Journal articles: 'Aboriginal primary age children'

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Lee, Caroline, Mark Hanly, Natasha Larter, Karen Zwi, Susan Woolfenden, and Louisa Jorm. "Demographic and clinical characteristics of hospitalised unintentional poisoning in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal preschool children in New South Wales, Australia: a population data linkage study." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e022633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022633.

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ObjectivesTo investigate differences in demographic and clinical characteristics of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children aged 0–4 years hospitalised for unintentional poisoning in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.Design and settingRetrospective whole-of-population cohort analysis of linked hospital and mortality data for 2000–2014.ParticipantsAll children (Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal) under the age of 5 years who were born in a hospital in NSW from 2000 to 2009.OutcomesThe primary outcome was hospitalisation for unintentional poisoning. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds of poisoning hospitalisation for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. Poisoning agents and clinical outcomes were compared by Aboriginality.ResultsThe cohort included 767 119 children, including 28 528 (3.7%) Aboriginal children. Aboriginal children had approximately three times higher rates of hospitalised poisoning (1.34%) compared with non-Aboriginal children (0.41%). Poisoning incidence peaked at 2–3 years of age. Male sex, socioeconomic disadvantage and geographical remoteness were associated with higher odds of poisoning hospitalisation for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children, but associations with disadvantage and remoteness were statistically significant only for non-Aboriginal children. Most (83%) poisonings were caused by pharmaceutical agents. Few Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children had repeat admissions for poisoning; most had a length of stay of 1 day or less. Only 8% of poisoning admissions involved contact with a social worker.ConclusionCommonly used medications in the general population contribute to poisonings among both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal preschool-aged children. This study highlights a need to develop culturally safe poisoning prevention strategies and policies.

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Howard, Damien. "Knowing Who May have a Hearing Loss: a simple speech reception game for use by teachers and parents." Aboriginal Child at School 20, no. 4 (September 1992): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200005393.

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Middle ear disease is one of the most common childhood illnesses (Kokko 1974) and often results in hearing loss. This type of conductive hearing loss is endemic among Aboriginal children in particular. Between twenty-five and fifty percent of Aboriginal primary school age children are affected by hearing loss at any point in time (Quinn 1988). However, Aboriginal children's hearing loss is often not identified, in part because of ‘masking’ due to cultural differences. The awareness of possible hearing loss among non-Aboriginal children is usually prompted by children's behaviour. For example, the children don't follow directions and fail to answer questions. However, among Aboriginal children these behaviours may also be attributed to cultural differences in appropriate social behaviour (Harris 1980). Therefore, concern about possible hearing loss is less likely to emerge on the basis of the behaviour of Aboriginal children (Price 1981, Howard 1991). This means identification of Aboriginal children's hearing loss often occurs only if children are tested, usually as part of a hearing screening program. However, in some areas of the Northern Territory at least, the likelihood of Aboriginal student's hearing being screened has actually diminished in recent years.

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Oguoma, Victor M., Nicole Wilson, Kim Mulholland, Mathuram Santosham, Paul Torzillo, Peter McIntyre, Heidi Smith-Vaughan, et al. "10-Valent pneumococcal non-typeable H. influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV10) versus 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) as a booster dose to broaden and strengthen protection from otitis media (PREVIX_BOOST) in Australian Aboriginal children: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 10, no. 5 (May 2020): e033511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033511.

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IntroductionStreptococcus pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are major otitis media pathogens that densely co-colonise the nasopharynx and infect the middle ear of Australian Aboriginal infants from very early in life. Our co-primary hypotheses are that at 18 months of age infants receiving 10-valent pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV10) compared with those receiving 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) as a booster at 12 months of age will have higher antibody levels to Haemophilus influenzae protein D and that infants receiving PCV13 will have higher antibody levels to PCV13-only serotypes 3, 6A and 19A.Methods and analysesOur randomised controlled trial will enrol 270 Aboriginal children at 12 months of age to a booster dose of either PHiD-CV10 or PCV13. Children who completed the three-dose primary course schedules of PHiD-CV10 at 2, 4, 6 months of age; PCV13 at 2, 4, 6 months of age; or a combination schedule of PHiD-CV10 at 1, 2, 4 months of age plus PCV13 at 6 months of age are eligible. The co-primary assessor-blinded outcomes when the infants are 18 months of age are as follows: (a) IgG geometric mean concentration (GMC) and proportion with IgG ≥100 EU/mL for protein D, and (b) IgG GMC and the proportion with IgG ≥0.35 µg/mL for pneumococcal serotypes 3, 6A and 19A. Secondary immunogenicity comparisons of six primary and booster dose schedules of 10 shared serotypes at 18 months of age, nasopharyngeal carriage, all forms of otitis media, hearing loss and developmental milestones at 18, 24, 30 and 36 months of age will be reported.Ethics and disseminationEthics committees of NT Department of Health, Menzies, WA Department of Health and WA Aboriginal Health approved the study. Results will be presented to communities, at conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT01735084.

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Zubrick, S. R., F. Mitrou, D. Lawrence, and S. R. Silburn. "Maternal death and the onward psychosocial circumstances of Australian Aboriginal children and young people." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 9 (January 5, 2011): 1971–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710002485.

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BackgroundThis study sought to determine the social and emotional impact of maternal loss on Aboriginal children and young people using data from the Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey (WAACHS).MethodData were from a population-based random sample of 5289 Aboriginal children aged under 18 years. Interview data about the children were gathered from primary carers and from their school teachers. Probabilistic record linkage to death registrations was used to ascertain deaths. Association between maternal death and subsequent psychosocial outcomes was assessed using univariate analyses and logistic regression.ResultsOf the 5289 Aboriginal children, 57 had experienced the death of their birth mother prior to the survey. Multi-variable adjustment accounting for age and gender found that, relative to children who were living with their birth mother, children whose birth mother had died were at higher risk for sniffing glue or other substances [odds ratio (OR) 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–8.7], using other drugs (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2–6.8), talking about suicide (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2–5.7) and attempting suicide (OR 7.0, 95% CI 1.6–31.1).ConclusionsAlthough the death of a birth mother is relatively rare and the vast majority of Aboriginal children with adverse developmental outcomes live in families and are cared for by their birth mother, the findings here suggest that the loss of a birth mother and the circumstances arising from this impart a level of onward developmental risk for mental health morbidity in Australian Aboriginal children.

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Williamson, Anna, Adam Skinner, Kathleen Falster, Kathleen Clapham, Sandra J. Eades, and Emily Banks. "Mental health-related emergency department presentations and hospital admissions in a cohort of urban Aboriginal children and adolescents in New South Wales, Australia: findings from SEARCH." BMJ Open 8, no. 11 (November 2018): e023544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023544.

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ObjectivesThe aim of the current study is to quantify mental health-related emergency department (ED) presentations and hospitalisations, and associated child and family characteristics, in children recruited through four Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations.SettingFour Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services that deliver primary care. All services were located in urban or large regional centres in New South Wales, Australia.Participants1476 Aboriginal children aged 0–17 years at recruitment to the Study of Environment on Aboriginal Resilience and Child Health.Primary outcome measuresED presentations and hospital admissions with a primary mental health diagnosis obtained via linkage to population health datasets.ResultsOver a median of 6-year follow-up, there were 96 ED presentations affecting 62 children (10.7/1000 person-years) and 49 hospitalisations affecting 34 children (5.5/1000 person-years) for mental health conditions. Presentations/admissions increased with age. ED presentation was increased with: living in foster versus parental care (adjusted rate ratio (RR)=3.97, 95% CrI 1.26 to 11.80); high versus low baseline child emotional/behavioural problems (adjusted RR=2.93, 95% CrI 1.50 to 6.10); and caregiver chronic health conditions versus none (adjusted RR=2.81, 95% CrI 1.31 to 6.63). Hospitalisations were significantly increased with caregiver unemployment versus home duties (adjusted RR=4.48, 95% CrI 1.26 to 17.94) and caregiver chronic health problems versus none (adjusted RR=3.83, 95% CrI 1.33 to 12.12).ConclusionsTertiary care for mental health issues was relatively common among participating Aboriginal children, with risk elevated for those living in foster care, with prior mental health and behavioural problems and with carers with chronic illness and/or unemployment. While this study suggests high rates of serious mental health events among children from participating communities, the optimum means for reducing these rates, and the need for tertiary care, has not yet been determined. Such information is urgently required to inform policy and programmes to support Aboriginal child and adolescent mental health.

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Rubin, Bruce K., and Vijay Kumar. "Chronic Lung Disease in Canadian Aboriginal Children Is Not Caused by Abnormal Cilia." Canadian Respiratory Journal 4, no. 4 (1997): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/319024.

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BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that abnormalities of the airway cilia are responsible for some of the increased prevalence of bronchiectasis among the Polynesian population of New Zealand.OBJECTIVE: To determine whether abnormalities of the ciliary axoneme were present in Cree children with recurrent pneumonia.DESIGN: Retrospective identification of Cree children under 18 years of age with three or more documented episodes of pneumonia, at least one of which was severe enough to require hospitalization. Physical examination and nasal brushing for ciliary ultrastructure were performed on those who consented to participate in the study.SETTING: Out-patient department of Moose Factory General Hospital, the referral hospital for the James Bay Region of Northern Ontario.PATIENTS: Ten children (seven males; three females) met the diagnostic criteria and lived in Moose Factory or Moosonee. Six patients (five boys, one girl, mean age 7 years 2 months) consented to examination and nasal brushing.RESULTS: Although the percentage of abnormal cilia (21%) was three to seven times greater than that reported for the control population, the abnormalities seen were characteristic of acquired axonemal defects rather than primary ciliary dyskinesia.CONCLUSIONS: In this population, recurrent pneumonia did not appear to be associated with congenital defects of the ciliary axoneme (primary ciliary dyskinesia). This is consistent with a review of published transmission electron microscopy studies of nasal cilia from the Maori of New Zealand.

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Waddington, Claire S., Charlie McLeod, Peter Morris, Asha Bowen, Mark Naunton, Jonathan Carapetis, Keith Grimwood, et al. "The NICE-GUT trial protocol: a randomised, placebo controlled trial of oral nitazoxanide for the empiric treatment of acute gastroenteritis among Australian Aboriginal children." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e019632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019632.

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IntroductionDiarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years globally, killing 525 000 annually. Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter Aboriginal) children suffer a high burden of disease. Randomised trials in other populations suggest nitazoxanide accelerates recovery for children with Giardia, amoebiasis, Cryptosporidium, Rotavirus and Norovirus gastroenteritis, as well as in cases where no enteropathogens are found.Methods and analysisThis double blind, 1:1 randomised, placebo controlled trial is investigating the impact of oral nitazoxanide on acute gastroenteritis in hospitalised Australian Aboriginal children aged 3 months to <5 years. Dosing is based on age-based dosing. The primary endpoint is the time to resolution of ‘significant illness’ defined as the time from randomisation to the time of clinical assessment as medically ready for discharge, or to the time of actual discharge from hospital, whichever occurs first. Secondary endpoints include duration of hospitalisation, symptom severity during the period of significant illness and following treatment, duration of rehydration and drug safety. Patients will be followed for medically significant events for 60 days. Analysis is based on Bayesian inference. Subgroup analysis will occur by pathogen type (bacteria, virus or parasite), rotavirus vaccination status, age and illness severity.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been granted by the Central Australian Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC-14–221) and the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Northern Territory Department of Health and Menzies School of Health Research (HREC2014-2172). Study investigators will ensure that the trial is conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Individual participant consent will be obtained. Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publication.Trial registration numberACTRN12614000381684.

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Lakhan, Prabha, Deborah Askew, Mark F. Harris, Corey Kirk, and Noel Hayman. "Understanding health talk in an urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary healthcare service: a cross-sectional study." Australian Journal of Primary Health 23, no. 4 (2017): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py16162.

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Health literacy is an important determinant of health status. This cross-sectional study aimed to describe the prevalence of adequate health literacy among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients or their carers including parents of sick children attending an urban primary healthcare clinic in Australia, and their experiences of communication with General Practitioners (GPs). A questionnaire, including questions from the Brief Health Literacy Screen (BHLS) and questions from the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS): Communication with Provider, was administered to 427 participants. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s Chi-Square test and logistic regression analysis were used to describe the prevalence and risk factors associated with health literacy and any associations between the CAHPS questions and health literacy. In total, 72% of participants had adequate health literacy. An age of ≥50 years was independently associated with inadequate health literacy, and completion of secondary or post-secondary schooling was protective. Communication questions that identified areas for improvement included less use of incomprehensible medical words and more frequent use of visual aids. The study provides useful information on health literacy among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients, or their carers, and their experiences of communication with GPs. Further population-based research is required to investigate the effect of health literacy on health outcomes of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients.

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Paes, Bosco A., Ian Mitchell, Anna Banerji, Krista L. Lanctôt, and Joanne M. Langley. "A Decade of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Epidemiology and Prophylaxis: Translating Evidence into Everyday Clinical Practice." Canadian Respiratory Journal 18, no. 2 (2011): e10-e19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/493056.

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common infection in infancy, with nearly all children affected by two years of age. Approximately 0.5% to 2.0% of all children are hospitalized with lower respiratory tract disease, of which 50% to 90% have bronchiolitis and 5% to 40% have pneumonia. Morbidity and mortality are highest in children with nosocomial infection and in those with underlying medical illnesses such as cardiac and chronic lung disease. Aboriginal children residing in remote northern regions are specifically considered to be at high risk for hospitalization due to RSV infection. Thorough hand washing and health education are the principal strategies in primary prevention. In the absence of a vaccine, palivizumab prophylaxis is currently the best intervention to reduce the burden of illness and RSV-related hospitalization in high-risk children. Health care professionals should provide palivizumab prophylaxis cost effectively in accordance with recommendations issued by pediatric societies and national advisory bodies.The present article reviews the epidemiology of RSV infection and the short- and long-term impact of disease in high-risk infants and special populations. Prevention strategies and treatment are discussed based on the existing scientific evidence, and future challenges in the management of RSV infection are addressed.

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Lakhan, Prabha, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Deborah Askew, Noel Hayman, and Geoffrey Spurling. "Visual impairment among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients attending an Australian Indigenous primary health service: a cross-sectional study." Australian Journal of Primary Health 26, no. 4 (2020): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py19119.

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This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the period prevalence of visual impairment (VI) and blindness among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people attending an Indigenous urban primary healthcare service, eye care practitioner referrals for those with VI and any opportunities to improve care delivery. Visual acuity (VA) examinations, using a Snellen chart, are performed as part of routine annual health assessments offered to children and adults. This study included patients aged ≥5 years (n=1442) who had a health assessment conducted between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2016 and provided consent for the use of their health assessment information for research. Of patients with available data, 2.4% (33/1374) experienced VI, defined as presenting VA worse than 6/12 to 6/60 in the better-seeing eye. VI was more common in those aged ≥60 years (14/136; 10.3%) and was significantly associated with increasing age (P<0.001). No patients experienced blindness, defined as presenting VA worse than 6/60 in the better-seeing eye. All patients with VI were aged ≥16 years. Nine (27%) of the 33 patients with VI in the better-seeing eye were referred to an optometrist or an ophthalmologist. The low period prevalence of VI and no blindness in this study are positive findings. The findings also indicate that routine VA testing of older adults, especially those aged ≥60 years, should be conducted to avoid missing those not having an annual health assessment.

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Walsh, Grant. "Aboriginal Primary Education." Aboriginal Child at School 15, no. 2 (May 1987): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200014826.

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Aboriginal children attending school have special needs that should be recognised and catered for by the school system. This paper will deal with the practical aspects of Aboriginal education. In particular the focus will be on Aboriginal Primary education within Western Australia. The paper also limits itself by addressing issues related to more traditionally oriented Aboriginal groups living in remote communities. However, while the main emphasis is given to more traditionally oriented Aboriginal groups, many aspects can be usefully employed and extended to Aboriginal education in general. Therefore the aim of this paper is to give teachers and educators basic information about Aboriginal education so that they can develop appropriate education programs to meet the needs of the Aboriginal children within their schools.

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Kickett-Tucker, Cheryl S. "How Aboriginal Peer Interactions in Upper Primary School Sport Support Aboriginal Identity." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 37, no. 1 (2008): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1326011100016185.

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AbstractThis ethnographic study tested the hypothesis that positive social interactions in sport will contribute positively to the Aboriginal identity of urban, Australian Aboriginal children. Nine male and female children aged 11-12 years were observed and interviewed. Significant responses were extracted and meanings were identified and grouped into various themes (Colaizzi, 1978). Interactions between Aboriginal participants were different from interactions with non-Aboriginal children and each provided different sources of information toward children's Aboriginal identity. The hypothesis was supported because the outcomes of interactions in sport among Aboriginal children enabled them to positively express their Aboriginal identity together in a group, speak an Aboriginal language and interact with each other in ways that further affirmed their Aboriginal identity. In comparison, non-Aboriginal peers contributed positively to Aboriginal student's self-esteem because of the positive feedback they provided in school sport. Furthermore, non-Aboriginal students' social interactions with Aboriginal peers were purposeful for making friends, acceptance and respect between each other.

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Ye, Ming, Piushkumar J. Mandhane, and Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan. "Association of Breastfeeding with Asthma in Young Aboriginal Children in Canada." Canadian Respiratory Journal 19, no. 6 (2012): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/402765.

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BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the factors associated with asthma in young Aboriginal children.OBJECTIVE: To characterize the association of demographic, environmental and early life factors with asthma in young Aboriginal children in Canada.METHODS: The 2006 Aboriginal Children’s Survey was conducted among off-reserve Aboriginal children zero to six years of age to obtain information on Aboriginal children’s development and well-being. The prevalence of asthma in Aboriginal children was obtained from the parental report of asthma as diagnosed by a health care professional.RESULTS: The prevalence of reported asthma among off-reserve Aboriginal children zero to six years of age (n=14,170) was 9.4%. Asthma prevalence in both exclusively breastfed children (6.8%) and ever but not exclusively breastfed children (9.0%) was significantly lower than that in nonbreastfed children (11.0%). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, exclusive breastfeeding was protective of asthma compared with nonbreastfeeding (OR 0.59 [95% CI 0.44 to 0.78]). Older age groups, male sex, having two or more older siblings, low birth weight, day care attendance and ear infection were significant risk factors for asthma.CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of asthma among young Aboriginal children zero to six years of age living off reserve was slightly lower than that reported for all other Canadian children. Breastfeeding, especially exclusively breastfeeding, was protective of asthma in Aboriginal children, which is consistent with what has been observed in non-Aboriginal children in Canada. Public health interventions intended for reducing asthma incidence in young Aboriginal children should include breastfeeding promotion programs.

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Chaffey, Graham W., Gayle Halliwell, and Ken W. McCluskey. "Identifying High Academic Potential in Canadian Aboriginal Primary School Children." Gifted and Talented International 21, no. 2 (December 2006): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332276.2006.11673476.

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Chang, Hsiu-Ju, Jeremy Beach, and Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan. "Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Asthma in Off-Reserve Aboriginal Children and Adults in Canada." Canadian Respiratory Journal 19, no. 6 (2012): e68-e74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/753040.

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Only a few studies have investigated asthma morbidity in Canadian Aboriginal children. In the present study, data from the 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey were used to determine the prevalence and risk factors for asthma in Canadian Aboriginal children six to 14 years of age and adults 15 to 64 years of age living off reserve. The prevalence of asthma was 14.3% in children and 14.0% in adults. Children and adults with Inuit ancestry had a significantly lower prevalence of asthma than those with North American Indian and Métis ancestries. Factors significantly associated with ever asthma in children included male sex, allergy, low birth weight, obesity, poor dwelling conditions and urban residence. In adults, factors associated with ever asthma varied among Aboriginal groups; however, age group, sex and urban residence were associated with ever asthma in all four Aboriginal groups. The prevalence of asthma was lower in Aboriginal children and higher in Aboriginal adults compared with that reported for the Canadian population. Variation in the prevalence of and risk factors for asthma among Aboriginal ancestry groups may be related to genetic and environmental factors that require further investigation.

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Vinokurova, F., L. Sorokina, V. Argunova, P. Sleptsova, T. Bourtseva, V. Chasnyk, and M. Kostik. "POS1297 HOW HLA B27 PREVALENCE IN THE POPULATION INFLUENCE ON FEATURES OF JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS: DATA FROM SAKHA REPUBLIC (YAKUTIA)." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 930.1–930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.810.

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Background:Sakha Republic (Yakutia) - SR(Y) is a bid arctic region of Russia with high proportion of aboriginals - Yakutians (50%), intra-national marriages, increased level of inbreeding and high distribution of HLAB27 among aboriginals – 33%, according the epidemiological studies. The main type of arthritis is ankylosing spondylitis in adults and enthesytis-related arthritis (ERA) of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in children. The pattern of arthritis distribution in adults and children in SR(Y) is differ from Caucasians and similar to Native Americans.Objectives:Our study aimed to evaluate the features of JIA in aboriginals of SR(Y), associated with high prevalence of HLAB27 antigen.Methods:In the retrospective study we included 144 Yakutians who were admitted in the rheumatology department of Yakutsk in 2007-2016 years and 753 JIA patients Caucasian origin in Saint-Petersburg in the same years. We evaluated routine clinical and laboratorial features. HLA B27 was evaluated according the clinical judgement of the attending physicians.Results:ERA is a main JIA category in Yakutians. The main features the male predominance, higher onset age, high inflammatory activity, lower number of active joints, high incidence of hip and sacroiliac joints involvement, lower levels of psoriasis and uveitis. Yakutians have rare the involvement of cervical spine (6% vs 14%, p=0.0000001), TMJ (1% vs 6%, p=0.027), elbow (8% vs 16%, p=0.012), wrist (18% vs 28%, p=0.017), MCP (7% vs 21%, p=0.00005), PIP (8% vs 25%, p=0.00005). The treatment rates of methotrexate and biologics were similar between groups, but in Yakutians the biologics were administered earlier, because methotrexate failed and often was ineffective. The cumulative probability to receive biologics was higher in Yakutians compare to Caucasians: HR=3.4 [2.6; 4.4], p=0.000001 (Figure 1). The main biologic in Yakutians was etanercept (49/70; 70%). Yakutians received corticosteroids and cyclosporine A rarely, due to low incidence of systemic onset JIA and oligoarthritis with uveitis. It was observed, that the HLA B27 as a risk factors had different significance in Yakutians and Caucasians. HLA B27 presence increased the risk of ERA OR=2.72 (1.3; 5.6) p=0.01 in Yakutians and OR=69.2 (29.5; 162.3), p=0.00001 for Caucasians; for biologic administration: 0,86 (0,4; 1,8), p=0.529 and 2,45 (1,5; 4,0), p=0.0003, respectively.Figure 1.Cumulative probability to leave without biologics between Yakutian and Caucasian JIA patients.Conclusion:High distribution of HLA B27 antigene in Yakutians, lead to different pattern of JIA categories distributions and patient’s management.This work was supported by the Project of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (basic part of funding to M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University #FSRG-2020-0016) and by the RFBR grant #18-05-600035_Arctika.Table 1.Differences between Yakutian and Caucasian JIA patients.JIA featuresYakutians, n=144 (%)Caucasians, n=723 (%)рGender, boys, n (%)85 (59.0)279 (38.6)0.000006Onset age, years10.6 (6.0; 13.4)6.0 (3.0; 10.3)0.0000001JIA categories, n (%)Oligoarthritis36 (25.0)188 (26.0)0.0000001Poly, RF (-)21 (14.6)248 (34.3)Poly, RF (+)1 (0.7)22 (3.0)Systemic onset4 (2.8)53 (7.3)ERA76 (52.8)171 (23.7)Psoriatic arthritis6 (4.2)41 (5.7)Active joints4.0 (3.0; 6.0)6.0 (3.0; 12.0)0.0000001Uveitis, n (%)16 (11.1)114/503 (22.7)0.002Psoriasis, n(%)3/143 (2.1)46/719 (6.4)0.043Hip involvement50 (34.7)146 (20.2)0.0001Sacroiliitis46 (31.9)69 (9.6)0.0000001HLA B27, n (%)76/131 (58.0)105/301 (34.8)0.00001ANA, n (%)4/46 (8.7)204/444 (46.0)0.00001RF, n (%)3/141 (2.1)22/403 (5.5)0.104Biologics, primary, n (%)70/144 (48.6)347 (48.0)0.892Time before first biologics, years0.6 (0.3; 1.4)2.6 (1.0; 5.4)0.0000001Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Gutman, Dasia Black. "Aboriginal Children Want to Learn ‘Good School Work’." Aboriginal Child at School 20, no. 2 (May 1992): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s031058220000777x.

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The study sets out to find out urban Aboriginal children's views of schools and teachers, particularly the things they enjoy and find valuable in their schooling experience and their ideas on what changes they would like to see. Literature indicates that whilst, on the one hand, Aboriginal parents and communities increasingly “want to help my children do better at school” (de Lacy, 1985, p..282), on the other hand very few succeed, especially once they have entered high school. A study by Goodnow and Burns (1985) has shown that primary school children are very discriminating judges of what helps them learn. Thus finding out what Aboriginal children actually say about their school experience may help educators to interpret their behaviour in the school setting more accurately and consequently to communicate with them more effectively. In the fairly extensive literature on Aboriginal children's education a number of relevant themes recur. One is the importance of personal relationships in Aboriginal children's learning. Affiliation is the basis of traditional Aboriginal relationships with individuality of the person secondary to the close knit family group. This is expressed as concern with affectionate relations in Aboriginal children's interactions with teachers and peers. It relates to what Honeyman (1986) calls traditional Aboriginal society's “humane teaching”, where education was through guidance rather than direct instruction. Another theme is the unpredictability of educational outcomes for Aboriginal students, particularly the nature of the acquisition of English literacy. “It is the most puzzling yet most debilitating characteristic of Aboriginal education to be recognised in recent times.” (Willmot, 1989, p.10) There are contradictory findings on Aboriginal adolescents' attitudes to school. Jordan (1984) in her South Australian study found that Aboriginal students had a “positive view of schooling and school personnel” (p.289).

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Hanly, Mark, Kathleen Falster, Georgina Chambers, John Lynch, Emily Banks, Nusrat Homaira, Marni Brownell, Sandra Eades, and Louisa Jorm. "Gestational Age and Child Development at Age Five in a Population-Based Cohort of Australian Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Children." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 32, no. 1 (November 22, 2017): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12426.

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Andrews, Cheryl. "Teacher Socialisation and Teacher Attitudes Towards Indigenous Children." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 21, no. 5 (November 1993): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200005939.

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In this paper I offer an explanation for teacher-held beliefs that contribute to perceptions of school failure by indigenous children and discuss the ends served by these perceptions. Although the validity of using retention rates as an indicator of actual educational outcomes is questioned (Luke, A. et al, 1993:144), there are few other indicators presently available. The figures on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander student participation rates-indicate that few children of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent complete secondary school. The following figures, based on data collected in the 1991 Australian Census, show the number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander school children of a particular sex and age expressed as a proportion of the population of children of the same sex and age, in Queensland.

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Oliver, Rhonda, Glenys Collard, and Judith Rochecouste. "Attitudes of primary school Australian Aboriginal children to their linguistic codes." Set: Research Information for Teachers, no. 3 (November 1, 2001): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18296/set.0760.

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Purdie, Nola, Rhonda Oliver, Glenys Collard, and Judith Rochecouste. "Attitudes of Primary School Australian Aboriginal Children to their Linguistic Codes." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 21, no. 4 (December 2002): 410–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026192702237957.

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BARKER, R. "EAR AND LUNG DISEASE IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 30, no. 6 (December 1994): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00736.x.

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Freedman, Linda, and Teresa Donaczy. "The Stolen Children: a personal account." Children Australia 16, no. 04 (1991): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200012529.

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Teresa Donaczy’s calm presence and quiet sense of humour cannot mask her pain. The memory of removal from her family at the age of five still haunts her. A re-union thirty-four years later, a happy marriage, nine children and thirteen grandchildren cannot erase the hurt. Born Teresa Kirby on an Aboriginal reserve in the New South Wales town of Balranald in 1936, Teresa recalls how the Aboriginal people hid their children in the bushes to avoid them being taken by New South Wales Government authorities.

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Ejaz Ali Khan, Rana, and Toseef Azid. "Malnutrition in primary school‐age children." International Journal of Social Economics 38, no. 9 (August 2, 2011): 748–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068291111157221.

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Mah, Manuel W., and Elizabeth Anne Fanning. "An Epidemic of Primary Tuberculosis in a Canadian Aboriginal Community." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2, no. 4 (1991): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1991/312417.

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In 1987, an outbreak of primary tuberculosis occurred in a Canadian aboriginal community of 350 people. The source case was a young woman who had been symptomatic for four months with smear positive cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis. Her 17 siblings and their families were frequent close contacts. Among the 626 persons surveyed in the community and environs, 35 additional active cases of tuberculosis were identified. The mean age of cases was 13 years and the median age 10 years. The method of diagnosis was bacteriological in 20 and radiological in 16. There were 257 positive tuberculin reactors of whom 120 had no previous record of a positive skin test. Isoniazid prophylaxis was recommended to all new reactors, close household contacts, reactors under the age of 35 years and reactors with lung scars. One late case was identified at one year of follow-up in a contact who had refused prophylaxis. The rates of infection and disease were higher in the family (65% and 46%, respectively) than in the community and environs (19% and 5.6%, respectively). This report illustrates the nature of a point source epidemic of primary tuberculosis in a susceptible community with a predictable reservoir of infection. The delay in diagnosis of the source case allowed numerous new infections to occur. However, prompt aggressive contact follow-up was successful in containing the epidemic. To prevent future outbreaks, the reservoir of infected persons must be identified and administered chemoprophylaxis.

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Jassar, P., A. Sibtain, D. Marco, J. Jose, and G. Hunter. "Infection rates after tympanostomy tube insertion, comparing Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in the Northern Territory, Australia: a retrospective, comparative study." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 123, no. 5 (June 25, 2008): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510800306x.

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AbstractObjective:To determine if there is a difference in infection rates between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children, following tympanostomy and ventilation tube placement, in the Northern Territory, Australia.Materials and methods:A cohort of 213 patients aged zero to 10 years who had undergone tympanostomy and ventilation tube placement at the Royal Darwin Hospital between 1996 and 2004 were identified. Patients were divided into Aboriginal or non-Aboriginal groups, from their medical record. Factors such as age, sex, dwelling (remote or urban) and season were compared for each group, in order to ascertain if they contributed to infection rates. A retrospective analysis of cases was conducted for the two-year post-operative period.Results:There was no statistically significant difference in infection rates between the two groups (37 vs 35 per cent). There was no statistically significant difference when comparing the two groups for age, sex, season, or remote vs urban dwelling.Conclusion:Aboriginal children were not prone to more infections following tympanostomy tube placement when compared with non-Aboriginal children.

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Heppner, Denise Hudspith. "WRITING INSTRUCTION IN CANADIAN PRESCHOOL-PRIMARY GRADES: A LITERATURE REVIEW." Articles 52, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 335–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1044470ar.

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This article reports on the results of a literature review addressing the research questions: What strategies for writing instruction have proven to be effective in promoting writing development in preschool-primary aged children? What research on writing instruction has been conducted within Canada on preschool-primary aged children? An examination of Canadian research reveals a significant lack of studies in the area of preschool-primary writing instruction. Theories of writing pedagogy are situated within a framework of six discourses: skills, creativity, process, genre, social practices, and sociopolitical. While the Canadian research represented all discourses, it was lacking in number and did not yet address such important areas as the literacy achievement gaps between urban / rural and Aboriginal / non-Aboriginal students.

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BOWER, C., J. PAYNE, R. CONDON, D. HENDRIE, A. HARRIS, and R. HENDERSON. "Sequelae of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children under 5 years of age." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 30, no. 5 (October 1994): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00686.x.

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Wunungmurra, Djuwandayngu. "Survey of Aboriginal Parents in Darwin." Aboriginal Child at School 15, no. 3 (July 1987): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200014917.

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Aboriginal people from various communities come into urban centres and take up permanent residence. They then enrol their school age children at urban schools, the same as other parents of different backgrounds.

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Lipton, Harold, Elaine Raivio, Ellen Perrault, Barbara Bryden, Virginia Caputy, Linda Binding, Deborah Pace, et al. "Integrating Children's Mental Health in Primary Health Care." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 27, no. 2 (September 1, 2008): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2008-0025.

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The Healthy Minds/Healthy Children Outreach Service is part of Alberta's strategy to increase the capacity of primary care providers to identify and treat children and youth with mental health issues. Program development, implementation, and interim results are presented. Particular challenges connecting with Aboriginal communities, developing resources, and providing clinical consultation and online professional development are discussed. Evaluation data suggest that this form of collaborative, educational, interprofessional service is a promising approach to narrowing the care gap for children with mental health issues.

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Cronin, Rebecca P., and Carmel M. Diezmann. "Jane and Gemma go to School: Supporting Young Gifted Aboriginal Students." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 27, no. 4 (December 2002): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183693910202700404.

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Both Aboriginal students and gifted students have been identified as educationally disadvantaged groups with needs that are often not adequately met by the Australian educational system. Hence, gifted Aboriginal students are particularly vulnerable to underachievement. As all students should receive the opportunity to fulfill their potential, there is a need to establish how to support the achievements of gifted Aboriginal children from an early age. The identification and achievement of gifted Aboriginal children is affected by culture conflict, the lack of knowledge of culturally sensitive identification measures of giftedness, and the anti-intellectual Australian ethos. This paper discusses the case studies of two young gifted Aboriginal girls and describes the support they will require for continued success. Ten practical suggestions are presented to assist teachers to nurture and promote the achievements of young gifted Aboriginal children.

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Barnes, Rosanne, Christopher C. Blyth, Nicholas de Klerk, Wei Hao Lee, Meredith L. Borland, Peter Richmond, Faye J. Lim, Parveen Fathima, and Hannah C. Moore. "Geographical disparities in emergency department presentations for acute respiratory infections and risk factors for presenting: a population-based cohort study of Western Australian children." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (February 2019): e025360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025360.

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IntroductionStudies examining acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in emergency department (EDs), particularly in rural and remote areas, are rare. This study aimed to examine the burden of ARIs among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children presenting to Western Australian (WA) EDs from 2002 to 2012.MethodUsing a retrospective population-based cohort study linking ED records to birth and perinatal records, we examined presentation rates for metropolitan, rural and remote Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children from 469 589 births. We used ED diagnosis information to categorise presentations into ARI groups and calculated age-specific rates. Negative binomial regression was used to investigate association between risk factors and frequency of ARI presentation.ResultsOverall, 26% of presentations were for ARIs. For Aboriginal children, the highest rates were for those aged <12 months in the Great Southern (1233 per 1000 child-years) and Pilbara regions (1088 per 1000 child-years). Rates for non-Aboriginal children were highest in children <12 months in the Southwest and Kimberley (400 and 375 per 1000 child-years, respectively). Presentation rates for ARI in children from rural and remote WA significantly increased over time in all age groups <5 years. Risk factors for children presenting to ED with ARI were: male, prematurity, caesarean delivery and residence in the Kimberley region and lower socio-economic areas.ConclusionOne in four ED presentations in WA children are for ARIs, representing a significant out-of-hospital burden with some evidence of geographical disparity. Planned linkages with hospital discharge and laboratory detection data will aid in assessing the sensitivity and specificity of ARI diagnoses in ED.

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Moeckel, Margot J. "An Educational Pathway Between Two Cultures: Equal Opportunities for Aboriginal Children." Aboriginal Child at School 13, no. 1 (March 1985): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200013626.

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The Aboriginal learning system is not a functional learning system for everything that needs to be learned in school. Whether a formal or informal style fits the task best is dependent on the nature of what has to be learned, more than on the student’s cultural affiliations. Today Aboriginal children not only need to acquire age-old knowledge in traditional ways but they have to acquire new knowledge...and they need to develop new ways of learning.

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Badenoch, Rosemary. "Primary Health Care Response to the Treatment of Chronic Diarrhoea in Aboriginal Children." Australian Journal of Primary Health 4, no. 1 (1998): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py98006.

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This paper explores the issue of chronic diarrhoea in Australian Aboriginal children from a primary health care perspective. It discusses the nature of the problem and factors which influence its perpetuation as a dominant health issue for this population. A variety of primary health care solutions are suggested, including those in relation to basic sanitation, improvements to local environmental conditions, education, collaborative health care planning, resourcing implications and the empowerment of local communities.

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Daniels, A. J. "Social Skills Training for Primary Age Children." Educational Psychology in Practice 6, no. 3 (October 1990): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0266736900060307.

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Martin-Kerry, Jacqueline M., Martin Whelan, John Rogers, Anil Raichur, Deborah Cole, and Andrea M. de Silva. "Addressing disparities in oral disease in Aboriginal people in Victoria: where to focus preventive programs." Australian Journal of Primary Health 25, no. 4 (2019): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py18100.

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The aim of this study is to determine where Aboriginal people living in Victoria attend public oral health services; whether they access Aboriginal-specific or mainstream services; and the gap between dental caries (tooth decay) experience in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people. Analysis was undertaken on routinely collected clinical data for Aboriginal patients attending Victorian public oral health services and the distribution of Aboriginal population across Victoria. Approximately 27% of Aboriginal people attended public oral health services in Victoria across a 2-year period, with approximately one in five of those accessing care at Aboriginal-specific clinics. In regional Victoria, 6-year-old Aboriginal children had significantly higher levels of dental caries than 6-year-old non-Aboriginal children. There was no significant difference in other age groups. This study is the first to report where Aboriginal people access public oral health care in Victoria and the disparity in disease between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal users of the Victorian public oral healthcare system. Aboriginal people largely accessed mainstream public oral healthcare clinics highlighting the importance for culturally appropriate services and prevention programs to be provided across the entire public oral healthcare system. The findings will guide development of policy and models of care aimed at improving the oral health of Aboriginal people living in Victoria.

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Koprinkova-Ilieva, Iva Ivanova. "Age differences in aggression in Bulgarian primary school age children." Psychological Thought 12, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/psyct.v12i2.384.

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In order to study the age differences of the status of aggression from the beginning to the end of the primary school age, 244 typically developing Bulgarian children were examined with the adapted for Bulgarian population questionnaire for measurement of aggression and depression in primary school age children. The total sample was divided into 2 age groups: first graders’ group (6-8 years, Mean age = 6.99, SD = 0.189; N = 82; 42 girls) and fourth graders’ group (9-11 years; Mean age = 10.23, SD = 0.450; N = 162; 79 girls). It was suggested that age-related differences in aggression status were present in the age range considered. It was also assumed that there were some gender differences in the participants’ aggressive status. The results did not reveal any statistically significant differences between the two age groups in the mean aggression scores, suggesting no essential aggression change in this age period. As regards to the effect of the participant’s gender, some statistically significant differences between the age subgroups in the mean aggression scores were found, with the boys demonstrated higher aggression than girls, suggesting that the subjects’ sex was a factor with significant effect on the level of aggression in this age period.

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Reid, Carol, and Helen Velissaris. "Yes, It Isn’t - No, It Is." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 19, no. 5 (November 1991): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s031058220000763x.

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During 1990 the Disadvantaged Schools Program (D.S.P.) funded an Urban Literacies Project in New South Wales. There were two strands; one was investigating English as used by children from Multicultural backgrounds; the second was researching the incidence and use of Aboriginal English in the classroom. Redfern Primary School was invited to participate as part of the Aboriginal English strand. The following is a reflection on the processes by Carol Reid and Helen Velissaris. There are some findings that may be useful to teachers regardless of the childrens’ backgrounds but we found them especially relevant for the Aboriginal children we teach in an urban school.

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Hossain, Alomgir, Stephanie Konrad, James A. Dosman, Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan, Jesse McCrosky, and Punam Pahwa. "The Determinants of Chronic Bronchitis in Aboriginal Children and Youth." Canadian Respiratory Journal 19, no. 6 (2012): e75-e80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/924750.

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BACKGROUND: There is limited knowledge concerning chronic bronchitis (CB) in Canadian Aboriginal peoples.OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence (crude and adjusted) of CB and its associated risk factors in Canadian Aboriginal children and youth six to 14 years of age.METHODS: Data from the cross-sectional Aboriginal Peoples Survey were analyzed in the present study. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors influencing the prevalence of CB among Aboriginal children and youth. The balanced repeated replication method was used to compute standard errors of regression coefficients to account for clustering inherent in the study design. The outcome of interest was based on the question: “Have you been told by a doctor, nurse or other health professional that you have chronic bronchitis?” Demographics, environment and population characteristics (predisposing and enabling resources) were tested for an association with CB.RESULTS: The prevalence of CB was 3.1% for boys and 2.8% for girls. Other significant risk factors of CB were age (OR 1.38 [95% CI 1.24 to 1.52] for 12 to 14 year olds versus six to eight year olds), income (OR 2.28 [95% CI 2.02 to 2.59] for income category <$25,000/year versus ≥$85,000/year), allergies (OR 1.96 [95% CI 1.78 to 2.16] for having allergies versus no allergies), asthma (OR 7.61 [ 95% CI 6.91 to 8.37] for having asthma versus no asthma) and location of residence (rural/urban and geographical location). A significant two-way interaction between sex and body mass index indicated that the relationship between the prevalence of CB and body mass index was modified by sex.DISCUSSION: The prevalence of CB was related to well-known risk factors among adults, including older age and lower annual income.

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Barnes, Rosanne, Asha C. Bowen, Roz Walker, Steven Y. C. Tong, Jodie McVernon, Patricia T. Campbell, Parveen Fathima, et al. "454. Perinatal Risk Factors Associated with Skin Infection Hospitalisation in Western Australian Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Children." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.527.

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Abstract Background Hospitalisation with skin infection in Western Australian (WA) Aboriginal children is common, with the highest rates in infants and children from remote WA. We aimed to quantify infant, maternal, and sociodemographic risk factors for skin infection hospitalization in WA children, focusing on Aboriginal children aged <17 years. Methods We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study with linked perinatal and hospitalization data on WA-born children (1996–2012), of whom 31,348 (6.7%) were Aboriginal. We used Cox regression to calculate adjusted hazard ratios and associated population attributable fractions (PAFs) for perinatal factors attributed to the first hospitalization with skin infection. To identify specific risk factors for early-onset infection, we further restricted the cohort to infants aged <1 year. Results Overall, 5,439 (17.4%) Aboriginal and 6,750 (1.5%) non-Aboriginal children were hospitalized at least once with a skin infection. Aboriginal infants aged <1 year had the highest skin infection hospitalization rate (63.2/1,000 child-years). The strongest risk factors in Aboriginal children aged <17 years were socio-economic disadvantage, very remote location at birth and multi-parity (≥3 previous pregnancies) accounting for 24%, 23% and 15% of skin infection hospitalizations, respectively. Other risk factors included maternal age <20 years, maternal smoking during pregnancy and low birthweight. Conclusion We have quantified the relative influence of perinatal risk factors associated with skin infection hospitalizations in WA children, providing measures indicating which factors have the potential to reduce the most hospitalizations. Our evidence supports existing calls for substantial government investment in addressing underlying social and environmental barriers to healthy skin in WA Aboriginal children but also identifies potential areas to target health promotion messaging at individuals/families on maternal smoking during pregnancy and skin hygiene for families. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Brew, Bronwyn, Alison Gibberd, Guy B. Marks, Natalie Strobel, Clare Wendy Allen, Louisa Jorm, Georgina Chambers, Sandra Eades, and Bridgette McNamara. "Identifying preventable risk factors for hospitalised asthma in young Aboriginal children: a whole-population cohort study." Thorax 76, no. 6 (January 8, 2021): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216189.

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BackgroundAustralia has one of the highest rates of asthma worldwide. Indigenous children have a particularly high burden of risk determinants for asthma, yet little is known about the asthma risk profile in this population.AimTo identify and quantify potentially preventable risk factors for hospitalised asthma in Australian Aboriginal children (1–4 years of age).MethodsBirth, hospital and emergency data for all Aboriginal children born 2003–2012 in Western Australia were linked (n=32 333). Asthma was identified from hospitalisation codes. ORs and population attributable fractions were calculated for maternal age at birth, remoteness, area-level disadvantage, prematurity, low birth weight, maternal smoking in pregnancy, mode of delivery, maternal trauma and hospitalisations for acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) in the first year of life.ResultsThere were 705 (2.7%) children hospitalised at least once for asthma. Risk factors associated with asthma included: being hospitalised for an ARTI (OR 4.06, 95% CI 3.44 to 4.78), area-level disadvantage (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.94), being born at <33 weeks’ gestation (OR 3.30, 95% CI 2.52 to 4.32) or birth weight <1500 g (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.99). The proportion of asthma attributable to an ARTI was 31%, area-level disadvantage 18%, maternal smoking 5%, and low gestational age and birth weight were 3%–7%. We did not observe a higher risk of asthma in those children who were from remote areas.ConclusionImproving care for pregnant Aboriginal women as well as for Aboriginal infants with ARTI may help reduce the burden of asthma in the Indigenous population.

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Sibthorpe, Beverly, Jason Agostino, Harvey Coates, Sharon Weeks, Deborah Lehmann, Marianne Wood, Francis Lannigan, and Daniel McAullay. "Indicators for continuous quality improvement for otitis media in primary health care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children." Australian Journal of Primary Health 23, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py16096.

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Otitis media is a common, generally self-limiting childhood illness that can progress to severe disease and have lifelong sequelae, including hearing loss and developmental delays. Severe disease is disproportionately prevalent among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. Primary health care is at the frontline of appropriate prevention and treatment. Continuous quality improvement in the prevention and management of important causes of morbidity in client populations is accepted best practice in primary health care and now a requirement of Australian Government funding to services providing care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. To date, there have been no indicators for continuous quality improvement in the prevention and management of otitis media and its sequelae in primary health care. Through an expert group consensus process, seven evidence-based indicators, potentially extractable from electronic health records, have been developed. The development process and indicators are described.

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Watson, Lilla. "Our Children: Part of the Past, Present, and Providing a Vision for the Future: A Murri Perspective." Children Australia 14, no. 1-2 (1989): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000002162.

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“Aboriginal people have not … invented childhood.” This statement goes to the very heart of the difference between Western and Aboriginal societies as far as children are concerned. Aboriginal children have always remained part of the adult world.Separation or exclusion from adult activities was kept to a minimum. Indeed, most of those activities were planned and organised to ensure the maximum involvement of as many children as possible. This applied to hunting and gathering, to dance, song, and many ceremonies. From the earliest age, they were aware of what was going on in the community, and were exposed to the whole spectrum of human relations. The expression “not in front of the children”, which became the title of a TV sitcom some years ago, would not have been used by Murris.

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Ram, Bali. "New Estimates of Aboriginal Fertility, 1966-1971 to 1996-2001." Canadian Studies in Population 31, no. 2 (December 31, 2004): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6c31t.

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Using census data on children in families, this paper estimates various fertility measures for the total aboriginal population and four specific groups, North American Indians, Registered Indians, Metis, and Inuit. The “own-children” procedure is used for deriving the number of births by the age of the mother during specific years preceding the census. The major focus of the paper is on the trends of total fertility rate and the convergence of age patterns between various subgroups over the past 30 years. Strengths and limitations of the method are also discussed.

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Pajic, Zoran, Branko Gardasevic, and Sasa Jakovljevic. "Prevalence of obesity of primary school age children." Inovacije u nastavi 29, no. 1 (2016): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/inovacije1601105p.

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ÖZGEN, ÖZLEN, and EMINE GÖNEN. "Consumer behaviour of children in primary school age." Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics 13, no. 2 (June 1989): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.1989.tb00015.x.

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Dixon, Philip, and Mary Hayden. "‘On the move’: primary age children in transition." Cambridge Journal of Education 38, no. 4 (December 2008): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057640802489418.

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Cosh, Suzanne, Kimberley Hawkins, Gemma Skaczkowski, David Copley, and Jacqueline Bowden. "Tobacco use among urban Aboriginal Australian young people: a qualitative study of reasons for smoking, barriers to cessation and motivators for smoking cessation." Australian Journal of Primary Health 21, no. 3 (2015): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py13157.

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Smoking prevalence among Aboriginal Australian young people greatly exceeds the prevalence in the broader population of Australian young people, yet limited research has explored the social context in which young Aboriginal Australians smoke. Four focus groups were conducted in 2009 with South Australian Aboriginal smokers aged 15–29 years residing in urban areas (n = 32) to examine attitudes and experiences surrounding smoking and quitting. The primary reasons for smoking initiation and maintenance among Aboriginal Australian young people were identified as stress, social influence and boredom. Motivators for quitting were identified as pregnancy and/or children, sporting performance (males only), cost issues and, to a lesser extent, health reasons. The barriers to cessation were identified as social influence, the perception of quitting as a distant event and reluctance to access cessation support. However, it appears that social influences and stress were particularly salient contributors to smoking maintenance among Aboriginal Australian young people. Smoking cessation interventions targeted at young urban Aboriginal Australian smokers should aim to build motivation to quit by utilising the motivators of pregnancy and/or children, sporting performance (males only), cost issues and, to a lesser extent, health reasons, while acknowledging the pertinent role of social influence and stress in the lives of young urban Aboriginal Australian smokers.

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Pac, P., A. Gładka, M. Maciorkowska, M. Zalewska, P. Musiałowski, M. Zakrzewski, and E. Maciorkowska. "Snacking in children according to age." Progress in Health Sciences 7, no. 1 (June 7, 2017): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1827.

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Introduction: One of the major nutritional mistakes committed by children and adolescents is snacking between meals. Sweet or salty snacks are rich in simple sugars, fats, preservatives and dyes, and poor in minerals and vitamins. Their excessive consumption can lead to the development of diet-related diseases in the future. Purpose: To evaluate the nutrition of children and adolescents with a focus on snacking between meals. Materials and methods: The study included 162 students from Bialystok schools, of which primary school students accounted for 30.2%, junior high school 38.3%, high school 31.5%. The questionnaire used by the authors contained 27 questions. Results: Regular meals were consumed by only 55.1% of primary school students, 35.5% of junior high school, and 37.3% of high school students. Two and fewer meals a day were consumed by 1.6% to 5.8% of the students studied. First breakfast was omitted by 18.4% of the students in elementary school, 16.1% of junior high school, and 15.7% of high school. Second breakfast was omitted by 12.9% to 17.6% of the respondents.Sweet products instead of a second breakfast were consumed by 44.9% of primary school students, 61.3% of junior high school, and 64.7% of high school students. Snacking most often occurred in the respondents' home (69.4% of elementary school students, 43.5% of secondary level students, and 52.9% of high school students). Water in school was drunk by 85.7% of primary level students, 56.5% of junior high school, and 51.0% of high school. The main source of knowledge about nutrition for 61.2% of primary level students was the family, while television, radio, and the Internet were the main sources of knowledge for 62.7% of high school students. Conclusions: The regularity of eating in the study group decreased with the studied students’ age. The most popular products in the group of younger students were salty snacks and sweets. Healthy snacking was observed more frequently in the group of high school students. The main place of snacking was the home. The primary source of knowledge about nutrition for primary school students was the family and for high school students the mass media.

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Shopen, Tim, Nicholas Reid, Glenda Shopen, and David Wilkins. "Ensuring the survival of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages into the 21st century." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.10.1.08sho.

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Abstract There were over 200 distinct languages in Australia at the time of European settlement. Today less than 40 of these are still being passed on to new generations, and all of these are under threat of extinction. Aboriginal people are struggling to adapt themselves to the massive European presence without losing their identity. The greatest threat to Aboriginal languages is the physical, economic and social situation in which their speakers find themselves. Language maintenance will not be possible without social maintenance and this in turn is a political issue. The most important factor will be the success of Aboriginal people in gaining control and self-reliance in their communities. The government can help by assisting in a program of self-determination where Aboriginal people participate at least equally with others in decisions concerning priorities and funding, and in addition by educating non-Aboriginal people to the value of the Aboriginal part of our cultural heritage. Aboriginal teacher education is of primary importance with the goal of schools with Aboriginal control where Aboriginal teachers develop the curriculum and the pedagogy. It is in this context that bilingual education can be put to best use. Bilingual education is of great importance but it must be used not just to assimilate Aboriginal children more easily into English and Western schooling but to have Aboriginal languages and English used together in a coherent educational program where the children become strong in two languages and in the academic and cultural skills they need for contemporary life. Like education, media has the potential for strengthening Aboriginal languages and oultures as well as for destroying them. The outcome will depend on the extent to which Aboriginal people themselves can control what is broadcast and printed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Aboriginal primary age children'

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