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Journal articles on the topic 'Absorptiometer'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Jin, Han, Yajie Qin, Hao Liang, Lei Wan, Hao Lan, Guoping Chen, Ran Liu, Li-rong Zheng, Patrick Chiang, and Zhi-liang Hong. "A Mobile-Based High Sensitivity On-Field Organophosphorus Compounds Detecting System for IoT-Based Food Safety Tracking." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8797435.

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A mobile-based high sensitivity absorptiometer is presented to detect organophosphorus (OP) compounds for Internet-of-Things based food safety tracking. This instrument consists of a customized sensor front-end chip, LED-based light source, low power wireless link, and coin battery, along with a sample holder packaged in a recycled format. The sensor front-end integrates optical sensor, capacitive transimpedance amplifier, and a folded-reference pulse width modulator in a single chip fabricated in a 0.18 μm 1-poly 5-metal CMOS process and has input optical power dynamic range of 71 dB, sensitivity of 3.6 nW/cm2 (0.77 pA), and power consumption of 14.5 μW. Enabled by this high sensitivity sensor front-end chip, the proposed absorptiometer has a small size of 96 cm3, with features including on-field detection and wireless communication with a mobile. OP compound detection experiments of the handheld system demonstrate a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.4 μmol/L, comparable to that of a commercial spectrophotometer. Meanwhile, an android-based application (APP) is presented which makes the absorptiometer access to the Internet-of-Things (IoT).

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2

MATSUZAWA, Mitsuhiro, Yukako ASANO, and Minoru MORITA. "Fundamental study on compact absorptiometer for water quality testing." Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing 9, no. 3 (2015): JAMDSM0033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jamdsm.2015jamdsm0033.

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3

Malezieux, X., J. Rousseau, C. Vasseur, and X. Marchandise. "Bone mineral and fat measurement with a novel dual photon absorptiometer." Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 31, no. 2 (March 1993): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02446672.

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4

Waker, A. J., B. Oldroyd, and M. Marco. "The application of microdosimetry in clinical bone densitometry using a dual-photon absorptiometer." British Journal of Radiology 65, no. 774 (June 1992): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-65-774-523.

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5

Suster, D., B. J. Leury, D. J. Kerton, and F. R. Dunshea. "Repeatability of pig body composition measurements using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and influence of animal size and subregional analyses." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 11 (2006): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04279.

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Fifteen Large White × Landrace male pigs were used to investigate the influence of animal size and subregional analysis technique on dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition measurements and their repeatability. Pigs were scanned in triplicate with an Hologic QDR4500A X-ray absorptiometer at the beginning of the study (3 weeks of age, liveweight 5–10 kg) and then every 4 weeks until 19 weeks of age. Measurements made by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry included total tissue mass, lean tissue mass, fat tissue mass and bone mineral content. The QDR4500 software allows the scanned image to be divided into head, arms, legs and trunk using an in-built regional analysis grid that contains algorithms unique to each region. Different regional grid manipulations were performed at each scan to evaluate the effects of incorporating subregions into a whole body analysis over time. The dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements were highly repeatable and measurement repeatability improved as animal size increased. When results were averaged across regional grid placement and scan time, the most repeatable measurement was total tissue mass (CV = 0.21%), followed by lean tissue mass (CV = 0.59%), bone mineral content (CV = 2.50%) and fat tissue mass (CV = 2.71%). The placement of the regional analysis grid influenced the repeatability of all measurements except for total weight; however, this influence reduced with increasing animal size. It is recommended that the body of the scan image be positioned in the arm region and the head in the head region of the software regional analysis grid to measure whole body composition in pigs because it provides the most repeatable measure overall. Animal placement into the trunk region or utilising the full regional analysis option as specified by the manufacturer provided less repeatable results.

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6

Suster, D., B. J. Leury, D. J. Kerton, and F. R. Dunshea. "Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry predicts the effects of dietary protein on body composition of pigs." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 11 (2006): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04266.

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The present study investigated the potential of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to determine the effect of dietary protein on live pig body composition compared with the standard methods. The experiment utilised 48 Large White × Landrace gilts, stratified on liveweight at 17 weeks of age (initial liveweight about 60 kg), and allocated within strata to diets containing either 85 or 100% of dietary protein requirements. The diets were fed ad libitum and contained 14.6 or 16.7% protein, respectively. Pigs were housed individually to allow weekly measurement of feed intake and liveweight. A Hologic QDR4500A dual energy X-ray absorptiometer was used to determine lean, fat and ash composition of pigs initially and 4 weeks later at the end of the experiment. Daily gain was increased by about 200 g in pigs fed the protein-adequate diet, but feed intake was not affected. Therefore, pigs fed adequate protein had a lower feed conversion ratio (2.92 v. 3.52 g/g, P<0.001). Feeding the protein-adequate diet increased lean deposition by about 150 g/day (577 v. 429 g/day, P<0.001) and ash deposition by about 4 g/day (28.7 v. 25.0 g/day, P<0.001), but did not affect fat accretion. This resulted in carcasses with a higher lean content (54.0 v. 50.7 kg, P<0.001) and ash content (2.35 v. 2.28 kg, P<0.05) but unaltered fat content. Therefore, an inadequate level of dietary protein leads to suboptimal growth in lean tissue and bone mineral, with no pronounced effect on fat. These observations were substantiated by chemical analysis and available corrective equations were useful in correcting differences between dual energy X-ray absorptiometry outputs and chemical values. After correction, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry estimates differed less than 5% from the chemical values for lean, protein, water and ash and 10% for lipid. In addition, reduced standard error of the differences around most dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements, relative to chemical analysis, allowed small changes in body composition to be detected with increased confidence. These data support the efficacy of using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in nutritional studies of pigs.

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7

Kaminsky, Leonard A., C. Ozemek, K. L. Williams, and W. Byun. "Precision of total and regional body fat estimates from dualenergy X-ray absorptiometer measurements." Journal of nutrition, health & aging 18, no. 6 (January 25, 2014): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-014-0012-8.

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8

Meier, Nathan, Yang Bai, and Duck-chul Lee. "Validation Of A Multi-electrode Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer With A Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometer." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000519883.22275.c8.

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9

Madsen, Ole Rintek, Jens-Erik Beck Jensen, and Ole Helmer S�rensen. "Validation of a dual energy X-ray absorptiometer: measurement of bone mass and soft tissue composition." European Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 6 (May 1, 1997): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050204.

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10

Madsen, Ole Rintek, Jens-Erik Beck Jensen, and Ole Helmer S�rensen. "Validation of a dual energy X-ray absorptiometer: measurement of bone mass and soft tissue composition." European Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 1-2 (December 1, 1997): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050320.

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11

Schoeller, Dale A., Frances A. Tylavsky, David J. Baer, William C. Chumlea, Carrie P. Earthman, Thomas Fuerst, Tamara B. Harris, et al. "QDR 4500A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer underestimates fat mass in comparison with criterion methods in adults." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1018–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.5.1018.

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12

Suster, D., B. J. Leury, R. Hewitt, D. J. Kerton, and F. R. Dunshea. "Porcine somatotropin alters body composition and the distribution of fat and lean tissue in the finisher gilt." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 6 (2005): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04135.

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The present study was designed to determine whether porcine somatotropin (pST) reduces whole animal and belly fat using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and manual dissection. The study utilised 24 Large White × Landrace gilts selected at 16 weeks of age with an approximate liveweight of 80 kg and housed in individual pens. Gilts were stratified on liveweight into 8 blocks and 1 pig from each block was assigned to either 0, 5 or 10 mg per day of pST. Pigs were fed ad libitum a wheat-based diet containing 200 g crude protein, 10.2 g available lysine and 14.6 MJ DE/kg, to ensure that responses to pST were expressed. Feed intake and liveweight were measured on a weekly basis. An Hologic QDR4500A dual energy X-ray absorptiometer was used to determine lean, fat and ash composition of pigs initially and again 4 weeks later at the end of the experiment. After slaughter, the composition of the whole half carcass as well as the shoulder, ham, belly and loin primal cuts was determined with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and verified with manual dissection. Daily pST treatment decreased feed intake (3440, 2710 and 2537 g/day for 0, 5 or 10 mg pST per day, respectively; P<0.001) and decreased feed conversion ratio (2.95, 2.18 and 2.03 g/g; P<0.001) even though there was no significant effect on daily gain. Pigs treated with pST deposited more lean tissue (620, 839 and 873 g/day; P<0.05) and less fat (384, 218 and 176 g/day; P<0.001) than control animals, but there was no effect of pST on ash deposition. As a consequence, pigs treated with 5 and 10 mg pST/day contained 5 and 9 kg less dissectible fat than control gilts, respectively. A dose dependent decrease in belly, loin, ham and shoulder fat was also observed, although the decrease in belly fat was more pronounced than for the whole carcass and other primal cuts. Overall, pST treatment has the potential to decrease carcass and especially belly fat in pigs and increase consumer acceptance of pork in markets that place a premium on carcass fat and lean yield in the belly region. The results determined with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry were confirmed by manual dissection.

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13

Laskey, M. A., and A. Prentice. "Comparison of adult and paediatric spine and whole body software for the Lunar dual energy X-ray absorptiometer." British Journal of Radiology 72, no. 862 (October 1999): 967–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.72.862.10673948.

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14

Semenova, O. N., M. M. Kostik, S. I. Yagashkina, M. A. Bogdanova, A. N. Voytovich, O. S. Romashkina, L. A. Shcheplyagina, and V. I. Larionova. "MOLEKULYaRNO-GENETIChESKIE MARKERY OSTEOPOROZA U ZhITELEY BLOKADNOGO LENINGRADA." Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases 14, no. 2 (August 15, 2011): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/osteo2011211-13.

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The aim of our study is researching influence of vitamin D and osteocalcin polymorphic gene markers in people, who lived in Blockaded Leningrad in 1941-1944 and detecting “critical age” of peak bone mass formation in these people. We included in our study 48 peoples, 13 males and 35 females. Osteodensitometry of lumbar spine (L1-L4) and proximal hip was used by dualenergy X-ray absorptiometer GE Lunar Prodigy Vision 6. Molecular diagnostic researching are: detecting ApaI, TagI vitamin D receptor (VDR) and HindIII osteocalcin gene polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction with restriction assay. Women with osteopenia of hip neck had significantly higher age in the onset of Blockade, than women without osteopenia. Genotype ТТ and allele Т of TagI, aa genotype of ApaI VDR, genotype hh and allele h of HindIII osteocalcin gene polymorphism will be able as markers of genetic predisposing to osteoporosis in people, who lived in Blockaded Leningrad.

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15

Dunshea, F. R., D. Suster, P. J. Eason, R. D. Warner, D. L. Hopkins, and E. N. Ponnampalam. "Accuracy of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, weight, longissimus lumborum muscle depth and GR fat depth to predict half carcass composition in sheep." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 10 (2007): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07039.

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A Hologic QDR4500W dual energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA) was used to measure body composition in 60 sheep half carcasses ranging from 8 to 28 kg. Half carcasses were from ewes and wethers of mixed genetics. Values determined by DXA, including total tissue mass (TTM), lean tissue mass (LTM), fat tissue mass (FTM) and bone mineral content (BMC), for the half carcass were evaluated by comparison with chemically determined composition. In the case of BMC, the relationship was with chemically determined ash content. Liveweight and chemically determined lean, fat and ash were strongly related to DXA-derived values for TTM, LTM, FTM and BMC, respectively (R2 = 0.999, 0.986, 0.989 and 0.920, respectively). However, because DXA estimates were different from chemically determined values in this sample of carcasses, they needed to be adjusted with the use of appropriate regression equations to correct the in-built algorithms. These data demonstrate the efficacy of DXA as a non-destructive method for determining the composition of the sheep half carcass.

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16

Tylavsky, Frances, Timothy Lohman, Barbara A. Blunt, Dale A. Schoeller, Thomas Fuerst, Jane A. Cauley, Michael C. Nevitt, Marjolein Visser, and Tamara B. Harris. "QDR 4500A DXA overestimates fat-free mass compared with criterion methods." Journal of Applied Physiology 94, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 959–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00732.2002.

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This study evaluated the accuracy with which the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (Hologic QDR 4500A) measured fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and hydration of FFM. In a study of 58 men and women (ages 70–79 yr), the QDR 4500A was found to provide a systematically higher estimate of FFM and lower estimate of FM than a four-component model of body composition. A correction factor from this study was developed and applied to two other samples ( n = 13 and 37). We found mean corrected levels of FFM and FM to be equivalent to that obtained by the four-component model or total body water. In addition, the hydration of the corrected FFM was closer to the established hydration level in adult samples and that obtained from the four-component model. These findings suggest that the current calibration of the fan-beam system of the Hologic QDR 4500A provides an overestimate of FFM and underestimate of FM compared with reference methods.

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17

Gardner, G. E., S. Starling, J. Charnley, J. Hocking-Edwards, J. Peterse, and A. Williams. "Calibration of an on-line dual energy X-ray absorptiometer for estimating carcase composition in lamb at abattoir chain-speed." Meat Science 144 (October 2018): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.06.020.

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18

Bonis, Marc, Mark Loftin, Richard Speaker, and Anthony Kontos. "Body Composition of Elite, Eumenorrheic and Amenorrheic, Adolescent Cross-Country Runners." Pediatric Exercise Science 21, no. 3 (August 2009): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.21.3.318.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the seasonal relationship of athletic amenorrhea and body composition in elite, adolescent, cross-country runners. The participants consisted of 28 female adolescent cross-country runners (mean age ± SD = 15.4 ± 1.5 years); 17 eumenorrheics and 11 amenorrheics. The participants’ body composition was measured pre- and postseason using dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometer (DXA). The eumenorrheics’ postseason BMD was significantly greater than the amenorrheics’ postseason BMD (F(1,54) = 16.22, p < .05, partial η2 = .231). The eumenorrheics’ postseason bodyweight (F(1,54) = 7.65, p < .05, partial η2 = .124), BF (F(1,54) = 8.56, p < .05, partial η2 = .137), and BMC (F(1,54) = 8.52, p < .05, partial η2 = .136) were significantly greater than the amenorrheic subgroup. There was also a significant seasonal increase in BMD (t(27) = –4.01, p < .05) for the overall group and the eumenorrheic subgroup (t(16) = –3.90, p < .05). Bodyweight best predicted BMD (F(1,26) = 46.434, p < .05, R2 = .641). In the study, athletic amenorrhea was highly associated with lower levels of BMD in the participants, and crosscountry running was highly associated with increased BMD.

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Meier, Nathan F., Yang Bai, Chong Wang, and Duck-chul Lee. "Validation of a Multielectrode Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer With a Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometer for the Assessment of Body Composition in Older Adults." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 28, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 598–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2019-0211.

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Changes in body composition are related to mobility, fall risk, and mortality, especially in older adults. Various devices and methods exist to measure body composition, but bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has several advantages. The purpose of this study was to validate a common BIA device with a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA) in older adults and develop prediction equations to improve the accuracy of the BIA measurements. The participants were 277 older adults (162 women and 115 men; age 73.9 ± 5.8 years) without a history of cancer and without a history of severe medical or mental conditions. Individuals fasted 12 hr before BIA and DXA measurement. The correlations between the two methods for appendicular lean mass (ALM), fat-free mass (FFM), and percentage body fat (%BF) were .86, .93, and .92, respectively, adjusting for age and sex. The mean percentage error (DXA—InBody) and mean absolute percentage error were −12% and 13% for ALM, −13% and 13% for FFM, and 16% and 17% for %BF. The prediction equations estimated ALM, FFM, and %BF; sex was coded as 1 for male and 0 for female: Although highly correlated, BIA overestimated FFM, and ALM and underestimated %BF compared with DXA. An application of prediction equations eliminated the mean error and reduced the range of individual error across the sample. Prediction equations may improve BIA accuracy sufficiently to substitute for DXA in some cases.

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20

de Souza Genaro, de Paiva Pereira, de Medeiros Pinheiro, Szejnfeld, and Araújo Martini. "Relationship Between Nutrient Intake and Vitamin D Status in Osteoporotic Women." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 77, no. 6 (November 1, 2007): 376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.77.6.376.

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Vitamin D is essential for maintaining calcium homeostasis and optimizing bone health. Its inadequacy is related to many factors including dietary intake. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum 25(OH)D and its relationship with nutrient intakes in postmenopausal Brazilian women with osteoporosis. This cross-sectional study comprised 45 free-living and assisted elderly at São Paulo Hospital. Three-day dietary records were used to assess dietary intakes. Bone mineral density was measured with a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA). Blood and urine sample were collected for analysis of biochemical markers of bone and mineral metabolism. Insufficiency of vitamin D was observed in 24.4% of the women and optimal levels (≥ 50 nmol/L) were observed in 75.6%. Parathyroid hormone was above the reference range in 51% of the participants. The mean calcium (724 mg/day) and vitamin D (4.2 μ g/day) intakes were lower than the value proposed by The Food and Nutrition Board and sodium intake was more than two-fold above the recommendation. Higher levels of serum 25(OH)D were inversely associated with sodium intake. Dietary strategies to improve serum vitamin D must focus on increasing vitamin D intake and should take a reduction of sodium intake into consideration.

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Dunton, Genevieve Fridlund, Margaret Schneider, Dan J. Graham, and Dan M. Cooper. "Physical Activity, Fitness, and Physical Self-Concept in Adolescent Females." Pediatric Exercise Science 18, no. 2 (May 2006): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.18.2.240.

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Cross-sectional research examined whether physical activity or physical fitness was more closely linked to physical self-concept in adolescent females ages 14 to 17 (N = 103, 63% Caucasian). Moderate physical activity and vigorous physical activity were measured through a 3-day physical activity recall. Physical fitness was assessed using highly accurate measures of peak oxygen consumption (via cycle ergometer) and percent body fat (via dual X-ray absorptiometer). The Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) assessed self-concept in 11 domains (e.g., health, endurance, appearance). Pearson’s correlations showed that vigorous physical activity was positively associated with scores on most of the PSDQ scales (p < .005). Peak oxygen consumption was positively related to all of the selfconcept domains (p < .001), and percent body fat was negatively related on most of the PSDQ scales (p < .005). Multiple-regression analyses found that physical fitness (i.e., peak oxygen consumption and percent body fat) was more closely related to physical self-concept than was physical activity. In addition to the possibility that genetically determined fitness levels may influence physical selfconcept, these findings suggest that programs designed to elevate self-perceptions may require physical activity levels sufficient to improve cardiovascular fitness and decrease body fat.

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22

Suster, D., B. J. Leury, C. D. Hofmeyr, D. N. D'Souza, and F. R. Dunshea. "The accuracy of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), weight, and P2 back fat to predict half-carcass and primal-cut composition in pigs within and across research experiments." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 9 (2004): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04052.

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A Hologic QDR4500A dual energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA) was used to measure body composition in 199 half-carcasses ranging from 15 to 48 kg. Half-carcasses were from animals of mixed sex and of either Large White × Landrace or Large White × Landrace × Duroc descent. Half-carcasses were selected from 5 different experiments to evaluate DXA accuracy within and across experiments. Values determined by DXA including total tissue mass, fat tissue mass, lean tissue mass, and bone mineral content, for the half-carcass and the shoulder, loin, belly, and ham primal cuts were evaluated by comparison with manually dissected composition. Relationships between manually dissected values and measurements of weight and backfat at the P2 site were also evaluated. Manually dissected values were strongly related to DXA-derived values, more so than with weight and P2 or a combination of both, particularly in the measurement of fat composition. In contrast to estimates derived from weight and P2, DXA-derived estimates remained accurate even when between-experiment variation was included. However, because DXA estimates were different from manually dissected values, they would need to be adjusted with the use of appropriate regression equations to correct the in-built algorithms. These results demonstrate the efficacy of DXA as a non-destructive method for determining the composition of the half-carcass and primal cuts, and its greater precision than current routinely used methods.

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Evans, Juliet, Malcolm Collins, Courtney Jennings, Lize van der Merwe, Ingegerd Söderström, Tommy Olsson, Naomi S. Levitt, Estelle V. Lambert, and Julia H. Goedecke. "The association of interleukin-18 genotype and serum levels with metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease." European Journal of Endocrinology 157, no. 5 (November 2007): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-07-0463.

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AbstractObjectiveCirculating levels of interleukin (IL)-18 are associated with the metabolic syndrome and risk for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study investigated the association between the circulating IL-18 levels and the −137 G/C polymorphism within the IL-18 gene with metabolic risk factors for CVD in normal-weight and obese black South African women.MethodsBlood pressure (BP), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer), visceral adiposity (computerized tomography), as well as fasting glucose, insulin, lipid profile, IL-18 levels, and IL-18 genotype were measured in 104 normal-weight (body mass index (BMI) ≤25 kg/m2) and 124 obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2) black South African women.ResultsSubjects with a GC genotype (23%) had a greater mean arterial pressure (MAP, 90.6±11.1 vs 85.5±10.3 mmHg, P<0.001) than the subjects with the GG genotype. Serum IL-18 levels were not associated with IL-18 genotype (P=0.985); however, they significantly correlated with percentage of body fat (r=0.25, P<0.001), visceral adiposity (r=0.32, P<0.001), MAP (r=0.22, P=0.001), HOMA-IR (r=0.33, P<0.001), fasting insulin (r=0.25, P<0.001), triglyceride (r=0.16, P<0.05), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (r=−0.14, P<0.05) levels, after adjusting for age and body fatness.ConclusionsWe show for the first time that the GC genotype of the IL-18 −137 G/C polymorphism and the circulating IL-18 levels are independently associated with raised BP. Moreover, fasting IL-18 levels are associated with the other metabolic risk factors for CVD in normal-weight and obese black South African women.

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24

Sakkas, Giorgos K., Christina Karatzaferi, Elias Zintzaras, Christoforos D. Giannaki, Vassilios Liakopoulos, Eleftherios Lavdas, Eleni Damani, et al. "Liver fat, visceral adiposity, and sleep disturbances contribute to the development of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in nondiabetic dialysis patients." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 295, no. 6 (December 2008): R1721—R1729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00935.2007.

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Hemodialysis patients exhibit insulin resistance (IR) in target organs such as liver, muscles, and adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to identify contributors to IR and to develop a model for predicting glucose intolerance in nondiabetic hemodialysis patients. After a 2-h, 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 34 hemodialysis patients were divided into groups with normal (NGT) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Indices of insulin sensitivity were derived from OGTT data. Measurements included liver and muscle fat infiltration and central adiposity by computed tomography scans, body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometer, sleep quality by full polysomnography, and functional capacity and quality of life (QoL) by a battery of exercise tests and questionnaires. Cut-off points, as well as sensitivity and specificity calculations were based on IR (insulin sensitivity index by Matsuda) using a receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. Fifteen patients were assigned to the IGT, and 19 subjects to the NGT group. Intrahepatic fat content and visceral adiposity were significantly higher in the IGT group. IR indices strongly correlated with sleep disturbances, visceral adiposity, functional capacity, and QoL. Visceral adiposity, O2 desaturation during sleep, intrahepatic fat content, and QoL score fitted into the model for predicting glucose intolerance. A ROC curve analysis identified an intrahepatic fat content of >3.97% (sensitivity, 100; specificity, 35.7) as the best cutoff point for predicting IR. Visceral and intrahepatic fat content, as well as QoL and sleep seemed to be involved at some point in the development of glucose intolerance in hemodialysis patients. Means of reducing fat depots in the liver and splachnic area might prove promising in combating IR and cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis patients.

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Trutschnigg, Barbara, Robert D. Kilgour, Jason Reinglas, Leonard Rosenthall, Laura Hornby, José A. Morais, and Antonio Vigano. "Precision and reliability of strength (Jamar vs. Biodex handgrip) and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry vs. bioimpedance analysis) measurements in advanced cancer patients." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 6 (December 2008): 1232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h08-122.

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Important deteriorations in body composition and strength occur and need to be accurately measured in advanced cancer patients (ACPs). The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between a single-frequency bioimpedance analyzer (BIA) and the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA), as well as the Jamar handgrip dynometer and the Biodex handgrip attachment, and to determine the precision of each of these instruments in ACPs. Eighty-one ACPs with non-small-cell lung cancer and gastrointestinal cancer were recruited from the McGill University Health Centre (Montreal, Que.). Consecutive paired measurements, with repositioning between measurements, were obtained for total-body DXA, BIA, Biodex handgrip, and BIA plus Jamar handgrip. The total-body percent coefficient of variation (%CV) for the BIA and DXA were 1.34 and 1.56 for fat mass (FM), respectively, and 0.42 and 0.72 for fat free mass (FFM), respectively. The %CV for the Jamar and Biodex handgrips were 6.3 and 16.7, respectively. Bland–Altman plots were used to characterize the limits of agreement between DXA and BIA for FM (4.60 ± 7.80 (–3.19 to 12.39) kg) and FFM (–1.87 ± 7.16 (–9.03 to 5.29) kg). Both DXA and BIA demonstrate good short-term precision in ACPs. However, given its poor accuracy, it remains to be determined if BIA can be used to monitor ACPs for changes in total-body tissue composition as a function of time, whether for observation or response to treatment. Furthermore, because of wide limits of agreement, the DXA and BIA cannot be used interchangeably in research or clinical settings. The Jamar handgrip dynamometer shows more consistency than the Biodex handgrip attachment in ACPs, and should therefore be the preferred measure of changes in strength over time.

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Hephzibah Kirubamani N. "Protective role of serum uric acid for bone loss in postmenopausal women." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL2 (April 29, 2020): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl2.2178.

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Researchers had found that there is an association between oxidative stress and osteoporosis. Postmenopausal osteoporosis causes major public health problems. Since Uric acid has strong antioxidant properties, it will improve bone quality. This cross-sectional observational study was done to determine the association of Uric Acid and Bone Mineral Density of 75 healthy postmenopausal women who came for a master health checkup. The mean age was 60.5 years. After ethical clearance and informed consent, women were recruited for the study at Saveetha Medical Hospital Chennai. Women with medical conditions or who were using drugs affecting bone metabolism or uric acid were excluded. Basic investigations were Hb, serum UA, blood urea, serum creatinine, serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase, blood glucose and glycosylated Hb. Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, 25 hydroxy Vitamin D were also done. Serum UA levels were graded as <3.9, 3.9–4.9, 5–6.1, and ≥6.2 mg/dl. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) was calculated with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometer (DXA). Osteoporosis was defined as BMD T-score −2.5 and below. BMD with a T-score of -1 −2.5 was classified as osteopenia (WHO). In women with high UA, there were significantly higher levels of low-density lipoprotein, and calcium, as compared to women with low UA group (p<0.05). High UA group, as compared to the low UA group, also had lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (p<0.001). Women with higher Uric acid levels had lower BMI, lesser years of duration of Menopause and increased BMD. Serum UA level had a positive correlation with the Lumbar BMD T score and Right Femoral Neck BMD T Score. In UA >5.4mg/dl group Osteoporosis was nil.

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Suster, D., B. J. Leury, R. H. King, M. Mottram, and F. R. Dunshea. "Interrelationships between porcine somatotropin (pST), betaine, and energy level on body composition and tissue distribution of finisher boars." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 9 (2004): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04029.

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Fifty-six individually penned boars (initial weight 64 kg) were used to investigate the interactions between dietary betaine, dietary energy, and porcine somatotropin (pST) treatment. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment with the respective factors being dietary betaine (0 or 1.5 g/kg) and energy level (80% or 100% ad libitum) and treatment with pST (0 or 5 mg/day). A Hologic QDR4500A Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometer (DXA) was used to determine body composition of pigs at the beginning and end of the study at Day 35. After slaughter, the composition of the whole half-carcass as well as the shoulder, ham, belly, and loin primal cuts was determined with DXA and verified with manual dissection. The main effects of dietary betaine were most pronounced when dietary energy was restricted. Under these conditions, daily gain was increased by dietary betaine (1188 v. 1271 g/day, P = 0.049) and pST (1115 v. 1344 g/day, P < 0.001). When dietary energy was restricted, lean tissue deposition was increased by dietary betaine (830 v. 908 g/day, P = 0.032) and pST (764 v. 974 g/day, P < 0.001), and these effects were additive. As a result, the lean meat yield in the half-carcass was increased by both dietary betaine (23.9 v. 25.1 kg, P = 0.043) and pST (23.3 v. 25.7 kg, P < 0.001). Lean tissue responses in primal cuts were more variable but followed a similar pattern. There was little effect of either dietary betaine or pST on fat deposition. These data demonstrate that when energy intake is limiting the potential for growth (as is normally the case for the improved boar), then both dietary betaine and pST treatment, either alone or in combination, can increase lean tissue deposition without increasing fat deposition.

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28

Kilbreath, Sharon, Kathryn M. Refshauge, Jane McNeil Beith, Leigh C. Ward, Philip Clifton-Bligh, Judy M. Simpson, Katrina H. Moore, Mi-Joung Lee, and Lisa Nery. "Efficacy of a one-year exercise program to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women prescribed aromatase inhibitor therapy: An RCT." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e20533-e20533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e20533.

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e20533 Background: The aim of this single blinded RCT was to determine the effect of exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women prescribed an aromatase inhibitor (AI) for the treatment of breast cancer. Methods: 66 sedentary, postmenopausal women, median age of 54.5 years, with early breast cancer and receiving an aromatase inhibitor participated. Women were stratified for taking tamoxifen prior to AI, and randomised to either the exercise (n = 27) or control (n = 39) group. All participants received daily vitamin D (1000 IU) and calcium carbonate (1200 mg) supplements and a booklet from Osteoporosis Australia outlining the benefits of exercise in preventing osteoporosis. The exercise group attended a gym three times per week for one year, supervised at regular intervals by a personal trainer, and were contacted weekly regarding progress and progression. Training sessions comprised warm-up, impact training, and resistance training. The control group was contacted monthly to monitor health status and to receive their supply of vitamins. The primary outcome was total hip BMD measured with a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer. The secondary outcomes included trochanteric, femoral neck, lumbar spine and whole body BMD and t-scores. Results: Intention-to-treat analysis revealed that the change in BMD was not significantly different between groups. At baseline, the mean (SD) total hip BMD in the control group was 0.892 (0.115) g/cm2 and 0.878 (0.112) g/cm2 at 1 yr. In contrast, hip BMD in the Exercise group was 0.918 (0.119) g/cm2 at baseline and 0.910 (0.113) g/cm2at 1 yr. The mean (SD) change for both groups was <1%. The mean T-score of the hip for Controls at baseline was -0.42 (0.94) and -0.53 (0.91) at 1 year. The baseline T-score for the Exercise group was -0.20 (0.95) and -0.26 (0.93) at one year. The average compliance with attendance for the exercise group was 71% but ranged from 20 to 100%. Compliance with vitamins for both groups was high. Conclusions: A one year exercise program did not provide additional benefit to bone density in women on AIs compared to receipt of calcium and vitamin D and advice to exercise. Clinical trial information: (ACTRN12608000220369).

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Steele, C. R., L. J. Zhou, D. Guido, R. Marcus, W. L. Heinrichs, and C. Cheema. "Noninvasive Determination of Ulnar Stiffness From Mechanical Response—In Vivo Comparison of Stiffness and Bone Mineral Content in Humans." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 110, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3108423.

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An approach referred to as Mechanical Response Tissue Analysis (MRTA) has been developed for the noninvasive determination of mechanical properties of the constituents of the intact limb. Of specific interest in the present study is the bending stiffness of the ulna. The point mechanical impedance properties in the low frequency regime, between 60 and 1,600 Hz are used. The procedure requires a proper design of the probe for good contact of the skin at midshaft and proper support of the proximal and distal ends of the forearm to obtain an approximation to “simple support” of the ulna. A seven-parameter model for the mechanical response is then valid, which includes the first mode of anterior-posterior beam bending of the ulna, the damping and spring effect of the soft tissue between probe and bone, and the damping of musculature. A dynamic analyzer (HP3562A) provides in seconds the impedance curve and the pole-zero curve fit. The physical parameters are obtained from a closed-form solution in terms of the curve-fit parameters. The procedure is automated and is robust and analytically reliable at about the five percent level. Some 80 human subjects have been evaluated by this mechanical response system and by the Norland single photon absorptiometer, providing for the first time in vivo, a comparison of elastic bending stiffness (ulna) and bone mineral content (radius). Three functional parameters of potential clinical value are the cross-sectional bending stiffness EI, the axial load capability Pcr (Euler buckling load) and the bone “sufficiency” S, defined as the ratio of Pcr to body weight. The correlation between EI and bone mineral (r = 0.81) is only slightly less than previous in vitro results with both measurements on the same bone (r = 0.89). When sufficiency is taken into consideration, the correlation of Pcr and bone mineral content is improved (r = 0.89). An implication is that “quality” of bone is a factor which is not indicated by bone mineral content but which is indicated by stiffness. Bone mineral is necessary for proper stiffness but not sufficient. Therefore mechanical measurement should provide a new dimension to be used toward a better understanding of the factors related to bone health and disease.

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30

Hackney, A. C., W. Hezier, T. P. Gulledge, S. Jones, D. Strayhorn, M. Busby, E. Hoffman, and E. P. Orringer. "Effects of Hydroxyurea Administration on the Body Weight, Body Composition and Exercise Performance of Patients with Sickle-Cell Anaemia." Clinical Science 92, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0920481.

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1. As an ancillary study carried out during the recently completed Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea, we examined the effect of hydroxyurea on the body weight, body composition and exercise capacity of adult patients with sickle-cell anaemia. 2. The subjects received either hydroxyurea (six males and four females) or placebo (eight males and six females). Data for each subject were generated during four separate 24 h admissions to the General Clinical Research Center. These admissions occurred at baseline and then at 6, 12 and 18 months after the start of study drug (hydroxyurea or placebo) administration. During each admission, body composition was measured by using a dual X-ray absorptiometer, and exercise testing was performed by cycle ergometry. Anaerobic performance was assessed according to a ‘Wingate’ protocol (20 s at maximal intensity against a cycling resistance of 7.5% body weight). Aerobic performance was examined using a steady state submaximal exercise protocol (10 min cycling time). 3. At baseline, no significant difference in any parameter was found between the hydroxyurea- and placebo-treated groups. At 18 months, the hydroxy-urea-treated subjects exhibited an average weight gain of 3.16 kg. The mean weight gain in the placebo-treated subjects was 1.82 kg. Body composition analysis showed that the additional weight in both groups involved both lean and fat body mass components. In anaerobic performance, the subjects given hydroxyurea showed an increase in peak muscle power of 104.9 W. The placebo group also showed an increase, but theirs was a more modest gain of 57.7 W. The most marked improvement in anaerobic performance was observed in the hydroxyurea-treated men (P < 0.05). In aerobic performance, the hydroxyurea-treated subjects exhibited a decrease in peak heart rate response to a standardized workload of 15.2 beats/min, as compared with a decrease of only 4.3 beats/min in the placebo-treated patients. 4. Taken together, the overall weight gain, combined with increases in both anaerobic muscular performance and aerobic cardiovascular efficiency, provides objective data to support the subjective impression that hydroxyurea administration produces an improvement in the physical capacity of patients with sickle-cell anaemia.

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31

Suster, D., B. J. Leury, D. J. Kerton, M. R. Borg, K. L. Butler, and F. R. Dunshea. "Longitudinal DXA measurements demonstrate lifetime differences in lean and fat tissue deposition between boars and barrows under individual and group-penned systems." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 9 (2006): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04266.

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Thirty-two Large White × Landrace male pigs were used to determine the relationships between the rates of tissue deposition and age, in boars and barrows under 2 housing systems. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used, with the respective treatments being sex (boar or barrow) and housing condition (individually penned system or group-penned system). Surgical castration was performed at 7 days of age. Individually housed pigs were used to provide an estimate of potential growth and were weaned at 10 days into individual cages and provided with supplemental fermented skim milk for 2 weeks. Group-housed pigs were weaned at 24 days of age and reared in group pens of boars and castrates typical for commercial production. Conventional weaner, grower, and finisher diets were provided ad libitum to all pigs from weaning onwards. A Hologic QDR4500A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA) was used to determine lean, fat, and bone composition at 4-weekly intervals from 10 until 150 days of age. Over the 20 weeks of the study, boars deposited less fat than barrows (136 v. 179 g/day, s.e.d. = 6.49, P < 0.001). Over the same time frame, boars deposited more lean tissue than barrows when individually penned (490 v. 444 g/day, s.e.d. = 14.4, P < 0.05) but there was no difference in group-penned pigs (464 v. 443 g/day, s.e.d. = 14.4, P > 0.1). This was more pronounced in the final 4 weeks of growth when individually penned boars deposited 200 g/day more lean than barrows (P < 0.001), with no increase in group-penned animals. However, during this growth phase, group penning further increased the fat deposition margin between boars and barrows where boars deposited 90 g/day less fat when individually penned (P < 0.001), but 140 g/day less fat (P < 0.001) when group penned. The results show that the advantages of boars in terms of growth and lean tissue composition are substantially reduced in group-penned situations. However, because of fat deposition, boars retain some advantage over barrows in group-penned systems at liveweights over about 50 kg. These data may aid in the accurate prediction of the nutrient requirements and optimum slaughter weight for barrows.

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32

Adams, Judith E. "Radiogrammetry and Radiographic Absorptiometry." Radiologic Clinics of North America 48, no. 3 (May 2010): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2010.03.006.

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33

Jacobson, Jon A., David A. Jamadar, and Curtis W. Hayes. "Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry." American Journal of Roentgenology 174, no. 6 (June 2000): 1699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.174.6.1741699.

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34

Kalender, W., K. Engelke, T. P. Fuerst, C.-C. Glüer, P. Laugier, and J. Shepherd. "5. X-ray Absorptiometry." Journal of the ICRU 9, no. 1 (April 2009): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicru/ndp008.

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35

Altman, Albert, and Ronald Aaron. "Dual X-ray absorptiometry." American Journal of Physics 80, no. 7 (July 2012): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.3696675.

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36

Kalender, W., K. Engelke, T. P. Fuerst, C.-C. Glüer, P. Laugier, and J. Shepherd. "5. X-ray Absorptiometry." Journal of the ICRU 9, no. 1 (April 2009): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicru_ndp008.

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37

Frost, Harold M. "Absorptiometry and ?osteoporosis?: problems." Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 21, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00774-003-0418-6.

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38

Bradley, D. A., C. S. Chong, and A. M. Ghose. "Photon absorptiometry of hydrocarbons." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part A. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 37, no. 12 (January 1986): 1195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2889(86)90005-5.

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39

Blake, G. M., K. M. Knapp, and I. Fogelman. "Dual X-ray Absorptiometry." Calcified Tissue International 76, no. 2 (January 6, 2005): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00223-004-0080-6.

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40

Weinstein, Robert S., Katheryn D. New, and Linda J. Sappington. "Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry versus single photon absorptiometry of the radius." Calcified Tissue International 49, no. 5 (September 1991): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02556252.

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41

Borg, J., A. Møllgaard, and B. J. Riis. "Single X-ray absorptiometry: Performance characteristics and comparison with single photon absorptiometry." Osteoporosis International 5, no. 5 (September 1995): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01622260.

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42

Christiansen, Claus. "Photon Absorptiometry Studies in Osteoporosis." Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 64, s130 (January 1985): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016348509157150.

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43

Laster, Andrew J. "Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry." North Carolina Medical Journal 75, no. 2 (March 2014): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18043/ncm.75.2.132.

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44

Jain, Rajesh K., and Tamara Vokes. "Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry." Journal of Clinical Densitometry 20, no. 3 (July 2017): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2017.06.014.

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45

Landry, Christine. "Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry." Journal of Clinical Engineering 23, no. 2 (March 1998): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004669-199803000-00013.

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46

Buxton, F. M. A., G. M. Blake, J. C. Parker, and I. Fogelman. "80. Dual X-ray absorptiometry." Nuclear Medicine Communications 14, no. 1 (April 1993): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-199304000-00082.

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47

BONNICK, SYDNEY L. "Dual-energy X-Ray Absorptiometry." Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 56, no. 4 (December 2013): 677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/grf.0b013e3182a8240c.

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48

Shipp, Clanton C., Paul S. Berger, Manya S. Deehr, and Bess Dawson-Hughes. "Precision of dual-photon absorptiometry." Calcified Tissue International 42, no. 5 (September 1988): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02556361.

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49

Glüer, C. C., P. Steiger, and H. K. Genant. "Validity of dual-photon absorptiometry." Radiology 166, no. 2 (February 1988): 574–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.166.2.3336739.

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50

Ferretti, J. L., Hans Schiessl, and H. M. Frost. "On New Opportunities for Absorptiometry." Journal of Clinical Densitometry 1, no. 1 (March 1998): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/jcd:1:1:41.

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