Academic literature on the topic 'Above Poverty Line (APL)'

Public Distribution System is a welfare program through which highly subsidize food and non-food grains are allocate to the identified households. As such under this program the beneficiaries are identified into four categories viz; Above Poverty Line (APL), Below Poverty Line (BPL), Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and Annapurna. Rice is one of the staple food grains of Arunachal Pradesh. Therefore, present paper ponders only on per capita monthly off-take of subsidized rice from the Public Distribution System program in Arunachal Pradesh.

Introduction: Underdeveloped and developing countries are unable to provide essential healthcare to all of their inhabitants, and those who remain uninsured are at a huge risk of financial hardship. It’s never easy to divide limited resources. Method: This study attempts to examine that, If urban poors, a vulnerable section of the society is protected against catastrophic health expenditure. Is there any deepening of poverty among urban poor of the city of Jaipur due to catastrophic health expenditure? 426 households in Jaipur’s urban slums were surveyed. Results: The incidences of Catastrophic Health Expenditure were 8.1% among urban slum households. The mean positive overshoot was 33%. Poverty increased by 1% at National Poverty Line and by 2.6% at International Poverty Line estimates. The increase in the normalised mean positive poverty gap from 29.8% to 45.3% suggests that the existing poor are becoming more impoverished. There was a significant association between increasing health spending and household cuts in food and apparel spending, at p = 0.0001 and p = 0.05, respectively. Conclusion: The results show a huge disparity between poverty estimates based on national poverty standards (2.8%) and international poverty standards (37.1%) indicating the necessity for developing sensitive poverty criteria. It is also vital to make an evidence-based decision on whether to employ assurance, insurance, or a combination of the two healthcare delivery systems. The assurance approach might expand accessibility while also lowering healthcare expenditures for the entire community. Rather than creating two distinct insurance or assurance systems, the government should pool its resources and efforts into one.

This article examines the role of household poverty in shaping rural female labour supply using the unique panel dataset of India Human Development Survey. The results using Vella and Verbeek’s two-step panel estimation reveal the presence of a backward-sloping labour supply curve for rural women from below poverty line households, and an upward-sloping labour supply for rural women from above poverty line (APL) households. This implies the existence of ‘forced’ or ‘need-based’ participation among poor women and justifies why they work long hours in poorly paid hazardous jobs. The article also finds horizontal labour supply among agriculture wage workers and for Adivasi and Dalit rural women to some extent, reflecting limited job options, and surplus unskilled labour who are unable to demand higher wages for their labour supply. On the other hand, when categorised by occupation type, the downward-sloping labour supply for rural women from APL households indicates the dominance of the income effect over the substitution effect, and the socio-cultural factors that gain strength as income levels increase. JEL Classification: J220, R21, J16, R230, I32

The present study attempts to determine the access to clean water and sanitation essential for sustaining health. It attempts to identify socio-economic factors which influence access to clean water within the community. The absence of water-on- premises in a water abundant area of West Bengal, India showcases some of the challenges in progressing on Sustainable Development Goal-3.Eight villages were included in the study and a total of 597 households were enrolled for the study from 8000 households in the villages. The study includes descriptive analysis of water access and sanitation parameters, and regression analysis of socio-economic determinants of exposure. The results reveal that nearly half of the respondents belonged to Above Poverty Line (APL) while 42.71% were under Below Poverty Line (BPL). Although majority of the household had access to an improved source of water for drinking, 77.89 % of the households were using pond water for bathing, washing clothes, utensils and toilet and nearly 37% of households did not have any toilet facility. Regression analysis of use of pond water indicates that people living in mud huts (kutcha houses) and from religious minority groups were more likely to use ponds for washing utensils, clothes, bathing and defecated in open fields and use unimproved sources for drinking water. The study asserts the need to develop community level preventive measures such as access to clean water for personal and domestic use and sanitation facilities to protect health.

This research explores income patterns and determinants of rural poverty in Sindh province. The Data were collected from 300 households from two districts i.e. Khairpur, and Thatta of Sindh Pakistan by using the simple random technique; a structural questionnaire was design as an instrument tool for measuring the poverty determinants and income patterns. The households are classified into three groups i.e. A, B and C. Group A and B are below subsistence holding and group C is related to subsistence holding and, all the households were engaged in farm production . It was revealed that the average size of farm A group is 7.2 acres but the grower cultivates average area 4.5 acres and the remaining 2.7 acres are not cultivated by them due to deficiency of water. In the same way, the grower of group B cultivates 7.475 acres instead of 11.5 acres and grower of C group cultivates 16.56 acres in place of 27.6 acres. The surveyed data of district Khairpur describes that the average size of farm of group A is 7.47 acres but each grower average cultivates 4.78 acres and the remaining 2.69 acres are uncultivated. Similarly, the grower of B group cultivates 7.462 acres instead of 11.9 acres and the grower of C group brings 17.4 acres under cultivation in place of 29 acres. The surveyed data of both districts clearly indicate that the income of all growers is low because they do not bring all land under cultivation. The surveyed data has further pointed out that 50% households are below the official poverty line, 33.33% households are just above poverty line and 16.67% well above official poverty line. The group C is in a better position to provide health, education etc facilities to their family members.

The present paper focuses on identification of relative “poverty line” and a threshold of high poverty risks. The paper also studies key poverty factors in contemporary Russia. It demonstrates that the relative approach to poverty which is widely used in Western countries is applicable in Russia too. However, the relative poverty thresholds set at 0.5 and 0.75 medians per capita family income identify quite different groups of the poor. The threshold of 0.5 median income indicates deep poverty happened mostly to the unemployed workforce. The relative poverty threshold equal to 0.75 median income identifies the poverty of the elderly who are not considered as the poor by the absolute approach because pensions of Russians have been recently equalized to the subsistence level. Above all, the paper provides econometric estimates of socio-economic determinants of both absolute and relative poverty. It was revealed that the relative deep poverty of the working population was primarily caused by “bad” jobs rather than by “bad” human capital. Absolute poverty of workers is more or less determined by both factors.

Purpose of the study: This paper endeavours to re-examine the socio-economic factors influencing empowerment among married women in rural India over two points of time, 2005 and 2012. It examines the interplay of the work status of rural married women and the poverty status of their household in influencing empowerment. Methodology: The study uses the nationally representative multi-topic India Human Development Survey (IHDS). IHDS panel data has been utilized to assess the entry and exit from a workforce of rural married women, to define the components of empowerment among rural married women and analyze the socio-economic factors influencing the empowerment among rural married women. Main Findings: The outcomes show the increase in the overall empowerment rates in spite of their mobility constraints seem to have badly risen during the period 2005-2012, especially in the context of deteriorating work input among rural women. Moreover, working rural married women from BPL (Below Poverty Line) rural households are less likely to be empowered as compared to working rural married women from APL (Above Poverty Line) households. Applications of this study: The rural female work participation rate is declining in the phase of rising economic growth and education. In this context, their empowerment would not only benefit their personal lives but also impact their economic lives, thus contribute to the country`s GDP. This makes it vital to analyze as to what comprises their empowerment in the first place so that it can be promoted through various schemes. Novelty/Originality of this study: Women’s economic empowerment and their participation in work are essential to bringing in the fullest demographic dividend for inclusive economic escalation and sustainable development in India. Thus, empowerment which may not necessarily be implied by employment is conditioned upon the poverty status of the household. However, the empowerment of rural married women is facilitated by higher education of self, husband and other family members.

Having clear picture on food security status and its major determinants helps policy makers and planners to introduce new policies that enhance food security. The study was aimed to evaluate the impact of policies, strategies and institution on food security and poverty status of the vegetables farmers in Gezira State with reference to the Blue Nile farmers. To achieve these objectives stratified random sampling technique was used to select the respondents from five localities lays along Blue Nile, so 150 farming households were interviewed. Food security Policy and strategy were collected by the mean of questionnaire targeting key line institutions. Poverty indices were calculated using expenditure as welfare indicator,Gini coefficient was applied. The results showed that the majority 75% of the respondents were above expenditure poverty line (7196)SDG. Moreover, the results showed that the poverty gap index was equal to five percent. Kamlin, Medani, East Gezira reported the higher expenditure distance from the poverty line (6 percent). The severity of poverty in the state is estimated to be two percent, likewise the severity of poverty in East Gezira was found to have a higher percentage (three percent). According to Gini coefficient the income distribution estimated at 0.46 while that for expenditure distribution is estimated at 0.31, these results showed a higher degree of inequality. The results showed that the poorest 20% of the population earned 0.06% of the total income while the richest 20% earned 45% of the total income. About 50.7% from the respondents use borrowing from others as one of their coping strategies. About 78%of policy makers said that there was organized team from all institutions dealing with food security and nutrition issue, all policy makers in the state said there was strategy concerning the food security and nutrition issues. The study recommended that the cash transfer needed to lift the poor out of poverty that each poor person needs five percent of the value of the poverty line.

The study aimed at assessing the contribution of VUP in poverty reduction especially in Kigabiro sector. This study has general objective which is to assess the contribution of Vision 2020 Umurenge programme on poverty reduction supported by three specific objectives which are to assess the contribution of public works on poverty reduction, to determine the contribution of financial services on poverty reduction, and also to evaluate the contribution of direct support services on poverty reduction especially in Kigabiro sector located in Rwamagana district, Eastern province. Internationally, poverty can describe different things in different part of the world to different people, but it can be defined as when people are not able to afford basic needs. USA has come a long way in addressing the problem, but progress seems to have slowed despite the recent years of economic recovery. In Africa, hundred millions of people in the poorer countries are worries only with survival and elementary needs and average poverty rate for sub-Saharan Africa stands at about 41 percent, and of the world’s 28 poorest countries, 27 are in sub-Saharan Africa all with a poverty rate above 30 percent. Referring to Rwanda, because may people in Rwanda live in rural area, they also live-in poverty line which is so hard for GoR to answer each Rwandan’s problem but poverty alleviation program has been established in order to reduce gap of lower bad living condition of Rwandans due to genocide took place in 1994 against Tutsi. In 1994 the poverty rate was 78%, in year of 2000 poverty rate was 60.4%, 2011 poverty rate was 44.9%. 2014 poverty rate was 39.1% and in 2020 poverty rate was 20%. So, even if the poverty rate mentioned above are decreasing, poverty rate of 20% in 2020 is still high meaning that many people are in the poverty which is the main problem in this studies.

This study aimed to investigate and analyze: the demographic characteristics, prosperity levels, and factors affecting the prosperity level among the plasma palm oil farmers during the new normal era. This study was conducted in a palm oil plantation area, Kembayan, Sanggau Regency, West Borneo from August to July 2020. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire that directly distributed to the partisipants. The level of prosperity was measured by the prosperous family indicators from the National Population Planning and Family Board and poverty line indicators from the National Statistical Institute. A descriptive quantitative, descriptive qualitative, and multinomial logit regression analysis applied to address the study’s objectives. Findings revealed that 51%, 23%, 17%, 8%, and 1% of the farmer’s family were classified into the prosperous family level III plus, prosperous family level III, prosperous family level II, prosperous family level I, and pre-prosperous family category, respectively. According to poverty line indicators, all farmer’s state of living were placed above the line of poverty. These findings signified that palm oil businesses in the state border area were providing sufficient amount of revenue for the farmers during the new normal era. The variabel of age, total plantation land area, and income were associated with the farmer’s family prosperity level.

Abstract This study shows how the chronic poor living in the urban context of Rosario overcome their limitations to achieve livelihood goals in their attempt to move above the poverty line. A theoretical perspective, which complements the concept, definitions and analytical viewpoints concerning: livelihoods, resilience and adaptation, chronic poverty, poverty dynamics and poverty line, is outlined to reflect the findings with the existing theories that enable examining the limiting and the supporting factors that really matter for the livelihood of the poor. In total, 27 interviews were conducted, 12 with selected participants who were living in the situation of chronic poverty in the year 2000, and 15 with key informants and other stakeholders in order to explore the life experiences of the poor through: the context vulnerability; access to assets; policy, institutions and processes; livelihood strategies and outcomes. After examining how the chronic poor living in Rosario are able to make their way of living, it has been observed that for them it is not possible to secure strategies which assure enough returns to improve their resilience, capacity of adaptation and reduction of vulnerability if there is no financial and technical support beyond the support given to them in terms of social protection to cover their basic needs. It has also been found that the support and accompaniment given to them during their changing process require a well-coordinated implementation of public policies, programs and projects which need to be improved. Thus, a humanitarian approach focusing on the household livelihood security which links emergency, recovery and development is described  to analyze what is being done in Rosario in terms of programing and on the other hand to formulate some recommendations to improve them.

Poverty is a problem which is faced by the people. The government has taken more steps and programme to overcome the problem. Public distribution system was established to provide food at a subsidized rate. So the researcher has attempted to study the satisfaction and the perception of the consumer towards public distribution system. The study also reveals some suggestion to the government for the betterment of their working of the public distribution system. Public Distribution System (PDS) is a poverty alleviation programme and contributes towards the social welfare of the people. PDS is considered as principal instrument in the hands of State Governments for providing safety net to the poor against the spiraling rise in prices of essential commodities. Customer's intensity of purchase at fair price shops depends on the quality of services extended at fair price shops. It was found in this study that problems like leakages, poor quality, under weighment, non-availability of controlled as well as non-controlled articles during certain times, non-availability of ration cards, bogus cards, etc., affect the efficiency of the system. Hence, the channel of distribution needs to be promoted. Ensuring the availability of essential articles as per allotment as and when required by the cardholders,ju increased margin to cooperatives, and better salary to employees, reduction in the number of cards to be handled by a FPS, maintaining and updating the Notice Boards at every FPS, formation of vigilance committees at every FPS level and providing more role to women SHGs are the viable options put by the sample respondents to strengthen the PDS, which cannot be ignored. Further the continuance of Universal System will help to provide safety net to the poor against spiraling market prices of essential commodities. Though primarily employee of the PDS retail outlet should be made responsible for eradicating the problem of bogus cards, effective coordination between local bodies, revenue authorities and lead and link societies will alone be able to eradicate this problem. The purpose of setting-up Public Distribution System will be nullified, unless real beneficiaries have not utilized the products offered at fair price shops optimally. Unless, customers are satisfied with regard to services offered at fair price shops, they may not make use of service of fair price shops to a maximum extent. Thus, in this study a serious attempt has been made to identify the factor that enhances customer's satisfaction by adopting convenient sampling, feedback obtained from 150 card holders and analyzing them through tests. Given widespread malpractices in Public Distribution System, several papers have been written discussing the feasibility of PDS, its market distorting mechanisms and alternatives to PDS. My paper wishes to deviate from the above and instead focus on the implementation of PDS at the state level. It focuses on the last mile delivery i.e. the process by which subsidised grains makes its way to the beneficiaries via the various Fair Price shops (FPS) and the challenges encountered in the process.This paper focuses on the implementation of PDS in Delhi. The major findings v of the paper are: (1)Besides the broad categories of Above Poverty Line (APL), Below Poverty Line (BPL) and Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY), in Delhi the APL category is further subdivided in two tiers. (2)Obtaining a new ration card does not mean eligibility for drawing rations. (3) New ration cards are being issued despite minimal role played by them in drawing ration. This spills over several unintended inefficiencies to other schemes. Fourth, there are massive leakages in the system, which reduce the effectiveness of PDS. It is primarily because of lack of incentives with FPS keeper and low economic viability of the FPSs. Fifth, level of diversion faced by different groups differ. BPL and AAY card holders get most of their entitlement whereas a wide variation in entitlement can be observed for APL general stamped card holders. Sixth, vigilance mechanism is weak. There is possibility of a nexus between local politicians and FPS keepers which renders the vigilance mechanism ineffective. Seventh, despite widespread problems people choose PDS over cash transfers. This preference reflects that corrective measures are needed instead of completely scrapping the scheme and replacing it with other schemes. Lastly, current policy reforms are discussed and further recommendations are suggested.

On the southern end of the Grand Rue, a major thoroughfare that runs through the center of Port-au-Prince, waits the Haitian capital's automobile repair district. This junkyard of steel and rubber, recycled parts, old tires, and scrap metal might seem an unlikely foundry for art. Yet, on the street's opposite end thrives the Grand Rue Galerie, a working studio of assembled art and sculptures wrought from the refuse. Established by artists André Eugène and Jean Hérard Celeur in the late 1990s, the Grand Rue's urban environmental aesthetics radically challenge ideas about consumption, waste, and environmental hazards, as well as consider innovative solutions to these problems in the midst of poverty, insufficient social welfare, and lack of access to arts, education, and basic needs. This book explores the urban environmental aesthetics of the Grand Rue sculptors and the beautifully constructed sculptures they have designed from salvaged parts and materials. The book constructs an urban ecological framework for understanding these sculptures amid environmental degradation and grinding poverty. The book regards the underdeveloped cities of the global South as alternate spaces for challenging the profit-driven machinations of global capitalism. Above all, the book presents Haitian artists who live on the most challenged Caribbean island, yet who thrive as creators reinventing refuse as art and resisting the abjection of their circumstances.

The struggle to overcome Jim Crow was part of a larger movement for equal rights in antebellum New England. Using sit-ins, boycotts, petition drives, and other initiatives, African American New Englanders and their white allies attempted to desegregate schools, transportation, neighborhoods, churches, and cultural venues. They worked to secure the franchise, improve educational opportunities, enlarge employment prospects, remove prohibitions against mixed marriages, and protect fugitive slaves from recapture. Above all they sought to be respected and treated as equals in a reputedly democratic society. Despite widespread racism, by the advent of the Civil War, African American men could vote and hold office in every New England state but Connecticut. Schools, except in the largest cities of Connecticut and Rhode Island, were integrated; railroads, stagecoaches, hotels, and cultural venues (with occasional aberrations) were free from discrimination; people of African descent and of European descent could marry one another and live peaceably; and fugitive slaves were safer in New England than in any other section of the United States. Most African Americans in New England, nonetheless, were mired in poverty, and that is the barrier that prevented full equality, then and now.

Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the special interest of people in understanding the regulatory framework of the functioning of the economy has existed and exists in all historical epochs [A. Sisvadze. Economic theory. Part One. 2006y. p. 22]. The system of economic disciplines studies economy or economic activities of a society. All of them are based on science, which is currently called economic theory in the post-socialist space (the science of economics, the principles of economics or modern economics), and in most countries of the world - predominantly in the Greek-Latin manner - economics. The title of the present book is also Modern Economics. Economics (economic theory) is the science that studies the efficient use of limited resources to produce and distribute goods and services in order to satisfy as much as possible the unlimited needs and demands of the society. More simply, economics is the science of choice and how society manages its limited resources. Moreover, it should be emphasized that economics (economic theory) studies only the distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic wealth (food, beverages, clothing, housing, machine tools, computers, services, etc.), the production of which is possible and limited. And the wealth that exists indefinitely: no economic relations are formed in the production and distribution of solar energy, air, and the like. This current book is the second complete updated edition of the challenges of the modern global economy in the context of the coronary crisis, taking into account some of the priority directions of the country's development. Its purpose is to help students and interested readers gain a thorough knowledge of economics and show them how this knowledge can be applied pragmatically (professionally) in professional activities or in everyday life. To achieve this goal, this textbook, which consists of two parts and tests, discusses in simple and clear language issues such as: the essence of economics as a science, reasons for origin, purpose, tasks, usefulness and functions; Basic principles, problems and peculiarities of economics in different economic systems; Needs and demand, the essence of economic resources, types and limitations; Interaction, mobility, interchangeability and efficient use of economic resources. The essence and types of wealth; The essence, types and models of the economic system; The interaction of households and firms in the market of resources and products; Market mechanism and its elements - demand, supply and price; Demand and supply elasticity; Production costs and the ways to reduce them; Forms of the market - perfect and incomplete competition markets and their peculiarities; Markets for Production Factors and factor incomes; The essence of macroeconomics, causes and importance of origin; The essence and calculation of key macroeconomic indicators (gross national product, gross domestic product, net national product, national income, etc.); Macroeconomic stability and instability, unemployment, inflation and anti-inflationary policies; State regulation of the economy and economic policy; Monetary and fiscal policy; Income and standard of living; Economic Growth; The Corona Pandemic as a Defect and Effect of Globalization; National Economic Problems and New Opportunities for Development in the conditions of the Coronary Crisis; The Socio-economic problems of moral obsolescence in digital technologies; Education and creativity are the main solution way to overcome the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus; Positive and negative effects of tourism in Georgia; Formation of the middle class as a contributing factor to the development of tourism in Georgia; Corporate culture in Georgian travel companies, etc. The axiomatic truth is that economics is the union of people in constant interaction. Given that the behavior of the economy reflects the behavior of the people who make up the economy, after clarifying the essence of the economy, we move on to the analysis of the four principles of individual decision-making. Furtermore, the book describes how people make independent decisions. The key to making an individual decision is that people have to choose from alternative options, that the value of any action is measured by the value of what must be given or what must be given up to get something, that the rational, smart people make decisions based on the comparison of the marginal costs and marginal returns (benefits), and that people behave accordingly to stimuli. Afterwards, the need for human interaction is then analyzed and substantiated. If a person is isolated, he will have to take care of his own food, clothes, shoes, his own house and so on. In the case of such a closed economy and universalization of labor, firstly, its productivity will be low and, secondly, it will be able to consume only what it produces. It is clear that human productivity will be higher and more profitable as a result of labor specialization and the opportunity to trade with others. Indeed, trade allows each person to specialize, to engage in the activities that are most successful, be it agriculture, sewing or construction, and to buy more diverse goods and services from others at a relatively lower price. The key to such human interactions is that trade is mutually beneficial; That markets are usually the good means of coordination between people and that the government can improve the results of market functioning if the market reveals weakness or the results of market functioning are not fair. Moroever, it also shows how the economy works as a whole. In particular, it is argued that productivity is a key determinant of living standards, that an increase in the money supply is a major source of inflation, and that one of the main impediments to avoiding inflation is the existence of an alternative between inflation and unemployment in the short term, that the inflation decrease causes the temporary decline in unemployement and vice versa. The Understanding creatively of all above mentioned issues, we think, will help the reader to develop market economy-appropriate thinking and rational economic-commercial-financial behaviors, to be more competitive in the domestic and international labor markets, and thus to ensure both their own prosperity and the functioning of the country's economy. How he/she copes with the tasks, it is up to the individual reader to decide. At the same time, we will receive all the smart useful advices with a sense of gratitude and will take it into account in the further work. We also would like to thank the editor and reviewers of the books. Finally, there are many things changing, so it is very important to realize that the XXI century has come: 1. The century of the new economy; 2. Age of Knowledge; 3. Age of Information and economic activities are changing in term of innovations. 1. Why is the 21st century the century of the new economy? Because for this period the economic resources, especially non-productive, non-recoverable ones (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) are becoming increasingly limited. According to the World Energy Council, there are currently 43 years of gas and oil reserves left in the world (see “New Commersant 2007 # 2, p. 16). Under such conditions, sustainable growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) and maximum satisfaction of uncertain needs should be achieved not through the use of more land, labor and capital (extensification), but through more efficient use of available resources (intensification) or innovative economy. And economics, as it was said, is the science of finding the ways about the more effective usage of the limited resources. At the same time, with the sustainable growth and development of the economy, the present needs must be met in a way that does not deprive future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs; 2. Why is the 21st century the age of knowledge? Because in a modern economy, it is not land (natural resources), labor and capital that is crucial, but knowledge. Modern production, its factors and products are not time-consuming and capital-intensive, but science-intensive, knowledge-intensive. The good example of this is a Japanese enterprise (firm) where the production process is going on but people are almost invisible, also, the result of such production (Japanese product) is a miniature or a sample of how to get the maximum result at the lowest cost; 3. Why is the 21st century the age of information? Because the efficient functioning of the modern economy, the effective organization of the material and personal factors of production largely depend on the right governance decision. The right governance decision requires prompt and accurate information. Gone are the days when the main means of transport was a sailing ship, the main form of data processing was pencil and paper, and the main means of transmitting information was sending letters through a postman on horseback. By the modern transport infrastructure (highways, railways, ships, regular domestic and international flights, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), the movement of goods, services and labor resoucres has been significantly accelerated, while through the modern means of communication (mobile phone, internet, other) the information is spreading rapidly globally, which seems to have "shrunk" the world and made it a single large country. The Authors of the book: Ushangi Samadashvili, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University - Introduction, Chapters - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 15,16, 17.1,18 , Tests, Revaz Shengelia, Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Chapters_7, 8, 13. 14, 17.2, 17.4; Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri - Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University - Chapters 13.6, 13.7,17.2, 17.3, 18. We also thank the editor and reviewers of the book.

Abstract Sen’s seminal paper, published in 1976, opened the door for developing many aggregate poverty measures. This chapter provides an extensive development of the aggregate poverty measures. It also has derived poverty social welfare functions that give positive weights to the poor (who have income less than or equal to the poverty line) and zero weights to the non-poor (who have income above the poverty line). The chapter shows that all poverty measures proposed in the literature have an implicit poverty social welfare function based on this weighting method. The chapter makes the vital contribution that Sen’s poverty measure and its variants are also decomposable and subgroup consistent. Using a Chinese empirical illustration, it has illustrated Sen’s poverty measure’s decomposability and subgroup consistency. Thus, this chapter has put to rest the controversies generated by the literature about the sub-consistency of Sen’s poverty index.

There is one very simple and costless way to alleviate poverty in one fell swoop. All one has to do is to transfer full private ownership rights of the public housing units to the occupying tenant free of charge. . … This would, according to the government study, lift 600,000 households in public rental housing above the poverty line. This would have been the best Christmas gift the Poverty Commission could bestow on the poor people in Hong Kong on the eve of the sixtieth anniversary of the Shek Kip Mei Fire.

All people need similar things to ensure a happy and satisfying life. This chapter describes how these needs can be sustained today and for future generations. Immediate human needs include food and water, safety and health, love and belonging through social relationships, self-esteem and respect from others, and capacity to address broad spiritual and societal goals. Surprisingly, among people who live above the poverty line, wealth and material possessions are usually less important to life satisfaction than are these other elements. Instead, values that shape people’s goals, education, cultural and social rules that sustain social relationships, environmental and human health, and technology and economy are the most important foundations for long-term empowerment and well-being. International aid has substantially improved people’s material conditions in poor countries but has done less to improve social relations and empowerment.

The chapter assembles the information that surfaces in seventeenthcentury sources, about, above all, Masaniello’s own history. We see his hard life, his bad experiences and the extreme poverty in which he lived. We also learn his pastimes, his life in the Neapolitan taverns close to the Market. The plebeian youngster, long before the revolt, was keen to risk his life not only to have the gabelle lifted, but also to “do right by the canaglia, the popolo” and to relieve his city, burdened by its defeatism and general habit of just bumbling forward, catch-as-catch-can.

Chapter 5 is the first of three chapters exploring the impact of age related risks affecting particular sub populations of older people. Socioeconomic disadvantage in later life tends to reflect a lifecourse status. It amplifies what is already present. In 2016/17 one million older people were living in poverty; an additional 1.2 million were living just above the poverty line. These numbers are rising. Those aged 85 years or over, frail older people, older women and single older people are particularly at risk. Poor older people are also more likely to live in poor housing and be exposed to fuel poverty. Being poor - and its concomitants - compromises mental health in a number of profound ways. It undermines an older person’s capacity to make choices, retain independence, save for a crisis, maintain social contacts and be digitally included. It is linked with worry, loss of control over life and shame. Poor older people are at heightened risk of isolation and loneliness, stress, anxiety and depression. The UK has a weak policy record, compared with other developed countries, of sustainably and coherently addressing poverty in later life. One of the cornerstones of doing so is a continued commitment to the basic state pension as a fundamental building block of a secure old age. Addressing poor housing is also pivotal.

This concluding chapter summarises the central argument of this book: that there is a considerable disjunct between citizenship from above, and citizenship as it is lived and experienced from below. The citizenship consequences of this disjunct are discussed, and the implications for the future social in/exclusion of those who rely on benefits for all or most of their income. Further, this chapter considers whether a call for greater social citizenship rights is still a pertinent and effective one, or whether instead social citizenship has been co-opted by the dominant work-based citizenship narrative from above. Although citizenship’s original emancipatory intent has been subverted by recent governments, there remains scope in calls for genuine and meaningful social inclusion and social rights that offer protection and support to all citizens. Here, there is particular potential in a focus on social security as a mechanism for addressing the pervasive insecurity that characterises everyday life. Policy makers also need to listen much more closely to those with the ‘expertise by experience’ that comes with living with poverty and welfare reform, and these voices need to be better incorporated into political and public debates.

There is no clear direction in the Constitution of India about how much of the cost of higher and professional education of a student the central government or the concerned state government would bear. There are no guidelines regarding how to improve the global rank of India’s professional education (e.g., management education), when judged by the parameters of relevance, standard, infrastructure, technology and innovation, and above all, the cost per student. In an emerging economy like India slogging to get rid of the age old problems of poverty, unemployment, rural underdevelopment and illiteracy, post graduate management education is a luxury commodity for a sizeable chunk of the population. In this context, this chapter covers how the post graduate management education system consisting of public as well as private universities and institutions are performing, being assisted financially and coming up with, inter alia, infrastructure, technology and innovation with comparison from a number of countries over the globe across the East as also the West.

In January 2018, about 17 percent of the workforce in the United States had a part-time job. Part-time employment increased between 1955 and the 1980s as large numbers of women entered the workforce. Since then it has fluctuated in response to rising and falling unemployment. The majority of part-time workers are between 24 and 60 and about two-thirds are women, who often divide their time between work and family. Like other forms of nonstandard work, part-time workers are more likely to have bad jobs, and they are more apt to live in families that are poor, even when controlling for a multitude of labor related variables. Although some part-time jobs offer health and retirement benefits and wages above the poverty threshold, most do not. Only a small share of part-time jobs-between 16 and 17 percent-are located in the primary labor market. When compared to whites, we find that blacks, Hispanic non-citizens, and persons of mixed-race descent are more likely to work part-time. Part-time workers in these groups are also more likely to have jobs in the secondary labor market. Finally, we find that as percentage of part-time workers in occupations increases, the negative effect on job quality associated with the percentage of women in an occupation is greatly reduced or disappear

This chapter investigates The Chronicle of the Łódź Ghetto 1941–1944 (1984), which was edited by Lucjan Dobroszycki. In a truly devastating manner, the Chronicle highlights such questions as the role and behaviour of the Jewish Council, but above all it shows the day-to-day struggle of the inhabitants of the ghetto to survive in the face of extreme poverty, overcrowding, disease, hunger, and starvation, not to say the threats and then the actual fact of physical extermination at the hands of the Nazis. But for the Jews of the time, and indeed for present-day historians, the one question which dominates everything is this: was there anything that the Jews could do which would help determine their own fate or even survival when confronted with different Nazi policies at different times? And the short answers which the Chronicle so tragically provides is: very little for most of the time, and nothing at all when the Nazi authorities had finally and firmly decided upon the physical annihilation of the Jews. The particular value of the Łódź Chronicle is that it consists of contemporary records and accounts of the daily life of the Jewish ghetto in a city which before the outbreak of war contained a Jewish population of some 250,000 souls.

Over the last two years, the E.U. Member States have adopted a series of policy documents that draw up priorities in the fields of schools, vocational education and training, higher education, adult education, employment, youth and social inclusion. These priorities highlighted by the policy documents set up a general framework for action at European and national levels, mainly referring to: reducing early school-leaving; increasing learning mobility; making VET system more attractive; modernizing higher education; promoting adult learning and validation of non-formal and informal learning; combating youth unemployment; implementing flexicurity policies; fighting poverty and social exclusion. In this context, the Europe 2020 Strategy is designed to create 'smart, sustainable and inclusive growth' over the decade 2010-2020. The three main objectives for 2020 all require effective and efficient lifelong guidance policies. Based on the need to provide lifelong career counselling and guidance services, the present paper is aimed to analyze the use of appropriate ICT tools in delivering specific interventions in career counseling process, closely related to the career management skills' development and practice. From this perspective, the paper's approach tries to emphasize the benefits and limitations in using ICT in career counselling process, the role of the practitioner and the role of ICT, taking into consideration the key concepts like distance career counseling, social media, virtual career centers, and integrated ICT-based career resources and services. On the other hand, the paper is addresses to all education experts, teachers and counselling specialists and practitioners in order to stimulate their personal reflection on the cross-cutting nature of career counseling and career management concepts and to encourage initiative and further analysis. From this perspective, we try to investigate the general context, models and principles for developing the career management skills, bringing examples and comments of relevant practice based on a transversal and comparative curricular approach of Romanian education system's levels, with a specific reference to the curriculum area "Guidance and Counselling". Not the last, the role of experts and practitioners in career counselling domain is to mobilize all available resources with a view to enhancing lifelong career guidance policies and services at national and local levels. In line with all mentioned above, using ICT tools in implementing career counselling process and the career management skills focuses on learning about the economic environment, personal and professional development, being able to evaluate oneself, being able to describe the competences one has acquired in formal, informal and non-formal education settings, understanding education, training and qualifications systems.

About 2 billion people of the world, mostly in rural areas of the developing countries, do not have access to grid-based electricity. The most critical factor affecting their livelihoods is access to clean, affordable and reliable energy services for household and productive uses. Under this backdrop, renewable and readily available energy from the nature can be incorporated in several proven renewable energy technology (RET) systems and can play a significant role in meeting crucial energy needs in these remote far flung areas. RETs are ideal as distributed energy source and they can be incorporated in packages of energy services and thus offer unique opportunities to provide improved lighting, health care, drinking water, education, communication, and irrigation. Energy is also vital for most of the income-generating activities, both at the household or commercial levels. Access to energy is strongly connected to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which set targets for poverty reduction, improved health, and gender equality as well as environmental sustainability. Environmentally benign renewable energy systems can contribute significantly in the above-mentioned unserved or underserved areas in the developing countries to achieve both local and global environmental benefits. This is important in the context of sustainable development in: (i) poverty alleviation, (ii) education, (iii) gender equity and empowerment, (iv) health including other benefits like improved information access through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) centers, (v) better security, and (vi) increase in social or recreational opportunities. It is evident that proliferation of renewable energy resources through implementing their applications for meeting energy demand will promote all the three dimensions namely, social, economic and environmental of sustainable development in the developing countries. Several small scale enabling RET systems have been suggested in this paper in the light of above-mentioned issues of energy sustainability and they can significantly contribute to the improvement of the livelihood of the remote impoverished rural communities of the developing countries. With the current state of technology development, several RET systems (such as wind, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, biomass and microhydro) have become successful in different parts of the world. In this paper, an exhaustive literature survey has been conducted and several successful and financially viable small-scale RET systems were analyzed. These systems have relevance to the economies of the developing countries that can be utilized for electrification of domestic houses, micro enterprises, health clinics, educational establishments and rural development centers.