerns has made transmission, as well as generation systems to be operated closure to design limits, with smaller safety margins and hence greater exposure to unsatisfactory operating conditions following a disturbance. Investigations of recent blackouts indicate that the root cause of most of these major power system disturbances is voltage collapse. Information gathered and preliminary analysis, from the most recent blackout incident in North America on 14th August 2003, is pointing the finger on voltage instability due to some unexpected contingency. In this incident, reports indicate that approximately 50 million people were affected interruption from continuous supply for more than 15 hours. Most of the incidents are related to heavily stressed system where large amounts of real and reactive power are transported over long transmission lines while appropriate real and reactive power resources are not available to maintain normal system conditions. Hence, the problem of voltage stability and voltage collapse has become a major concern in power system planning and operation. Reliable operation of large scale electric power networks requires that system voltages and currents stay within design limits. Operation beyond those limits can lead to equipment failures and blackouts. In the last few decades, the problem of reactive power control for improving economy and security of power system operation has received much attention. Generally, the load bus voltages can be maintained within their permissible limits by reallocating reactive power generations in the system. This can be achieved by adjusting transformer taps, generator voltages, and switchable Ar sources. In addition, the system losses can be minimized via redistribution of reactive power in the system. Therefore, the problem of the reactive power dispatch can be optimized to improve the voltage profile and minimize the system losses as well. The Instability in power system could be relieved or at least minimized with the help of most recent developed devices called Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers. The use of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers in power transmission system have led to many applications of these controllers not only to improve the stability of the existing power network resources but also provide operating flexibility to the power system. In the past, transmission systems were owned by regulated, vertically integrated utility companies. They have been designed and operated so that conditions in close proximity to security boundaries are not frequently encountered. However, in the new open access environment, operating conditions tend to be much closer to security boundaries, as transmission use is increasing in sudden and unpredictable directions. Transmission unbundling, coupled with other regulatory requirements, has made new transmission facility construction more difficult. In fact, there are numerous technical challenges emerging from the new market structure. There is an acute need for research work in the new market structure, especially in the areas of voltage security, reactive power support and congestion management. In the last few decades more attention was paid to optimal reactive power dispatch. Since the problem of reactive power optimization is non-linear in nature, nonlinear programming methods have been used to solve it. These methods work quite well for small power systems but may develop convergence problems as system size increases. Linear programming techniques with iterative schemes are certainly the most promising tools for solving these types of problems. The thesis presents efficient algorithms with different objectives for reactive power optimization. The approach adopted is an iterative scheme with successive power-flow analysis using decoupled technique, formulation and solution of the linear-programmingproblem with only upper-bound limits on the state variables. Further the thesispresents critical analysis of the three following objectives, Viz., •Minimization of the sum of the squares of the voltage deviations (Vdesired) •Minimization of sum of the squares of the voltage stability L indices (Vstability) •Minimization of real power losses (Ploss) Voltage stability problems normally occur in heavily stressed systems. While the disturbance leading to voltage collapse may be initiated by a variety of causes, the underlying problem is an inherent weakness in the power system. The factors contributing to voltage collapse are the generator reactive power /voltage control limits, load characteristics, characteristics of reactive compensation devices, and the action of the voltage control devices such as transformer On Load Tap Changers (OLTCs). Power system experiences abnormal operating conditions following a disturbance, and subsequently a reduction in the EHV level voltages at load centers will be reflected on the distribution system. The OLTCs of distribution transformers would restore distribution voltages. With each tap change operation, the MW and MVAR loading on the EHV lines would increase, thereby causing great voltage drops in EHV levels and increasing the losses. As a result, with each tap changing operation, the reactive output of generators throughout the system would increase gradually and the generators may hit their reactive power capability limits, causing voltage instability problems. Thus, the operation of certain OLTCs has a significant influence on voltage instability under some operating conditions. These transformers can be made manual to avoid possible voltage instability due to their operation during heavy load conditions. Tap blocking, based on local measurement of high voltage side of load tap changers, is a common practice of power utilities to prevent voltage collapse. The great advantage of this method is that it can be easily implemented, but does not guarantee voltage stability. So a proper approach for identification of critical OLTC s based on voltage stability criteria is essential to guide the operator in ECC, which has been proposed in this thesis. It discusses the effect of OLTCs with different objectives of reactive power dispatch and proposes a technique to identify critical OLTCs based on voltage stability criteria. The fast development of power electronics based on new and powerful semiconductor devices has led to innovative technologies, such as High Voltage DC transmission (HVDC) and Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), which can be applied in transmission and distribution systems. The technical and economicalBenefits of these technologies represent an alternative to the application in AC systems. Deregulation in the power industry and opening of the market for delivery of cheaper energy to the customers is creating additional requirements for the operation of power systems. HVDC and FACTS offer major advantages in meeting these requirements. .A method for co-ordinated optimum allocation of reactive power in AC/DC power systems by including FACTS controller UPFC, with an objective of minimization of the sum of the squares of the voltage deviations of all the load buses has been proposed in this thesis. The study results show that under contingency conditions, the presence of FACTS controllers has considerable impact on over all system voltage stability and also on power loss minimization.minimization of the sum of the squares of the voltage deviations of all the load buses has been proposed in this thesis. The study results show that under contingency conditions, the presence of FACTS controllers has considerable impact on over all system voltage stability and also on power loss minimization. As power systems grow in their size and interconnections, their complexity increases. For secure operation and control of power systems under normal and contingency conditions, it is essential to provide solutions in real time to the operator in ECC. For real time control of power systems, the conventional algorithmic software available in ECC are found to be inadequate as they are computationally very intensive and not organized to guide the operator during contingency conditions. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques such as, Expert systems, Neural Networks, Fuzzy systems are emerging decision support system tools which give fast, though approximate, but acceptable right solutions in real time as they mostly use symbolic processing with a minimum number of numeric computations. The solution thus obtained can be used as a guide by the operator in ECC for power system control. Optimum real and reactive power dispatch play an important role in the day-to-day operation of power systems. Existing conventional Optimal Power Flow (OPF) methods use all of the controls in solving the optimization problem. The operators can not move so many control devices within a reasonable time. In this context an algorithm using fuzzy-expert approach has been proposed in this thesis to curtail the number of control actions, in order to realize real time objectives in voltage/reactive power control. The technique is formulated using membership functions of linguistic variables such as voltage deviations at all the load buses and the voltage deviation sensitivity to control variables. Voltage deviations and controlling variables are translated into fuzzy set notations to formulate the relation between voltage deviations and controlling ability of controlling devices. Control variables considered are switchable VAR compensators, OLTC transformers and generator excitations. A fuzzy rule based system is formed to select the critical controllers, their movement direction and step size. Results show that the proposed approach is effective for improving voltage security to acceptable levels with fewer numbers of controllers. So, under emergency conditions the operator need not move all the controllers to different settings and the solution obtained is fast with significant speedups. Hence, the proposed method has the potential to be integrated for on-line implementation in energy management systems to achieve the goals of secure power system operation. In a deregulated electricity market, it may not be always possible to dispatch all of the contracted power transactions due to congestion of the transmission corridors. System operators try to manage congestion, which otherwise increases the cost of the electricity and also threatens the system security and stability. An approach for alleviation of network over loads in the day-to-day operation of power systems under deregulated environment is presented in this thesis. The control used for overload alleviation is real power generation rescheduling based on Relative Electrical Distance (RED) concept. The method estimates the relative location of load nodes with respect to the generator nodes. The contribution of each generator for a particular over loaded line is first identified , then based on RED concept the desired proportions of generations for the desired overload relieving is obtained, so that the system will have minimum transmission losses and more stability margins with respect to voltage profiles, bus angles and better transmission tariff. The results obtained reveal that the proposed method is not only effective for overload relieving but also reduces the system power loss and improves the voltage stability margin. The presented concepts are better suited for finding the utilization of resources generation/load and network by various players involved in the day-to-day operation of the system under normal and contingency conditions. This will help in finding the contribution by various players involved in the congestion management and the deviations can be used for proper tariff purposes. Suitable computer programs have been developed based on the algorithms presented in various chapters and thoroughly tested. Studies have been carried out on various equivalent systems of practical real life Indian power networks and also on some standard IEEE systems under simulated conditions. Results obtained on a modified IEEE 30 bus system, IEEE 39 bus New England system and four Indian power networks of EHV 24 bus real life equivalent power network, an equivalent of 36 bus EHV Indian western grid, Uttar Pradesh 96 bus AC/DC system and 205 Bus real life interconnected grid system of Indian southern region are presented for illustration purposes.

abstract: The growth of energy demands in recent years has been increasing faster than the expansion of transmission facility construction. This tendency cooperating with the continuous investing on the renewable energy resources drives the research, development, and construction of HVDC projects to create a more reliable, affordable, and environmentally friendly power grid. Constructing the hybrid AC-HVDC grid is a significant move in the development of the HVDC techniques; the form of dc system is evolving from the point-to-point stand-alone dc links to the embedded HVDC system and the multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) system. The MTDC is a solution for the renewable energy interconnections, and the MTDC grids can improve the power system reliability, flexibility in economic dispatches, and converter/cable utilizing efficiencies. The dissertation reviews the HVDC technologies, discusses the stability issues regarding the ac and HVDC connections, proposes a novel power oscillation control strategy to improve system stability, and develops a nonlinear voltage droop control strategy for the MTDC grid. To verify the effectiveness the proposed power oscillation control strategy, a long distance paralleled AC-HVDC transmission test system is employed. Based on the PSCAD/EMTDC platform simulation results, the proposed power oscillation control strategy can improve the system dynamic performance and attenuate the power oscillations effectively. To validate the nonlinear voltage droop control strategy, three droop controls schemes are designed according to the proposed nonlinear voltage droop control design procedures. These control schemes are tested in a hybrid AC-MTDC system. The hybrid AC-MTDC system, which is first proposed in this dissertation, consists of two ac grids, two wind farms and a five-terminal HVDC grid connecting them. Simulation studies are performed in the PSCAD/EMTDC platform. According to the simulation results, all the three design schemes have their unique salient features.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2017

It is difficult to load long extra high voltage (EHV) ac lines to their thermal limits as a sufficient margin is kept against transient instability. With the model proposed in this thesis, it will be possible to load these lines close to their thermal limits. The transmission lines are allowed to carry usual ac along with dc superimposed on it. The added dc power flow does not cause any instability. This thesis gives us the feasibility of converting a double circuit ac line into composite ac–dc power transmission line to get the advantages of parallel ac–dc transmission in order to improve stability and dampen out oscillations. The advantage of parallel ac-dc transmission for improvement of transient stability and dynamic stability and dampout oscillations has been established. Simulation has been carried out in MATLAB software package (Simulink Model). The results show the stability of power system both for natural response and response under faulty conditions.

abstract: The concept of the microgrid is widely studied and explored in both academic and industrial societies. The microgrid is a power system with distributed generations and loads, which is intentionally planned and can be disconnected from the main utility grid. Nowadays, various distributed power generations (wind resource, photovoltaic resource, etc.) are emerging to be significant power sources of the microgrid. This thesis focuses on the system structure of Photovoltaics (PV)-dominated microgrid, precisely modeling and stability analysis of the specific system. The grid-connected mode microgrid is considered, and system control objectives are: PV panel is working at the maximum power point (MPP), the DC link voltage is regulated at a desired value, and the grid side current is also controlled in phase with grid voltage. To simulate the real circuits of the whole system with high fidelity instead of doing real experiments, PLECS software is applied to construct the detailed model in chapter 2. Meanwhile, a Simulink mathematical model of the microgrid system is developed in chapter 3 for faster simulation and energy management analysis. Simulation results of both the PLECS model and Simulink model are matched with the expectations. Next chapter talks about state space models of different power stages for stability analysis utilization. Finally, the large signal stability analysis of a grid-connected inverter, which is based on cascaded control of both DC link voltage and grid side current is discussed. The large signal stability analysis presented in this thesis is mainly focused on the impact of the inductor and capacitor capacity and the controller parameters on the DC link stability region. A dynamic model with the cascaded control logic is proposed. One Lyapunov large-signal stability analysis tool is applied to derive the domain of attraction, which is the asymptotic stability region. Results show that both the DC side capacitor and the inductor of grid side filter can significantly influence the stability region of the DC link voltage. PLECS simulation models developed for the microgrid system are applied to verify the stability regions estimated from the Lyapunov large signal analysis method.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Engineering 2018

This thesis proposes a control strategy for small-signal dynamic stability enhancement of a DC-segmented AC power system. This control strategy provides four control schemes based on HVDC supplementary control or modification of the operational condition of the HVDC control system to improve the system stability by (i) damping the oscillations within a segment using supplementary current control of a line-commutated HVDC link, based on the model predictive control (MPC) method (control scheme 1), (ii) minimizing the propagation of dynamics among the segments based on a coordinated linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG)-based supplementary control (control scheme 2), (iii) selectively distributing the oscillations among the segments based on a coordinated LQG-based supplementary control (control scheme 3) and (iv) changing the set-points of the HVDC control system in the direction determined based on the sensitivities of the Hopf stability margin to the HVDC links set-points (control scheme 4). Depending on the system characteristics, one or more of the proposed control schemes may be effective for mitigating the system oscillations. Study results show that (i) control scheme 1 leads to damped low-frequency oscillations and provides fast recovery times after faults, (ii) under control scheme 2, each segment in a DC-segmented system can experience major disturbances without causing adjacent segments to experience the disturbances with the same degree of severity, (iii) control scheme 3 enables the controlled propagation of the oscillations among segments and damps out the oscillatory dynamics in the faulted segment, and (iv) control scheme 4 improves the stability margin for Hopf bifurcations caused by various events. Since power system software tools exhibit limitations for advanced control design, this thesis also presents a methodology based on MATLAB/Simulink software to (i) systematically construct the nonlinear differential-algebraic model of an AC-DC system, and (ii) automatically extract a linearized state space model of the system for the design of the proposed control schemes. The nonlinear model also serves as a platform for the time-domain simulation of power system dynamics. The accuracy of the MATLAB/Simulink-based AC-DC power system model and time-domain simulation platform is validated by comparison against PSS/E.

碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程研究所
84
This thesis investigates the robust H-inf optimal control theory to enhance the dynamic stability of two different kinds of power systems. The robust H-inf optimal control theory has been widely applied in power systems in recent years. In this thesis, this theory is used to design the rectifier current regulators (RCR) in a parallel AC-DC power system and the power system stabilizers (PSS) in a multimachine power system to enhance the robust and stable characteristics of both systems. The reduced-order method is employed to perform the analysis of uncertainty of the studied systems in order to make the controllers more robust. In this thesis, torque disturbances and the changes of system operating points are utilized to test the robust characteristics of the systems. From the simulation results, it shows that the designed controllers can effectively stabilize the studied systems.

碩士
國立中正大學
電機工程研究所
91
The power quality studies associated with nonlinear loads and faults occurred in power system have attracted many attentions by engineers and researchers. However, the usefulness proposed by different approaches by such studies are discrepant. The purpose of this paper is to investigate a new method to improve the solution times of solving the problems under study. In this thesis, Poincaré map is used to solve the steady state solutions of multiple six-pulse AC/DC converters based on the theory periodic functions are invariable with time. Then the simulation results of the purposed method is used to compared with those obtained by using MATLAB/Simulink. It is shown that the Poincaré map is efficient to find the steady state solution. In addition, the power system stability problems are studied by the Poincaré map and Limit Cycle approaches to evaluate the solution accuracies and solution times. The Limit Cycle analysis is one of Poincaré map expressions in the high dimension. The simulation results of Limit Cycle are then compared with the traditional Newton-Raphson method.