Journal articles: 'Absolute poverty'

1

SHAW, BEVERLEY. "Poverty: absolute or relative?" Journal of Applied Philosophy 5, no. 1 (March 1988): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5930.1988.tb00226.x.

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2

Clarken, Rodney H. "Absolute Poverty and Utter Nothingness." Journal of Baha’i Studies 8, no. 1 (1997): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31581/jbs-8.1.2(1997).

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Bergh, Andreas, and Therese Nilsson. "Is Globalization Reducing Absolute Poverty?" World Development 62 (October 2014): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.04.007.

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4

Charlton, BruceG. "Absolute effects of relative poverty." Lancet 344, no. 8924 (September 1994): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92245-4.

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5

Ravallion, Martin. "On Measuring Global Poverty." Annual Review of Economics 12, no. 1 (August 2, 2020): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-022924.

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This article critically assesses prevailing measures of global poverty. A welfarist interpretation of global poverty lines is augmented by the idea of normative functionings, the cost of which varies across countries. In this light, current absolute measures are seen to ignore important social effects on welfare, while popular, strongly relative measures ignore absolute levels of living. It is argued that a new hybrid measure is called for, combining absolute and weakly relative measures consistent with how national lines vary across countries. Illustrative calculations indicate that we are seeing a falling incidence of poverty globally over the past 30 years. This is mainly due to lower absolute poverty counts in the developing world. While fewer people are poor by the global absolute standard, more are poor by the country-specific relative standard. The vast bulk of poverty, both absolute and relative, is now found in the developing world.

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Simler, Kenneth R., and Channing Arndt. "POVERTY COMPARISONS WITH ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINES ESTIMATED FROM SURVEY DATA." Review of Income and Wealth 53, no. 2 (June 2007): 275–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2007.00228.x.

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7

Edward, Peter. "The ethical poverty line: a moral quantification of absolute poverty." Third World Quarterly 27, no. 2 (March 2006): 377–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590500432739.

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8

Denisova, Irina, and Marina Kartseva. "Gender poverty gap in Russia: absolute vs. multidimensional concepts." Woman in russian society, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 138–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21064/winrs.2020.2.12.

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Poverty is rather high in contemporary Russia: every eighth Russian was poor according to the official statistics in 2018. Fighting poverty is among the top strategic development goals for the period till 2024. The paper studies gender disparities in poverty among Russian adults. Better understanding of gender structure of poverty in Russia would facilitate poverty reduction via better targeting and better tailoring of policy instruments. We utilize micro data of the Survey of income and social program participation by Rosstat as of 2017 for our statistical analysis. Two alternative poverty concepts are used: absolute income poverty (the official methodology of poverty measurement in Russia) and poverty risk and social exclusion index (the key component of poverty monitoring indicator in the EU). The latter index is a composition of relative poverty and deprivation poverty measures. Our results indicate that, on average, there is no gender poverty gap in Russia when absolute poverty concept is used: poverty rates among males and females are the same on average. Hence, we find no statistical support to the widely used by the media thesis of poverty feminization in Russia. Absolute poverty rate, however, is found to vary significantly across different gender-age groups: absolute income poverty among females is higher than among males in young and senior ages, while males are poorer in mid-age groups. When multiple criteria definition of poverty and social exclusion (AROPE) is applied, we find clear signs of feminization of poverty in Russia. Multidimensional poverty is much higher among females, and this is observed in all age groups. The highest gender poverty gap is observed in senior ages. The age-gender poverty structure changes dramatically when we move from absolute poverty concept to the multidimensional one: we observe higher share of females in poverty, and higher share of senior people in poverty. The key determinants of higher multidimensional poverty of females is their relatively (to males) lower wages, and relatively lower pensions.

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9

Allen, Robert C. "Absolute Poverty: When Necessity Displaces Desire." American Economic Review 107, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 3690–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20161080.

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A new basis for an international poverty measurement is proposed based on linear programming for specifying the least cost diet and explicit budgeting for nonfood spending. This approach is superior to the World Bank's $1-a-day line because it is (i) clearly related to survival and well being; (ii) comparable across time and space since the same nutritional requirements are used everywhere while nonfood spending is tailored to climate; (iii) adjusts consumption patterns to local prices; (iv) presents no index number problems since solutions are always in local prices; and (v) requires only readily available information. The new approach implies much more poverty than the World Bank's, especially in Asia. (JEL C61, I14, I31, I32, O15)

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Bararuallo, Frans, and Fransiskus X. Lara Aba. "Influence Factors Determinants Absolute Poverty; Case Study in Indonesia." GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR) Vol.5(3) Jul-Sep 2017 5, no. 3 (June 10, 2017): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2017.5.3(9).

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Objective - This study aims to determine the effect of educational level, socio-cultural, development programs, and the degree of dependence on absolute poverty. Methodology/Technique - Variables taken is Level of education, Social-cultural conditions, The development program, The degree of dependence, Absolute poverty. Findings - The results showed that all the independent variables are positively correlated with the absolute poverty but not significant at all levels of education. It also looks at the effect of predictions, not all significant. Novelty - The study indicates that education can change the conditions of absolute poverty to relative poverty levels or structural poverty, let alone to pursue a better life. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Poverty; Education; Socio-Cultural; Development; Dependence. JEL Classification: I30, I32.

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11

Anwar, Talat, and Sarfraz K. Qureshi. "Trends in Absolute Poverty in Pakistan: 1990-91 and 2001." Pakistan Development Review 41, no. 4II (December 1, 2002): 859–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i4iipp.859-878.

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Poverty, defined comprehensively as absence of options to shape one’s life according to one’s own preferences, comes closer to the concept of human development as presented in UNDP’s Human Development Reports. Absolute poverty, on the contrary, defines poverty in terms of satisfaction of minimum physical needs of food and non-food items to enable people at the lower end of income distribution to engage in economic activity. From the vantage point of the policy-maker concerned with alleviation of poverty, it is crucial to know the magnitude of the existing level of poverty and identify the policy determinants of poverty as well as constraints standing in the way of an effective attack on the worst forms of absolute poverty. In Pakistan, like many other developing countries, poverty has emerged as a core issue on the policy agenda. The traditional measures of poverty—headcount, severity and poverty gap indicate that the incidence of poverty during the previous decade have shown no sign of poverty abatement despite numerous policy and institutional initiatives undertaken by the government. The debate on trends in poverty during the 1990s—an era of stabilisation and structural adjustment has been wide-ranging in Pakistan. However, there is no consensus on the poverty outcomes from the policy and institutional reforms. Primarily due to non-availability of basic data, the last year for which poverty estimates are available is 1998-99.

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12

Esposito, Lucio, and Peter J. Lambert. "POVERTY MEASUREMENT: PRIORITARIANISM, SUFFICIENCY AND THE ‘I'S OF POVERTY." Economics and Philosophy 27, no. 2 (June 22, 2011): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267111000022.

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The seminal contribution of Sen (1976) led to a new way to conceptualize and measure absolute poverty, by arguing for the need to ‘take note of the inequality among the poor’ (Sen 1976: 227). Since then, the ‘Inequality’ of poverty has become the third ‘I’ of poverty, which together with the ‘Incidence’ and the ‘Intensity’ of it constitute the dimensions deemed relevant for poverty evaluation. In this paper, we first argue that the interest in the third ‘I’ of poverty actually originates from a prioritarian (Parfit 1995) rather than an egalitarian attitude. Further, we illustrate the inability of the three ‘I's to fully comprise the criteria for the assessment of poverty which are de facto adopted by existing poverty indices. Some of them resolve distributional conflicts by following leximin, hence assigning a pivotal role to the worst off. We question the desirability of leximin, and conclude that giving absolute priority to the worst off is plausible only in cases where the latter has been identified by an exogenous threshold demarcating a significant difference in human suffering. Finally, we explore to what extent prioritarianism and the sufficiency argument of Frankfurt (1987), Crisp (2003) and Casal (2007) can help conceptualize giving absolute priority to individuals or groups indentified by exogenous (poverty and ultra-poverty) thresholds.

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13

PASTUKHOVA, Elena Ya, Elena A. MOROZOVA, and Natal'ya M. EGOROVA. "Factors of interregional poverty differentiation: Absolute and deprivation approaches." Regional Economics: Theory and Practice 19, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 500–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/re.19.3.500.

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Subject. This article examines the socio-demographic and economic factors of interregional differentiation of absolute poverty and material deprivation in the regions of the Siberian Federal District. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the changes in the poverty rate and identify socio-demographic and economic factors of interregional differentiation of poverty by income and material deprivation. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of correlation analysis, synthesis, and comparison. Results. The article reveals a persistent direct relationship between absolute poverty, the prevalence of material deprivation, and certain factors. Conclusions. Regional policies to reduce absolute and deprivation poverty should be based on understanding the various factors that cause poverty, and using effective aid tools.

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Green, D. "Absolute poverty and child health in India." Public Health 114, no. 6 (November 2000): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3506(00)00396-6.

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15

Ravallion, Martin, Gaurav Datt, and Dominique Walle. "QUANTIFYING ABSOLUTE POVERTY IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD." Review of Income and Wealth 37, no. 4 (December 1991): 345–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00378.x.

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16

WONG, John. "Poverty Reduction in East Asia: A Continuing Development Challenge." East Asian Policy 07, no. 04 (October 2015): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930515000410.

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In recent years, income distribution has worsened virtually in all market economies. For East Asia, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore have successfully done away with absolute poverty, with their current focus on relative poverty. China, Malaysia and Thailand have resolved their absolute poverty problem, targeting policies now on certain regions or certain groups. For Indonesia, the Philippines, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, the main thrust is still on reducing their absolute poverty.

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17

Anwar, Talat. "Prevalence of Relative Poverty in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (December 1, 2005): 1111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.1111-1131.

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Much has been written11about poverty in Pakistan. A large number of attempts have been made by various authors/institutions to estimate the poverty in Pakistan over the last four decades. However, the conceptual basis of poverty remained limited to absolute concept of poverty. The concept of absolute poverty emphasises to estimate the cost of purchasing a minimum ‘basket’ of goods required for human survival. In Pakistan, the discussion has been centered on estimating poverty lines consistent with 2550 or 2350 calorie intake per adult per day as minimum requirement. Thus, absolute definitions of poverty tend to be minimalist and are based on subsistence and the attainment of physical efficiency. Subsistence is concerned with the minimum provision needed to maintain health and working capacity.

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18

Slobodenyuk, E. D., and V. A. Anikin. "Locating the “poverty threshold” in Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 28, 2018): 104–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-1-104-127.

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The present paper focuses on identification of relative “poverty line” and a threshold of high poverty risks. The paper also studies key poverty factors in contemporary Russia. It demonstrates that the relative approach to poverty which is widely used in Western countries is applicable in Russia too. However, the relative poverty thresholds set at 0.5 and 0.75 medians per capita family income identify quite different groups of the poor. The threshold of 0.5 median income indicates deep poverty happened mostly to the unemployed workforce. The relative poverty threshold equal to 0.75 median income identifies the poverty of the elderly who are not considered as the poor by the absolute approach because pensions of Russians have been recently equalized to the subsistence level. Above all, the paper provides econometric estimates of socio-economic determinants of both absolute and relative poverty. It was revealed that the relative deep poverty of the working population was primarily caused by “bad” jobs rather than by “bad” human capital. Absolute poverty of workers is more or less determined by both factors.

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19

Anwar, Talat. "Trends in Absolute Poverty and Governance in Pakistan: 1998-99 and 2004-05." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 4II (December 1, 2006): 777–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i4iipp.777-793.

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Poverty reduction has been at the centre stage of the policy agenda in Pakistan since the beginning of economic reform in the 1990s. Conversely, poverty indices show that the level of poverty has shown no sign of significant poverty reduction despite numerous policy and institutional initiatives undertaken by the government. The debate on trends in poverty during the 1990s has been wide-ranging in Pakistan. Although there has been a consensus that poverty rose during the 1990s, some controversies emerged on the analysis of poverty based on PSLM 2004-05. The official poverty estimates suggest that poverty declined substantially by 10 percentage points from 34.5 percent in 2001-02 to 23.9 percent in 2004-05. In contrast to this, World Bank (2006) has shown that decline in poverty was by 5 percentage point during the above period.

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20

Joo, Myungkook. "Effects of federal programs on children: Absolute poverty, relative poverty, and income inequality." Children and Youth Services Review 33, no. 7 (July 2011): 1203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.02.011.

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21

Ravallion, Martin. "Can high-inequality developing countries escape absolute poverty?" Economics Letters 56, no. 1 (September 1997): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(97)00117-1.

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22

Madden, David. "RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINES: A NEW APPROACH." Review of Income and Wealth 46, no. 2 (June 2000): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2000.tb00954.x.

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23

Novidianto, Raditya, and Rini Irfani. "Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm to Catching Pattern of Change in District/City Poverty Variables Before and The Beginning of The Covid-19 Pandemic in Sulawesi Island." Parameter: Journal of Statistics 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/27765660.2021.v1.i2.15446.

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The first goal of the SDGs is to end poverty in any form. The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected several economic indicators, especially absolute poverty, especially in Sulawesi Island, which has increased poverty indicators, leading to the movement of values between districts/cities. The grouping will show similar characteristics of absolute variable poverty. By the Fuzzy method clustering, each observation has a degree of membership so that from the degree of membership can be identified which areas have vulnerable to move from one cluster to another. Grouping using fuzzy algorithms will get an overview of districts of concern to the government during the pandemic so that the variable indicators of absolute poverty do not worsen due to the pandemic. Comparison with the absolute variables of poverty in 2019 and 2020 in the headcount index (P0), Poverty Gap Index (P1), and Poverty Severity Index (P2) in districts/cities on the island of Sulawesi based on silhouette coefficients shows that optimum clusters formed as many as 2 clusters, with a coefficient of 0.57 and 0.60 respectively. Cluster 1 has characteristics including areas with absolute poverty rates that tend to be more prosperous than cluster 2 in the 2019 and 2020 data groups on the island of Sulawesi. The fuzzy algorithm detects areas prone to displacement from cluster 1 to cluster 2, namely Bombana, Bone, Sangihe Islands, South Konawe, and Siau Tagulandang Biaro in 2019 and Bombana, Bone, Sangihe, and Maros Islands in 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 has not had much impact on the macro indicators of poverty seen in the transfer of membership from 2019 to 2020, which only occurred to 3 districts that changed, namely bolaang mongondouw and konawe selatan from cluster 1 to cluster 2 and Maros from cluster 2 to cluster 1.

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24

Beik, Irfan Syauqi, and Laily Dwi Arsyianti. "Construction Of CIBEST Model as Measurement of Poverty and Welfare Indices From Islamic Perspective." Al-Iqtishad: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Syariah 7, no. 1 (January 28, 2015): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v7i1.1361.

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One of the major challenges faced by most of the Islamic countries is poverty. This paper attempts to construct the concept of poverty and welfare standards based on Islamic perspective.The study tries to cover both material and spiritual dimensions. These standards are based on CIBEST Quadrant, which is divided into four quadrants: welfare quadrant (I), material poverty quadrant (II), spiritual poverty quadrant (III) and absolute poverty quadrant (IV). Determination of these quadrants is resulted from criteria and indicators of basic material needs and basic spiritual needs. By using household as unit of analysis, this study is able to developCIBEST Model comprising welfare index, material poverty index, spiritual poverty index, and absolute poverty index. Mathematical formula and illustration of the indices are also elaborated to strengthen the concept.DOI:10.15408/aiq.v7i1.1361

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25

Tsvetkov, V. A., Kh Z. Kobilzhon, S. Ya Konstantinas, and Sh Kobil. "Poverty Assessment as a Social Criterion of Economic Security of Russian Regions and EАEU Countries." Economics and Management, no. 7 (September 15, 2019): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2019-7-4-14.

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The presented study examines methodological approaches to poverty assessment as a social indicator of economic security of Russian regions and countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).Aim. The study aims to analyze the level of poverty in Russian regions, including in relation to the dynamics of inequality indicators.Tasks. The authors address the problems of developing a comprehensive approach to poverty assessment in Russia with a view to further develop public policy measures that would allow for a radical reduction in poverty and analyze the dynamics of the poverty level indicator in the EAEU countries, determining the distinctive features of this phenomenon in the countries that are most economically integrated with Russia.Methods. This study uses the methods of systems analysis, econometric analysis, evolutionary-institutional theory, and historical approach.Results. Analysis of the absolute poverty indicator in regions shows a signiﬁcant disparity between regions in terms of the proportion of citizens with incomes below the absolute poverty line. In all EAEU countries, the level of poverty decreased over the past 12 years, but the dynamics of this indicator is diverging.Conclusions. It is not uncommon for the regions of the Russian Federation with lower absolute poverty to have a higher Gini coefﬁcient. EAEU countries use different methods for calculating the poverty level. Looking ahead, it seems appropriate to standardize the methodology for calculating poverty levels in EAEU countries, introduce a uniform standard for calculating this indicator, and develop joint comprehensive measures aimed at reducing poverty in EAEU member states.

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Leff, Gordon. "The Bible and Rights in the Franciscan Disputes Over Poverty." Studies in Church History. Subsidia 4 (1985): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143045900003641.

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Among the more far-reaching consequences of the disputes over absolute poverty in the Franciscan Order was the emergence of a doctrine of natural rights. Or rather conflicting doctrines, drawn from conflicting interpretations of the life of Christ and the apostles, which crystallized in the debates between Pope John XXII and members of the Order in the 1320s and 1330s over Christ’s absolute poverty. Both the Pope, in denying that Christ had ever lived in absolute poverty, and his Franciscan opponents, who upheld the Franciscan doctrine that he had, arrived at rival conceptions of the rights involved in either possessing or renouncing temporal things.

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27

Chen, S., and M. Ravallion. "Poverty and Hunger Special Feature: Absolute poverty measures for the developing world, 1981 2004." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 43 (October 17, 2007): 16757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702930104.

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28

Peran, Martí. "Pobreza/ Poverty." Kamchatka. Revista de análisis cultural., no. 10 (December 29, 2017): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/kam.10.10837.

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Resumen: Mediante la narración postmoderna o la narración liberal, se impone por igual una conclusión taxativa: la historia ha finiquitado y lo que queda por hacer es nada o -–para quien no quiera quedar definitivamente excluido– desarrollar la mejoría infinita de lo mismo gracias a la biología y la informática. El presente se impone con absoluta soberanía puesto que ni es necesario mirar atrás para tomar el empuje hacía un adelante desconocido, ni es necesario rumiar un futuro ajeno al mero perfeccionamiento del presente. La historicidad en suspenso crónico. Es en esta perspectiva que nuestra argumentación deberá focalizarse en la descripción de las causas de esta supuesta suspensión del tiempo histórico, que nos priva de lo nuevo y encierra el porvenir, hasta instalarnos en el exceso de un presente dilatado hasta la saciedad o en el abuso de una absurda retromanía compensatoria. En cualquier caso, el malestar describe el estado psicológico que caracteriza el grueso del cuerpo social Palabras clave: Pobreza, Malestar, Aceleración, Miedo, Copia, Fin. Abstract: Through the postmodern narrative or the liberal narrative, a restrictive conclusion applies alike: history has done and what remains to be done is nothing - or - for who does not want to be definitely excluded-develop the infinite improvement of it thanks to the biology and computer science. Present is imposed with absolute sovereignty since it is not necessary to look back to take the thrust was an ahead unknown,nor is it necessary to mulling over a future beyond the mere improvement of the present. Historicity in chronic suspense.It is in this perspective that our argument should focus on the description of the causes of this alleged suspension of historical time, which deprives us of the new and holds the future, to settle in excess of a dilated present over and over again or abuse of an absurd compensatory retromania.In any case, upset describes the psychological state that characterizes the social body thickness Keywords: Poverty, Discomfort, Acceleration, Fear, Copy, End

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Aliev, T. "Poverty in Kazakhstan." World Economy and International Relations 59, no. 12 (2015): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-59-12-105-115.

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To properly assess the extent of poverty in Kazakhstan it is important to understand the methodology of its definition and measurement. There are three basic concepts of measuring poverty. Absolute poverty is based on the establishment of a living wage or poverty line. The position of the World Bank is dominant in the world in the assessment of absolute poverty. The WB experts use multiple criteria income. An internationally accepted poverty line was established in 2005 at US$ 1.25 (PPP) per person per day. They also used less “hard” indicator of US$ 2 per day (in constant 2005 prices) which is the median poverty line for all developing countries. For the transitional economies WB applies poverty line based on the differential absolute poverty equal to US$ 4.3 (before 1999 – US$ 4), for developed economies – US$ 11. According to a relative concept, the category of poor includes individuals and households with income clearly insufficient to live on prevailing community standards of consumption. This approach is used primarily for the developed countries. For example, in the EU the relative poverty is defined at the level of 60% of the median per capita income. Subjective approach (developed by Leiden University, Netherlands) takes into account people’s own estimates of their welfare status. In terms of Kazakhstan, the author states that any one-dimensional approach will fail to estimate the real extent of poverty and deprivation of the population. International and national statistics fail to provide an accurate picture of the number of poor in the country and the dynamics of poverty. According to national and WB statistics, in recent decades Kazakhstan showed substantial progress in reducing poverty. However, this was achieved largely due to maintaining rather low official levels of subsistence and cost of minimum food basket. Establishment of these indicators is mainly determined by political considerations, thus it lacks objectivity. For a country aiming to improve competitiveness of its economy and to achieve the level and quality of life comparable to developed countries the focus on a poverty criteria that is close to the standards of the poorest developing countries is not acceptable. Actually, the poverty situation in Kazakhstan continues to be a serious challenge. This is evidenced by the materials of international statistics based on criteria of poverty for countries in transition; by a quite high proportion of household spending on food and the relatively low (as compared to many Eastern European countries) national poverty line. It is concluded that a large-scale poverty still persists in Kazakhstan despite high rates of economic growth.

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30

Musgrove, Philip. "FOOD NEEDS AND ABSOLUTE POVERTY IN URBAN SOUTH AMERICA." Review of Income and Wealth 31, no. 1 (March 1985): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00498.x.

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31

Zheng, Buhong. "Can a Poverty Index be Both Relative and Absolute?" Econometrica 62, no. 6 (November 1994): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2951756.

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32

Bavier, Richard. "Europe's other poverty measures: Absolute thresholds underlying social assistance." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 28, no. 4 (June 2009): 732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.20470.

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33

Duclos, Jean-Yves, and Phillipe Gregoire. "Absolute and Relative Deprivation and the Measurement of Poverty." Review of Income and Wealth 48, no. 4 (December 2002): 471–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4991.00064.

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34

Bartová, Ľ. "Globalisation and poverty." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 2 (February 29, 2012): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5292-agricecon.

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Transitional process in Central and Eastern European countries has been affected by globalisation. Evaluation of poverty and inequality become an integral part of economic thinking a few years ago. The importance of this topic is documented in the 2000 World Bank Report. In comparison with living standards of developing countries (especially Africa, South Asia, partially Latin America), Slovakia does not belong to the group of countries with the highest absolute poverty and according to the World Bank Report, the Slovak Republic is one of the countries with the lowest level of inequality. The paper presents an assessment of poverty and inequality in the Slovak Republic and a comparative analysis of indicators of selected countries. From 1992 the poverty in the Slovak Republic was evident, lasting and befalling more and more inhabitants. Household living costs were affected by price liberalisation. Inequality increased too. In 1996, inequality was correlated with the size of settlements and reached the highest level in settlements with over 50 thousand inhabitants. The share of population under poverty line has been increasing as well. Poverty assessment depends on the poverty line, which changes over time and across the regions. Distribution of household income in the Slovak Republic by the size of settlements (Microcenzus 1996) is shallow and densely concentrated around the poverty line. Therefore high sensitivity of poverty incidence, its depth and severity is observed. Contrary to the situation in developing countries, where the highest share of poor is observed in rural areas, the share of the Slovak Republic population under the poverty line was the highest in the settlements with 5 thousand to 10 thousand inhabitants in 1996.

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35

Scruggs, Lyle, and James P. Allan. "The Material Consequences of Welfare States." Comparative Political Studies 39, no. 7 (September 2006): 880–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414005281935.

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Several recent studies have focused attention on the relationship between welfare states and poverty, looking primarily at relative poverty and employing concepts of welfare state generosity that are problematic. This has made it difficult to evaluate claims that equality has come at the expense of economic growth. In this article, the authors examine more directly the relationship between welfare state generosity in three social insurance programs— unemployment, sickness, and pensions—and poverty levels in advanced industrial democracies in the past quarter of the 20th century. The results strongly suggest that more generous entitlements to key social insurance programs are associated not only with lower relative poverty but also with lower absolute poverty. This supports the contention that promoting relative economic equality can improve the absolute material well-being of the poor. However, no evidence suggests that relatively more generous unemployment benefits systematically reduce poverty.

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Anwar, Talat. "Trends in Inequality in Pakistan between 1998-99 and 2001-02." Pakistan Development Review 42, no. 4II (December 1, 2003): 809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i4iipp.809-821.

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Although there has been a much debate on poverty in Pakistan in recent time, the discussion on inequality remained limited. Poverty and inequality are closely linked—for a given mean income, the more unequal the income distribution, the larger the percentage of the population living in income poverty. Thus, incomes at the top and in the middle of the distribution may be just as important to us in perceiving and measuring poverty as those at the bottom. It is, thus, important to monitor the whole income distribution rather than merely the bottom of distribution. The issue of income inequality in Pakistan has been important in the policy discussions since the early 1960s. Since then, a number of attempts have been made to estimate the income or expenditure inequality using the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data. However, a perception of increasing absolute poverty in Pakistan has shifted the focus of studies from inequality (or relative poverty) to absolute poverty. Consequently, a number of attempts have been made by various authors/institutions to estimate the poverty in Pakistan in the 1990s. The debate on trends in poverty during the 1990s—an era of stabilisation and structural adjustment has been wide-ranging in Pakistan. However, there is no discussion on the changes in income distribution from the policy and institutional reforms. World Bank (2003); FBS (2001) and Kemal (2003) are only three exceptions. While the former two studies report Gini Coefficients in their studies on absolute poverty in Pakistan without explaining its variations over time, the latter study is a comprehensive review on the income distribution in Pakistan.

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Khataniar, Rabinjyoti. "On Quantification of Incidence and Intensity of Poverty." Archives of Business Research 10, no. 2 (February 23, 2022): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.102.11759.

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The study aims to explore and quantify poverty from global to local context based on available secondary data published by the World Bank and Planning Commission of India. The study reveals that the global absolute number of poor and poverty ratio has declined in spite of the increase in total global population. At the National level, not only the poverty ratio but also the poverty gap has declined. However, the disparity in the number of poor people in its complete term points out a different trend of poverty, i.e., poverty in India was getting tilted to urban poverty. Almost all developing economies have been showing the same trend; a large proportion of the urban poor live on less than 1$ a day. The incidence of poverty in the state of Assam has been on a declining trend since 1973-74. However, Assam has experienced an increase in absolute poverty, both rural and urban, as a result of the state's rapid population growth and others. The study recommended institutional initiatives for continuous monitoring of official poverty data, which has been suspended since 2011. It is also essential to have a new poverty assessment based on multidimensional components like access to health care, education, sanitation, and living spaces with social distance along with income.

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Beik, Irfan Syauqi, and Caesar Pratama. "Zakat Impact on Poverty and Welfare of Mustahik: A CIBEST Model Approach." AFEBI Islamic Finance and Economic Review 1, no. 01 (March 11, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aifer.v1i01.16.

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This research aims to analyze the impact of productive zakat program in poverty alleviation of mustahik households, based on materially and spiritually aspects. Primary data was used as the source of data through distributing administered questionnaires in four rural areas in Bogor Regency. 121 respondents had been interviewed. They were the recipients of Masyarakat Mandiri program of Dompet Dhuafa Amil Institution. CIBEST model which have been developed by Beik dan Arsyianti (2014) was used as the tool of analysis. CIBEST model comprising four indices is used as tool of analysis. These indices are welfare index, material poverty index, spiritual poverty index and absolute poverty index. It is found that the presence of zakat utilization program is able to increase welfare index of the mustahik by 147.14 percent. The material poverty index, spiritual poverty index and absolute poverty index can also be reduced by 49.6 percent 1.6 and 12.3 percent, respectively. Meanwhile, welfare index increase by 63.7 percent. In conclusion, productive zakat program give positive impact to the mustahik household life. Keywords: CIBEST model, Islamic poverty index, poverty, productive-based zakat program

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AZMAN, AZLINDA, JAMALLUDIN SULAIMAN, SAIDATULAKMAL MOHD, and ISMAIL BABA. "CONTEMPORARY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN POVERTY: A CASE STUDY OF MALAYSIA." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 44, no. 02 (January 2010): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246210000148.

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Poverty in Malaysia has decreased significantly from a relative high of more than 50% before independence in 1957 to less than 10% today. The incidence of hardcore or the absolute poor is less than 1%, according to official statistics in 2007. And, it is Malaysia's aim to achieve zero absolute poverty by 2015. However, the rate of poverty reduction based on recent data appears to have slowed down beginning the mid 1990s. The slowdown in poverty reduction raises serious concern as this affects the well-being of this disadvantaged group of population. Generally, the poor in Malaysia are the aged households, female and live in the rural areas. Several studies conducted in 2007–2008 identified several issues relating to poverty in the country. This paper will analyse some of the issues and suggest practical solutions that will benefit the poor population.

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Silooy, Marissa. "ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TINGKAT KEMISKINAN ABSOLUT MASYARAKAT PESISIR ( NELAYAN ) DI DESA SEILALE KECAMATAN NUSANIWE." Jurnal Cita Ekonomika 11, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51125/citaekonomika.v11i1.2634.

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Absolute poverty is a problem in the economy is complex multimensional. Therefore necessary to find a solution to overcome or at least reduce the level of poverty. Analysis was conducted to determine the factors that affect the level of absolute poverty in rural coastal communities seilale districts nusaniwe. Analisis data used is quantitave data dan qualitative data. Improvement of food security is a top priority board clothing, food and clothing because the board is a basic need that is most important for this human. research determined purposive with consideration that the village Nusaniwe seilale districts in the city of Ambon has poor households.

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Zongsheng, Chen, and Wen Wen. "The Study on Poverty Reduction Effects of Chinese Urban Minimum Living Standard Guarantee System—Empirical Analysis Based on CHIP 2002 and 2007." Economics, Law and Policy 3, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v3n2p1.

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The Chinese urban minimum living-standard guarantee system, mainly functions to guarantee the poor people to have minimum living-standard life; at same time it can make some people to get rid of poverty by some poverty lines. But how much of the rates can be reduced? What differences among provinces, and what impact on all kind of families? The paper tries to answer these questions by using Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) 2002 and 2007, taking international poverty line, minimum living standard line, Martin’s poverty line and relative poverty line respectively to measure the poverty reduction impact of urban minimum living standard guarantee. On the whole, the urban minimum living standard guarantee is effective to alleviate absolute poverty and even part of relative poverty. For example, taking international poverty line as standard, in 2002 the urban minimum living guarantee respectively decreased absolute poverty rate, poverty gap and squared poverty gap of national urban area by 4.58%, 11.41% and 16.32%, while in 2007 decreased respectively by 47.24%, 70.87% and 83.04%. Taking relative poverty line as standard, in 2002 respectively poverty rate, poverty gap and squared poverty gap of national urban area decreased by 1.92%, 4.65% and 8.37%, while in 2007 the 3 indices reached by 3.28%, 11.63% and 22.57% respectively, but which are lower than by international poverty line. On the whole, according to different poverty lines and indices, the urban citizen in different provinces and families gained different poverty reduction effects brought by the urban minimum living standard guarantee.

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Navickė, Jekaterina, Aušra Čižauskaitė, and Ugnė Užgalė. "Basic Needs and Absolute Poverty in Lithuania: Method and Estimation." Lietuvos statistikos darbai 58, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ljs.2019.16668.

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We propose a methodology for estimating the cost of the basic needs and applying it on the data for Lithuania in a decade after the EU accession (2006-2016). The basic food costs account for the minimal nutrition requirements, while the cost of other needs is estimated in relative terms, taking actual consumption patterns in the population into account. A reduction in the cost of the basic needs for additional members of the household is accounted for by a specially constructed consumption-based equivalence scale estimated on the HBS data. We show that the cost of the basic needs in Lithuania is close to the relative at-risk-of-poverty line (at 60% of the median equivalized disposable income) for a single adult but exceeds it for larger households. The share of people with income below the basic needs’ cost was above the relative at-risk-of-poverty levels in the EU-SILC data for all years, except of 2016. Albeit, the actual level might be lower due to the under-reporting of shadow income in the EU-SILC. Ability to meet basic needs and related absolute poverty indicators shows anti-cyclical dynamics in times of the economic growth and recession. Children are consistently the most deprived group of the Lithuanian population when it comes to meeting the basic needs. The official absolute poverty indicator used in Lithuania under-estimates the cost of the basic needs for households with more than one member.

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Olayiwola, Abiodun S., and Temidayo O. Akinbobola. "Role of Financial Sector Development in the Nexus Between Inclusive Growth and Poverty: A Regional Comparative Analysis from Sub-Saharan Africa." Research in Applied Economics 14, no. 1 (May 7, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/rae.v14i1.19855.

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The problem of poverty in the developing countries and what makes Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) a region with the “highest number of poor people” in the world remains a topical issue that requires serious research attention. Following extant studies, in which the mediating role of financial sector development has not been taken into consideration in their finance- growth and poverty nexus, this study deviates by using two measures of poverty level: absolute and multidimensional poverty level; and at the same time provides comparative analyses at SSA sub-regional communities. Our findings reveal that the effects of inclusive growth on poverty reduction (both absolute and multidimensional level), for most sub-regions in SSA except Central African countries, are positive. While the mediating role of financial sector development appeared to be slightly different with mixed results. In West and Central African countries, the mediating role of the financial sector, though very weak, complements theinclusive growth effects on poverty reduction. On the contrary, financial sector development does not complement inclusive growth when it comes to poverty reduction in South African countries. Also, financial sector development does not complement the absolute poverty reduction effect of inclusive growth in the East African sub-region but the result is otherwise under multidimensional poverty reduction. Therefore, we recommend that financial sector development in most SSA countries should be improved upon through relevant monetary policy that promotes financial innovations, financial sector reforms, efficiency in financial inclusion across the region, and at the same time efforts should be geared toward directing some of the gains in financial sector development to inclusive growth-enhancing activities in southern African sub-region

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Anwar, Talat, Sarfraz Khan Qureshi, and Hammad Ali. "Landlessness and Rural Poverty in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 4II (December 1, 2004): 855–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.855-874.

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Poverty imposes a repressive weight on Pakistan particularly in rural areas where almost one third of population and majority of the poor live. Although poverty has declined during the 1970s and 1980s, the absolute number of poor has increased substantially since the 1960s. Despite a number of policy initiatives and programmes undertaken for poverty alleviation by various governments, absolute poverty particularly in rural areas continued to rise in Pakistan during the 1990s. Much has been written about poverty in Pakistan so far. A number of attempts have been made by various authors/institutions to estimate the rural poverty in Pakistan in the 1990s. Discussions have remained limited to estimating the regional and provincial trends for rural poverty in Pakistan. Although landlessness and rural poverty in Pakistan received significant attention in the 1970 and 1980, discussions on this issue remained limited in the 1990s. Landlessness and rural poverty are closely linked since land is a principal asset in a rural economy like Pakistan. Landlessness to agricultural land is considered to be the most important contributor to rural poverty. A high concentration of landownership is a major constraint to agricultural growth and alleviation of poverty. There is a general perception that highly skewed distribution of land in Pakistan is one of the important causes of widespread poverty particularly in rural areas.

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Besley, Timothy, and Robin Burgess. "Halving Global Poverty." Journal of Economic Perspectives 17, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533003769204335.

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The Millennium Development Goals—global targets that the world's leaders set at the Millennium Summit in September 2000—are an ambitious agenda for reducing poverty. As a central plank, these goals include halving the proportion of people living below a dollar a day from around 30 percent of the developing world’s population in 1990 to 15 percent by 2015—a reduction in the absolute number of poor of around one billion. This paper examines what economic research can tell us about how to fulfill these goals. It begins by discussing poverty trends on a global scale—where the poor are located in the world and how their numbers have been changing over time. It then discusses the relationship of economic growth and income distribution to poverty reduction. Finally, it suggests an evidence-based agenda for poverty reduction in the developing world.

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Islam, Md Shafiqul, and Dr Subrata Saha. "The succeeding trends and disparity in Poverty reduction of Rural Bangladesh." ENSEMBLE 3, no. 1 (August 20, 2021): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37948/ensemble-2021-0301-a011.

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Bangladesh like other developing countries of the world has been striving to eradicate poverty after getting independence in 1971 and the country was considered as one of the poorest with about 70 percent poverty and only $200 per capita income in 1973-74. The present study analyses various data on poverty from the period 1971 to 2019 and finds that the country has reduced its poverty significantly to 10.5 percent in 2019 with more than $1909 per capita income. The poverty headcount ratio has decreased by more than 50% in the last 49 years. This study using National Households Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data of various years and also using other international organizations’ poverty-related data tries to explore the poverty scenario of Bangladesh from 1974 to 2019 and to examine some new aspects of regional poverty in Bangladesh. The country has a great achievement in the absolute poverty reduction during these periods, but these poverty reduction trends are somewhat relatively lower than some neighboring countries (e.g India, Nepal, Bhutan). In addition, though the absolute poverty rate has been reduced at the national level (10.5% in 2019), the present study finds a huge disparity in poverty reduction at the regional level in Bangladesh. Poverty rates are still more than double as compared to the state poverty rate in some districts of Bangladesh. This paper shows that the regional inequalities, income inequalities, old aged people, widows, uneducated and unskilled labor, various tribal groups, and various forms of poverty throughout the life cycle are revealing disparity of poverty in the rural area of Bangladesh.

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Beik, Irfan Syauqi, and Laily Dwi Arsyianti. "MEASURING ZAKAT IMPACT ON POVERTY AND WELFARE USING CIBEST MODEL." Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 1, no. 2 (February 29, 2016): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v1i2.524.

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This research attempts to analyze the role of productive-based zakat program in reducing poverty level of mustahik (zakat recipient) households from the perspective of material and spiritual dimensions. The study utilizes primary data which is obtained from interview through questionnaire in DKI Jakarta and Bogor Regency. 221 respondents are selected and interviewed as research samples. They are zakat beneficiaries managed by BAZIS DKI Jakarta and Dompet Dhuafa. The primary data collection was conducted on February until May 2015. CIBEST model comprising four indices is used as tool of analysis. These indices are welfare index, material poverty index, spiritual poverty index and absolute poverty index. It is found that the presence of zakat utilization program is able to increase welfare index of the mustahik by 96.8 percent. The material poverty index and absolute poverty index can also be reduced by 30.15 percent and 91.30 percent, respectively. Unpredictable result occurs on spiritual poverty index in which there is an increase of two households living under spiritual poverty. It means that these two zakat recipient households suffer weakening spiritual values despite materially better-off in the presence of zakat program.Keywords: CIBEST model, Poverty, Productive-based zakat programJEL Classification: O150, R290, Z120, Z190

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Anwar, Tilat. "Structural Adjustment and Poverty: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 4II (December 1, 1996): 911–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i4iipp.911-926.

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Despite the external shocks in the 1980s, the economy continued to grow at a respectable rate. However, increasing internal and external imbalances caused an economic crisis in 1988 and lead to an implementation of a medium term structural adjustment programme within the framework of the IMF and the World Bank. Neither theory nor existing evidence gives a conclusive verdict about the effects of adjustment policies on poverty. Hence, the paper examines the actual changes in absolute poverty during the period of adjustment. The actual changes in the distribution have been examined from two comparable household income and expenditure surveys (HIES) for 1987-88 and 1990-91, spanning the period of adjustment. Evidence suggests that the stylised facts of structural adjustment policies are consistent with actual changes in the absolute poverty. The first order stochastic dominance test suggests that not only the absolute poverty incidence but also the intensity and severity of poverty increased significantly by all poverty lines and poverty measures over the period of adjustment. Structural adjustment created new poor in urban areas amongst the low income groups (mainly Clerical and Sales workers) whose real wages were eroded over the period. Poverty also increased unambiguously among self-employed (smallholders in the informal sector) and unemployed who seems to have been affected adversely by the overall economic contraction. Though, the government has the priority to achieve the fiscal balance, it should seek to ameliorate the most distressing cost arising in the short run. Excessive reliance on demand management in scale or speed is counter-productive for adjustment. Adjustment strategies need to account for the trade-off between shortterm gains and long-term benefits foregone.

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Souza, Helson Gomes de, Francisco José Silva Tabosa, Jair Andrade de Araújo, and Pablo Urano de Carvalho Castelar. "A spatial analysis of how growth and inequality affect poverty in Brazil." Revista de Administração Pública 55, no. 2 (March 2021): 459–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220190349.

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Abstract This research seeks to analyze the impacts of economic growth and income inequality on Brazilian states’ urban and rural poverty, considering the effects of the initial levels of development and inequality. The elasticities of income and inequality of poverty were calculated through a dynamic spatial panel, using an adaptation of the approach developed by Kalwij and Verschoor (2004), and data from 2004 to 2014. Incorporating the spatial factor allows us to capture the effects of the geographical location on local poverty. The results suggest that a poverty reduction occurs more intensely when associated with reductions in the inequality levels. Income elasticities were greater (in absolute terms) in rural areas, while the inequality elasticities were greater in the urban area estimates. The growing trend of the inequality elasticity and the decreasing trend of the income elasticity suggest a positive trend of economic growth and a negative trend of poverty. Likewise, if the reduction in inequality shows a negative trend, the absolute value of poverty will decrease. Thus, a public policy to combat poverty through economic growth or reducing inequalities applied to the urban or rural environment would obtain more efficient results if applied in the long term.

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Burkhauser, Richard V. "Deconstructing European poverty measures: What relative and absolute scales measure." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 28, no. 4 (June 2009): 715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.20468.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Absolute poverty'

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