Journal articles on the topic 'Abstract 20th century'
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1
KRAETZ, O. "ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry Mirrored by Literature of the 20th Century." ChemInform 22, no. 29 (August 23, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199129322.
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Bugg, Timothy D. H. "ChemInform Abstract: The Development of Mechanistic Enzymology in the 20th Century." ChemInform 32, no. 52 (May 23, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200152300.
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LEE, W. E., and R. E. MOORE. "ChemInform Abstract: Evolution of in situ Refractories in the 20th Century." ChemInform 29, no. 36 (June 20, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199836306.
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Kardum, Goran, Dubravka Kuščević, and Marija Brajčić. "The Impacts of Different Sorts of Art Education on Pupils’ Preference for 20th-Century Art Movements." Education Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10010015.
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The research presented here aims to determine how art education influences students’ preferences for the 20th-century art movements. An educational experiment that spanned through one school year was conducted on 200 primary school students. It included three types of intervention: observing works of art from the 20th century, introducing works of art using a puppet, and the students’ art activities/artwork based on the 20th-century art movements. The results show that the model of art education is an important factor in changing students’ preferences for the 20th century art movements. Students reacted positively to each kind of education, as evidenced in the wider acceptance of 20th-century art (abstract, fauvism, cubism, pop art, and surrealism). The type of education did not influence preferences (as much) when it came to classical art and visual works without artistic value. We concluded that puppets and independent creative work should be used more often in art education.
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Chylek, P., J. Li, M. K. Dubey, M. Wang, and G. Lesins. "Observed and model simulated 20th century Arctic temperature variability: Canadian Earth System Model CanESM2." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2011): 22893–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-22893-2011.
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Abstract. We present simulations of the 20th century Arctic temperature anomaly from the second generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2). The new model couples together an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model, a land-vegetation model and terrestrial and oceanic interactive carbon cycle. It simulates well the observed 20th century Arctic temperature variability that includes the early and late 20th century warming periods and the intervening 1940–1970 period of substantial cooling. The addition of the land-vegetation model and the terrestrial and oceanic interactive carbon cycle to the coupled atmosphere-ocean model improves the agreement with observations from 1900–1970, however, it increases the overestimate of the post 1970 warming. In contrast the older generation coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models Canadian CanCM3 and NCAR/LANL CCSM3, used in the IPCC 2007 climate change assessment report, overestimate the rate of the 20th century Arctic warming by factor of two to three and they are unable to reproduce the observed 20th century Arctic climate variability.
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Ward, Zachary. "The low return to English fluency during the Age of Mass Migration☆." European Review of Economic History 24, no. 2 (May 15, 2019): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez007.
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Abstract English skills are highly valuable for today’s immigrants, but has this always been the case? I estimate the premium for English fluency and the rate of language acquisition in the early 20th century US using new linked data on over two hundred thousand immigrants. Few early 20th century immigrants arrived with English proficiency, yet many acquired language skills rapidly after arrival. Based on individual fixed effects, acquiring English fluency was associated with a small upgrade in occupational income. The results suggest that English fluency was less important for economic assimilation in the early 20th century than in recent decades.
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Ljungqvist, F. C., P. J. Krusic, G. Brattström, and H. S. Sundqvist. "Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns in the last 12 centuries." Climate of the Past Discussions 7, no. 5 (October 13, 2011): 3349–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-7-3349-2011.
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Abstract. We analyze the spatio-temporal patterns of temperature variability over Northern Hemisphere land areas, on centennial time-scales, for the last 12 centuries using an unprecedentedly large network of temperature-sensitive proxy records. Geographically widespread positive temperature anomalies are observed from the 9th to 11th centuries, similar in extent and magnitude to the 20th century mean. A dominance of widespread negative anomalies is observed from the 16th to 18th centuries. Though we find the amplitude and spatial extent of the 20th century warming is within the range of natural variability over the last 12 centuries, we also find that the rate of warming from the 19th to the 20th century is unprecedented. The positive Northern Hemisphere temperature change from the 19th to the 20th century is clearly the largest between any two consecutive centuries in the past 12 centuries.
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Leporiere, Lorenzo. "Mediums and Science in Early 20th Century Europe." Nuncius 33, no. 1 (January 23, 2018): 104–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03301005.
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Abstract This paper investigates and contextualizes the contribution made by the Italian physiologist Filippo Bottazzi (1867–1941) to research on mediumistic phenomena in Europe at the beginning of the 1900s, focusing on his investigation of the claims of Eusapia Palladino’s powers, a well-known Italian physical medium who inspired the “conversion” of Cesare Lombroso. Bottazzi’s work, conducted between 1906 and 1909, is compared to that of colleagues in Italy and elsewhere and analysed in the light of the scientific methodology that he used in his research as a physiologist. This paper will review the events that led Bottazzi to take an interest in mediumship, and analyse how he designed and conducted his experiments and the conclusions that he drew from them. Particular attention will be focused on the methods and the scientific instruments that he used in his psychical research, which were in keeping with his Positivist epistemological views, as is shown by an essay on the scientific method that he wrote in the same period.
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Schwarb, Gregor. "Muʿtazilism in a 20th century Zaydī Qurʾān commentary." Arabica 59, no. 3-4 (2012): 372–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005812x629293.
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Abstract The Zaydīs in Yemen are the only current within Islam that fostered the continuous transmission and study of Muʿtazilī kalām up to the present time. This article aims to examine the presence and quality of Muʿtazilī kalām in a major Zaydī composition of the 20th century, namely ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-ʿAǧrī’s (1320-1407/1902-1987) Miftāḥ al-saʿāda, which was completed in May 1952. The Miftāḥ and other works of Zaydī scholars written during the first half of the 20th century provide us with valuable insights into Zaydī-Hādawī scholarship in Northern Yemen prior to the Republican revolution of 1962 and furnish important information about the education of 20th century Zaydī-Hādawī scholars and the contents of their libraries. The wide range of Muʿtazilī and non-Muʿtazilī sources used and quoted in the Miftāḥ sheds light on the distinct impact of various phases of a centuries-old school- and teaching-tradition.
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Diachkova, Galina. "Ethnocultural processes among the Chukchi in the 20th century." Études/Inuit/Studies 31, no. 1-2 (January 20, 2009): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/019733ar.
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Abstract This paper briefly describes the Chukchi component of a research project entitled “The role of the community-based organisations of the North, Siberia and the Far-East in the Russian Federation’s social policies.” This study, initiated in 2001, focuses on the ethnocultural processes that impact on the development of the contemporaneous Chukchi community.
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Luecking, Stephen. "Visual Teaching of Geometry and the Origins of 20th Century Abstract Art." Journal of Humanistic Mathematics 9, no. 2 (July 2019): 4–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/jhummath.201902.03.
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Nastos, P. T., and J. T. Matsangouras. "Tornado activity in Greece within the 20th century." Advances in Geosciences 26 (July 7, 2010): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-26-49-2010.
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Abstract. Tornado activity is associated with extreme convective weather which can cause extended damage and even in some cases the loss of life. The complex inland terrain of Greece along with the Ionian Sea at the west and the Aegean Sea at the east appear to be a favorable area for fury phenomena such as tornadoes, waterspouts and funnel clouds. In this study, the spatial and temporal variability of tornado activity in Greece for the period 1900–1999 are presented. The spatial distribution of tornadoes, waterspouts and funnel clouds reveals the vulnerability of specific geographical areas, such as the west Greece and the south Aegean Sea. As far as the intra annual variability is concerned, the maximum of tornado activity dominates within the cold period of the year (October–March) while according to the daily distribution, tornadoes happen frequently during the warm hours of the day. It is remarkable to mention that in Greece, within the 20th century, the tornado activity caused the loss of 4 lifes, the injury of 40 people and numerous damages on human constructions and cultivations.
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Bax, Sander, and Erwin Mantingh. "Een web van twintigste-eeuwse literatuur." Nederlandse Letterkunde 23, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 257–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/nedlet2018.3.003.bax.
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Abstract A web of 20th century Dutch literature. Towards a new approach for teaching 20th century literary historyThis article presents the first results of work-in-progress of a teacher development team that works on teaching Dutch 20th century literature. The starting point of this project was: so-called modern literature has to be dealt with as a phenomenon that is historical to students in secondary education. Our analysis of the main problems that teachers experience with 20th century literary history has led to a set of principles that will serve as guidelines for the design of a model for teaching 20th century literature. We present a first draft of this model that aims to offer a series of lessons in a digital framework resembling a network of texts. This web of 20th century literature will combine two perspectives: at the one hand a contextual perspective on the literary text (‘text in context’), in which a central literary text is compared to contemporary historical texts and developments, at the other hand a longitudinal perspective (‘text in frame’), in which the text is compared to texts and developments from different time periods by using transhistorical themes or frames. The development of the first series of lessons according to our guidelines provides insights that will contribute to a next version of the web under construction.
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Becker, Edwin D., and Brigitte Van Tiggelen. "Restructuring IUPAC at the Turn of the 20th Century." Chemistry International 43, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2021-0401.
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Abstract Around the turn of the century IUPAC undertook a major restructuring. Commissions, which had been the heart of IUPAC’s scientific work for most of its 80-year history, were virtually eliminated and largely replaced with a system of peer-reviewed projects [1, 2, 3]. Brigitte Van Tiggelen asked Ted Becker, Secretary General in that key transition period (1996-2003) and a central figure in the restructuring effort, to reflect on the rationale for this significant change and to describe just what was done.
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Tharaba, M. Fahim, and Mukhibat Mukhibat. "The Islamic Education Reform Early 20th Century." Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 20, no. 1 (June 18, 2020): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/altahrir.v20i1.2008.
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Abstract: The Islamic education reform comprises a change that affects people’s choice of education as an agent of change and human and capital investment. Thus, it is a need to modernize the thought of renewing Islamic education according to the time’s advances. The study of the Islamic education reform in early 20th century has become relevant in the context of valuable lessons for reform and or modernization of Islamic education in subsequent developments. This research employed a philosophical and implemental approach. It was bibliographic research with the content analysis of the meaning and substance contained in the whole thought about the reform of the Islamic education in early 20th century. This study found that there were three patterns of renewal of Islamic education; (1) modern orientation in Europe, (2) the refinement of Islamic teachings, and (3) nationalism reform. The concept of Islamic education reform encompasses all ideas that are guided by the Qur’an and Sunnah, and continues to follow the times consciously and systematically and directed towards the interests that refer to the progress of science and technology, and based on faith and devotion (IMTAQ). The reform of the Islamic education system has included both the conceptual-theoretical and operational-practical levels, as well as the fundamental aspects that underlie the students’ lives; it is monotheistic faith which has a monolatry dimension of piety to God. It encourages and ignites to play a real role in all aspects of life.الملخص: إصلاح التعليم الإسلامي هو شكل من أشكال التغيير الذي يؤثر على اختيار الناس للتعليم كعامل للتغيير والاستثمار البشري ورأس المال. فلذلك, يجب تحديث فكرة مجددي التعليم الإسلامي دائما وقفا بالزمان الواقع أومما هو أبعد وأجدد منه. أصبحت دراسة إصلاح التعليم الإسلامي في أوائل القرن العشرين مناسبا وأكثر اهتماما من أجل استكشاف التجارب القيمة أو المعلومات أو الإمكانات المتعلقة بتطوير التعليم الإسلامي في المستفبل. استخدم الباحث المنهج الفلسفي والمنهج التنفيذي على أنواع ببليوغرافية مع تحليل محتوى المعنى والمضمون المتضمن في جميع التفكير حول إصلاح التعليم الإسلامي في أوائل القرن العشرين. وجد الباحث في هذا البحث على الأقل ثلاثة انماط لتجديد التربية الإسلامية. الأول كمنحى التحديث في أوروبا, والثاني للتخليص التعاليم الإسلامية, والثالث كالتحديث الوطنية. يشمل مفهوم إصلاح التعليم الإسلامي جميع المفاهيم التي يسترشد بها القرآن والسنة ويثبت في متابعة الزمان وتشير إلى تقدم العلم والتكنولوجيا على أساس الإيمان والتقوى بالله. يشمل تحديث نظام التعليم الإسلامي كلا من المستويات المفاهيمية النظرية والعملية الواقعية بالإضافة إلى المفاصل الأساسية التي تؤسس حياة الطلاب وهو الإيمان والتوحيد بالله تعالى من أجل تشجيع وتحفيز الطلاب ليلعب دورا حقيقيا في جميع مجال الحياة.Abstrak: Reformasi pendidikan Islam merupakan bentuk perubahan yang mempengaruhi pilihan masyarakat terhadap pendidikan sebagai agent of change dan human and capital investmen. Maka, pemikiran pembaharuan pendidikan Islam harus selalu dimodernisasi sesuai bahkan melampaui perkembangan zaman. Kajian reformasi pendidikan Islam awal abad-20 ini menjadi sangat relevan dalam rangka pelajaran berharga untuk reformasi dan atau modernisasi pendidikan Islam dalam perkembangan selanjutnya. Penelitian dengan pendekatan filosofis dan implementatif ini bersifat penelitian bibliografic resarch dengan content analysis terhadap makna dan substansi yang terkandung dalam keseluruhan pemikiran tentang reformasi pendidikan Islam awal abad-20. Kajian ini menemukan setidaknya ada tiga pola pembaharuan pendidikan Islam; (1) oreintasi modern di Eropa, (2) untuk pemurnian kembali ajaran Islam, (3) pembaharuan bersifat nasionalisme. Konsep reformasi pendidikan Islam meliputi segala konsep yang berpatok kepada al-Qur’an dan Sunnah, dan tetap mengikuti perkembangan zaman yang secara sadar dan sistematis serta terarah pada kepentingan yang mengacu pada kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi (IPTEK), dan dilandasi dengan keimanan dan ketaqwaan (IMTAQ). Pembaharuan sistem Pendidikan Islam telah mencangkup baik pada tataran konseptual-teoritis maupun operasional-praktis, serta sendi-sendi fundamental yang mendasari kehidupan peserta didik, yaitu iman tauhid yang berdimensi ketakwaan yang monoloyal kepada Allah, dalam rangka mendorong dan memacu untuk berperan nyata dalam semua lini kehidupan.
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Leclercq, P. W., A. Weidick, F. Paul, T. Bolch, M. Citterio, and J. Oerlemans. "Brief communication: Historical glacier length changes in West Greenland." Cryosphere Discussions 6, no. 4 (August 31, 2012): 3491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-6-3491-2012.
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Abstract. Past glacier fluctuations provide insight into glacier dynamics, climate change, and the contribution of glaciers to sea-level rise. Here, the length fluctuations since the 19th century of 18 local glaciers in West and South Greenland are presented, extending and updating the study by Weidick (1968). The studied glaciers all show an overall retreat with an average of 1.2 ± 0.2 km over the 20th century, indicating a general rise of the equilibrium line along the west coast of Greenland during the last century. The rate of retreat was largest in the first half of the 20th century.
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Leclercq, P. W., A. Weidick, F. Paul, T. Bolch, M. Citterio, and J. Oerlemans. "Brief communication "Historical glacier length changes in West Greenland"." Cryosphere 6, no. 6 (November 15, 2012): 1339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1339-2012.
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Abstract. Past glacier fluctuations provide insight into glacier dynamics, climate change, and the contribution of glaciers to sea-level rise. Here, the length fluctuations since the 19th century of 18 local glaciers in West and South Greenland are presented, extending and updating the study by Weidick (1968). The studied glaciers all showed an overall retreat with an average of 1.2 ± 0.2 km over the 20th century, indicating a general rise of the equilibrium line along the west coast of Greenland during the last century. Furthermore, the average rate of retreat was largest in the first half of the 20th century.
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Arizmendi, F., A. C. Martí, and M. Barreiro. "Evolution of atmospheric connectivity in the 20th century." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 21, no. 4 (August 8, 2014): 825–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-825-2014.
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Abstract. We aim to study the evolution of the upper atmosphere connectivity over the 20th century as well as to distinguish the oceanically forced component from the atmospheric internal variability. For this purpose we build networks from two different reanalysis data sets using both linear and nonlinear statistical similarity measures to determine the existence of links between different regions of the world in the two halves of the last century. We furthermore use symbolic analysis to emphasize intra-seasonal, intra-annual and inter-annual timescales. Both linear and nonlinear networks have similar structures and evolution, showing that the most connected regions are in the tropics over the Pacific Ocean. Also, the Southern Hemisphere extratropics have more connectivity in the first half of the 20th century, particularly on intra-annual and intra-seasonal timescales. Changes over the Pacific main connectivity regions are analyzed in more detail. Both linear and nonlinear networks show that the central and western Pacific regions have decreasing connectivity from early 1900 up to about 1940, when it starts increasing again until the present. The inter-annual network shows a similar behavior. However, this is not true of other timescales. On intra-annual timescales the minimum connectivity is around 1956, with a negative (positive) trend before (after) that date for both the central and western Pacific. While this is also true of the central Pacific on intra-seasonal timescales, the western Pacific shows a positive trend during the entire 20th century. In order to separate the internal and forced connectivity networks and to study their evolution through time, an ensemble of atmospheric general circulation model outputs is used. The results suggest that the main connectivity patterns captured in the reanalysis networks are due to the oceanically forced component, particularly on inter-annual timescales. Moreover, the atmospheric internal variability seems to play an important role in determining the intra-seasonal timescale networks.
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Kušnír, Jaroslav. "History, Art and Consumerism— Richard Powers’ Three Farmers on Their Way to a Dance." CLEaR 4, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/clear-2017-0002.
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Abstract This article analyzes three narrative lines as depicted in Richard Powers’ Three Farmers on Their Way to a Dance (1985) and the way his depiction of real, photographed, present and past characters along with a narrative reference to a photograph create a metafictional and intertextual frameworks through the use of which Powers symbolically points out a sensibility of the late 20th century and its difference from early 20th century related to the vision of the world, understanding of reality, art, and history. In addition, the article emphasizes Powers’ use of postmodern allegory and the way it creates another meaning which points out a commercial and consumerist character of the 20th century and which also symbolically represents a history of technical and artistic depiction of the world.
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Coroiu, Petruta Maria. "Innovative Aspects of the Modern Concerto (extravagant compositional models of the 20th century)." Artes. Journal of Musicology 25, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajm-2022-0009.
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Abstract The instrumental concerto remains one of the most appreciated genres – both by the general public and by virtuoso interpreters – all throughout its existence, including the 20th century. The century of acute modernity saw a re-evaluation of all the musical forms and genres, resulting in novel challenges, solved in unexpected ways by the great composers of the time. This paper aims to provide a summary of the evolution of the concerto in the music of the 20th century, highlighting certain elements of originality, extravagant compositions which go beyond the principles of musical creation.
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Ljungqvist, F. C., P. J. Krusic, G. Brattström, and H. S. Sundqvist. "Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns in the last 12 centuries." Climate of the Past 8, no. 1 (February 3, 2012): 227–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-227-2012.
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Abstract. We analyse the spatio-temporal patterns of temperature variability over Northern Hemisphere land areas, on centennial time-scales, for the last 12 centuries using an unprecedentedly large network of temperature-sensitive proxy records. Geographically widespread positive temperature anomalies are observed from the 9th to 11th centuries, similar in extent and magnitude to the 20th century mean. A dominance of widespread negative anomalies is observed from the 16th to 18th centuries. Though we find the amplitude and spatial extent of the 20th century warming is within the range of natural variability over the last 12 centuries, we also find that the rate of warming from the 19th to the 20th century is unprecedented in the context of the last 1200 yr. The positive Northern Hemisphere temperature change from the 19th to the 20th century is clearly the largest between any two consecutive centuries in the past 12 centuries. These results remain robust even after removing a significant number of proxies in various tests of robustness showing that the choice of proxies has no particular influence on the overall conclusions of this study.
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Shehu, Jamilu. "Urbanization in the 20th Century: Some Reflections on Katsina Town, Nigeria." JOURNAL OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION OF TANZANIA 36, no. 1 (July 10, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/jgat.v36i1.138.
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Shehu, Jamilu. "Urbanization in the 20th Century: Some Reflections on Katsina Town, Nigeria." JOURNAL OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION OF TANZANIA 36, no. 1 (July 10, 2021): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/jgat.v36i1.112.
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Glišović, Jelena, and Žarko Ilić. "Serbian Atlases in the 19th and Early 20th Century." Proceedings of the ICA 4 (December 3, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-4-119-2021.
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Abstract. Atlases published in the Serbian language in the 19th and early 20th century, with rare exceptions were used as an auxiliary teaching tool in geography and history classes. The aim of this paper is to point out all the atlases that were in use in Serbian schools until the beginning of the First World War. The analysis of the content of the atlases was performed and presented, and as well as the different methodologies used by the authors during the creation of the atlas. The connection between the geography curriculum and the content of the atlas was pointed out, in accordance with the changes in the geography curriculum during the time. In addition to school atlases, the first atlases, made by Jovan Cvijić, will be presented, which aimed to show maps that relate to a clearly defined topic and these were the first such atlases within the framework of Serbian cartography.
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Perry, M. L., and T. F. Fuller. "ChemInform Abstract: A Historical Perspective of Fuel Cell Technology in the 20th Century." ChemInform 33, no. 41 (May 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200241241.
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Yang, X. L., L. L. Ren, R. Tong, Y. Liu, X. R. Cheng, S. H. Jiang, and F. Yuan. "Drought assessment and trends analysis from 20th century to 21st century over China." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 371 (June 12, 2015): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-371-89-2015.
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Abstract. Droughts are becoming the most expensive natural disasters in China and have exerted serious impacts on local economic development and ecological environment. The fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) provides a unique opportunity to assess scientific understanding of climate variability and change over a range of historical and future period. In this study, fine-resolution multimodel climate projections over China are developed based on 7 CMIP5 climate models under RCP8.5 emissions scenarios by means of Bilinear Interpolation and Bias Correction. The results of downscaled CMIP5 models are evaluated over China by comparing the model outputs with the England Reanalysis CRU3.1 from 1951 to 2000. Accordingly, the results from the output of downscaled models are used to calculate the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Time series of SPI has been used to identify drought from 20th century to 21st century over China. The results show that, most areas of China are projected to become wetter as a consequence of increasing precipitation under RCP8.5 scenarios. Detailed examination shows that the SPI show a slightly increasing trend in the future period for the most parts of China, but drought in Southwest region of China will become the norm in the future RCP8.5 scenarios.
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Jakobsson, Ármann. "King Arthur and the Kennedy Assassination: The Allure and Absence of Truth in the Icelandic Sagas." Scandinavian-Canadian Studies 22 (December 1, 2013): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/scancan96.
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ABSTRACT: Scholars and readers have long been interested in the historical validity of the saga literature. This study addresses how the notion that the sagas had historical value was rationalized throughout the 20th century and goes on to explore how some late 20th-century questions about historical validity, well-known in the humanities at large but rarely asked in saga studies, might cast some light on the possibilities and impossibilities of finding historical truths in the sagas.
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Mascareño, Dr Aldo. "The Limits of Functional Differentiation under Populist Rule in Latin America." Soziale Systeme 23, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2018): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sosys-2018-0004.
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Abstract Populism has been one of the most outstanding features of Latin American politics throughout the 20th century. By controlling political and economic operations and appealing to the semantic construction of pueblo (the people), populism has succeeded in shaping a regional variant of functional differentiation. This process is analyzed along three phases of Latin American history, the pre-populist age of caudillos, the classic populism in the 20th century, and the neo-populist period in the 21st century. The article concludes with a reflection on the consequences of populism for the institutional framework in Latin America.
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Rutgers, Wim. "Dutch Caribbean Poetics in a Historical Perspective." Werkwinkel 13, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2018): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/werk-2018-0001.
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Abstract This article provides an overview of two hundred years of Dutch Caribbean poetics: from Eurocentrism to originality, from imitation towards creation. In the 19th century colonial poets of the ABC islands followed European examples, in the beginning of the 20th century they searched for local themes and forms, and from the last decades of the 20th and in the beginning of the 21st centuries they combined the local and the global arriving at a creative amalgam of the glocal.
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Shen, C., W. C. Wang, G. Zeng, Y. Peng, and Y. Xu. "Rates of global temperature change during the past millennium." Climate of the Past Discussions 7, no. 4 (July 12, 2011): 2341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-7-2341-2011.
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Abstract. We examine the characteristics (amplitude and phase) of the temporal variation in the rates of global-mean surface temperature change during the past millennium. The study was conducted by applying 20-, 30-, and 50-yr sliding windows to the observations of recent century and reconstructions of earlier times. The analysis focuses on the characteristics of the 20th century within the context of the millennium as well as their sensitivity to the low frequency variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and time scales. On 20-yr time scale, comparable rates to that of the 20th century in both amplitude and phase occur in earlier nine centuries. The peak in the amplitude of rates in the 20th century on 30-yr time scale, although is not the largest during the past millennium, but is the most persistent. On 50-yr time scale, the 20th century warming rates are the highest and the most persistent during the past millennium. The results also indicate that although the SST variability does not affect much the amplitude of the rates, but the phases is quite different, thus highlighting the importance of the role of oceans in affecting the rates. We also analyzed the characteristics from global climate model (1000–1999 AD) simulations with different climate (solar, volcanic, and greenhouse gases) forcing. Except for the one driven by the solar forcing, other forcing simulates similar amplitudes as the observed ones. However, only greenhouse gases (GHG) forcing can reproduce the persistent high warming rates of the 20th century.
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Vucāne, Astrīda. "Latvian Terminology of Marriage in 20th Century Legislative Acts." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 58, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2019-0024.
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Abstract Among the political changes brought about by the First World War was the formation of new countries, including Latvia. This in turn resulted in a strong need for the first national legislative acts and thus a substantial amount of effort to develop Latvian legal terminology which dates back to the beginning of the 19th century. The purpose of the paper is to study the development of Latvian terminology of marriage in the 20th century through analysis of the relevant body of laws. The paper focuses on marriage-related terms extracted from the major legislative acts governing the institution of marriage in the 20th century. The present study adopts the qualitative research approach which constitutes data collection (selection of the relevant legislative acts, term extraction) and data analysis (qualitative analysis of extracted terms). For the purposes of a comprehensive and efficient analysis of the extracted legal terms, marriage terms are divided into the following five thematic groups: 1) engagement; 2) entering into marriage; 3) nullity of marriage; 4) dissolution of marriage (divorce); and 5) consequences of dissolution or nullity of marriage. The paper suggests that the core of the Latvian terminology of marriage has remained stable, as entering into marriage is a solid procedure where two interested parties give notice to a public or religious institution in order to officially register their relationship. Similarly, both parties often feel the need to terminate this relationship just as officially. This stability of fundamental processes contributes to terminological continuity.
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Mann, Vivian, and Daniel Chazin. "Printing, Patronage and Prayer: Art Historical Issues in Three Responsa." IMAGES 1, no. 1 (2007): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187180007782347557.
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Abstract"Printing, Patronage and Prayer: Art Historical Issues in Three Responsa" presents texts from 16th-century Italy, 17th-century Bohemia, and 20th-century Russia that explore the following issues: the impact of the new technology of printing on Jewish ceremonial art and limits to the dedication and use of art in the synagogue.
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Ridenour, Joshua, Elizabeth Schmitt, and Barbara Norrander. "Change, Continuity and Partisan Sorting on Moral Issues." Forum 17, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/for-2019-0008.
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Abstract Is public opinion on moral issues basically stable or does it change over time? Evidence from the late 20th century indicated contrary patterns for public opinion on abortion, where attitudes were mostly stable, versus views toward gay rights, where public opinion was moving quickly in the liberal direction. This article examines whether public opinion trends on abortion and gay rights from the 20th century remain the same at the beginning of the 21st century. Second, we explore whether change or continuity better describes public attitudes on a host of moral issues. Finally, we investigate the contribution of partisan sorting to contemporary attitudes on moral issues.
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Kuban, N., İ. T. Güven, and M. Pretelli. "MANAGEMENT OF 20TH CENTURY HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS AS INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 4, 2019): 685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-685-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> By rapidly increasing the production of energy and widely extending the usage of electricity in the 20th century, hydroelectric plants and dams have radically affected the social, technological and industrial aspects of the period. Therefore, as an integral part of industrial heritage, the cultural assets of these energy facilities are required to be preserved. As a requirement of this hypothesis, it is necessary: to develop management strategies for these assets; to provide scientific data and information on these buildings / facilities; to define criteria of ‘planned conservation’ with long-term preventive measures in order to provide the continuation of the original function as long as possible. Hydroelectric plants are a common subject of interest for several disciplines, such as: engineering, hydrology, ecology, geo-sciences and remote sensing. Therefore, the conservation of the plants also requires the interdisciplinary study and collaboration of these disciplines.</p><p>Within the study, the considerations of an interdisciplinary approach – such as dam safety, ecological concerns and energy requirements – are presented, and examples from different countries are examined through the framework of architectural conservation, considering cases of dam failures, intended removal of dams and upgrading of facilities. Preventive measures for the planned conservation of hydro electrical facilities such as: constant maintenance of technical components; management of the sediment accumulated in the reservoirs; methods of analysis for the structure of the embankment are introduced briefly, concentrating on gravity dams, in order to provide conclusions for the conservation of Sarıyar Dam and Hydroelectric Plant (1956) in Turkey.</p>
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Gradmann, Christoph, Mark Harrison, and Anne Rasmussen. "Typhoid and the Military in the Early 20th Century." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, Supplement_5 (October 15, 2019): S385—S387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz672.
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Abstract Background In the decades following the discovery of the bacillus causing typhoid, in 1880, understanding of the disease formerly known as enteric fever was transformed, offering new possibilities for prevention. Gradually, measures that aimed to prevent infection from human carriers were developed, as were inoculations designed to confer immunity against typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. These were initially introduced in European armies that were regularly ravaged by typhoid, especially garrisons stationed in the colonies. This article reviews the research undertaken in the armed forces and the measures that they implemented in the years up to and during the First World War. Methods The article is based on an analytical review of scientific literature from the early 19th century, focusing on the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. Results The armies of the United Kingdom, Germany, and France undertook important work on the transmission of typhoid in the years between 1890 and 1918. Many preventive measures were introduced to deal with the spread of typhoid but these varied between the 3 countries, depending largely on their political traditions. Inoculation was particularly successful in preventing typhoid and greatly reduced the number of casualties from this disease during the First World War. Despite this, it proved difficult to prevent paratyphoid infection, and debates continued over which vaccines to use and whether or not immunization should be voluntary. Conclusions By the end of the First World War, the value of inoculation in preventing the spread of typhoid had been proven. Its successful implementation demonstrates the importance of vaccination as a public health intervention during times of conflict and social upheaval.
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Hannachi, A., and A. G. Turner. "20th century intraseasonal Asian monsoon dynamics viewed from Isomap." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 20, no. 5 (October 8, 2013): 725–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-20-725-2013.
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Abstract. The Asian summer monsoon is a high-dimensional and highly nonlinear phenomenon involving considerable moisture transport towards land from the ocean, and is critical for the whole region. We have used daily ECMWF reanalysis (ERA-40) sea-level pressure (SLP) anomalies on the seasonal cycle, over the region 50–145° E, 20° S–35° N, to study the nonlinearity of the Asian monsoon using Isomap. We have focused on the two-dimensional embedding of the SLP anomalies for ease of interpretation. Unlike the unimodality obtained from tests performed in empirical orthogonal function space, the probability density function, within the two-dimensional Isomap space, turns out to be bimodal. But a clustering procedure applied to the SLP data reveals support for three clusters, which are identified using a three-component bivariate Gaussian mixture model. The modes are found to appear similar to active and break phases of the monsoon over South Asia in addition to a third phase, which shows active conditions over the western North Pacific. Using the low-level wind field anomalies, the active phase over South Asia is found to be characterised by a strengthening and an eastward extension of the Somali jet. However during the break phase, the Somali jet is weakened near southern India, while the monsoon trough in northern India also weakens. Interpretation is aided using the APHRODITE gridded land precipitation product for monsoon Asia. The effect of large-scale seasonal mean monsoon and lower boundary forcing, in the form of ENSO, is also investigated and discussed. The outcome here is that ENSO is shown to perturb the intraseasonal regimes, in agreement with conceptual ideas.
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Gomułka, Stanisław. "The Global Economy in the 21st Century: Will the Trends of the 20th Century Continue?" Central European Economic Journal 2, no. 49 (March 21, 2018): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceej-2017-0011.
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Abstract This paper compares three lists of basic ‘stylized facts’ of global economic growth and proposes a list of five ‘stylized trends’ that describe the main developments of the global economy in the 20th century. The author’s main purpose is to answer the question whether, in the light of the contemporary growth theory and demographic forecasts, these trends are likely to continue in the 21st century. Considering this theory, it is argued that the global economy rate of growth of the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) is likely to continue to be high in the first half of the current century, but decline significantly in the second half. This paper offers forecasts for the average growth rates during this century, and the levels by its end, of the per capita GDP for the technology frontier area (TFA) of the world, and for the countries outside the TFA. According to these forecasts, the strong divergence trend of the 19th and 20th centuries will be replaced by a strong convergence between the TFA and the other countries during the 21st century.
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Kõnno, Andres, Agnes Aljas, Maarja Lõhmus, and Ragne Kõuts. "The Centrality of Culture in the 20th Century Estonian Press." Nordicom Review 33, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nor-2013-0017.
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Abstract The present article highlights the importance of the comparative longitudinal study of massmediated content in comparing the evolution of public spheres in neighbouring countries. In order to contextualize our research on the Estonian media system, we simultaneously conducted a similar study on Finnish and Russian newspapers of the same period. The 20th century was a period of rapid change in Estonian society and, compared with Finnish and Russian newspapers, Estonian newspapers paid more attention to issues that were labelled as “cultural”. In the Estonian press the understanding that ‘culture’ is important prevailed, as it was one of the most stable elements of content throughout the century. The significance of governance-politics and economics depended on the political situation and historical context. The interpretation of data is based on the binaries “centre” vs. “periphery” and “self-reference” vs. “other-reference”.
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Seidler, Valentin. "Colonial Bureaucrats, Institutional Transplants, and Development in the 20th Century." Administory 1, no. 1 (August 8, 2018): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adhi-2018-0009.
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Abstract The article presents a new research agenda which links the composition of the British colonial administrations in the mid-20th century with the economic development of former colonies. It presents the first findings taken from the biographical records of over 14,000 senior colonial officers which served in 46 colonies between 1939 and 1966. Legal transplanting, i.e. the process of copying foreign law into countries lacking them, is discussed as a common practice in international development efforts and as new approach in understanding long-term economic development. The approach puts emphasis on the senior bureaucrats who are in charge of institutional copying. Successful transplanting requires very specific training and personal experience in the receiving society. Colonial officers with such characteristics served in the British colonial administrations while decolonization provides a historic period of intensified legal and institutional transplanting.
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Bach, Clemens. "Die Kunst als Modellierungsinstanz des Körpers." Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Pädagogik 98, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890581-09703030.
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Abstract Art as Formation of the Body. Pedagogical and Aesthetic Concepts Between Monism, Tectology and Biotechnology at the Beginning of the 20th Century The article focuses on various scientific reflections at the beginning of the 20th century, which converged in László Moholy-Nagy’s pedagogical theory of art to form the idea of modelling the body through art. Aspects of monism, tectology and biotechnology formed a concept that can be understood as the pedagogical influence of art on the body and consciousness with the help of its specifically indirect mode of action.
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Wenji, Zhao, Cui Rongrong, and Niu Li. "Design and Cultural Aspects of 20th Century Chinese Xiangjin Brocade." Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe 151, no. 3 (September 28, 2022): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2022-0030.
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Abstract As one of the representative silk-woven artworks of the 20th century in China, Chinese Xiangjin brocade, well-known as “the flower of Oriental art”, draws on the essence of Sichuan brocade, Yun brocade, Song brocade, so as to form its own unique artistic style. It also takes the lead in the innovation of traditional brocade in key processes such as craftsmanship, design and jacquard, whose drawing technique is the exact core skill making it intangible cultural heritage. So far, there have been few studies on crafts and textile design in China before the 20th century or even after the reform and opening up, and rather fewer studies on the structure of Xiangjin brocade in the 20th century. This paper attempts to record and classify 1008 pieces of Xiangjin brocade in the Suzhou Silk Archive, China, as well as to find out their design features, oriental flavour, and unique weaving techniques. In addition, the cultural connotation of Xiangjin brocade as the painting medium was also put forward by analysing those brocades' historical texts, images, and style.
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Sofia, Gabriele. "Towards a 20th Century History of Relationships between Theatre and Neuroscience." Revista Brasileira de Estudos da Presença 4, no. 2 (August 2014): 313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-266043942.
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ABSTRACT This article considers some preliminary reflections in view of a 20th century theatre-and-neuroscience history. Up to now, the history of the 20th century theatre has been too fragmentary and irregular, missing out on the subterranean links which, either directly or indirectly, bound different experiences. The article aims to put in evidence the recurrent problems of these encounters. The hypothesis of the essay concerns the possibility of gathering and grouping a great part of the relationships between theatre and neuroscience around four trajectories: the physiology of action, the physiology of emotions, ethology, and studies on the spectator's perception.
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Hartsiotis, Kirsty. "Emery Walker’s Counsel." Logos 31, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 7–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18784712-03104002.
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Abstract Process engraver and printer Emery Walker was a pivotal figure in the English, American, and continental European Private Press Movement from the 1880s until his death in 1933. This article looks at his theories for the typography, design, and production of books, and how those theories were developed by key designers and close associates of Walker such as William Morris, T. J. Cobden Sanderson, and Bruce Rogers and through the practical teaching of figures such as J. H. Mason and Edward Johnston. It examines how the theories were then taken up by the exponents of fine printing from the early 20th century through to the 1930s, focusing on the presses of Bernard Newdigate, Harry Kessler, Harold Curwen, and Francis Meynell. From these presses, and also via Stanley Morison and the Monotype Corporation, Walker’s theories are shown to have spread into mainstream book publishing in the first half of the 20th century. The article considers questions of whether the improvement in the readability of books in the early 20th century has had a continuing impact in book publishing, and makes suggestions how to access the incunabula referenced by the designers discussed, as well as collections of private press books and other early 20th-century fine printing.
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Price, Colin B. "From Kandinsky to Java (The Use of 20th Century Abstract Art in Learning Programming)." Innovation in Teaching and Learning in Information and Computer Sciences 6, no. 4 (October 2007): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11120/ital.2007.06040035.
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Demezhko, D. Yu, and I. V. Golovanova. "Climatic changes in the Urals over the past millennium – an analysis of geothermal and meteorological data." Climate of the Past 3, no. 2 (May 22, 2007): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-237-2007.
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Abstract. This investigation is based on a study of two paleoclimatic curves obtained in the Urals (51–59° N, 58–61° E): i) a ground surface temperature history (GSTH) reconstruction since 800 A.D. and ii) meteorological data for the last 170 years. Temperature anomalies measured in 49 boreholes were used for the GSTH reconstruction. It is shown that a traditional averaging of the histories leads to the lowest estimates of amplitude of past temperature fluctuations. The interval estimates method, accounting separately for the rock's thermal diffusivity variations and the influence of a number of non-climatic causes, was used to obtain the average GSTH. Joint analysis of GSTH and meteorological data bring us to the following conclusions. First, ground surface temperatures in the Medieval maximum during 1100–1200 were 0.4 K higher than the 20th century mean temperature (1900–1960). The Little Ice Age cooling was culminated in 1720 when surface mean temperature was 1.6 K below the 20th century mean temperature. Secondly, contemporary warming began approximately one century prior to the first instrumental measurements in the Urals. The rate of warming was +0.25 K/100 years in the 18th century, +1.15 K/100 years in the 19th and +0.75 K/100 years in the first 80 years of the 20th century. Finally, the mean rate of warming increased in the final decades of 20th century. An analysis of linear regression coefficients in running intervals of 21 and 31 years, shows that there were periods of warming with almost the same rates in the past, including the 19th century.
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Rycroft, Simon. "Art and micro-cosmos: kinetic art and mid-20th-century cosmology." cultural geographies 19, no. 4 (August 16, 2012): 447–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474474012447538.
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Recent work by cultural geographers on visual art has emphasized performative and participatory aspects focusing upon the embodied and multi-sensory experience of encountering and being part of a work of art. Research on non-figurative art has much to offer in elucidating the relationships and distinctions between representation, non-representation and abstraction. Non figurative artists were representing or enacting a new kind of materiality, one that was putative, in process and ever changing. That materiality was based upon the adoption of a mid-20th-century cosmology and inspired by recent advances in the understanding of matter and the universe. Kinetic art, which is characterized by a set of abstract aesthetics that represent or reproduce real or illusory movement, was, especially in the post-war period, inspired by this new cosmology. Mid-century kinetic artists created non-figurative abstract models of the latest understandings to bring their associated energies, forces and motions to the senses of the viewer-participant. The models that kinetic artists produced in a variety of media were designed to be experienced in an embodied manner rather than simply viewed. These and other models of a mid-century cosmology signify a period in which the practices of representation were shifting significantly and consequently demand our attention.
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Boiarska-Khomenko, Anna. "Adult Learning Development in Poland in the 20th Century." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2017-0053.
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Abstract The article presents a retrospective analysis of adult learning development in Poland in the 20th century. Based on the study and analysis of historical and pedagogical literature, normative documents of the official bodies of Polish government, the periodical press of the 20th century, several stages of adult learning development, in the particular historical period, have been determined: 1905–1913 years were defined by the legalization of educational institutions for adults, the search for new forms and methods of education, the involvement of a wide range of people; 1914–1945 was the stage of world wars that had led to the destruction of the adult learning system, which led to the decline of educational institutions; 1950–1960 years were characterized by the restoration of adult learning institutions, the adaptation to the new political system, a new approach to formulating the goals and objectives of adult learning; in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century, there was the cardinal rethinking of the goals and objectives of adult learning, educational institutions practiced new forms and methods of teaching, the idea of lifelong education was widespread in the society; the period of the end of the 20th century had initiated the integration of adult learning in Poland into the Common Educational Space, which contributed to the intensification of the theoretical substantiation and practical implementation of the international concepts of adult learning. Among the criteria for determining the stages, there were socio-political, socio-economic, organizational and pedagogical factors that led to the change of subjects, goals, objectives, content, principles, forms, methods of organizing adult learning in Poland in the 20th century. The historical and pedagogical features of each stage are shown, the influence of historical events on the formation and development of adult education in Poland is taken into account and analyzed. In accordance with each stage, the leading forms and methods of adult learning are have been determined. The peculiarities of the activity of adult learning institutions at all stages have been demonstrated. The disadvantages of the adult learning system, as well as the difficulties of its development, have been identified.
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Radonjic, Ana, and Slobodan Markovic. "Judgement of paintings belonging to different tendencies in the 20th century painting." Psihologija 37, no. 4 (2004): 549–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0404549r.
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In this study Trifunovic? hypothesis that there are three objective lines in the development of modern art was psychologically evaluated. According to Trifunovic, in the first line (C?zanne - cubism - neoplasticism - suprematism) the geometrization of form prevails, in the second (Van Gogh - expressionism - abstract expressionism) the use of color is dominant, whereas the main features of the third line (Gauguin - fauvism) are symbolic use of color and reduction of perspective. Fifteen reproductions of paintings that represent the three developmental lines were used as stimuli. The subjects were asked to judge the stimuli on nine bipolar 7-step scales. These scales constitute the three factors of instrument SDF 9: Evaluation, Arousal and Regularity (3 scales x 3 factors = 9 scales). Four clusters of paintings were obtained: Abstract-expressionistic (moderate Evaluation, high Arousal and low Regularity), Figural-expressionistic (very low Evaluation, low Arousal and high Regularity), Constructivistic (moderate Evaluation, low Arousal and high Regularity) and Realistic (high Evaluation, high Arousal and high Regularity). The results partially confirm Trifunovic? hypothesis indicating that, besides the formal features, the content (abstract vs. figural) is also significant factor of subjective clustering of paintings.
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Buijs, Cunera, and Mariane Petersen. "Festive clothing and national costumes in 20th century East Greenland." Études/Inuit/Studies 28, no. 1 (March 24, 2006): 83–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/012641ar.
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Abstract This study on developments in festive clothing is based on clothing and photograph collections in museums, interviews with Tunumiit (East Greenlanders) and participant observation during several months in Kalaallit Nunaata Tunua (East Greenland) in 1997, 1998 and 2001. Festive garments for special occasions did not exist in the traditional pre-Christian culture of East Greenland. In this article we investigate what influences affected the development of special clothing for festive occasions. Changes in Kalaallit Nunaata Kitaa (West Greenland) and European influences deeply affected clothing traditions in East Greenland. In the course of this process, some Tunumiit garments came to disappear and others were re-invented and re-shaped using new materials. Preparing animal skins and sewing attire always have been a women's preserve. In the past, sewing qualities were highly valued within Inuit society. Today, sewing skills and designing clothing are paid for but they still reflect women's qualities and sealskin garments shape Kalaallit identity. The development of festive clothing and the continuity in celebrating first events and rites of passage testify to the dynamics and strength of East Greenland culture. East Greenland clothing is part of a vivid cultural tradition and is still “women's magic.”
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Galli, Emma. "Tanzi, V. - Schuknecht, L., Public Spending in the 20th Century. A Global Perspective." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 20, no. 2 (October 1, 2002): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569202x15665366114950.
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