Relevant bibliographies by topics / Absorbed power density (APD)

Academic literature on the topic 'Absorbed power density (APD)'

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Published: 1 June 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Journal articles on the topic "Absorbed power density (APD)":

1

Mutombo, Ntumba Marc-Alain, and Bubele Papy Numbi. "Absorbed power density approach for optimal design of heaving point absorber wave energy converter: A case study of Durban sea characteristics." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 33, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i1a10381.

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This work proposes an approach for the optimal sizing of a cylindrical heaving wave energy converter (WEC). The approach is based on maximising the absorbed power density (APD) of the buoy, with the diameter being the decision variable. Furthermore, two types of buoy shapes were compared to get the best option. The two buoy shapes are the cone cylinder buoy (CCB) and the hemisphere cylinder buoy (HCB). The aim was therefore to determine the best shape and as well as the optimal size of the cylindrical point absorber. To validate the approach, the simulation was performed under Durban (South Africa) sea characteristics of 3.6 m wave significant height and 8.5 s peak period, using the openWEC simulator. The buoy diameter range considered was from 0.5 m to 10 m for both shapes. Simulation results revealed that a diameter of 1 m was the optimal solution for both buoy shapes. Furthermore, the APD method revealed that the HCB was more efficient than the CCB. The power density of the HCB was 1070 W/m2, which was almost double the power density of the CCB, while the two shapes present almost the same absorbed power.
2

Liang, Zhiyue, Haoyu Zhang, Zixiang Li, Dong Du, and Li Wang. "In situ monitoring of beam current in electron beam directed energy deposition based on adsorbed electrons." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2369, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2369/1/012086.

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Electron beam directed energy deposition (EB-DED) is a promising and efficient additive manufacturing technology, but the vacuum environment challenges the in situ parameters monitoring. In this paper, an in situ beam current monitoring method is developed based on the absorbed electrons. A series of experiments show that there is a linear relationship between the absorbed electron current and the impinging beam current. However, this relationship only holds when the beam power density is relatively low. When the power density is high, the absorbed electron current will be lower than the theoretical value determined by the linear relationship. This is mainly due to the massive generation and ionization of metal vapor. The critical power density depends on the melting point of the material. Nonetheless, the deviation of the absorbed electron current at high power density can roughly determine the relative position between the focal spot and the workpiece surface. In addition, the slope of the linear relationship is material-dependent, so this method can also distinguish different materials.
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Lee, S. "Density ratios in compressions driven by radiation pressure." Laser and Particle Beams 6, no. 3 (August 1988): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460000553x.

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It has been recently suggested (Hora & Miley 1984) that in the cannonball scheme of laser compression the pellet may be considered to be compressed by the ‘brute force’ of the radiation pressure. For such a radiation-driven compression, this paper applies an energy balance method to give an equation fixing the radius compression ratio κ which is a key parameter for such intense compressions. A shock model is used to yield specific results. For a square-pulse driving power compressing a spherical pellet with a specific heat ratio of 5/3, a density compression ratio Γ of 27 is computed. Double (stepped) pulsing with linearly rising power enhances Γ to 1750. The value of Γ is not dependent on the absolute magnitude of the piston power, as long as this is large enough. Further enhancement of compression by multiple (stepped) pulsing becomes obvious. The enhanced compression increases the energy gain factor G for a 100 μm DT pellet driven by radiation power of 1016 W from 6 for a square pulse power with 0·5 MJ absorbed energy to 90 for a double (stepped) linearly rising pulse with absorbed energy of 0·4 MJ assuming perfect coupling efficiency.
4

Vashchuk, E. S., E. A. Budovskikh, L. P. Bashchenko, V. E. Gromov, and K. V. Aksenova. "Structural Phase States and Surface Properties of Steel 45 after Electroexplosive Borocoppering and Electron-Beam Treatment." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 4(120) (September 10, 2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2021)4-02.

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The paper concerns improving the microhardness and wear resistance of steel 45 by the combined treatment of electroexplosive borocoppering with the subsequent electron-beam treatment. It is found that surface roughness at the area of the electroexplosive treatment increases along with the absorbed power density and the mass of boron powder. The electron-beam treatment leads to a decrease of roughness and appearance of craters instead of radial melt flow traces. The depth structure of the electroexplosive alloying area with a thickness of 25 µm includes a coating layer, near-surface, intermediate, and boundary layers. The surface microhardness and the depth of the hardening zone after the electroexlosive alloying increase along with the absorbed power density and boron concentration and reach the values of 1400 HV The electron-beam treatment causes merging of the coating and the surface layers and increases the hardening zone depth up to 80 µm. A cellular or dendritic crystallization structure is formed near the surface, and a grain structure is formed in the depth. The inhomogeneous distribution of alloying elements over the volume of the alloying area and its adjustment during the electron-beam treatment are established. The inter-dendritic distances and grain diameters increase as the absorbed power density becomes higher with the increase of the electron-beam treatment exposure time. Also, the size of martensite needles increases in the depth. The combined treatment produces the sub microcrystalline strengthening phases-borides FeB, Fe2B, FeB2, carboboride Fe23 (C, B)6 , and carbide B4C. The microhardness level is reduced to 800 HV, and the wear resistance increases up to five times when compared to the wear resistance of the base.
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Poljak, Dragan, Anna Šušnjara, and Lucija Kraljević. "Assessment of absorbed power density in multilayer planar model of human tissue." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 199, no. 8-9 (May 24, 2023): 798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncad082.

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Abstract The paper deals with the determination of the absorbed power density (Sab) in a planar multilayer model of a tissue exposed to the radiation of a dipole antenna, based on the analytical/numerical approach. A derivation of Sab from the differential form of Poynting theorem is presented. The two-layer and three-layer tissue models are used. Illustrative analytical/numerical results for electric and magnetic fields and Sab induced at the tissue surface for various antenna lengths, operating frequencies and antenna-interface distances are presented in the paper. Exposure scenarios of interest pertain to frequencies above 6GHz pertaining to 5G mobile systems.
6

Arreola-Ramos, Carlos E., Omar Álvarez-Brito, Juan Daniel Macías, Aldo Javier Guadarrama-Mendoza, Manuel A. Ramírez-Cabrera, Armando Rojas-Morin, Patricio J. Valadés-Pelayo, Heidi Isabel Villafán-Vidales, and Camilo A. Arancibia-Bulnes. "Experimental Evaluation and Modeling of Air Heating in a Ceramic Foam Volumetric Absorber by Effective Parameters." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 2506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092506.

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Reticulate porous ceramic reactors use foam-type absorbers in their operation which must fulfill two essential functions: favoring the volumetric effect and increasing the mass and heat transfer by acting as a support for the reactive materials. Heating these absorbers with highly inhomogeneous concentrate irradiation induces high thermal gradients that affect their thermal performance. Owing to the critical function of these component in the reactor, it is necessary to define a selection criterion for the foam-type absorbers. In this work, we performed an experimental and numerical thermal analysis of three partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) foam-type absorbers with pore density of 10, 20, and 30 PPI (pores per inch) used as a volumetric absorber. A numerical model and an analytical approximation were developed to reproduce experimental results, and calculate the thermal conductivity, as well as volumetric heat transfer coefficient. The results show that an increase in pore density leads to an increase in the temperature difference between the irradiated face and the rear face of the absorber, this occurs because when pore density increases the concentrated energy no longer penetrates in the deepest space of the absorber and energy is absorbed in areas close to the surface; therefore, temperature gradients are created within the porous medium. The opposite effect occurs when the airflow rate increases; the temperature gradient between the irradiated face and the rear face is reduced. This behavior is more noticeable at low pore densities, but at high pore densities, the effect is less relevant because the internal structure of porous absorbers with high pore density is more complex, which offers obstructions or physical barriers to airflow and thermal barriers to heat transfer. When the steady state is reached, the temperature difference between the two faces of the absorber remains constant if the concentrate irradiation changes slightly, even changing the airflow rate. The results obtained in this work allow us to establish a selection criterion for porous absorbers that operate within solar reactors; this criterion is based on knowledge of the physical properties of the porous absorber, the environment, the working conditions, and the results expected.
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Kim, J. D., Jin Seok Oh, Myung Hyun Lee, and Y. S. Kim. "Spectroscopic Analysis of Plasma Induced in Laser Welding of Aluminum Alloys." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.429.

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This paper describes the features and characteristics of plasma induced in the pulsed YAG laser welding of Al-Mg alloys in air and argon atmospheres. In the air environment, the identified spectra are atomic lines of Al, Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe and Zn, and singly ionized Mg line, as well as strong molecular spectrum of AlO, MgO and AlH. It has been confirmed that the resonant lines of Al and Mg were strongly self-absorbed. These facts have shown that the laser-induced plasma is relatively a low temperature and high density metallic vapor. The intensities of molecular spectra of AlO and MgO are different each other depending on the power density of laser beam. Under the low power density irradiation condition, the MgO band spectrum is predominant in intensity, while the AlO spectrum became much stronger with the increase in high power density. This was attributed by the great difference in boiling point and vaporization energy of Al and Mg. In argon atmosphere the band spectra of MgO and AlO completely vanished, but AlH molecular spectra is detected clearly. The hydrogen source is presumably the hydrogen solved in the base metal, absorbed water on the surface oxide layer, or H2 and H2O in the shielding gas.
8

Mitev, Ivan, and Simeon Tsenkulovski. "LOCAL PROCESSING OF NON-METAL MATERIALS WITH CONCENTRATED ENERGY FLOW." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 13, 2023): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2023vol3.7275.

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In the present study, the peculiarities of local heat treatment with a concentrated light energy flow of non-metallic materials are traced. Mathematical dependences are presented for determining the surface density of the absorbed power - W(r), the thermal power - Po, and other characteristics in case of local thermal impact on the surface of non-metallic materials with a concentrated light energy flow.
9

Li, Jiang-Jiang, Yan-Bin Xi, Na Gao, Zhi-Qiang Wang, Qian Wang, and Yue Liu. "Effect of electron density gradient on power absorption during gigahertz electromagnetic wave propagating in cold plasma." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 3 (March 2022): 033301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0080079.

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Considering the effect of electron density gradient, an analytical, parameter adjustable density distribution function is presented, and a multislab plasma model is used to investigate power absorption of gigahertz electromagnetic waves between 0.20 and 30 GHz in a partially ionized cold plasma layer. The effects of plasma parameters on the absorbed power during electromagnetic wave propagation are investigated and compared with corresponding uniform cases. An optimized asymmetric electron density gradient profile is designed by calculating the corresponding absorption spectrum with selected parameters to enhance the absorption rate near original peak frequencies. The possibility of theoretically designing electron density gradient profiles is important to understand how to enhance the plasma cloaking in some specific electromagnetic wave frequency bands.
10

Song, Jaeman, Minwoo Choi, Zhimin Yang, Jungchul Lee, and Bong Jae Lee. "A multi-junction-based near-field solar thermophotovoltaic system with a graphite intermediate structure." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 16 (October 17, 2022): 163503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0115007.

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A solar thermophotovoltaic (STPV) system can transform incident concentrated solar energy into electrical energy with an efficiency that could be higher than the Shockley–Queisser limit. Near-field thermophotovoltaic (NF-TPV) devices can generate larger electrical power output than traditional far-field TPV devices with the aid of photon tunneling. Moreover, multi-junction PV cells can boost the performance of TPV devices by effectively distributing the absorbed photon energy inside the PV cell. In this work, we design a multi-junction-based near-field STPV system with a practical and high-temperature stable graphite intermediate structure. To optimize the system configuration, we employ a genetic algorithm and a surrogate model based on an artificial neural network, which enables us to suggest a better design approach for the multi-junction-based NF-STPV system between the power output density and power conversion efficiency maximization scenarios. When the concentration factor of the incident solar energy is 5000 and the absorber-to-emitter area ratio is 3, we can achieve a system efficiency of 23%. By introducing a material whose emissivity is as high as a blackbody on the solar absorber, the system efficiency can be further enhanced up to 35%.
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Journal articles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Absorbed power density (APD)":

1

Jafari, Seyedfaraz. "Near-field millimeter-wave radio-frequency exposure analysis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023IPPAT034.

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Cette thèse vise à déterminer la densité de puissance absorbée (APD) en tenant compte du couplage et des réflexions multiples entre l'antenne et le corps humain, ce qui pose des défis dans l'évaluation de l'APD en raison de leur proximité étroite.La première partie de la thèse explore le concept de mesure de l'APD à l'intérieur d'un fantôme de tissu cutané, en se concentrant spécifiquement sur son application dans les technologies 5G. Cependant, la mesure de l'APD à l'intérieur du fantôme de tissu cutanéest limitée en raison de la faible profondeur de pénétration des champs aux ondes millimétriques et quasi-millimétriques. Pour surmonter cette limitation, une technique de reconstruction est utilisée, en utilisant la méthode du spectre de plane inverse. Le champélectrique est échantillonné à une distance spécifique à l'intérieur du fantôme, permettant de déterminer la densité de puissance absorbée à la surface de la peau humaine. Dans la deuxième partie, une approche non invasive basée sur la fonction de Green dyadique (DGF) est proposée pour l'évaluation de l'APD. Cette méthode tient compte du couplage entre le modèle de peau humaineet le dispositif en cours de test (DUT). L'espace entier est divisé en deux demi-espaces : la demi-espace supérieur est rempli d'air, où l'antenne est positionnée, et le demi-espace inférieur est rempli d'un équivalent de peau humaine. L'équation intégrale de champ électrique (EFIE), basée sur les DGF spatiaux, est résolue à l'aide de la méthode des moments (MoM) pour reconstruire les courants équivalents. L'APD est évaluée en fonction des courants équivalents reconstruits sous l'interface air-fantôme.En plus des techniques proposées, la thèse examine les exigences de mesure pour les deux approches, y comprisl'incertitude de mesure du champ électrique, la résolution angulaire d'échantillonnage et la taille requise du fantôme.Les résultats démontrent que les techniques proposées présentent une nouvelle méthodologie pour évaluerl'APD, en tenant compte du couplage entre le corps humain et l'antenne, notamment dans le contexte de l'exposition aux appareils portables fonctionnant au dessus de 6 GHz.Pour garantir la sécurité des individus exposés au RF-EMF à des fréquences supérieures à 6 GHz, le taux d'absorption spécifique (SAR) est remplacé par la densité de puissance (PD) en tant que critère d'exposition, comprenant la densité de puissance absorbée (APD) et la densité de puissance incidente (IPD). L'IPD mesure la densité de puissance du rayonnement émis par une antenne dans l'espace libre, mais il peut ne pas être adapté aux situations d'exposition en champ proche où l'antenne est près du corps humain. Les interactions entre le corps humain et l'antenne, telles que le couplage et les réflexions multiples, peuvent entraîner des changements dans les schémas de rayonnement et les niveaux d'exposition, rendant l'IPD inadéquat. En revanche, l'APD prend en compte le couplage entre l'antenne et le corps humain, permettant une évaluation plus précise du niveau d'exposition réel.Cette thèse vise à déterminer l'APD aux fréquences millimétriques 5G en tenant compte du couplage entre l'antenne et le corps humain lorsqu'ils sont en proximité. Deux approches sont proposées :Évaluation de l'APD dans un Modèle de Peau Humaine : Cette approche implique l'utilisation d'une antenne patch 2x2 fonctionnant à 10, 24 et 60 GHz avec une puissance rayonnée de 200 milliwatts. Le champ E est échantillonné à l'intérieur d'un modèle de tissu cutané humain à différentes distances de la surface de la peau. Le champ E sous l'interface air-fantôme est ensuite évalué par rétropropagation à l'aide de la méthode d'expansion d'onde plane (PWS). Les résultats montrent une erreur de reconstruction inférieure à 9,4 %, 7,35 % et 7,8 % respectivement à 10, 24 et 60 GHz, pour des distances supérieures à 1 mm entre l'antenne et le fantôme
This thesis aims to determine the absorbed power density (APD) considering the coupling and multiple reflections between the antenna and the human body, which poses challenges in assessing APD due to their close proximity.The first part of the thesis explores the concept of measuring APD inside a skin tissue phantom, specifically focusing on its application in 5G technologies.However, measuring APD inside the skin tissue phantom is limited due to the shallow penetration depth of fields at millimeter and quasi-millimeter waves. To overcome this limitation, a reconstruction technique is employed, utilizing the backward plane-wave spectrum(PWS) method. The electric field is sampled at a specific distance within the phantom, enabling the determination of APD at the human skin surface.In the second part, a non-invasive approach based on the dyadic Green's function (DGF) is proposed for APD assessment. This method takes into account the coupling between the human skin model and the device under test (DUT). The entire space is dividedinto two half-spaces : the upper half-space (z > 0) is filled with air, where the antenna is positioned, and the lower half-space is filled with an equivalent human skin liquid or solid. The electric field integral equation (EFIE), based on spatial DGFs, is solved using the method of moments (MoM) to reconstruct the equivalent currents. The electric field is sampled on the surface of a hemisphere surrounding the antenna, and the APD is evaluated based on the reconstructed equivalent currents beneath the air-phantom interface.In addition to the proposed techniques, the thesis investigates the measurement requirements for both approaches, including E-field measurement uncertainty, sampling angular resolution, and the required size of the phantom.The findings demonstrate that the proposed techniques present a novel methodology for assessing APD, taking into consideration the coupling between the human body and the antenna, particularly in the context of exposure to handheld devices operating above 6GHz

Book chapters on the topic "Absorbed power density (APD)":

1

Blanco, Marcos, Jorge Torres, Miguel Santos-Herrán, Luis García-Tabarés, Gustavo Navarro, Jorge Nájera, Dionisio Ramírez, and Marcos Lafoz. "Recent Advances in Direct-Drive Power Take-Off (DDPTO) Systems for Wave Energy Converters Based on Switched Reluctance Machines (SRM)." In Ocean Wave Energy Systems, 487–532. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78716-5_17.

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AbstractThis chapter is focused on Power Take-Off (PTO) systems for wave energy converters (WEC), being one of the most important elements since PTOs are responsible to transform the mechanical power captured from the waves into electricity. It presents Direct-Drive PTO (DDPTO) as one of the most reliable solutions to be adapted to some particular types of WEC, such as point absorbers. A discussion about modularity and adaptability, together with intrinsic characteristics of direct-drive PTOs, is also included. Among the different technologies of electric machines that can be used in direct-drive linear PTOs, switched reluctance machines (SRM) are described in further detail. In particular, the Azimuthal Multi-translator SRM is presented as a suitable solution in order to increase power density and reduce costs. Not only the electric machine, but also the associated power electronics are described in detail. The description includes the different configurations and topologies of power converters and the most appropriate control strategies. Finally, a superconducting linear generator solution is described, presenting it as a reliable alternative for the application of direct-drive PTOs. An example of concept and preliminary design is included in order to highlight the main challenges to be faced during this process.
2

Arinze, Ndidi Stella, Patrick Uche Okafor, and Osondu Ignatius Onah. "The Adverse Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation From Cellular Base Stations in Nigeria." In Handbook of Research on 5G Networks and Advancements in Computing, Electronics, and Electrical Engineering, 269–80. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6992-4.ch010.

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On a global scale, the telecommunication industry is experiencing tremendous growth in mobile phones. Mobile phones communicate with base stations that are erected by the telecommunication industry. The base station produces radio frequency and exposes the people near the base stations to radiation. The effect of electromagnetic radiation from four base stations located at the residential area was studied by measuring their electric field strength and calculating their magnetic field strength and power density at different distances covering a frequency range of 900MHz to 2100MHz. The obtained values showed that the four cellular base stations are operating above the standard values of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Electromagnetic Field Radiation. The specific absorption rate was measured to determine the amount of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation absorbed by the human body. The result which is in the range of 3.22-3.70 W/kg is higher than the acceptable 2 W/kg for localized specific absorption rate.
3

Avery, William H., and Chih Wu. "Introduction and Overview." In Renewable Energy from the Ocean. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195071993.003.0008.

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The sunlight that falls on the oceans is so strongly absorbed by the water that effectively all of its energy is captured within a shallow “mixed layer” at the surface, 35 to 100 m (100 to 300 ft) thick, where wind and wave actions cause the temperature and salinity to be nearly uniform. In the regions of the tropical oceans between approximately 15° north and 15° south latitude, the heat absorbed from the sun warms the water in the mixed layer to a value near 28°C (82°F) that is nearly constant day and night and from month to month. The annual average temperature of the mixed layer throughout the region varies from about 27°C to about 29°C (80 to 85°F). Beneath the mixed layer, the water becomes colder as depth increases until at 800 to 1000 m (2500 to 3300 ft), a temperature of 4.4°C (40°F) is reached. Below this depth, the temperature drops only a few degrees further to the ocean bottom at an average depth of 3650 m (12,000 ft). Thus, a huge reservoir of cold water exists below a depth of 3000 ft. This cold water is the accumulation of ice-cold water that has melted from the polar regions. Because of its higher density and minimal mixing with the warmer water above, the cold water flows along the ocean bottom from the poles toward the equator, displacing the lower-density water above. The result of the two physical processes is to create an oceanic structure with a large reservoir of warm water at the surface and a large reservoir of cold water at the bottom, with a temperature difference between them of 22 to 25 degrees Celsius (40 to 45 degrees Fahrenheit); this structure is found throughout the entire area of the tropical oceans where the depth exceeds 1000 m (3300 ft). The temperature difference is maintained throughout the year, with variations of a few degrees Fahrenheit due to the seasonal effects and weather, and day-to-night changes on the order of one degree. The ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) process uses this temperature difference to operate a heat engine, which produces electric power.
4

Binney, James. "2. Gas between the stars." In Astrophysics: A Very Short Introduction, 11–21. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198752851.003.0002.

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The space between stars is taken up by gas—mostly hydrogen and helium—which manifests itself in many ways, the most important being the absorption of starlight. ‘Gas between the stars’ describes interstellar absorption and the reddening of stars—when dust grains in the gas absorb blue and ultraviolet light, but let red light from the Sun pass through. These dust grains play a crucial role in regulating the temperature, density, and chemical composition of the gas. This composition of interstellar gas hinges on the balance between the destructive power of ultraviolet photons and the catalytic action of dust grains.
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"e. The transfer basket containing the items to be cleaned was lowered into the immersion sump , and statically (i.e. no liquid flow) sonicated for a finite pe-riod of time, usually 15 minutes. f. After static sonication, the rinse pump was turned on and the liquid in the immersion bath was circulated through the activated carbon columns at a rate of1,700 ml/minute for a finite period of time. The circulation time ranged fro m 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the purpose of the test. g. The rate of decontamination was monitored by following the concentration of the contaminant in the decontamination liquid (HFE-7100). h . Steps e and f were repeated until the presence of contaminant in the circulat-ing liquid could no longer be detected. i. When the immersion sump liquid was free of contaminant, the transfer basket was moved from the immersion sump to the superheat sump and dried for 30 minutes to remove liquid drag out. j . The transfer basket was removed from the Poly-Kleen™ system. The test pieces were removed from the basket, visually examined, photographed under visible and UV light, reweighed, and archived. I n order to maximize ultrasonic power density, the minimum amount of liquid needed to cover the parts being cleaned was used. Typically, the sump contained from 130 to 180 mm (5 to 7 inches) of liquid, which corresponds to a liquid vol-ume of approximately 15 liters to 30 liters (4 to 8 gallons) and a corresponding ul-trasonic power density of 26 to 18 watts/liter (100 to 70 watts/gallon). In prelimi-nary tests, it was noted that immersing and sonicating the test samples when the immersion sump was filled to the brim (about 53 liters (14 gallons)) did not result in effective cleaning. At that volume, the ultrasonic power density had dropped to a value of 8 watts/liter (30 watts/gallon). While this value would be considered marginal in a stainless steel ultrasonic bath, where the ultrasonic waves can be re-flected from the walls back into the liquid, in a polypropylene bath in which the walls absorb rather than reflect the ultrasonic waves, this power density level is too low. If parts were also contaminated with biological agents, after Step h, they would be sonicated in a fluorinated surfactant/HFE-7100 solution that would be circu-lated through microfilters to remove suspended materials. The parts would then be rinsed in fresh HFE-7100 to remove fluorocarbon surfactant residues, and then dried as described above. Table 3 lists the sensitive equipment decontamination experiments that were carried out in the Poly-Kleen™ system during the course of the program. The combination of equipment processed, contaminants used, and monitoring method(s) examined are listed in this table. The results of the various cleaning re-sults are summarized in Table 4. This table records the weights of the items listed in Table 3, before and after contamination, as well as the post-cleáning weight and visual appearance of these items." In Surface Contamination and Cleaning, 129–36. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9789047403289-19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Absorbed power density (APD)":

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Karimi, Fariba, Sven Kuhn, Jingtian Xi, Sylvain Reboux, Andreas Christ, Arya Fallahi, Romain Meyer, and Niels Kuster. "Method and Implementations to Measure the Absorbed Power Density." In 2022 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Biomedical Conference (IMBioC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imbioc52515.2022.9790128.

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Kushiyama, Yujiro, and Tomoaki Nagaoka. "Assessment of Absorbed Power Density for Curved Body Models." In XXXVth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium. Gent, Belgium: URSI – International Union of Radio Science, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46620/ursigass.2023.3585.znvo1131.

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Li, Kun, Giulia Sacco, Sachiko Kodera, Dragan Poljak, Yinliang Diao, Kensuke Sasaki, Anna Susnjara, et al. "Intercomparison of Spatially Averaged Absorbed Power Density above 10 GHz." In XXXVth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium. Gent, Belgium: URSI – International Union of Radio Science, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46620/ursigass.2023.0505.valb9114.

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4

Chitnis, Ninad, Fariba Karimi, Arya Fallahi, Sven Kühn, and Niels Kuster. "Traceable Absorbed Power Density Assessment System in the 28 GHz Band." In XXXVth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium. Gent, Belgium: URSI – International Union of Radio Science, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46620/ursigass.2023.3297.kiru8566.

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5

Yao, Ming, Wen Fu, Gert Frølund Pedersen, and Shuai Zhang. "Investigation of Correlation Between Absorbed Power Density and Incident Power Density For User Equipment Antennas at Sub-THz Frequencies." In 2024 18th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eucap60739.2024.10501618.

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6

Elzouka, Mahmoud, Mukesh Kulsreshath, and Sidy Ndao. "Modeling of Near-Field Concentrated Solar Thermophotovoltaic Microsystem." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38396.

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Abstract:
Modeling of a near-field concentrated solar thermophotovoltaic (STPV) microsystem is carried out to investigate the use of STPV-based solid-state energy conversion as a high power density MEMS power generator. Near-field radiation can be realized between two closely separated surfaces (i.e. order of radiation wavelength), resulting in the enhancement of the heat radiation flux orders of magnitudes higher than the blackbody limit, consequently increasing cell output power density. The Near-field STPV model consists of an absorber/emitter model used to estimate the net power absorbed from solar irradiance, a near-field radiation transfer model to evaluate the power tunneled from the emitter to the PV cell at different separation distances, and a PV cell model to determine the photocurrent generated due to thermal radiation absorbed. Results reveal that decreasing separation distance between the emitter and the PV cell increases the absorber/emitter thermal efficiency, increases conversion efficiency, and the power density (×100 far-field). The results also predict increase in cooling power requirement as the separation distance is decreased, which may be a limiting design parameter for near-field STPV microsystems. Based on the model, an overall conversion efficiency of 17% at a separation distance of 10 nm and emitter temperature of 2000 K with solar concentration 6000 sun can be reached; this corresponds to an output power density of 9×105 W/m2.
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Power, Erik P., Sara Bucht, Jake Bromage, and Jonathan D. Zuegel. "Ultra-Stable Optical Substrates for High-Average-Power Applications." In CLEO: Science and Innovations. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2023.sf1n.2.

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Abstract:
Sub-aperture tests and modeling of a “flow-cell” substrate demonstrated <30-s stabilization time. At full-aperture, 2.6-W/cm2 absorbed power density, COMSOL predicts >160× improvement in average-power handling and 150× reduction in warmup time versus passively cooled silica.
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Poljak, Dragan, Vicko Doric, and Anna Susnjara. "Absorbed Power Density at the Surface of Planar Tissue due to Radiation of Dipole Antenna." In 2021 6th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/splitech52315.2021.9566442.

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Poljak, Dragan, Anna Susnjara, and Lucija Kraljevic. "Absorbed Power Density in a Multilayer Tissue Model due to Radiation of Dipole Antenna: Part II Results." In 2022 7th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/splitech55088.2022.9854283.

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Lee, Changmin, Jangyong Ahn, Sungryul Huh, Hyukchoon Kwon, Yongho Park, and Seungyoung Ahn. "Analysis of Absorbed Power Density Change by Dielectric Properties of Phantom Shell in 6-10 GHz Band." In 2023 XXXVth General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI GASS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ursigass57860.2023.10265471.

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