Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Absorption chimique du CO2'
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Neveux, Thibaut. "Modélisation et optimisation des procédés de captage de CO2 par absorption chimique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0266/document.
Full textCO2 capture processes by chemical absorption lead to a large energy penalty on efficiency of coal-fired power plants, establishing one of the main bottleneck to its industrial deployment. The objective of this thesis is the development and validation of a global methodology, allowing the precise evaluation of the potential of a given amine capture process. Characteristic phenomena of chemical absorption have been thoroughly studied and represented with state-of-the-art models. The e-UNIQUAC model has been used to describe vapor-liquid and chemical equilibria of electrolyte solutions and the model parameters have been identified for four solvents. A rate-based formulation has been adopted for the representation of chemically enhanced heat and mass transfer in columns. The absorption and stripping models have been successfully validated against experimental data from an industrial and a laboratory pilot plants. The influence of the numerous phenomena has been investigated in order to highlight the most limiting ones. A methodology has been proposed to evaluate the total energy penalty resulting from the implementation of a capture process on an advanced supercritical coal-fired power plant, including thermal and electric consumptions. Then, the simulation and process evaluation environments have been coupled with a non-linear optimization algorithm in order to find optimal operating and design parameters with respect to energetic and economic performances
Hasib-ur-Rahman, Muhammad. "CO2 CAPTURE USING ALKANOLAMINE/ROOM-TEMPERATURE IONIC LIQUID BLENDS . Absorption, Regeneration, and Corrosion Aspects." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30062/30062.pdf.
Full textGlobal warming, largely resulting from anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, continues to remain a matter of great concern. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a viable solution to ensure a prevised fall in CO2 emissions from large point sources involving fossil fuel combustion. In this context, aqueous alkanolamine systems offer a promising near-term solution for CO2 capture from power generation facilities. However, these face several operational hitches such as equilibrium limitations, high regeneration energy requirement, solvent loss, and soaring corrosion occurrence. The main culprit in this respect is water and, accordingly, one feasible practice may be the replacement of aqueous phase with some stable solvent. Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), with high thermal stability and practically no volatility, are emerging as promising aspirants. Moreover, owing to the tunable nature of ionic liquids, RTIL phase can be adapted in accordance with the process requirements. Replacing aqueous phase with RTIL in case of alkanolamine based processes provided a potential opportunity for efficient CO2 capture. The most striking aspect of these schemes was the crystallization of CO2-captured product (carbamate) inside the RTIL phase that not only helped evade equilibrium constraints but also rendered a worthy opportunity of product separation. Since there is little information available in the literature about the viability of amine-RTIL systems, the proposed research was aimed at better understanding CO2 separation proficiency of these fluids through a more systematic approach. Imidazolium RTILs ([Cnmim][Tf2N], [Cnmim][BF4], [Cnmim][Otf]) were chosen for this purpose. Two alkanolamines, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and diethanolamine (DEA) were examined in detail to explore CO2 capture and regeneration capabilities of amine-RTIL systems. The results revealed the superiority of DEA-RTIL combination as this scheme could help significantly narrow the gap between absorption and regeneration temperatures thus promising a sparkling prospect of attenuating energy needs. Furthermore, ionic liquids were scrutinized in reference to their hydrophobic/hydrophilic nature to study the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in amine-RTIL media. Though hydrophilic ionic liquids helped decrease corrosion occurrence up to 72%, hydrophobic RTIL appeared to be the most effective in this regard, virtually negating the corrosion phenomenon under CO2 rich environment. In case of immiscible blends like DEA-[hmim][Tf2N], continual agitation appeared to be a necessity to ensure a prolonged dispersion of amine in the RTIL phase and, thereby, to attain an optimal capture rate.
Boucif, Noureddine. "Modélisation et simulation de contacteurs membranaires pour les procédés d'absorption de gaz acides par solvant chimique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0280/document.
Full textThe overarching objective of this thesis is the research of mathematical models which are better to describe the process of gas-liquid absorption in a membrane contactor with porous or dense hollow fibers. The geometric configuration of these contactors, combined with their low energy consumption and their compactness, allows them to gradually replace conventional processes such as packing towers and absorption columns. Our goal is to study the performance of these innovative processes by developing more rigorous mathematical models. In this scope, we studied several cases where the hydrodynamics of fluid flow, the nature of the solute or solvent have been changed. First, only the hydrodynamics of the fibre side compartment has been taken into account for two types of an absorption process with and without chemical reaction. Subsequently, the hydrodynamics of fluid flow in both the fiber side as shell side were taken into consideration. Models have been developed for classical carbon dioxide absorption in monoéthanolamine solutions (liquid absorption of reference) where the flow fluid in the shell were is assumed to obey a plug-flow in a first case, described by the surface free model known as "Happel model" in a second case, and finally characterized by the momentum Navier-Stokes equations in a third case. The comparison of the numerically simulated results collected from the three models showed that those of the third case matched very closely with the laboratory experimental results
Cheng, Hao. "Etude d'absorption chimique du dioxyde de carbone : transfert de masse en écoulement diphasique dans un minicanal et conception d'un nouvel absorbeur multicanaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU4030.
Full textMicro/minichannel devices show great interests for their potential in efficient CO2 chemical absorption in the context of the carbon capture. This PhD these aims to characterize and investigate the transport mechanisms involved in chemical reactionaccompanied two-phase mass transfer in minichannel, and to design and develop novel miniaturized CO2 absorbers featuring intensified structures and optimized absorption performances. Firstly, bubble dynamics within a T-junction straight minichannel were optically observed, showing that the chemical reaction tends to suppress bubble breakup while promoting its shrinkage. Then, the velocity field and CO2 concentration field in the liquid slug were determined using PTV and pH-sensitive colorimetry, respectively, permitting the development of a modified unit-cell mass transfer model that incorporates the effects of flow recirculation and chemical reaction. Further enhancement was achieved by embedding a spiral distributed baffle structure into the minichannel, leading to a significant increase in mass transfer coefficient with only a minor rise in pressure drop. Finally, building on this intensification measure, a novel design for an integrated multichannel CO2 absorber was proposed, featuring paralleling units of conjugated double-helix cross minichannels (Codohec). A lab-scale module of this design was realized, and its absorption performance was comprehensively evaluated, highlighting various advantages including a high mass transfer coefficient, acceptable energy consumption, high remove rate, and large CO2 treatment capacity. These findings may provide new insights into the underlying transport mechanisms of chemical reaction-accompanied gas-liquid mass transfer and contribute to the design and optimization of highly efficient miniaturized CO2 absorbers for industry applications
Lacroix, Olivier. "CO2 Capture using immobilized carbonic anhydrase in Robinson-Mahoney basket and packed absorption column reactors." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25183/25183.pdf.
Full textServia, Alberto. "Étude cinétique des phénomènes d'activation pour l'absorption de CO2 par des mélanges d'amines." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0071.
Full textProcesses based on chemical absorption are widely used for removing CO2 contained in natural gas, hydrogen or flue gas. Mixtures of amines can be used as a solvent for these applications in order to accelerate CO2 mass transfer towards the liquid phase, while keeping a low energy consumption to be regenerated. A methodology has been developed in the framework of this PhD to understand the kinetics of the absorption of CO2 into mixtures of amines. Experimental data provided by a wetted wall column apparatus have been interpreted by a rigorous model taking into account all phenomena occurring within the reactor. This work was firstly dedicated to study the kinetics of the absorption of CO2 by aqueous piperazine solutions. The extrapolation of PZ / CO2 kinetics given by the literature has been validated in a wide range of operating conditions. The kinetics of the absorption of CO2 by mixtures of N-methyldiethanolamine and piperazine has then been assessed. The synergy between both amines at low loading allowing the CO2 mass transfer to be accelerated as well as the impact of the CO2 loading on the absorption kinetics have been quantified. This methodology will be used at IFP Energies nouvelles in order to study the kinetics of the absorption of CO2 by mixtures of amines, in the framework of CO2 postcombustion capture and natural gas treatment processes development. The knowledge of the kinetics of the CO2 absorption by mixtures of amines will allow to enhance the reliability of the absorption column design
Hajj, Ali. "Coupling microwaves with a CO2 desorption process from amine solvent : experimental and modeling approaches." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IMTA0412.
Full textAs global energy needs will continue to be met by fossil-fuel based sources, a viable solution to reduce CO2 emissions would be to implement carbon capture technologies. CO2 capture by absorption in amine solvents ranks among the most advanced technologies to be implemented on post combustion units. Still, its application is remains constrained large point sources with small sources remaining difficult to decarbonize. Recently, microwave heating has gained in popularity due to its characteristics of selectiveness, volumetric nature, and ease of control; on the other hand, membrane contactors are promising gas-liquid contactors due to their compacity, operational flexibility, and ease scalability in comparison to packed columns. In this work we explore the operation of chemical desorption when a hollow fiber membrane contactor by microwave heating.A comprehensive understanding of the interactions of microwave fields and transfer phenomena is essential for the correct design, operation, and optimization of an industrial scale equipment. Hence CO2 desorption rates were experimentally studied at the local scale of a single millimetric fiber, placed in a mono-mode microwave cavity. Numerical modeling of the fiber allowed the visualization of the temperature gradients formed inside the solvent, and the corresponding local desorption rates. In parallel, a prototype-scale unit was designed for the desorption of CO2 at the scale of a hollow fiber module under microwave fields. To this end we designed a custom-design cavity was made to house a membrane module in such a manner that CO2 desorption would take place simultaneously with electromagnetic heating
Elayadi, Houda. "Comparaison physico-chimique et sites catalytiques entre les solides Au/CeO2 préparés par deux méthodes différentes : déposition-précipitation et imprégnation." Littoral, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DUNK0269.
Full textTwo 4%Au/CeO2 catalysts have been prepared by two different methods : deposition-precipitation (DP) and impregnation (Imp). From the XRD, SEM and TEM study, nanoparticles of gold have been evidenced in the DP catalyst and agglomerates nearby nanoparticles in the Imp solid. Compared to the Imp solid, the DP catalyst showed a better catalytic activity in the CO oxidation reaction, the total oxidation of propene and the combustion of carbon black (soots). This difference in the activity is related to the presence of well-dispersed gold nanoparticles on the DP solid surface and a significant quantity of Aun+ located nearby the metallic gold and the O2- ions of the ceria lattice. The weak activity of the Imp catalyst is correlated to the presence on the surface of gold agglomerates and an important amount of chloride ions. These latter species are known as inhibitor in calatysis. In order to elucidate the redox properties of both DP and Imp catalysts, the solids have been degassed and treated under vacuum at 400°C for 1h before the absorption of air. Therefore, the two catalysts have been studied with the EPR technique. Two signals completely different have been evidenced : the first one with g- < g// on DP and the other one, denoted M, with g- > g// on the Imp catalyst. The DP signal has been attributed to O2- species whereas, the attribution of M signal has needed of more detailed study. In fact, the adsorption of air on x%Au/CeO2 (Imp) solids, where 0 <(or egal) x <(or egal) 4, has shown using the EPR technique, the appearance of a new P signal nearby of the M signal for Au contents less than x = 2. 5. From EPR results obtained after absorption, on x%Au/CeO2 (Imp) solids, O2, N2, O2+N2 or air, O2 before N2 ; N2 before O2, NO, N2O and NO2, the P signal has been attributed to O2- , NO2 2- or NO3 2- and M signal M to NO, O- or N2O-. The Nox formed can be considered as intermediate or final products. From these results mechanisms corresponding to all the formed products have been proposed
Rascol, Eva. "Modélisation des transferts entre phases en présence de réactions chimiques : application à l'absorption réactive de CO2 et H2S par des mélanges d'alkanolamines." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT043G.
Full textRadfarnia, Hamid Reza. "High-temperature CO2 sorbents and application in the sorption enhanced steam reforming for hydrogen production." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30465/30465.pdf.
Full textSorption-enhanced steam reforming (SESR) is a forefront technology to produce H2 clean fuel, which integrates both CO2 capture and H2 production in a single process. The main objective of this work is to develop novel high-temperature CO2 sorbents and to investigate their application in SESR operation. Special attention was given to lithium zirconate (Li2ZrO3), sodium zirconate (Na2ZrO3) and calcium oxide (CaO)-based materials, as most famous high temperature CO2 sorbents, by applying two novel synthesis techniques. The application of Li2ZrO3 in CO2 capture sorption showed an increase in activity of the material prepared by surfactant template/sonication method compared to Li2ZrO3 prepared by simple surfactant template method (without sonication) or conventional wet-mixing route. Nevertheless, porous Li2ZrO3 still suffered from slow kinetics of CO2 sorption at low CO2 partial pressure (below 0.75 bar), which can limit its application for SESMR operation. Taking into consideration the improvement of Li2ZrO3 sorption properties, the same surfactant template/sonication technique was then applied to develop porous Na2ZrO3. The behavior of the new developed Na2ZrO3 was unexpected. The samples prepared by surfactant template/sonication technique were found to be less active than the conventional Na2ZrO3 during cyclic operation, due to the low resistivity of the pore structure at the very high temperature treatment required for calcination. The same surfactant template/sonication was also applied to develop Zr-stabilized CaO sorbents. An optimum Zr/Ca ratio of 0.303 was found to maximize the stability and CO2 capture activity of the proposed Zr-stabilized CaO sorbent. The results generally showed a better CO2 capture ability of Zr-stabilized CaO sorbent in comparison with pure CaO in severe cyclic operating conditions. With the purpose of reducing the cost of sorbent production, a cheaper source of CaO (natural limestone) was also considered and a novel synthesis technique (limestone acidification by citric acid followed by two-step calcination (in Ar and air atmospheres)) was applied in order to prepare highly porous CaO structure with unique CO2 capture ability. The results revealed a much better stability and CO2 sorption activity of the developed sorbent compared to natural limestone. The same technique was employed to develop a number of metal oxide (Al, Zr, Mg and Y)-stabilized CaO sorbents in order to enhance sorbent stability in severe operating conditions, i.e., high temperature regeneration in the presence of CO2. Al and Zr-stabilized CaO showed the best activity during both mild and severe operating conditions. The performance of the developed CO2 sorbents providing the best performance in CO2 capture (Zr-stabilized and Al-stabilized CaO) were then investigated experimentally in the sorption enhanced steam methane reforming (SESMR) using a fixed-bed reactor. To minimize the diffusional limitations, a hybrid catalyst-sorbent was developed for both sorbents. The application of Zr-stabilized CaO-nickel hybrid catalyst with 20.5 wt% NiO loading, prepared by surfactant-template/sonication method, resulted in 92% H2 production efficiency for the initial SESMR cycle, which is remarkably higher than traditional steam methane reforming (SMR) equilibrium H2 yield (70 %). The second developed hybrid sorbent-catalyst (Al-stabilized CaO-NiO) was prepared using limestone acidification coupled with two-step calcination technique. The long-term application of the hybrid catalyst containing 25 wt% NiO led to an average H2 production efficiency of 97.3%, proving its high efficiency in the SESMR process. In summary, the results of this thesis show that the SESR process is as an efficient alternative of traditional steam reforming for production of highly pure H2. The Al-stabilized CaO-NiO hybrid sorbent-catalyst showed an excellent activity over long-term operation, thus confirming its very high potential for use in the SESMR process.
Wierzbicki, Dominik. "New nano-oxide catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation reaction." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS420.
Full textThe increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, which is considered to be one of the anthropogenic sources of global warming, increased concerns and social awareness about the climate change. The strategies for CO2 emissions reduction may be divided into (i) carbon capture and storage (CCS) and (ii) carbon capture and utilization (CCU) groups. In comparison to CCS, the CCU technologies allow to convert carbon dioxide into a valuable product. Thus, CCU methods are treating CO2 as raw material and not as pollutant. Among the processes that convert CO2 into a valuable compound is carbon dioxide methanation. In this process carbon dioxide is hydrogenated to methane with hydrogen supplied via water electrolysis using e.g. excess energy. It should be mentioned that some industrial scale installation already exists (up to 10MW). The literature study suggests that the most appropriate active metal in this process is nickel due to (i) very good catalytic activity (comparable to noble metals), (ii) low cost and (iii) availability. As reported in literature, different strategies were implemented in order to increase the activity of Ni-based catalysts in CO2 methanation. The most common ones include using various supports, changing the content of nickel or introduction of promoters. These strategies change the physicochemical properties, such as interaction of nickel active phase with the support, which inhibits sintering and increases the CO2 adsorption capacity. The latter property , as well as stability towards sintering, are crucial in order to obtain an active, selective and stable catalyst for CO2 methanation reaction. The application of mixed oxides of magnesia and alumina allows to introduce these properties, as MgO possesses basic character and is strongly bonded with NiO due to the formation of a solid solution of NiO-MgO. Hydrotalcites seem to be the highly promising materials for such application, because NiO, MgO and Al2O3 may be easily introduced into such materials. Literature studies confirmed that Ni-containing hydrotalcites are very active in CO2 methanation. Therefore, the goal of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the catalytic properties of Ni-containing hydrotalcite-derived mixed oxide materials in CO2 methanation. As the literature review showed that there are not many studies focused on such materials in the mentioned field, this work was focused on filling these gaps. The work was divided into four parts: (i) evaluation of catalytic properties of hydrotalcites containing various amounts of nickel in brucite-like layers, (ii) evaluation of catalytic properties of nickel-containing hydrotalcites promoted with Fe or La, (iii) evaluation of the effect of different methods of introduction of La on catalytic properties of Ni-hydrotalcites, and (iv) optimization of the catalysts and examination of promoting effect of La. In order to correlate the changes of physico-chemical properties, of the materials prepared by co-precipitation, the catalysts were characterized by means of elemental analysis (ICP-MS or XRF), XRD, FTIR, low temperature nitrogen sorption, H2-TPR and CO2-TPD. Additionally, selected catalysts were characterized using TEM, XANES and XES. The catalytic tests were carried out in the temperature range from 250°C to 450°C. In order to elucidate the promoting effect of lanthanum introduction operando XANES and XES under various reaction conditions were implemented. (...)
Archane, Anas. "Etude de l'absorption des gaz acides dans des solvants mixtes : développement d'une approche expérimentale originale et modélisation des données par une équation d'état d'électrolytes." Paris, ENMP, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENMP1599.
Full textThe aim of this study is the characterisation of VLE and chemical equilibria for the systems CO2/Diethanolamine-(DEA)/H2O/MeOH and CO2/Diethanolamine-(DEA)/H2O/PEG400. The effect of physical solvent composition on CO2 absorption has been studied using four compositions (from 0% to 30wt% of alcohol with a fixed composition-30%- of DEA), the measurement being made at T=298. 15K and at various CO2 loading (0 to 0. 9). The experimental measures concerned a both solubility data and liquid phase analysis was obtained. The effect of MeOH composition has been studied using the original experimental device developed previously (Sidi-Boumedine, 2003). For the system with PEG 400, a new experimental device excluding the pressure limitation of the precedent experimental device was developed. The original data base obtained, including the new solubility data and the liquid phase composition, allows the modelling of the system CO2/DEA/H2O/MeOH using an electrolyte equation of state (Fürst, 1993) representing the equilibrium properties of the system and the liquid phase speciation
Poucin, Cyprien. "Borane adsorption on MgO nanoparticles for increased catalytic activity in the cycloaddition of CO2 on epoxides." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS142.pdf.
Full textCarbon dioxide capture and valorisation have become major challenges for the future decades. Capture technologies are already mature enough to start being implemented at industrial scale but valorisation technologies are still lacking. This thesis work focuses on the development of new catalysts for CO2 chemical valorisation. The bibliographic introduction emphasizes the potential alkaline earth oxides for CO2 capture and valorisation due to their ability to easily form carbonates, as well as the recent development of Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) chemistry for the activation of small molecules like CO2. We propose a strategy to synthesize magnesium oxide nanoparticles functionalised with borane ligands to create FLP-like interaction at the surface and increase the catalytic activity of the nanoparticles in the cycloaddition of CO2 on epoxides. In the first part of this work, the synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles by precipitation-calcination is studied. Reaction parameters like calcination temperature and post synthesis washings are shown to impact the nanoparticles morphology and surface state. The second part of this work focuses on borane adsorption on MgO nanoparticles with and without presence of CO2. Proof of a MgO-CO2-BPh3 interaction is found using infrared spectroscopy analyses. A unique interaction between MgO and the chloroborane BCl2Ph is evidenced by a visual colour change of the nanoparticles and by infrared spectroscopy. The last part of this work focuses on the catalytic study of the cycloaddition reaction. Comparison between the different MgO catalysts confirmes the importance of the nanoparticles synthesis parameters on their activity. Adsorption of borane modifies the MgO activity and/or selectivity depending on the reaction solvent. The addition of BCl2Ph increases the activity of the MgO catalyst by a factor 10 but also reduces the selectivity toward cyclic carbonate. Impact of temperature, concentration and reaction duration on the catalytic performances of this nanoparticle¬ ligand pair is studied to unveil the origin of this unreported synergy between MgO and BCl2Ph
Manaa, Hacène. "Absorption dans les états fondamental et excités, fluorescence et effet laser accordable des ions Co2+ et Cr3+ dans un environnement cristallin de symétrie octaèdrique : perspectives nouvelles avec les ions Co2+ et Mn5+ en site de symétrie tétraèdrique." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10225.
Full textDebost, Maxime. "Synthèse et étude structurale de nanozeolites à petits micropores pour la capture du CO2." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC232.
Full textThe goal of this work is to prepare template-free small pore nanosized zeolites. The direct synthesis of nanosized CHA and RHO type zeolites without organic structure directing agents provided materials with a Si/Al ratio suitable for the separation of CO2 from CH4. The first part of this study concerns the development of a new synthetic route towards preparation of small pore nanozeolites from water clear precursor suspensions. The nanocrystals have a diameter of 30 - 200 nm and a Si/Al ratio of 1.4 to 2.6. The second part is dedicated on the crystallographic analysis of the RHO and CHA nanosized zeolites in hydrated and dehydrated forms. Precession electron diffraction tomography (PEDT) and in-situ powder XRD methods were used to characterize the structure of the newly synthesized materials with nanosized dimensions. The third part of the thesis includes the adsorption studies of CO2 and CH4 in the CHA and RHO nanosized zeolites. The high selectivity of the zeolite nanocrystals synthesized with different cations (Cs, Na, K) towards CO2 in the presence of CH4 is demonstrated
Cesário, Moisés Rômolos. "Vaporeformage catalytique du méthane : amélioration de la production et de la sélectivité en hydrogène par absorption in situ du CO2 produit." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00999401.
Full textKouneli, Athina. "CO2 absorption in power plants : Emphasizing on CO2 absorption in biphasic solvent." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21842.
Full textSjöstrand, Filip, and Reza Yazdi. "Absorption of CO2 : - by Ammonia." Thesis, Växjö universitet, Institutionen för teknik och design, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5256.
Full textI detta examensarbete har absorptionseffektivitet av CO2 hos olika vätskelösningar undersökts genom gasabsorption i en slumpmässigt packad kolonn. För att karakterisera absorptionen absorberades även SO2 i några experiment. Rapporten är utförd med anledning av de stora mängder koldioxid som släpps ut i atmosfären, främst från fossileldade kraftverk. För att minska dessa utsläpp kan koldioxiden avskiljas från rökgaserna genom olika tekniker t.ex. genom CO2-absorption med ammoniak. Arbetet består av en teoridel och en laborativ del med mätningar och beräkningar. I den experimentella delen konstruerades ett system med en absorptionskolonn och tillhörande mätutrustning. Olika vätskelösningar bestående av rent vatten, kaliumkarbonatlösning och ammoniak i olika koncentrationer användes till att ta upp koldioxid genom motströms absorption. Även SO2 absorberades i kaliumkarbonatlösning för att bestämma gasfilmkonstanten. Absorptionsgraden av CO2 varierade från några få procent i försöket med vatten upp till 7 % med kaliumkarbonatlösningen. CO2-absorptionen av ammoniak varierade med koncentrationen och gav en avskiljning på mellan 12 och 94 %. Ammoniakförsöken gjordes med både vid 10 och 20 °C. Generellt erhölls en bättre CO2-avskiljning vid 20°C, vilket bekräftas av teorin.
Joakim, Gustavsson, and Lager Niclas. "Absorption av CO2 i ammoniaklösning." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211844.
Full textConstantinou, A. "CO2 absorption in microstructured membrane reactors." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348316/.
Full textGhasemian, Langeroudi Elahe. "Quantitative aspects of Co2-grafted amine interactions in gas-liquid-solid solubility equilibrium: Applications to Co2 capture." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27879/27879.pdf.
Full textZoannou, Kali-Stella. "Aspects of degradation of monoethanolamine solutions during Co2 absorption." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/18346/.
Full textOhle, Andrea. "CO2-Abtrennung aus Gasströmen durch Absorption in Poly(methyldiglykol)amin." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-23497.
Full textThis dissertation presents a process for the absorptive CO2-separation from gas streams, which shows a lower energy requirement than established methods by using the newly developed absorption liquid GenosorbN in a postcombustion-process. To retrofit an already existing power plant, the postcombustion-process is advantageous, because it needs the least changes in the power plant-process itself compared to the IGCC- or the Oxyfuel-process. The absorbents discussed for the CO2-separation up to now, for example MEA (mono-ethanol-amine), cause a high energy requirement mainly in the solvent regeneration, which has to be provided additionally from the power plant. The solvent GenosorbN (chemical notation: poly(methyldiglycol)amine) was developed in cooperation between the Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Engineering of the Technical University of Dresden and the Clariant GmbH. GenosorbN is a hybrid-absorbent and therefore it shows both physical and chemical bonding forces. Based on the solvents characteristic of solubility for CO2 and important data on chemical media (for example heat capacity and enthalpy of solution) operating parameters for an energetic advantageous technical application were identified by a lot of test series at a pilot plant. The measurements show that the absorption process with the undiluted GenosorbN has a circa 20 - 27 % lower energy demand for the solvent regeneration compared to the MEA-process to reach a degree of separation of 90 %. Furthermore a low-value heating steam with lower temperature and therefore lower pressure level suffices because of the significant lower (40 - 50 K) regeneration temperature. An additional pressure reduction to 400 mbar absolute pressure in the regeneration column favours the solvent regeneration considerably
Ystad, Paul Andreas Marchioro. "Power Plant with CO2 Capture based on Absorption : Integration Study." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11057.
Full textLeifsen, Henning. "Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Using Chemical Absorption : Minimizing Energy Requirement." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12865.
Full textMajeed, Hammad. "Reactive Absorption of CO2 in Single and Blended Amine Systems." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for kjemisk prosessteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22792.
Full textLu, Yuexia. "Experimental Studies on CO2 Absorption in Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor." Licentiate thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-9617.
Full textBignon, Cécile. "Nanoparticules en réseau pour la protection cutanée." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4084/document.
Full textChemical warfare agents and pesticides are toxic molecules causing temporary incapacitation or permanent harms leading to the death of people. One of the major routes of contamination is the percutaneous penetration. Skin protection is important to prevent these dangers. The aim of this thesis is to develop new active topical skin protectants based on nanoparticular networks containing fluorinated HASE polymers grafting with silica, cerium or titanium nanoparticles. First, polymers were synthesized in larger quantity and their wettability properties improved. Toxicological studies have showed that these compounds are non-irritant and non-toxic for the environment. The formulation of these polymers has led to the elaboration of two new barrier creams against paraoxon penetration whose efficiency is dependent on the presence of nanoparticles. Therefore, the grafting of nanoparticles to fluorinated HASE polymer and their formulation have enabled the development of new active topical skin protectant. Efficiency evaluation was done using artificial membranes and was confirmed on ex vivo human skin. The limited availability of human skin explants has motivated the development of a new efficiency model using reconstructed human epidermis
Bougie, Francis. "Sterically hindered amine based absorbents and application for CO2 capture in membrane contactors." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30833/30833.pdf.
Full textGas separation in membrane contactors (MC) is a forefront technology offering several advantages over traditional packed columns, but very few efforts have been made to develop new absorbent solutions optimized specifically for application in MC. Currently, no available absorbent meets all required characteristics for the implementation of membrane contactors for acid gas separation (CO2 in particular) in industrial units. The main objective of this work was to develop a dedicated sterically hindered alkanolamine (SHA) based absorbent with improved characteristics for application in MC (good absorption capacity and reaction kinetics, regeneration facility, resistance to degradation, compatibility with membranes and high surface tension) and to investigate its efficiency for CO2 capture in different membrane contactor configurations and operation conditions. Although low kinetics characterizes highly sterically hindered alkanolamines, their potential to reduce the energy consumption during the regeneration step brings us to focus on AHPD (2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol). To improve the absorption rate, piperazine (Pz) was found to be a very effective activator; the addition of small amounts of Pz to aqueous AHPD solutions has significant effect on the enhancement of the CO2 absorption rate. The blend AHPD-Pz was also found to present very good absorption capacity. The investigation of the regeneration of loaded (CO2 containing) amine solutions revealed that highly hindered SHA based solutions (AHPD in particular) are much easier to regenerate compared to MEA, the benchmark amine industrially used in acid gas separations. Moreover, the addition of small amount of Pz into AHPD aqueous solution allowed to obtain almost the same cyclic capacity and regeneration efficiency as non-activated solutions, but for half of the absorption time. Besides the liquid absorbent properties, the performances of MC for CO2 separation strongly depend on the compatibility between absorbent and membrane. Based on wetting-related properties like liquid surface tension, contact angle, membrane breakthrough pressure and chemical stability, a new graphical surface tension estimation method for aqueous amine, alcohol or alkanolamine solutions was developed to select the best conditions to elude the unwanted membrane wetting phenomenon. AHPD-based solutions (like the AHPD + Pz solution) were found to have a strong potential for use in MC because of their very high surface tension. In addition, the developed method allowed to identify new potential amines for use in MC. A good stability and resistance to degradation is another important feature of CO2 absorbents. The investigation of the stability of different aqueous amine solutions to thermal and oxidative degradation, in the absence and the presence of CO2, revealed that SHA are more resistant to thermal degradation than conventional amines, but the presence of oxygen degraded them more significantly in the absence of CO2. However, the presence of CO2 is beneficial to SHA as the preferential bicarbonate formation in solutions reduces by a large extent the oxidative degradation rate. The low degradation degree of the AHPD + Pz aqueous solution reaffirms its potential as CO2 absorbent. Finally, the performance of the AHPD + Pz aqueous solution for CO2 capture in MC was investigated in different operational conditions and module configurations (hollow fibers and flat sheets membranes, PTFE, PP and laminated PTFE/PP membranes, various liquid flow rates, gas compositions and flow orientation (co- and counter-current)). Excellent performance was found for AHPD + Pz solutions. Based on experimental data, a modeling study of CO2 capture in PTFE hollow fiber MC revealed the positive effect of solutions presenting high surface tension on the reduction of membrane wetting. In summary, the results of this thesis showed that AHPD + Pz aqueous solution possess good absorption capacity, reaction kinetics, regenerative potential, and degradation resistance, as well as high surface tension and showed excellent performance for CO2 capture in MC, representing an interesting alternative to MEA.
Meyers, Jason. "Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy characterization of impulse hypervelocity CO2 flows." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210279.
Full textsensor could significantly aid in improving the knowledge of freestream static values thereby improving the models used in data rebuilding and numerical simulation. The design of such a sensor also expands the spectroscopic capabilities of the Von Karman Institute.
The absorption sensor is designed around the single P12 (00001)-(30013) rovibrational transition near 1.6µm (6218.09cm-1 specifically) which yields relatively weak direct absorption levels at about 3.5% per meter for typical Longshot freestream conditions. However, when handled carefully, adequate signal-to-noise can be acquired to exploit significant flow information. By being able to operate in this range, total sensor cost can be easily an a factor of two or more cheaper than sensors designed for the deeper infrared. All sensor elements were mounted to a compact portable optics bench utilizing single-mode optical fibers to allow for quick installation at different facilities by eliminating tedious optical realigning. Scans at 600Hz were performed over 20ms of the 40ms test time to extract core static temperature, pressure and velocity.
These results are compared with the current state of the Longshot data rebuild method. The non-uniform flow properties of the shear layer and test cabin rested gas accumulation was of an initial concern. The temperature and density gradients along with significant radial velocity components could result in DLAS temperature, pressure and velocity that are significantly different than that of the target freestream inviscid core values. Fortunately, with the proper selection of the P12 rotational number, this effect could be more or less ignored as the higher temperature and lower density gas of this region is relatively transparent.
Ultimately, acquired temperature and density were moderately accurate when compared to Longshot rebuilt results owing primarily to the baseline extraction which poses issues for such low absorption signals. However, the extracted velocity data are quite accurate. This is a definite puls for the sensor as the freestream enthalpy of cold hypersonic facilities is dictated primarily by the kinetic energy contribution. Being able to compare velocity gives insight to the level of vibration non-equilibrium in the flow. The velocity of the DLAS and the Longshot rebuild are quite close. This adds more weight to the argument that vibrational excitation is very low (if present at all) in the free stream and that the van de derWaals equation of state usage and constant specific heat assumption might be an adequate model for the data rebuild after all.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Halvorsen, Bjørn Jordheim. "Power Plant with CO2 Capture based on Absorption Part-load Performance." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19379.
Full textDu, Preez Louis Jacobus. "The reactive absorption of CO2 into solutions of MEA/2-propanol." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4192.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: The discovery that the reaction of CO2 with primary amines in both aqueous and non-aqueous media provides a viable chemical method for determining the effective interfacial mass transfer area for separation column internals has lead to an increase in the interest of studying the reaction kinetics and determining the governing reaction rate expressions. For the absorption studies conducted on these systems, many authors assumed that power rate law reaction kinetics govern the reaction rate, which simplified the derivation of absorption correlations. This has already been proven to be an over simplifying assumption, since many authors suggest a non-elementary rate expression based on the pseudo-steady state hypothesis for the reactive zwitterion intermediate to be valid. An evaluation of the existing reaction rate expressions for the homogeneous liquid phase reaction of CO2 and mono-ethanolamine (MEA) in a 2-propanol solvent system was performed. The reaction rate profiles of CO2 and MEA at 25ºC, 30ºC and 35ºC, and relative initial concentrations of [MEA]i = [CO2]i, [MEA]i = 2.5[CO2]i, [MEA]i = 4[CO2]i were determined by means of an isothermal CSTR set-up. Scavenging of the unreacted MEA with benzoyl chloride provided the means to be able to stop the reaction in the product stream. This in turn allowed for the construction of concentration- and reaction rate profiles. The reaction rate data was modelled on various rate expressions by means of a MATLAB® non-linear estimation technique, employing the Levenberg-Marquard algorithm for minimizing the loss function. It was concluded that the rate expressions proposed in literature are insufficient and a rate expression derived fundamentally from first principals is proposed: [ ][ ] [ ] [ ][ ] [ ]2 MEA 1 2 2 -r = k CO RNH - k2 Z + k3 Z RNH2 - k4 S where ki are the reaction rate constants, Z is the zwitterion reactive intermediate and S the salt product of the overall reaction mechanism. In order to be able to determine the effective interfacial mass transfer area, the absorption rate per unit area or specific rate of absorption for the solute gas as a rate expression function of species concentration must firstly be determined. This is achieved by performing experimental absorption runs on a gas-liquid contactor of known surface area. This study incorporated the well known wetted wall experimental set-up. The aim was to construct and implement a wetted wall set-up and conduct absorption experiments for a gas side CO2 concentration range stretching from pure CO2 to diluted gas mixtures absorbing into solutions of varying MEA concentrations. Validation of the set-up was done by performing experiments at similar conditions to a previous study. The study then proceeded to determine the absolute and specific absorption rates at CO2 mass percentages of 100%, 78%, 55% and 30% into solutions of MEA concentrations of 0.25 and 0.3 mol/L. These runs were conducted at 25ºC and 30ºC. The wetted wall was designed to facilitate absorption studies at column heights of 60, 90 and 105mm. This allowed the investigation of the effect that surface area and column height has on the absolute rate of absorption as well as the CO2 and MEA concentrations in the liquid phase It was found that the specific absorption rate is independent of contact time, which is consistent with the rapid nature of the reaction. It was furthermore found that an increase in MEA concentration caused an increase in the absorption rate. The effect of temperature is linked with the solubility of CO2 in the solution. As the temperature increases, the solubility of CO2 decreases, but the absorption rate increases. The result is that it seems as if a change in temperature has no effect on the absorption rate, when in actual fact it does. An increase in the amount of CO2 absorbed is noticed for an increase in wetted wall surface area. This is expected and indicates that there is an increase in the amount of CO2 absorbed as the column length increases. Stopping the absorption reaction by means of MEA scavenging with benzoyl chloride at various column heights will allow for the construction of a concentration profile for both CO2 and MEA as a function of column height. These profiles will allow for the derivation of a non-elementary rate expression governing the specific absorption rate. This has been identified as ‘n area of great interest for future investigation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘n Groot navorsingsbelangstelling in die reaksiekinetika van CO2 en monoethanolamien (MEA) het ontstaan sedert die ontdekking dat hierdie reaktiewe sisteem ook ‘n goeie metode is vir die bepaling van die effektiewe massaoordragsoppervlakte van gestruktureerde pakkingsmateriaal. Die klem val op die bepaling van eerstens die mees geskikte en akkurate model om die reaksiekinetika te beskryf wat dan gebruik kan word om die absorbsiekinetika deeglik te karaktariseer. Sommige van die vorige navorsers het vereenvoudigende aannames gemaak rakende die reaksiekinetika ten einde die bepaling van geskikte absopsievergelykings te vergemaklik. Ander het gevind dat die nie-elementêre, pseudo-gestadigde toestand hipotese gebasseer op die reaktiewe zwitterioon tussenproduk van die reaksie ‘n meer verteenwoordigende kinetiese model is. Hierdie studie is eerstens gemik op die evaluasie van die bestaande reaksiekinetikavergelykings deur die homogene vloeistoffase reaksie van CO2 met mono-etanolamien (MEA) in die oplosmiddel, 2-propanol te ondersoek. Die studie is uitgevoer in ‘n isoterme CSTR sisteem by onderskeidelik 25ºC, 30ºC en 35ºC en MEA konsentrasies van [MEA]i = [CO2]i, [MEA]i = 2.5[CO2]i en [MEA]i = 4[CO2]i. Die voorgestelde reaksiekinetikavergelykings was gemodelleer met ‘n nie-lineêre datapassingstegniek verskaf deur die sagtewarepakket, MATLAB® wat die Levenberg- Marquard algoritme gebruik om die resfunksie te minimeer. Uit die teorie en datapassing word die volgende vergelyking voorgestel: [ ][ ] [ ] [ ][ ] [ ]2 MEA 1 2 2 -r = k CO RNH - k2 Z + k3 Z RNH2 - k4 S waar ki die reaksietempokonstante voorstel, Z die zwitterioontussenproduk en S die soutproduk. Die eerste stap in die bepaling van die effektiewe massaoordragsarea van gestruktureerde pakkingsmateriaal is om ‘n geskikte vergelyking of korrelasie vir die spesifieke absorpsie van die gas te bepaal. Dit word gedoen deur absoprsie eksperimente te doen op toerusting van bekende oppervlakarea. Hierdie studie het die reeds bekende ‘wetted wall’ opstelling gebruik. Die hoof doelwit van hierdie absorpsiestudie was om ‘n werkende opstelling te bou en absorpsie eksperimente vir CO2 konsentrasies wat strek van suiwer CO2 tot verdunde mengsels uit te voer. Die konsentrasie MEA is ook gevarieër. Die geskiktheid van die opstelling is eerstens getoets deur eksperimentele lopies uit te voer by soorgelyke toestande as ‘n vorige studie. Die doel van die studie is om die absolute en spesifieke absorpsietempos van CO2 by gasfase massapersentasies van 100%, 78%, 55% en 30% in MEA/2-propanol oplossings met MEA konsentrasies van 0.25 en 0.3 mol/L te bepaal. Die lopies is uigevoer by beide 25ºC en 30ºC. Die opstelling is ook ontwerp om absorpsie eksperimente by verskillende kolomhoogtes uit te voer. Hierdie hoogtes is 60, 90 en 105mm. Hierdie studie het tweedens gefokus op die effek wat absorpsiearea en kolomhoogte op die absorpsietempo van CO2 het. Die resultate van die studie toon dat die absorpsietempo onafhanklik is van kontaktyd. Dit stem saam met die vinnige reaksietempo. ‘n Toename in MEA konsentrasie het ‘n toename in spesifieke absorpsietempo tot gevolg, terwyl die effek van temperatuur gekoppel kan word aan die oplosbaarheid van CO2. Soos die temperatuur toeneem, neem die absolute absorpsietempo toe, maar die oplosbaarheid van CO2 neem af, dit het beide ‘n toenemende en afnemende effek op die spesifieke absorpsietempo. Die hoeveelheid CO2 geabsorbeer neem toe met ‘n toename in kolomhoogte. Die konsentrasie MEA in die uitlaatvloeistof toon ‘n skynbare eksponensiële afname met ‘n toename in kolomhoogte. ‘n Studie gemik om die konsentrasieprofiele van CO2 en MEA as ‘n funksie van kolomhoogte te bepaal, word voorgestel. Absorpsiemodelle en korrelasies kan dan afgelei word uit hierdie profiele, wat die berekening van die effektiewe massaoordragsarea akkuraat sal maak. Dit sal deel vorm van toekomstige navorsing.
Nookuea, Worrada. "Impacts of Thermo-Physical Properties on Chemical Absorption for CO2 Capture." Licentiate thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Framtidens energi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-34254.
Full textEnligt Parisavtalets mål för klimatförändringar ska den globala uppvärmningen begränsas till 2.0° C över förindustriella nivåer. En av de potentiella metoderna är avskiljning och lagring av koldioxid (CCS), som avsevärt kan minska CO2-utsläppen från stora punktkällor såsom kraftverk, industrier och naturgasprocesser. CCS omfattar fyra steg som är avskiljning, konditionering, transport och lagring. Avskiljning genom efterförbränning är lättare att genomföra baserat på dagens teknik och infrastruktur jämfört med avskiljning före förbränning och genom oxybränsle förbränning, eftersom radikala förändringar av de befintliga anläggningars struktur inte behövs. För att utforma och driva olika CCS processer, är kunskap om termofysikaliska egenskaperna hos CO2 blandningarna av stor betydelse. I denna avhandling har status och framsteg för studier rörande effekterna av osäkerheten i termofysikaliska egenskaper på konstruktion och drift av CCS processer granskats. Kunskapsluckor och prioritering av utveckling av modeller för egenskaperna identifierades. Enligt de i översynen identifierade kunskapsluckorna, har effekterna av de termofysikaliska egenskaperna densitet, viskositet och diffusivitet av gas- och vätskefaserna, och ytspänningen och värmekapacitet av vätskefasen på utformningen av absorptionskolonnen för kemisk absorption med användning av vattenhaltig monoetanolamin analyserats kvantitativt. En hastighetsbaserad absorptionsmodell har utvecklats i MATLAB för simulering av absorptionsprocessen och känslighetsanalys gjordes för varje egenskap. En ekonomisk utvärdering genomfördes också för att ytterligare uppskatta effekterna av egenskaperna på kapitalkostnaden för absorptionsenheten. För bestämning av diametern av absorbatorns kolonn visar gasfasens densitet den mest betydande inverkan; medan vätskefasens densitet och viskositeten visar den mest betydande inverkan på utformningen av fyllmaterialets höjd och även kapitalkostnaderna för absorptionsenheten. Därför bör utveckling av modeller för rökgasens densitet och vätskefasens densitet och viskositet för det vattenbaserade lösningsmedlet med absorberad CO2 prioriteras.
VR CCS Project
Gao, Min. "Carbon dioxide absorption in metal organic frameworks." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2015. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/23195.
Full textMazza, Mathieu. "Modification chimique de la cellulose en milieu liquide ionique et CO2 supercritique." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2009. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7832/1/mazza.pdf.
Full textVeawab, Amornvadee. "Corrosion and corrosion control in CO2 absorption process using aqueous amine solutions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0021/NQ54681.pdf.
Full textRautenbach, Christo. "Modelling of flow through porous packing elements of a CO2 absorption tower." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2319.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Packed beds are widely used in industry to improve the total contact area between two substances in a multiphase process. The process typically involves forced convection of liquid or gas through either structured or dumped solid packings. Applications of such multiphase processes include mass transfer to catalyst particles forming the packed bed and the adsorption of gases or liquids on the solid packing. An experimental study on the determination of air flow pressure drops over different packingmaterialswas carried out at the Telemark University College in Porsgrunn,Norway. The packed bed consisted of a cylindrical column of diameter 0.072m and height 1.5m, filled with different packingmaterials. Air was pumped vertically upwards through a porous distributor to allow for a uniform inlet pressure. Resulting pressure values were measured at regular height intervals within the bed. Due to the geometric nature of a Raschig ring packing wall effects, namely the combined effects of extra wall shear stress due to the column surface and channelling due to packing adjacent to a solid column surface, were assumed to be negligible. Several mathematical drag models exist for packed beds of granular particles and an important question arises as to whether they can be generalized in a scientific manner to enhance the accuracy of predicting the drag for different kinds of packing materials. Problems with the frequently used Ergun equation, which is based on a tubular model for flow between granules and then being empirically adjusted, will be discussed. Some theoretical models that improve on the Ergun equation and their correlation with experimental work will be discussed. It is shown that a particular pore-scale model, that allows for different geometries and porosities, is superior to the Ergun equation in its predictions. Also important in the advanced models is the fact that it could take into account anomalies such as dead zones where no fluid transport is present and surfaces that do neither contribute to shear stress nor to interstitial form drag. The overall conclusion is that proper modelling of the dynamical situation present in the packing can provide drag models that can be used with confidence in a variety of packed bed applications.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gepakte materiaal strukture word in die industrie gebruik om die kontak area tussen twee stowwe in meervoudige faseprosesse te vergroot. Die proses gaan gewoonlik gepaard met geforseerde konveksie van ’n vloeistof of ’n gas deur gestruktureerde of lukrake soliede gepakte strukture. Toepassings van sulke meervoudige faseprossese sluit onder andere in die massa-oordrag na katalisator partikels wat die gepakte struktuur vorm of die absorpsie van gasse of vloeistowwe op die soliede gepakte elemente. ’n Eksperimentele ondersoek oor die drukval van veskillende gepakte elemente in ’n kolom is gedoen by die Telemark University College in Porsgrunn, Noorweë. Die gepakte struktuur het bestaan uit ’n kolommet ’n diameter van 0.072m en ’n hoogte van 1.5m. Lug is vertikaal opwaarts gepomp deur ’n poreuse plaat wat gesorg het vir ’n benaderde uniforme snelheidsprofiel. Die druk is toe op intervalle deur die poreuse struktuur gemeet. In die studie is die effekte van die eksterne wande, nl. die bydrae van die wand se wrywing en die vorming van kanale langs die kolom wand, as weglaatbaar aanvaar. Daar bestaan baie wiskundige dempingsmodelle vir gepakte strukture wat uit korrels saamgestel is. ’n Belangrike vraag kan dus gevra word, of laasgenoemde modelle veralgemeen kan word op ’n wetenskaplike manier om die demping deur verskillende gepakte strukture akkuraat te kan voorspel. Probleme wat ontstaan het met die wel bekende Ergun vergelyking, wat gebaseer is op ’n kapillêre model en wat toe verder aangepas is deur empiriese resultate van uniforme sfere, sal bespreek word. Teoretiesemodelle wat verbeteringe op die Ergun vergelyking voorstel sal bespreek word en vergelyk word met eksperimentele data. Daar word ook gewys dat ’n spesifieke porie-skaal model, wat aanpasbaar is vir verskillende geometrieë en porositeite, in baie gevalle beter is as die Ergun vergelyking. ’n Ander baie belangrike aspek van gevorderde modelle is die moontlikheid om stagnante gebiede in die gepakte strukture in ag te neem. Laasgenoemde gebiede sal die totale kontak area sowel as die intermediêre vorm demping verlaag. Die gevolgtrekking is dat wanneer deeglike modulering van dinamiese situasies in die industrie gedoen word kan dempings modelle met vertroue op ’n verskeidenheid gepakte strukture toegepas word.
Guo, Yicang. "Thermodynamic modelling of mixtures related to absorption refrigeration systems and CO2 capture." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAE019.
Full textCO2 emissions from industrial activities have been a major factor in the rapid rise in global temperatures over the last century. The threat of global warming has prompted most industrialized countries to commit to reducing CO2 concentrations. This thesis focuses on two themes related to CO2 emission reduction. The first part is to use absorption heat pump systems to convert low-grade energy into high-grade energy, thereby increasing the energy efficiency of industrial systems, reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The ELV data of IL-water solutions were correlated using NRTL and e-NRTL models. Additional calculations were performed to evaluate the performance of working fluids in ARS under different operating conditions. The results indicate that the selected working pair has good performance and potential to replace traditional pairs.The second part of the thesis focuses on the modeling of mixtures containing CO2, and in particular mixtures with alkanes and refrigerants. The multipolar version of the SAFT-VR Mie equation of state was chosen to study the phase behaviour and transport properties of these mixtures. A predictive model for these mixtures was thus developed, in order to determine their phase equilibria. A very good agreement with the pure component and mixture experimental data is obtained, demonstrating the important role of the multipolar term in the equation of state
Amararene, Fatiha. "Absorption de composés soufrés par des solvants à base d'alcanolamines." Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1138.
Full textMosadegh, Sedghi Sanaz. "Fabrication and characterization of new and highly hydrophobic hollow fiber membranes for CO2 capture in membrane contactors." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30490/30490.pdf.
Full textIn this work, highly hydrophobic low density polyethylene (LDPE) hollow fiber membranes aiming to be used for CO2 capture in gas-liquid membrane contactors (GLMC) were fabricated using a simple, novel method, without solvent or diluents, economic and environmentally friendly, which does not require any mechanical or thermal post-treatments. In order to produce hollow fibers and control their porosity, the process combines melt extrusion and template-leaching techniques. A mixture of LDPE and NaCl particles first produce blends with different salt contents. A microporous structure and a rough highly hydrophobic surface can then be produced by leaching the salt particles from the hollow fiber matrix via immersion in water. The new method represents a very promising alternative to conventional membrane fabrication approaches which are mainly based on phase inversion process that involves toxic and expensive solvents. The fabricated membranes were characterized in terms of morphology, density, porosity and pore size distribution, hydrophobicity, breakthrough pressure and mechanical properties. Since the phenomenon of membrane wetting by liquid absorbents is the major cause of the reduction of long-term efficiency of GLMC, a comprehensive study on the compatibility between membrane and absorbent liquid was performed. Morphological, chemical and thermal stability of LDPE membranes in contact with different aqueous alkanolamine solutions including monoethanolamine (MEA) and 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (AHPD), as well as blends of MEA/PZ (piperazine) and AHPD/PZ, was investigated in detail.
Tourailles, Gilles. "Modalités d'absorption percutanée à partir de terre contaminée par une substance chimique." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA114815.
Full textHo, Ngoc linh. "Captage du CO2 par des solvants physiques confinés dans des materiaux poreux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22089.
Full textIn this work, we investigate the existence and the fundamentals mechanisms underlying the apparition of enhanced CO2 solubility in hybrid materials. A number of prospective solid supports and physical solvents are chosen and the synthesized hybrid adsorbents are subsequently evaluated by measuring CO2 adsorption isotherms. Generally, all the hybrid adsorbents show an enhancement of CO2 solubility compared with the bulk physical solvent. According to further investigation, we have obtained certain requisites for a good solid support, of which structure should be mesoporous with large surface area. In addition, there is an optimized solvent's size to achieve an enhanced solubility. As a result, among the candidates, the N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone confined in MCM-41 adsorbent is proven to be the most suitable hybrid adsorbent for an effective CO2-removal application. In order to gain a deeper insight, Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations are then performed to interpret the CO2 solubility behavior in a modeled system of hybrid MCM-41 adsorbent. As a result, the microscopic mechanisms underlying the apparition of enhanced solubility are then clearly identified. In fact, the presence of solvent molecules favors the layering of CO2 molecule within the pores thereby the CO2 solubility in hybrid adsorbent markedly increases in comparison with the one found in the raw adsorbent as well as in the bulk solvent. In addition, to fully evaluate the efficiency of hybrid adsorbents in capturing CO2, the sorbent-solid interactions along with the solvent molecular size impact on CO2 solubility are further investigated in this study. We found that an ideal hybrid system should possess a weak solvent-solid interaction but a strong solvent-CO2 affinity. Furthermore, an optimal solvent size is obtained for the enhanced CO2 solubility in the hybrid system. According to the simulation results, the solvent layer builds pseudo-micropores inside the mesoporous MCM-41, enabling more CO2 molecules to be absorbed under greater influence of spatial confinement and surface interaction
Bousquet, Benjamin. "Conception de nouveaux catalyseurs de symétrie C3 pour la valorisation chimique du CO2." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1128/document.
Full textCarbon dioxide (CO2) is a small molecule well-known for its environmental impact and its anthropogenic origin. Increasing its concentration is partly responsible for global warming. However, it has a great potential for scientists. It is an abundant, renewable, non-toxic, non-corrosive, non-flammable carbon source. On the industrial scale, an important number of syntheses can be established thanks to this building block and therefore represents an increasing economic interest. In this thesis, we will discuss the synthesis of cyclic carbonates by coupling epoxides with CO2. We will see in particular new C3-symmetry catalytic systems capable of performing this coupling. The first two parts will deal with bi-component catalytic systems based on ammonium salts and metal complexes derived from N4-tetradentate ligands. Then, we will study the influence of the immobilization of mono-component azaphosphatrane catalysts on catalytic activity
Lawrence, James. "Differential absorption LiDAR for the total column measurement of atmospheric CO2 from space." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10379.
Full textFernandez, Cormarie. "Etude physico-chimique de molécules photoprotectrices. Formulation et évaluation du passage transdermique de la benzophénone-3." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON13503.
Full textGarin, Lionel. "Traitement d'un effluent gazeux humide par adsorption/réaction chimique et catalyse." Chambéry, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CHAMS061.
Full textThe present work deals with the development of a compact system for the treatment of low concentrations in nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide in a wet gas. The aim of this work is to treat diffuse pollution sources in order to ensure, for example in small factory premises, a good air quality. To do that, a fixed bed process based on adsorption, absorption and/or chemical reaction was chosen. The residence time of the gas in the reactor is about ten milliseconds and the temperature is close to room value. Various, commercial or not, adsorbents and catalysts materials were tested on two experimental devices : - A set up which allows us to test volumes of materials lower than 0,06 L with the control of the different parameters. The gas is reconstituted by the mixing of air with pure CO and NO2 gases. Humidity is generated by gas bubbling in water or by water steam injection; - A full-scale prototype (6 to 10 L of material) on which is carried out the real gas treatment. It appears that the most interesting product for the nitrogen dioxide treatment is an hydroxide potassium impregnated activated carbon. The catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide in this conditions can be made by a ternary Pt-Pd-SnO2/AI2O3 catalyst. The influence of the parameters (humidity, residence time, concentration, temperature) on the activity of these two materials was studied. The NO2 neutralization on activated carbon requires minimum gas humidity (40% at 40°C). A NO2 to NO conversion at low humidity or for important working time was observed. The NO2 fixation capacity of the KOH impregnated activated carbon was measured. The determination of the neutralization mechanisms and a model for estimate initial efficiency are proposed. As regards catalyst, kinetics parameters for the oxidation of carbon monoxide present in dry or wet air were determined. A nitrogen dioxide reduction in the presence of carbon monoxide (NO2 + CO → NO + CO2) is also observed. To confirm these results, long duration tests were carry out on the full-scale prototype and allowed to highlight various problems relating to the use of the two materials selected
Susianto. "Absorption simultanée de SO 2 et NO 2 dans un réacteur gaz-liquide mécaniquement agité." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPL015N.
Full textCosta-Coquelard, Claire. "Formation de nouveaux complexes porphyrine(s)-polyoxométallates(s) : étude physico-chimique et photocatalytique." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112214.
Full textThis work deals with the formation and the physico-chemical and photocatalytic study of new complexes of type {Porphyrine(s) – polyoxometalate(s)} for applications in photocatalysis, particularly in the environmental field (purification of the water polluted by metals, nitrites…). Two types of systems were invetigated. First, a 1:1 complex by coordination between a free base porphyrin bearing a pyridyl group and the monosubstituted Keggin polyoxometalate [CoSiW11O39]6- was characterised by 1H NMR, luminescence spectroscopies and electrochemistry. Second, electrostatic assemblies between tetracationic metalloporphyrins [ZnTMePyP]4+ and different polyoxometalates type Dawson strongly negatively charged, [P2W18O62]6- and [M4(P2W15O56)2]n- were studied. The stoichiometry and the formation constant of these complexes were determined by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopies. In each case, a single and nonluminescent complex was obtained according to a total reaction. The stoichiometry of the system depends on the charge and the size of the starting polyanion. Studies by nanosecond flash photolysis did not reveal any long lived electrons transfers from the porphyrins towards the polyoxometalates. At last, the photocatalytic activity of these electrostatic systems for the photoreduction of Ag+ metal ions was demonstrated and compared with that of the precursors. This study showed the influence of the metal M in [M4(P2W15O56)2]n and made it possible to establish the photocatalytic mechanisms from the redoxproperties of the compounds
Deyme, Michel. "Modification de la composition chimique superficielle de polymères : étude de l'adsorption du collagène aux interfaces air ou polymère/solutions aqueuses." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA114804.
Full textKunze, Anna-Katharina [Verfasser]. "Intensified reactive absorption processes for CO2 separation using enzyme accelerated solvents / Anna-Katharina Kunze." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1084385406/34.
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